the most important task – to unify the world to the extent, when the systemic confrontation would no

more be the main driving force behind formation of global relations. Globalization may refer
to the diminution or elimination of state-enforced restrictions on exchanges across borders and
the increasingly integrated and complex global system of production and exchange that has emerged
as a result.42 But this diminution did not eliminate need for confrontation of states on the systemic level.
Despite much ado about emergence of new unattached global players, which may ultimately shape socialur mecnierebaTa seria
the future of the world, like NGOs for instance, so far their influence falls short of this by the leading
states and besides at least some of them often ultimately act as agents of their respective countries.
The real problem is that two previous stages of globalization were initiated and led by the young ethnos
(personified in the respective states), which were able and eager to generate and promote new ideas,
values that ultimately reshaped the world. Besides when Britain was loosing its status as the leading
global power the younger US was ready to take its place. Today global relations are obviously set to be
shaped by the power that has already led the world through one globalization cycle (which is still going
on) and is obviously rather short of new ideas on one side, and world’s oldest remaining territorial
empire, which passed the stage of generation of new ideas approximately two millenniums ago. The
problem is, whether in the coming years, the world will face extension of the second globalization or
some different set of relations will shape the new globalization. In both cases there are two main
questions, to which there are no definite answers so far –
• if the current stage of globalization will go on, will such ideas and practices, which shaped it, be
viable enough, to sustain it?
• if there should emerge new stage of globalization, who is going to become generator of new ideas
and values, will emerge as new leading global player? msoflio
politikis
globalizacia

momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris

akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze

saleqcio kursi
socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis

valeri meliqiZe

Tbilisi
42
2006
See lecture by T. Palmer at http://www.polit.ru/lectures/2005/12/09/palmer.html

152
socialur mecnierebaTa seria coherent and purposeful than before. Terrorism threat was used as the main pretext to invade Iraq in
2003 – a controversial step, which did not add to American popularity throughout the world to say the
mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili least of it. Still the invasion per se can not pose any threat to the existing system of global relations –
violating sovereignty of other countries without consent of international community used to be a rather
standard mode of behaviour for the leading global as well as the more aggressive local players
enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava throughout the whole period since the end of WW II. The real trouble is that the US exposed itself as a
major power unable to produce a coherent set of procedures to take care of the occupied territory after
the successful military campaign. The US administration was obviously at the sea about what to do in
dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi Iraq immediately after invasion, had no long-term occupation and transformation strategy and the more
important – no exit strategy.
Although many compare Iraq and Vietnam campaigns, despite the superficial similarities they are
different on principle. The real difference is that Vietnam, as country was (and is still) standing alone.
Departing from it (even through evacuating the last personnel by helicopters from the roof of American
embassy) truly meant disengagement with no prospect of future confrontation unless the US preferred
so. Iraq, on the other hand, is an integral part of large and lately rather aggressive Moslem world. Any
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006 kind of retreat save for leaving behind stable, united, well functioning country is going to be treated as
© Center for Social Sciences, 2006 victory of the extremist, anti-Western forces, meaning that terror will follow the outgoing army.41 Besides
any outcome of Iraq campaign but the ultimate victory will lead to loosing the face by the US, which
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10 under the current circumstances will strongly (if not ultimately) undermine its position as the
uncontested global leader. The US could allow itself to loose the face after Vietnam (although it was
el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge extremely difficult), since it could (and did) always point out the USSR and China as forces standing
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge behind it. In case of Iraq, there are no forces strong enough to use as justification in case of American
failure there. Even whatever is called the global terrorism, is more the idea, than the actual network or
organization, able to match the US might.
On the other hand, Iraq happened at time, when the new real strategic antagonist to the US – China,
is already looming on the horizon. The probable US-China strategic confrontation may affect the
existing set of global relations in the following way -
First – despite a plenty of superficial similarities this competition is not going to be like the US-USSR
hostile partnership. China is much better managed, organized and more purposeful country, than the
Soviet Union used to be, with tens of centuries of experience of building and promotion its imperial
wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa centris~
hegemony. For it the coming confrontation is one more episode in its millenniums long history – some
(Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria kind of rise and fall of the twenty second dynasty.
sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis mxardaWeris Second – the USSR entered the cold war after its Pyrrhic victory over Germany, from which it had
programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT never actually recovered, confrontation with the US being the major, but not the main factor of its
ultimate failure. China, on the other hand is approaching this confrontation as one of the most
successful countries of the modern world, still gaining power, still obviously far from the peak of its
economic success. Besides as country, which achieved the outstanding success through obviously
defying the US, China makes extremely attractive role-model for many countries (especially in Latin
America and Africa, which do not have the first-hand historical experience of dealing with imperial
China). Thus it may easily change the current setting of relations defining the globalization by building
The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by coalition of countries, considering themselves objects of the American hegemony (actual or
the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) imaginative).
of the Open Society Institute-Budapest. Third – the USSR was virtually self-sufficient economically and took almost negligent part in global
economic processes. At least it did not compete with the West about global markets and especially over
energy sources. The US-USSR confrontation took place almost exclusively in ideological, political,
military spheres. China, on the other hand is a major global economic player and is directly competing
with the West especially over raw materials (access to energy sources first of all). Need for safe access
to energy sources will configure its behaviour in the foreseeable future, meaning that it’s directly
interfering into territories and spheres of activities, which for many years were considered the exclusive
sphere of the Western (mainly American) strategic interests. Besides, the level of integration of Chinese
economy into the global market is already extremely high, as well as interdependence of the US and
Chinese economies. As the major holder of the US bonds China may more easily influence (and is
influencing) the US economy (especially the USD), than the US may influence Chinese economy.
ISBN: 99940 - 872 - 1 - 5 Among other things this means that any US-Chinese rivalry will have much stronger repercussions in
the global economy than the US-USSR confrontation might ever have (save for the global nuclear war,
which never took place).
Still despite all visible changes brought upon the world by globalization, it ultimately failed to perform

41
Fact that this wrath will mainly fall on the heads of Europeans who are still more easily accessible than the US proper,
does not change the general strategic outcome an iota.

