TRUSSES

 PORTAL FRAMES
 FLAT TRUSSES
 LATTICE TRUSSES
 CURVED TRUSSES
 SPACE FRAME
PORTAL FRAMES
 PORTAL FRAMES CAN BE DEFINED AS TWO DIMENTIONAL SINGAL RIGID FRAMES THAT
HAVE THE BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RIGID JOINT BETWEEN COLUMNS AND BEAM.
 THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THIS FORM OF DESIGN IS TO REDUCE BENDING MOMENT IN
THE BEAM WHICH ALLOWS THE FRAME TO ACT AS ONE STUCTURAL UNIT.
 PORTAL FRAMES ARE GENERALLY USED FOR SINGLE STOREY CONSTRUCTION WHICH
REQUIRES A LARGE UNOBSTRUCTED FLOOR SPACE i.e. FACTORIES, SHOPPING CENTRES,
WAREHOUSES.
 THEY ARE VERY EFFICIENT FOR ENCLOSING LARGE VOLUMES.
 TYPICAL SPAN- UPTO 24 M
 HEIGHT- 6 TO 12 M
 COLUMN TO COLUMN DISTANCE- 4.5 TO 6M
 MATERIL- STEEL ,TIMBER ETC
 ROOFING MATERIAL- G.I. SHEETS, FIBER GLASS.

TYPES
PITCHED ROOF SYMMETRICAL PORTAL FRAME
 GENERALLY FABRICATED FROM UKB SECTIONS

 25M TO 35M ARE THE MOST EFFICIENT SPANS

 PORTAL FRAME WITH INTERNAL MEZZANINE( 15 TO 20M) TIED PORTAL FRAME ( STD SPAN 18M)

 FLOOR OFFICE ACCOMODATION IS OFTEN PROVIDED WITHIN A PORTAL  HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT OF THE EAVES AND THE BENDING MOMENTS
FRAME STRUCTURE USING A PARTIAL WIDTH MEZZANINE FLOOR OF THE COLUMNS AND RAFTERS ARE REDUCED.

MONO PITCH PORTAL FRAME (6M TO 10M) PROPPED PORTAL FRAME( 15M TO 35M)

 USED FOR SMALLER BUILDINGS ( UP TO 15 M SPAN)  USED TO REDUCE THE RAFTER SIZE AND HORIZONTAL SHEAR AT FOUNDATIONS
DETAILS:

TYPICAL END PLATE EAVES CONNECTION

TYPICAL END PLATE APEX CONNECTION

 TYPICAL EAVES DETAIL USING A COLUMN STAY

REFERENCE:
file:///C:/Users/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%9D/Downloads/SS051a-secure.pdf
http://www.steelconstruction.info/Portal_frames
TYPICAL EAVES CONNECTION IN A PORTAL FRAME
Building construction- volume III
CASE STUDY

 LOCATION- SADHURAM MANGAL KARYALAYA LADIES

TOILETS

 PORTAL TRUSS TYPE: FRAME WITH PRESTRESSED ELEMENT. GENTS

TOILETS

 MATERIAL- STEEL
 DISTANCE BETWEEN COLUMNS: 4.5M UTILITY
4.0X7.8

 SPAN: 18M
 HEIGHT: 6M GREEN
ROOM
3.5X3.5
TOILET
1.5X2.0
TOILET
1.5X2.0
GREEN
ROOM
3.5X3.5
GREEN
ROOM
3.5X3.5
TOILET
1.5X2.0
TOILET
1.5X2.0 GREEN
ROOM
3.5X3.5
OFFICE
2.5X3.5
KITCHEN
9.0X3.5 STORAGE
2.5X3.5

MULTIPURPOSE DINING AREA

HALL 20.0X18.5
22.5X18.5
STAGE

2.2500

. . . . 6.2500

. . . .

