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Analysis
If you want to know the principal stresses and maximum shear stresses, you can
simply make it through 2-D or 3-D Mohr's cirlcles!
You can know about the theory of Mohr's circles from any text books of Mechanics
of Materials. The following two are good references, for examples.
1. Ferdinand P. Beer and E. Russell Johnson, Jr, "Mechanics of Materials",
Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc, 1992.
2 . James M. Gere and Stephen P. Timoshenko, "Mechanics of Materials", Third
Edition, PWS-KENT Publishing Company, Boston, 1990.
The 2-D stresses, so called plane stress problem, are usually given by the three stress
components x , y , and xy , which consist in a two-by-two symmetric matrix
(stress tensor):
(1)
What people usually are interested in more are the two prinicipal stresses 1 and 2 ,
which are the two eigenvalues of the two-by-two symmetric matrix of Eqn (1), and
the maximum shear stress max , which can be calculated from 1 and 2 . Now, see
the Fig. 1 below, which represents that a state of plane stress exists at point O and that
it is defined by the stress components x , y , and xy associated with the left
element in the Fig. 1. We propose to determine the stress components x , y , and
xy associated with the right element after it has been rotated through an angle about
the z axis.
Fig. 1 Plane stresses in different orientations
and
Equivalently, the above two equations can be rewritten as follows:
The expression for the normal stress ymay be obtained by replacing the in the
(xave 2xy
2
2
=Rm
where
] 2
xy
1/2
This circle is with radius R2m and centered at C ave , if let xand
as shown in Fig. 2 below - that is right the Mohr's Circle for plane stress
xy
X = x , -xy
which corresponds to the point at which and the point
A = , 0
which corresponds to the point at which p that gives the principal stress 1 ! Note
that
Y = y , xy
which corresponds to the point at which and the point
B = , 0
which corresponds to the point at which + that gives the principal stress !
p
2
(The end.)
Fig. 3 3-D stress state represented by axes parallel to X-Y-Z
Imagine that there is a plane cut through the cube in Fig. 3 , and the unit normal
vector of the cut plane has the direction cosines v x , vy , and vz , that is
(vx , vy , vz)
(17)
then the normal stress on this plane can be represented by
xzvxvz
(18)
There exist three sets of direction cosines, 1, 2, and 3 - the three principal axes,
which make achieve extreme values , , and - the three principal stresses,
and on the corresponding cut planes, the shear stresses vanish! The problem of
finding the principal stresses and their associated axes is equivalent to finding the
eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the following problem:
(
(19)
The three eigenvalues of Eqn (19) are the roots of the following characteristic
polynomial equation:
(20)
where
(22)
Cxyz xyyzxzx y z 2
yz
2
xz
2
xy
(23)
In fact, the coefficients A, B, and C in Eqn (20) are invariants as long as the stress
state is prescribed(see e.g. Ref. 2) . Therefore, if the three roots of Eqn (20) are ,
, and , one has the following equations:
Similar to Fig. 3, one can imagine a cube with their faces normal to 1, 2, or 3 . For
example, one can do so in Fig. 3 by replacing the axes X,Y, and Z with 1, 2, and 3 ,
respectively, replacing the normal stresses x, y , and z with the principal
stresses , , and , respectively, and removing the shear stresses xy , yz , and
zx .
Now, pay attention the new cube with axes 1, 2, and 3 . Let the cube be rotated
about the axis 3 , then the corresponding transformation of stress may be analyzed by
means of Mohr's circle as if it were a transformation of plane stress. Indeed, the shear
stresses excerted on the faces normal to the 3 axis remain equal to zero, and the
normal stress is perpendicular to the plane spanned by 1 and 2 in which the
transformation takes place and thus, does not affect this transformation. One may
therefore use the circle of diameter AB to determine the normal and shear stresses
exerted on the faces of the cube as it is rotated about the 3 axis (see Fig. 4).
Similarly, the circles of diameter BC and CA may be used to determine the stresses on
the cube as it is rotated about the 1 and 2 axes, respectively.
Fig. 4 Mohr's circles for space (3-D) stress
What if the rotations are about the axes rather than principal axes? It can be shown
that any other transformation of axes would lead to stresses represented in Fig. 4 by a
point located within the area which is bounded by the bigest circle with the other two
circles removed!
Therefore, one can obtain the maxium/minimum normal and shear stresses from
Mohr's circles for 3-D stress as shown in Fig. 4!
Note the notations above (which may be different from other references), one obtains
that
max 1
(30)
min 3
(31)
max 1 3max2
(32)
Note that in Fig. 4, max1 , max2 , and max3 are the maximum shear stresses obtained
while the rotation is about 1, 2, and 3 , respectively.
(The end.)