151
 • despite the obvious systemic incompatibility and open antagonism, in the long run relations
between these two blocks (especially the US and the USSR proper) might be characterized as
hostile partnership. Pursuing their own interests both superpowers established mutually
complimentary set of relations, which despite the numerous drawbacks helped to preserve
relatively stable balance of interests worldwide for at least four decades.
• the side led by the US (or to be more correct – the US proper) played the active role in these sarCevi
relations - generating ideas, promoting values, initiating processes that again in the long run
proved to be more attractive to the major part of the world and viable, as opposed to those
proposed by the USSR. The Soviet Union although by no means the passive participant of this gv.
competition, played nevertheless the reactive role in the sense that it mainly attempted to ward off
the opponent’s challenges. Especially in the end of confrontation it was relegated the role of Sesavali ..................................................................................................................................... 4
sidekick.
• this competition led to the directly opposing consequences for participating sides. For the US (and Tavi 1. globalizaciisa da msoflio politikis Teoriebi ................................. 16
its allies) pursuing their interests worldwide led among other things to opening and /or creation of
new markets with associated profits and boost to a general economic development. The USSR,
based on the state mode of production was unable to profit properly from control it established konkretuli SemTxveva (Case-Study) 1
(one or the other way) over countries and territories throughout the world. Quite on the contrary – ori sazogadoebrivi sistema— asparezoba grZeldeba? ............................. 17
almost any such ally presented heavy burden for the Soviet economy.
The USSR played its historic role and left the global arena in 1991, although left a huge void in Tavi 2. msoflio politikis globalizacia ............................................................... 24
global relations after itself. The main problem facing globalization today is whether the set of relations
which calls for two competitive, hostile partners to function properly can be preserved after one of major konkretuli SemTxveva (Case-Study) 2
players simply disappeared, or some new set of relations should be brought into play in order to
preserve the relative stability and positive development trends worldwide.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi — “uxaliso imperia” .................................... 51
On the other hand, set of global relations after the demise of the USSR has undergone a number of
visible alterations, while number of new problems has surfaced too, major part of which are related to Tavi 3. ekonomikuri ganviTareba da msoflio politikis globalizacia...... 60
the US as the only remaining leading global player.
Obviously the United States, in the absence of their formidable opponent are much freer to pursuit konkretuli SemTxveva (Case Study) 3
their own interest worldwide as they see fit, disregarding any opposition, including this by the formal terorizmi — msoflio politikis axali ZiriTadi moTamaSe? ................ 74
international institutions like the UN, as well as friendly opposition by their closest European allies.
Among other things this allows it to act selectively, to disregard countries, regions and processes, which Tavi 4. zogierTi globaluri problema. demografiuli da ekologiuri
do not come under its direct, current interests. For instance the US allows itself to disregard almost problemebi........................................................................................................................ 88
totally processes developing in sub-Saharan Africa, although this is the region, which needs close
attention of the leading world power most. Simultaneously this leads to temptation to intervene more
often and in more places in the world, where the US interests may seem endangered with associated
Tavi 5. zogierTi globaluri problema globaluri. teqnologiebi,
overstretch of available resources. kultura msoflio urTierTobebSi ...................................................................... 101
The price of failures (both domestic and international) for this country also increased dramatically,
since there is no opponent strong enough to write off consequences of flawed decisions as enemy daskvna — globaluri politika erayis Semdeg ....................................................... 109
intrigues. More other, the position of the US as the only remaining world superpower has literally put it
into the spotlight, has made it the easy target for criticism. For many (including America’s closest allies) Globalization of World Politics......................................................................................122
it has become virtually habitual to blame the US for any problems that occur globally, to interpret any
local failures and crises as results of American meddling into the domestic affairs of any given country.
The difficulties of development of set of relations that in the end lead to major alterations of
development trends worldwide have become manifold too. It’s relatively easy for a leading world power
to take into account rather well known properties (both positive and negative) of a relatively small
number of both allies and adversaries and plan from here. It’s much more difficult to plan and to act
efficiently, when the same power is dealing with a host of adversaries (many of which nowadays have
no formal status, managing center and precise location) with conflicting interests and/or no precisely
defined interests – the level of uncertainty is simply rising sharply. This situation is further exacerbated
by fact that countries, which are considered the US allies (or rather position themselves as such) are
not separately powerful enough to provide any real support in case of need, or oppose it if such
necessity arises. This is especially true about the European allies of the US, since the EU has so far
has not become the single, independent, efficient political unity, while separately even such local
heavy-weights Germany, France, the UK are not able to endow efficiently to formation of the current set
of global relations.
The main problem of the current stage of globalization as it seems today, is that the US is still acting
based on the old strategic thinking, inherited from the period of the global confrontation and has
summarily failed to produce and promote new values, ideas or policies, different from those used during
the cold war. Moreover the whole decade after the demise of the USSR global activities of the US
looked suspiciously like search for a new strategic antagonist to take place of the late one. After finding
(or rather appointing) one in the guise of the global terrorism American activities became at least more

150 3
 arc ise didixnis win amerikel turistTa jgufi italias ewvia. “sakvirveli!” — ganucxada
erT-erTma maTganma adgilobriv gamyols, Cems megobars: “Tqvenc gqoniaT pica?!”.
iaponel boi skautTa jgufi Cavida CikagoSi. “sakvirveli!” uTxres maT Tavis jgufis
xelmZRvanels — “maTac hqoniaT makdonaldsi?!”.1
“Хотели как лучше, а получилось как всегда” – viqtor Cernomirdini, Tanamedrove rusi
mWermetyveli.
Sesavali — ra aris globalizacia?
sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom daaxolebiT meoce saukunis meore naxevridan
sazogadoebrivi ganviTareba dedamiwaze mimdinareobs didi, erTiani procesis farglebSi,
romelic globalizaciis saxeliTaa cnobili.
aRiarebulia, agreTve, rom dedamiwaze mcxovrebi adamianebis udidesi umetesoba adre
Tu gvian, ama Tu im saxiT, xvdeba am procesis moqmedebis sferoSi, xolo yvelaze aqtiurebs
TavianTi ambiciebis realizacia mxolod mis farglebSi SeuZliaT.