PLAN
SECTION
ACTUAL PHOTOGRAPHS:
FLAT TRUSSES

 FLAT TRUSS CAN BE DEFINED A TRUSS WHICH HAS THE

TOP CHORD PARALLEL TO THE BOTTOM CHORD OVER
THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF THE TRUSS.
 THEY ARE PREFERABLE ONLY IF A RELATIVELY FLAT
ROOF SURFACE, PARTICULARLY ON WITH MULTIPLE
SPANS, IS DESIRED.
 THE MOST ECONOMICAL FLAT TRUSS FOR A ROOF IS
PROVIDED WHEN THE DEPTH OF THE TRUSS IN INCHES
IS APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO 7% OF THE SPAN IN
INCHES.
 FOR SMALL SPANS, FLAT ROOFS MAY BE SUPPORTED ON
BEAMS. BUT FOR LARGER SPANS, FLAT TRUSSES ARE TO
BE USED.
 IN THIS CASE, THE UPPER CHORD WILL BE INCLINED
SUFFICIENTLY TO PROVIDE JUST THE REQUIRED SLOPE
FOR PROPER DRAINAGE.
 FACTORIES, SHOPPING CENTRES, WAREHOUSES OR
LOGISTICS PARKS.
 SPAN- UP TO 35 M.
LOADS INTENDED FOR
THE FLAT TRUSS :
•Roof load
•Top chord load (intermediate floor load)*
•Bottom chord load (intermediate floor)
•Hanged load
•Snow load
•Wind load
 TYPES

• WARREN TRUSS CONTAINS A SERIES OF ISOSCELES • PRATT TRUSS IS CHARACTERIZED BY HAVING ITS
TRIANGLES OR EQUILATERAL TRIANGLES. TO DIAGONAL MEMBERS (EXCEPT THE END
INCREASE THE SPAN LENGTH OF THE TRUSS BRIDGE, DIAGONALS) SLANTED DOWN TOWARDS THE
VERTICALS ARE ADDED FOR WARREN TRUSS. MIDDLE OF THE BRIDGE SPAN.

TENSION

COMPRESSION

• THE DESIGN OF HOWE TRUSS IS THE OPPOSITE TO THAT OF

PRATT TRUSS IN WHICH THE DIAGONAL MEMBERS ARE
SLANTED IN THE DIRECTION OPPOSITE TO THAT OF PRATT
TRUSS.
 DETAILS:

SPACING DETAIL

REFERENCE:
1.dspace.vgtu.lt/bitstream/1/527/1/0804-0809_sokas_juodagalviene.pdf
2.www.futura-sciences.us/dico/d/home-flat-truss-50000339/
3.https://www.britannica.com/technology/flat-truss
LIVE CASE STUDY
 LOCATION- SAFFRON HOME FURNITURE, LAKSHMI NAGAR, AUNDH –
RAVET BRTS ROAD, RAVET, 412101
 MATERIAL- STEEL
 SPAN- 22.6 M
 HEIGHT- 6.0 M
 DISTANCE BETWEEN COLUMNS- 5.6 M
 LATTICE TRUSS
• LATTICE TRUSS IS A, TRUSS HAVING ITS UPPER AND LOWER CHORDS
SO CONNECTED BY DIAGONAL MEMBERS AS TO RESEMBLE LATTICE
WORK.

• LATTICE TRUSSES SUPPORTED ON STEEL OR RCC COLUMN ARE GENERALLY MORE EXPENSIVE
THAN STEEL PORTAL FRAMES FOR SMALLER SPANS.
• SPAN - GREATER THAN 50M

• HEIGHT – MORE THAN 12M

• HIGHER FABRICATION COST

• THE WEIGHT OF A TRUSSED ROOF STRUCTURE PER UNIT AREA OF ROOF IS, IN TYPICAL LATTICE GIRDER
GENERAL,LESS THAN THAT OF SINGLE BEAM GRINDERS. SOLUTION