Sesabamisad nebismieri adamiani, romelsac elementaruli ganaTleba mainc aqvs
miRebuli, icnobs sityvas “globalizacia”, iseve rogorc masTan axlos mdgar iseT termins,
rogoricaa globaluri. es sityvebi SedarebiT ganviTarebul qveynebSi mainc ukve didi
xania yoveldRiuri salaparako enis ganuyofel nawilad iqcnen.2 ase rom, yofiT doneze
mainc, uamrav adamians gaaCnia sakuTari ganzogadebuli warmodgena am procesis Sesaxeb da
pozicia (dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi) mis mimarT. Tumca umetes SemTxvevaSi es xdeba im saxiT
da im doneze, rogorc aRwerilia kursis epigrafSi moyvanil magaliTSi.
sul sxvagvaradaa mdgomareoba am terminis formaluri, mecnierulad dasabuTebuli
ganmartebis TvalsazrisiT. arsebobs globalizaciis imdeni ganmarteba, rom sabolooo
jamSi raime daskvnebis gamotana maT safuZvelze praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. situacia
Zalian waagavs imas, romelic aRwera cnobilma amerikelma mweralma robert hainlainma jer
kidev 1940-iani wlebis dasawyisSi. “magaliTad, - ambobda misi erT-erTi wignis gmiri — zmnas
yofna inglisur enaSi gaaCnia ocdaerTi gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba, romelTaganac arc
erTi ar Seesabameba sinamdviles”.3
am situaciis warmoqmna advilad gasagebia. is kargad aixsneba sazogadoebrivi ganviTa-
rebis problemebis zedmeti ideologiuri datvirTviT, iseve rogorc avadsaxsenebeli
politikuri koreqtulobis kulturiT, romelic ar iZleva saSualebas daarqva namdvili
saxeli sakmaod uwyinar movlenebsac ki.
aseTi mdgomareoba aSkarad awyobT politikosebs, radganac aZlevs maT saSualebas
daudon mecnieruli (ufro swored “wamecnierulo”) sarCuli faqtiurad nebismier
gadawyvetilebas. meore mxriv, mravali sakmaod advilad gasagebi movlena aseTi midgomis
farglebSi Znelad asaxsneli xdeba.
Sedegad viRebT imas, risi magaliTic moyvanili iqna inglisur gazeT “gardianSi” 2002
wels — erT-erTi gadacemis dros redaqtorma ekonomikis sakiTxebSi evan devisma axsena
“globalizacia — rasac ar unda niSnavdes es”. wamyvanma upasuxa: “keTili, Tu man ar icis es
ras niSnavs, eSmakma dalaxvros, maS Cven raRa mogveTxoveba?”4
globalizaciis dResdReobiT yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli ganmartebebidan SeiZleba
gamoiyos ramdenime yvelaze tipuri, rogorebicaa magaliTad:
— “[yvelaferi] rac gavrcelebulia an gamoiyeneba mTel msoflioSi” (uebsteris
leqsikoni).5
— “procesi, romelic saSualebas aZlevs finansur da sainvesticio bazrebs imoqmedon
saerTaSoriso asparezze, ZiriTadad deregulirebisa da gaumjobesebuli kavSirebis
Sedegad”(kolinzis leqsikoni).6
- “procesi, romlis saSualebiTac yoveldRiuri cxovrebis gamocdilebas, romelic
xasiaTdeba saqonlisa da ideeebis gavrcelebiT (difuziiT), SeuZlia gamoiwvios
kulturuli warmosaxvis standartizacia msoflios doneze” (britanuli enciklopedia). 7
Zalian uxeSad koncentrirebuli saxiT popularuli warmodgenebi globalizaciis
Sesaxeb SesaZlebelia daviyvanoT Semdeg 5 Tezisamde. Gglobalizacia aris —
a/ qveynebs Soris sazRvrebis moSla;
b/ globaluri, saerTo-sakacobrio problemebis aRmoceneba;
g/ ramdenime qveynis mier msoflioze Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba;
d/nebismieri sazogadoebrivi procesebis gavrceleba mTels msoflioSi;
e/ qveynebis mier sakuTari kulturuli TviTmyofadobis dakargva.
4 149
principle should possess some cultural value is of no importance. Such value may be created as by-
product of technological process, but producers are by no means obliged to pursue this goal. Process
of cultural diffusion based on such commodity is extremely efficient precisely because in the end it’s
faceless and indifferent towards consumer of such produce, moreover towards the product content –
the most important is to make consumer pay for it. In general this situation strongly reminds the old
adage about the hired gun, telling his victim seconds before pulling the trigger – “Sorry pal, there is
nothing personal, just a business”.
Culture of any society influenced by such expansion, undergoes transformation, sometimes to the
brink of stagnation and degeneration, emergence of hybrid “bastard” sub-cultures. As a result plenty of
people, especially young, perceive the world in a pretty distorted form, for them the actual situation
(especially as regards the US) is being replaced by some illusion created by marketing experts.
Naturally it would be an exaggeration to simply assess this global process as negative, although it’s
hard to find many positive aspects of it too. Although the objective inevitability of it should be accepted.
It’s pretty hard to resist this kind of process (if necessary at all) – it’s able to penetrate everywhere,
even into such isolated societies as the USSR used to be. Plus it does not look negative for the vast
majority of population – on the contrary the modern [popular] culture diffusion is pretty attractive for
many. Besides where such resistance takes place (for instance in France, which is notable for
protecting its own culture from the foreign encroachment) it’s mostly based on the direct government
intervention in form of subsidies or quotas, i.e. mainly non-market mechanisms that the majority of
developing countries can not apply efficiently or rather would not dare (mostly under the pressure of
international donors).
As to connecting this process directly to the US and branding it as American cultural aggression –
this is almost exclusively the private business venture and the US as a state has very little to do with it.
Situation when Americans play the most active role in the modern cultural expansion is mostly defined
by fact that they initiated treatment of cultural values as market commodities and even today still enjoy
comparative advantage over their competitors. Besides in this type of competition companies that
possess more marketing and distribution resources usually conquer markets – such companies again
being mostly American. Fact that many important American movie studios are owned by Japanese
nowadays plays little role in development of this process.
Whether the US is loved or hated in the modern world, for the global mass consumer of culture it
still remains the most attractive country (or rather its image created for mass culture) and consecutively
the mythology based on the US realities is the most influential. Neither for instance Italians, more over
so Indians or Brazilians can be used as role-models – the respective countries and their way of life are
not attractive enough so far.
Approximately the same considerations may be applied to a process of spread of English language
(rather its American version) throughout the world – the process plenty again dub as “linguistic
imperialism”. This again should not be perceived as deliberate expansion, but rather as a vital
necessity. Globalized planet simply needs a language of communication. There even were numerous
failed attempts to create such language artificially. Fact that in the end English emerged as language of
global communication is absolutely logical and simply reflects the existing realities – the place that is
occupied by the US (as well other English speaking countries) in the modern global development.
Moreover, the country where population speaks English, is more open to outside world, has much
better chances to attract foreign investments and as a whole enjoys considerable comparative
advantage over its neighbours who do not speak English.
Conclusion. The Globalization of World Politics Beyond Iraq.
Any large-scale phenomena, being that natural or societal are characterized by the huge inertia.
Processes, situations, relations persist long after causes that led to their emergence had disappeared.
The most telling example of such inertia is Africa. Problems that plague this continent today were
created during the first globalization when then leading world powers divided the continent as they
could, totally disregarding the local interests. So called decolonization process during the second
globalization simply formalized, legalized these arbitrary divisions and forced them upon peoples who
had never willingly participated in their creation in the first place. As a result apart from the North Africa,
the rest of the continent is mostly represented by hardly viable states, which exist within their formal
boundaries again because the leading world powers insist on preservation of the current state of affairs.
The same consideration may be applied to the second globalization too. The set of relations that
affects development processes worldwide today was established and developed in the process of
systemic opposition between blocks of countries led by the USA and the USSR. This process was
characterized by the following important features –
innovation necessity and its priorities, development of innovation programmes based on realistic,
achievable goals; correct estimate of resources existing in the country for this purpose (especially the
social capital), creation of enabling environment for (institutional and managerial) for this process.
In ventures of this kind state plays the decisive role. Especially at the initial stage when weak,
underdeveloped local business can not set strategic development goals, organize appropriate activities
and efficiently manage and control them, governments should be directly responsible for technology
transfer. Thus success of technology adoption processes of the first type basically depends on the
efficiency of governments. One more, often decisive hurdle on the way to successful adoption new
technologies is represented by the quality of local labour force – its drive, diligence, discipline, as well
as its physical working capacities, i.e. the whole set of cultural factors, including first of all respect for
education and drive to receive one, represented in local traditions. Thus successful transfer of
technologies for means of development (see Chapter 3) depend not so much on technologies proper,
as much on the readiness of receiving countries to adopt them.
Second – deals mostly with consumer technologies, which on principle are available for anyone
who is able to afford them. These include primarily life support, transportation and communication
technologies, especially radio, TV, phone (including mobile), passenger cars, PCs, household
appliances and like. Such appliances are intended for use by people with a minimum education, or
even with no education at all. Although in majority of developed countries they are mainly concentrated
in few development hubs, with intensive contacts with the outside world.
Transfer of such technologies completely depends on the market, while successful transfer is
defined not so much by the actual consumer demand, as on the successful marketing. The main result
of transfer of such technologies is basically not the actual growth of quality of life of consumers, but
rather cultural diffusion.
Mutual influence (as well as competition) of cultures is a spontaneous process, which takes place in
the contact area of any two different ethnos. Factually vital capacity and success of any ethnos may be
defined in accordance with its ability to adopt elements of other cultures and to use them to enrich its
own culture. Starting the second half of 20-th century processes of cultural diffusion processes
worldwide became extremely intensive thanks to the following factors – a/ they obtained such extremely
fast, highly efficient material transmitter as modern technologies. Moreover, technology from transmitter
of cultural values turned into their independent carrier, itself became the element of culture, and b /
culture (especially art) turned into market commodity, while its development and dissemination is
defined by market.
The ongoing process of cultural diffusion is mainly associated with production and dissemination of
such elements of mass culture, as films, TV programmes, pop-music, and computer games, i.e.
everything that makes minimum demands of intellectual or educational level of their consumers. The
same consideration is applied to unification of domestic cultural stereotypes (unification of cuisine for
instance and global spread of a junk-food).
Fact that this process is quite often dubbed as cultural colonialism (imperialism) bespeaks primarily
its high efficiency and influence on formation of cultural stereotypes and behavioural patterns of global
population. Especially in the age of internet, satellite TV, and other information media there is no place
on the Earth that remains outside this process, which is still carried out by means of technology,
depends on it and can not successfully develop without it. Today it’s extremely hard to define whether
development of new technologies intensifies process of cultural diffusion, or vice versa – demands of
intensifying cultural diffusion drive development of appropriate technologies.
The most obvious, visible result of this process is transformation of virtually any culture that finds
itself within its confines. Factually world is facing the unification of global cultures under influence of
imported stereotypes. At the same time there is nothing especially new in this process. Large scale,
spontaneous, overwhelming, very painful cultural transformations often took place throughout the
human history, especially through introduction of new ideologies (either religious or secular). This
happened for instance with introduction of Christianity, or Islam or either Communist ideology in the
former Russian Empire. Still the ongoing process of cultural diffusion can not be discerned as kind of
cultural imperialism. Situation here is simultaneously less complex when in case of “classic imperialism”
while still may lead to more wide spread and intensive transformations in the long term perspective.
Any active process of cultural diffusion is based on some idea, belief that system of values or
stereotypes that some society offers others (or force on them) is better than any other and has
preferential rights to exist. Contrary to that, the modern global cultural diffusion process is de-
personalized and de-ideologized to maximum. It’s carried out in interests of relatively small group of
businessmen, who treat it as a standard business-project – i.e. it’s managed by this people and works
for profit. Here term “culture” bears no ideological connotations. Culture is simply a market commodity,
which should be sold like any other merchandize, like cars or pampers. Fact that such commodity on
148
aSkaraa, rom yvela aseTi xasiaTis ganmarteba, miuxedavad imisa, is Zalian zogadia, Tu
zedmetad detaluri, ar xsnis globalizaciis arss da ar pasuxobs kiTxvebze ratom Dda
rogor? maT safuZvelze faqtiurad SeuZlebelia msoflio politikis globalizaciis
mizezebisa da Sedegebis adekvaturi Sefaseba, rac am kursis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, specialurad am kursisaTvis SemuSavebulia globalizaciis
ganmarteba, romelic, avtoris azriT, ufro Sesabamisia Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare
procesebisadmi da maTi ganzogadebuli aRqmis saSualebas iZleva.