• TRUSSES MAY BE EXPOSED IN THE COMPLETED STRUCTURE, WHICH MAY INCREASE THE
FABRICATION COSTS IF, FOR EXAMPLE, HALLOW SECTIONS ARE USED FOR THE
MEMBERS.
 VARIOUS TYPES OF LATTICE TRUSS USED IN INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
• LONG SPAN INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS CAN BE DESIGNED WITH LATTICE TRUSSES, USING CHANNEL,BEAM OR TABULAR SECTIONS.LATTICE TRUSSES
TEND TO BE BEAM AND COLUMN STRUCTURES AND ARE RARLY USED IN PORTAL FRAMES. VARIOUS CONFIGURATIONS OF LATTICE TRUSSES ARE
ILLUSTRATED. THE TWO GENERIC FORMS ARE W OR N BRACING ARRANGMENTS. IN THIS CASE, STABILITY IS GENERALLY PROVIDED BY BRACING
RATHER THAN RIGID FRAME.

W - TRUSS DUO-PITCH TRUSS

FINK TRUSS

N - TRUSS CURVED TRUSS

DETAILS :

DETAIL OF JOINT
VERTICAL SECTION

LATTICE TRUSS

REFERENCES
http://www.steelconstruction.info/Single_storey_industrial_buildings
http://chestofbooks.com/architecture/Construction-Superintendence/11-Table-Of-Dimensions-
For-Howe-Trusses.html
 CURVED TRUSSES
 A TRUSS , WITH EITHER A FLAT HOWE OR
PRATT CONFIGURATION ,BUT IN A CURVED
PROFILE.

 CURVED STEEL SECTIONS CAN SERVE AS AN

EFFECTIVE AND ATTRACTIVE MEANS TO
SUPPORT A ROOF.

 CHARACTERISTICS

 DURABLE

 LIGHTWEIGHT

 EASE TO INSTALLATION

 FIRE RESISTANT

 EASE TO MOVE FROM ONE PLACE TO

ANOTHER PLACE.

 SPAN- UNDER 25 M SPAN

 HEIGHT –UPTO 6M
 TYPES OF CURVED TRUSSES

CURVED TIMBER ROOF TRUSS

CURVED STEEL ROOF TRUSS

• SPAN UPTO 30 M OR SPAN 12M TO 16M LONG

DEPENDS ON TYPE OF
BUILDING –
RESIDENTIAL,COMMERCIAL.
CURVED TRUSSES DETAILS
DETAILS OF CURVED ROOF TRUSS

THE CONNECTION POINTS OF THE

MEMBERS OF THE TRUSS ACT AS
HINGE CONNECTIONS.
CASE STUDY
 LOCATION- HINJAWADI , MARUNJI ROAD
,PUNE.
 MATERIAL- STEEL
 SPAN: 18M
 HEIGHT:3.6M WALL ABOVE THAT 4.2 M
TRUSS
 SUPPORTED ON WALL NOT COLUMN

ACTUAL PHOTOGRAPHS:
PLAN AND ELEVATION OF THE CURVED ROOF.

1.0

5.2

5.2 16.0
3.6
5.2
5.2 7.1 5.2
18.0 SECTIONAL ELEVATION OF ROOF
PLAN OF CURVED ROOF
SPACE FRAMES
• A space frame is a truss-like, lightweight
rigid structure constructed from
interlocking struts in a geometric pattern.

• Space frames usually utilize a multidirectional span, and are often

used to accomplish long spans with few supports.

• They derive their strength from the inherent rigidity of the triangular
frame; flexing loads (bending moments) are transmitted as tension and
compression loads along the length of each strut.
SIMPLIFIED SPACE FRAME ROOF WITH THE HALF-
OCTAHEDRON HIGHLIGHTED IN BLUE
ADVANTAGES OF SPACE FRAME SYSTEMS
OVER CONVENTIONAL SYSTEMS:
Random column placement

Column-free spaces

Controlled load distribution

Design freedom

Supports all types of roofing

THANK YOU