es ganmartebaa — globalizacia aris urTierTobaTa sistema, romlis farglebSic
msoflios wamyvan moTamaSes da/an moTamaSeTa jgufs (uSualod an Tavisi
warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT) SeuZlia(T) iseTi procesebis inicireba da maTze ama Tu
im saxiT gavlenis moxdena, romlebic saboloo jamSi ganapirobeben sazogadoebrivi
ganviTarebis tendenciebs msoflios masStabiT.
rac Seexeba msoflios wamyvan moTamaSeebs, isini SeiZleba iyvnen warmodgenili
nebismieri subieqtiT, romelic uSualod monawileobs gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi
an Seswevs unari gavlena moaxdinos gadawyvetilebis miRebaze sxvebis mier. e.i. aseTi
SesaZlebelia gaxdes nebismieri kerZo pirovneba, sazogado moRvawe Tu organizacia
(kerZo, sajaro, erovnuli Tu zeerovnuli, saxelmwifo Tu arasamTavrobo), visac SeuZlia
moaxdinos iseTi gadawyvetilebis iniciireba, romelsac saboloo jamSi mosdevs msoflio
masStabis sistemuri cvlilebebi.
bunebrivia, rom dResdReobiT udides umetesoba SemTxvevebSi aseTebad gvevlinebian
suverenuli saxelmwifoebi romelTac ZiriTadad gaaCniaT aseTi cvlilebebis generirebis
unari.8 garda amisa, imisaTvis, rom esa Tu is cvlileba efeqturad ganxorcieldes, saWiroa
misi kodificireba, formalizacia da legalizacia saerTaSoriso Tu erovnul doneebze.
es isevdaisev mianiSnebs saxelmwifoebs rogorc globalizaciis mTavar agentebs.
globalizacias safuZvlad udevs procesi, romelic cnobilia rogorc — eqspansia —
(laTinuridan expansio — gafarToveba, gavrceleba) — anu [raRacis] zomis, moculobis,
raodenobisa an zRvaris gafarTovebaze mimarTuli qmedeba. faqtiurad globalizacia
SesaZlebelia daxasiaTdes rogorc — [dedamiwis sasrul sivrceSi] logikur zRvars
miRweuli eqspansia.
samwuxarod qarTul enaSi am nasesxeb termins civi omis periodis Semdeg sakmaod
Selaxuli reputacia aqvs. is ZiriTadad nagatiurad aRiqveba, radganac tradiciulad
ixmareboda iseT SesityvebebSi rogorebicaa “imperialisturi (komunisturi, koloniuri
da a.S.) eqspansia”.
sinamdvileSi eqspansia ZiriTadad aris Sida sistemuri problemebis mogvarebis
standartuli instrumenti, romelic amas aRwevs am problemebis sistemis gareT gatanis
xarjze. iTvleba, rom mas Zalian xSirad mimarTaven susti reJimebi, romlebic cdiloben
Tavisi ususurobis miCqmalvas saSinao problemebis mezoblebze gadabralebis gziT
(magaliTad, ixileT argentinis samxedro reJimis konfliqti did britaneTTan
folklendis kunZulebis gamo 1982 wels an sadamiseuli erayis mier quveiTis okupacia 1990
wels).
msoflios wamyvani saxelmwifoebisaTvis mainc ukve sakmaod didi xnis manZilze eqspansia
aris procesi, romelic ara marto uSualod eqvemdebareba dagegmvas, aramed xSirad
gegmiuri RonisZiebis xasiaTs atarebs. sakuTriv eqspansiis realizaciis konkretul
meqanizmebs principuli mniSvneloba ara aqvT. is SeiZleba iyos politikuri, ekonomikuri,
kulturuli da a.S.
msoflios ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze samxedro eqspansia am wamyvani
qveynebisaTvis gamonakliss warmoadgens. mas rogorc ukidures saSualebas mimarTaven,
Tumca arc ise didixnis win is eqspansiis ZiriTad saxes warmoadgenda.
“gegmiuri” eqspansia orientirebulia konkretul, sasrul Sedegze da mimdinareobs
kontrolirebad garemoSi. amis tipuri magaliTia evrogaerTianebis gafarToveba.
miuxedavad misi udidesi mniSvnelobisa, is globaluri procesis xasiaTs (e.i. daaxloebiT —
“gaumarjos “evroglobalur” gaerTianebas!”) ver miiRebs, radganac amisaTvis evropelebs
arc sakmarisi motivacia aqvT da verc sakmaris energias daagroveben.
savaraudoa, rom globalizacias, fizikidan motanil analogias Tu vixmarT - ormagi
buneba aqvs. iseve rogorc sinaTle, romelic talRac aris da diskretuli nawilakebic,
globalizaciac erTdroulad situaciacaa da procesic. globalizaciis procesebis
mimdinareoba SesaZlebelia mxolod gansazRvruli situaciis farglebSi, magram TviT am
5
situaciis arseboba, Tavis mxriv, am procesebis mimdinareobazea damokidebuli.
principSi globalizaciis procesebi SeiZleba SevadaroT talRebs, romlebic Tavisi
wyarodan sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT vrceldebian. yvelaze axlo analogia am SemTxvevaSi
wyalSi Cagdebuli qviT Seqmnili koncentruli talRebia an calkeul SemTxvevebSi
miwisZvrisa, an birTvuli afeTqebis Semdeg agorebuli seismuri talRa, romelic dedamiwis
qerqSi, Tu wyalSi vrceldeba.
aseTi talRebis (procesebis) wyaroebi dedamiwaze uamravia (principSi nebismieri
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi organo), magram maTi “simZlavre” ZiriTadad mcirea da maqsimum
lokaluri gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia. dResdReobiT faqtiurad arsebobs erTaderTi
wyaro, romelsac iseTi procesebis generirebis unari Seswevs, romlebic mTeli dedamiwis
masStabiT vrceldeba, da ramdenime ufro mcire wyaro, romlebsac SeuZliaT Sesadari
simZlavris procesebis generireba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini ZiriTadi wyaros “sixSireze”
muSaoben.
talRebi SeiZleba wyarodan yvela mimarTulebiT vrceldebodes, an SedarebiT
intensiuri, viwrod mimarTuli iyos. nebismier SemTxvevaSi iseTi procesebi, romlebTac
mosdevT cvlilebebi, msoflio masStabiT, faqtiurad ar eqvemdebarebian kontrols.
Tumca maT iniciatorebs SeuZliaT maTze gavlenis moxdena naklebad an aragarantirebuli
SedegebiT.
imis gamo, rom garemo, romelSic es talRebi (procesebi) vrceldeba, friad
araerTgvarovania, isini sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT sxvadasxva siCqariT vrceldebian,
SesaZloa gaZlierdnen sxva Sesadari tipis procesebTan Sexebis Sedegad (interferencia)
an, piriqiT, Caqrnen. maT SeuZliaT sagrZnoblad Seicvalon xasiaTi (sawinaaRmdegomdec ki),
gamovlenis forma da aseTi saxiT miubrundnen mis iniciatorebs.
dResdReobiT fizikuri sivrcis gadalaxva an fizikuri winaaRmdegobis daZleva
globaluri procesebis iniciatorebisaTvis problemas faqtiurad aRar warmoadgens.
procesebis damaxinjeba, Seneleba, Caqroba xdeba ZiriTadad politikur, ekonomikur,
socialur, kulturul sivrceeebSi. amitomac xSirad globaluri procesebis wyarosTan
axlos mdebare teritoriebi SeiZleba an gamoTiSuli iyvnen maTgan an gvian da
damaxinjebulad aRiqvamdnen. da, piriqiT, Sors ganlagebuli, am procesebis srulfasovani,
aqtiuri monawileebi xdebodnen.
amave dros arsebobs eqspansiis naklebad kontrolirebadi, spontanuri procesi,
romelic absoluturi Sedegebis misaRwevad miiRwvis. aseTi tipis eqspansia yovelTvis
gamonaklisis saxiT gvxvdeboda da kacobriobis “daRvinebasTan” erTad misi gamovlineba
absolutur minimumamde daeca. Tumca swored aseTi saxis eqspansiasTanaa dakavSirebuli
yvela msxvilmastabiani cvlilebebi jer regionalur, xolo Semdgom globalur doneze,
romelic kacobriobas ganucdia. dResdReobiT erTaderTi sazogadoeba, romelsac Seswevs
aseTi tipis eqspansiis unari, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia, Tumca am SemTxvevaSic es
procesi aSkarad ukve Tavis piks gadacdenilia da sul ufro da ufro atarebs pirveli
tipis eqspansiis xasiaTs.
situacia, romelic iwvevs aseTi tipis eqspansiis warmoqmnas, rogorc Cans, nebismieri
eTnosis arsebobis manZilze xdeba erTxel — rodesac is iwyebs sakuTari Tavis, rogorc
iseTi erTobis aRqmas, romelsac Seswevs unari daupirispirdes gare samyaros.9 am dros
eTnosi savsea energiT, mousvenaria, misTvis ar arsebobs gadaulaxavi winaaRmdegobebi, is
uaRresad motivirebulia maqsimaluri Sedegis misaRwevad.10 rac ufro mniSvnelovania, mas
Seswevs unari moaxdinos ideebis generireba, Seqmnas axali faseulobebi. is aqtiuria,
flobs iniciativas, im dros, rodesac yvela danarCeni eTnosebi mxolod reagireben mis
moqmedebaze. misi Sinagani energia moiTxovs gamosavals da adre Tu gvian gardauvlad
xdeba misi “amofrqveva” gare eqspansiis saxiT.
etyoba gvxvdeba fsevdo situaciebic, romlebic iwveven spontanuris magvar eqspansias,
Tumca aseTi faqtiurad yovelTvis warumateblad mTavrdeba. es xdeba didi istoriuli
Zvrebis (omebis, revoluciebis) Sedegad, Tu aseTi Zvris obieqtSi jer kidev arsebobs
sakmarisi Sinagani energia. magram aseTi eTnosi saWiroebs xelovnur ideologiur
motivacias, qarizmatul liders da mkacr (xSirad represiul) organizacias. klasikuri
magaliTebi — germanelebi hitleris da rusebi stalinis dros.
aseT situaciaSi myofi eTnosi axorcielebs eqspansias ara imitom, rom mas ase unda an is
mis uSualo moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebs, aramed imitom, rom ase marTebs. saqme gvaqvs
6 147
passed by its more successful predecessors. Thus reaching the stage of sustainable development by
the most successful minority will not mean overcoming the global environmental crisis – the majority of
world population at this time will be at the peak of their unsustainable activities.38
4.3. Global Technology Transfer and Cultural Diffusion. One of the important consequences of
globalization is that Earth has simply become too small. From the practical standpoint there is no
problem of reaching any place on the planet, while gathering, processing; dissemination of information
as well as contacts among various individuals separated by significant distances is possible in a real
time. Obviously only individuals who are wealthy enough may enjoy such opportunities, but since
Reagan administration in the US and Thatcher’s administration in UK managed to deregulate and to de-
monopolize communication markets back in 1980-s, electronic media (television, internet, electronic
mail, mobile phone) became available to any citizen of any developing countries who live above the
poverty line, provided that some local dictator does not pursuit strict isolationist policy (like North
Korean leader for instance).
Still development of communication technologies constitutes only relatively small part of the
immense influence that modern science and technological innovations have on globalization. Although
there is no direct causative relationship between these two processes. Technology is a powerful carrier
of global processes, while in turn introduction and diffusion of technology is possible only within the
enabling environment created for it by globalization.
It is generally accepted today that depending on their ability to create and adopt new technologies
countries of the world fall into three broad categories - technological innovators (the smallest group,
accounting for some 15% of global population, but providing nearly all world’s technological
innovations), technological adopters (about half of the world’s population who are able to make
productive use of innovations devised by others) and technologically excluded (the rest of the world,
technologically disconnected, neither developing, nor adopting new technologies).39 These last
countries are the obvious losers in the modern globalization process.
For all its obvious virtues such classification omits one extremely important factor – since
approximately the end of 19-th century technological innovation passed the experimental stage and
became totally dependent on fundamental science. At the same time development of fundamental
sciences stays mostly outside the influence of market mechanism and falls within the sphere of
government responsibility. Only countries that possess appropriate financial and technological potential,
educational and research infrastructure, and (this factor is may be the most important) aspire for
regional or global leadership can undertake responsibility for development of fundamental sciences.
Build-up of system of fundamental sciences depends predominantly on state initiative, financing and
management.
Since the end of WW II up to 1990-s only two countries of the world could support almost the whole
spectrum of fundamental sciences – USA and USSR. The rest of the most developed countries,
including the UK, France, Japan and Germany could support only some restricted sectors of
fundamental research, while in the rest of the world they were represented with some isolated research
centres. Today Russia manages to retain only relatively small part of its research potential, while being
gradually replaced by China (especially in mathematics and physics) and India. From the globalization
standpoint this indicates very important trend – however technologically developed may be some
country, it will always be dependent on the others who provide theoretical, fundamental foundation for
its technological innovations. This means that there is factually four tier system of technology
development in the modern world – its highest level will always be occupied by countries that are able
to lay down theoretical foundation of the modern technologies.
As to technology transfer from the more developed to less developed parts of the world, which
plays one of the decisive role in the modern global development, it may be divided into two parts –
First – deals primarily with technologies one which depend formation of productive potential of
developing countries and which in the end define their economic development. These technologies are
sold on the market and are available to anyone who can afford them.40 Even the most backward
countries are able to obtain modern productive technologies using foreign credits or assistance. After all
at least some part of this money is earmarked precisely for such purpose. Problems usually start at the
adoption stage. First of all adoption of technology needs correct understanding of technological
38
The very best example – petroleum crisis of 2004-2005, which could easily be predicted some ten years before it
started and proper mitigating measures undertaken, if markets were capable of such feats.
39
Obviously these excluded regions do not always coincide with national borders.
40
There are of course exceptions when some technologies are not available for regimes that may use them against the
developed world.
 caused by the fact that majority of developing countries simply can not allow themselves the
luxury of protecting the natural environment and resources. Society should be rich enough to start
protecting its natural resources and environment, not to subject them to ruthless exploitation.
Besides these are basically governments of the poorer countries that are ready to develop local
natural resources extensively, under any conditions in order to reach short-term socio-economic
stability. They do not want or can not be interested in the well-being of future generations of their
own people, as well as in possible global environmental catastrophe, while facing daily mass
famine or a civil strife. Also poor population (especially in countryside) simply does not possess
appropriate technology, financial, material, intellectual resources to manage and use efficiently
natural resource base at their disposal. Often this people are forced into the least productive and
easily degraded territories. Especially in places where demographic pressure is high, such people
simply eat the ecosystems on which they depend. As a result such ecosystems are easily
subjected to degradation as a result of famine, drought or flooding. This in turn farther increases
vulnerability of the local population.
• There is also problem of time-frame of natural and man-made systems’ activities. The more
developed and formalized becomes the society to the less extent its functioning coincides with
this of a nature. Two decisive formal players of developed countries – governments and markets
– act inside fixed time-frames which are at odds with the natural ones – former is based on
electoral circle, the former – on a fiscal year. On the other hand it often takes decades for some
societal action to cause appropriate effect in natural environment and even more so to create a
feed back into the human society. For instance, gases that affect the ozone layer at the beginning
of the current century were emitted back in 1960-s. Hence again the obvious difficulties in not only
perceiving problems of human-nature interactions, but in long-term perspective planning and lack
of preventive initiatives as well.
Unfortunately there is the definite shortage of ideas as how to tackle with the ongoing global
environmental crisis. The only such one, formally accepted by both the international community as well
as the national governments – sustainable development, is basically about such kind of development
that makes possible to satisfy the current societal needs without sacrificing needs of the future
generations and was first formulated back in 1987. In the following years this idea became
indispensable part of any political document dealing with development. In general terms this concept is
perceived as means to develop and implement such strategies that enable the mankind to achieve
economic and social development without degradation and pollution of natural environment, depletion
of resources.37
Remedies for the global environmental crisis within the framework of sustainable development are
quite well understood – reduction of human load on the global ecosystem until this will be within limits of
reproductive capacities of such ecosystem. This means drastic reduction of material consumption (total
and per capita) within the global society, with corresponding growth of production and distribution
efficiency and the most important – total revision of system of values of the modern society, which
values non-stop growth of material consumption above all.
What factors counteract the introduction of sustainable development principles on the global scale?
These are: first – sustainability is obviously a new societal development stage. Reaching this stage can
not be brought upon by understanding the inevitability of change, education and propaganda. It needs
systemic crisis, something akin to the world economic crisis of 1929, which happens when it happens
and does not depend on the will of people; second - real problem is that development trends worldwide
are determined by the leading global players that today (separately or collectively) obviously are not
experiencing any kind of systemic crisis caused by depletion of natural environment. That does not
mean that crisis does not exist – they are simply able to shift part of their problems into territories
outside their one; third – these players can not properly evaluate the actual state of their respective
societal systems. In modern societies the main criterion of success or failure is the state of market,
which for all its obvious merits is rather primitive mechanism. It evaluates any process or situation
through yes/no – black/white – profit/loss logic. From its point of view today there is no crisis caused by
deterioration of natural environment that requires fundamental changes in the system or it simply can
not read the signals.
Additional sustainable development problems may caused the by obvious fact that societal
development as such is not the uniform process. While some (usually minor) part of global society
reaches definite stage of development, others lag behind, more often than not – by far. As historic
experience shows no one can skip the stages of development – any country has to retrace stages
37
Promoters of this concept carefully avoid mentioning of the fact that in the current political, economic and institutional
setting such goals are mutually exclusive.
146
kvazibunebriv procesTan, romelic faqtobrivad niutonis pirveli kanonis Sesabamisad
viTardeba — e.i. procesi mimdinareobs iqamde, sanam SeuZlia garemos winaaRmdegobis
daZleva. is TavisTavad sakmaod martivia da sworxazovani.
aseTi spontanuri eqspansiis warmatebuli realizaciis yvelaze cnobili magaliTebia:
• aleqsandre makedonelis laSqroba;
• romis imperiis Seqmna;
• muhamedis droindeli arabebis eqspansia;
• monRol_TaTarTa dapyrobebi;
• espaneTisa da britaneTis koloniuri imperiebis Seqmna;
• me-20 saukunis meore naxevris aSS-s globaluri eqspansia.
EeTnosTa sidides umetes SemTxvevaSi principuli mniSvneloba ara aqvs — maT SeswevT
unari aiyolion da Tavis interesebSi gamoiyenon sxva xalxebi, maTze bevrad ufro
mravalricxovani, ise, magaliTad, rogorc es moaxerxes monRolebma, romlebsac sakuTar
warmatebebs ZiriTadad TaTrebis xeliT miaRwies.
amave dros, Semdegi faqtorebi TamaSoben xSirad gadamwyvet rols spontanuri
eqspansiebis ganviTarebasa da warmatebaSi:
1. eTnosis geografiuli mdebareoba eqspansiis uSualo winamaval periodSi da mis sawyis
etapze. es faqtori ganapirobebs, gadaurCeba Tu ara eTnosi konsolidaciis wina
gardauval kriziss (samoqalaqo dapirispirebas, oms, a.S.); agreTve, Tu ra winaaRmdegobas
(bunebrivs, adaminurs) gadaeyreba is eqspansiis procesSi, ra mimarTulebiT wava eqspansia.
2. kulturis tipi — romelic ganapirobebs ara marto eTnosis organizaciis formas da
mis efeqturobas eqspansiis procesSi, aramed (rac ufro mniSvnelovania) ramdenad
efeqturad SesZlebs is monapovaris aTvisebasa da SenarCunebas.
garda amisa warmatebuli eqspansiisa da misi Sedegebis SesanarCuneblad eTnosis
teqnikuri SeiaraRebis done an unda aRematebodes, an minimum toli unda iyos misi
ZiriTadi mowinaaRmdegeebisa.
rogorc zemoT moyvanili magaliTebidan sCans, yvela SemTxvevaSi eqspansiis Sedegad
aTvisebuli sivrce uzarmazari iyo. ukve espaneTis eqspansia Tavisi gamovleniT
globalurs uaxlovdeboda, magram mxolod me-19 saukunis meore naxevris evropulma
koloniurma eqspansiam daudo dasabami globalizacias rogorc aseTs. ram gamoiwvia es
gadamwyveti xarisxobrivi cvlileba kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi?
1. sabazro urTierTobebis da kerZo sakuTrebis damkvidreba msoflios wamyvan
qveynebSi saSualebas iZleoda efeqturad, didi mogebiT gamoeyenebinaT is
resursebi, romlebzec es qveynebi amyarebdnen kontrols, eqspansiis Sedegad.
espaneTi, sadac misi warmatebis pikze aseTi urTierTobebis natamalic ki ar iyo,
faqtiurad “daalpa” amerikaSi daxvavebul uzarmazar simdidres, radganac is
ganviTarebasa da mosaxleobis keTildReobis amaRlebaze ver mimarTa;
2. samrewvelo revoluciis Sedegad msoflios wamyvanma qveynebma miiRes
teqnologiebi, romlebmac ara marto uzomod gazardes maTi saSualebebi
moepovebinaT, gadaezidaT da efeqturad gadaemuSavebinaT maT gankargulebaSi
aRmoCenili resursebi, aramed moepovebinaT informacia potenciul Tu realur
mowinaaRmdegeze, miewodebinaT is gadawyvetilebis mimRebi pirebisaTvis, moexdinaT
swrafi reagireba msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi Seqmnil situaciebze iq damatebiTi
resursebis (jaris, teqnikis) gadasrolis xarjze, ezrunveleyoT gadamwyveti
upiratesoba mowinaaRmdegeze brZolis velze. faqtiurad globalizaciis pirveli
etapi dafuZnebuli iyo orTqlis gemze, rkinigzaze, telegrafsa da SaSxanaze
(mogvianebiT tyviamfqvevze);
3. sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis axali sistemis Seqmna, romlis farglebSi nebismier
moqalaqes SeeZlo Segnebulad, daZalebis gareSe mieRo monawileoba misi qveynis
mier inicirebul procesebSi, daecva misi interesebi da SeeZlo am procesSi
moxveWili simdidre legalurad gamoeyenebina sakuTari gamdidrebisaTvis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mas Semdeg globalizaciam ganicada rigi mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebisa, mas axasiaTebs ramdenime ucvleli ZiriTadi principi -
a/ mniSvneloba ara aqvs romeli qveyana, qveyanaTa jgufi Tu nebismieri sxva subieqti
arian globalizaciis procesebis iniciatorebi. me-19 saukunis meore naxevris
globalizacia ZiriTadad didi britaneTisa da dasavleTis rigi sxva wamyvani
saxelmwifoebis koloniuri eqspansiis Sedegi iyo. Mmeore msoflio omis Semdgomi
7
globalizacia — ori antagonisturi socialuri sistemis (kapitalizmisa da socializmis)
konkurenciis Sedegi. iniciatorTa Soris SeiZleba moxvdes faqtiurad nebismieri
moTamaSe, romelsac regularulad, sakmao drois manZilze SeuZlia imdenad Zlieri
procesis (procesebis) generireba, rom misi Sedegebi saboloo jamSi aRiqmeba mTel
dedamiwaze.11
globalizaciis (globalizaciuri) procesia iseTi, romlis mimdinareobac iwvevs
xarisxobriv cvlilebebs sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis sistemebSi globaluri
masStabiT an sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis axali trendis formirebas. ar aris aucilebeli
aseT process globaluri gamovlena hqondes. aseTi procesebis magaliTebs meoce
saukuneSi miekuTvneba, vTqvaT, ruzveltiseuli “axali kursi” 1930-ian wlebSi aSS-Si, meore
msoflio omi, ssrk-is daSla. globaluria nebismieri procesi, romelic planetaruli
masStabiT vlindeba. is SesaZloa daemTxves globalizaciis process, Tumca es aucilebeli
ar aris.
b/ ara aqvs mniSvneloba, romel sferoSi (politikurSi, ekonomikurSi, kulturulSi . . . )
xdeba am procesebis inicireba.
g/ nebismieri qveyana Tu sxva subieqti, romelsac xelewifeba globaluri procesebis
inicireba Tavis moqmedebaSi pirvel rigSi sakuTari moTxovnilebebidan da interesebidan
gamodis. faqtiurad SesaZlebelia vilaparakoT, rom globalizacia aris lokaluri
procesebis globaluri gamovlena. arc erTi procesi, romelsac mosdevs cvlilebebi
globalur doneze, ar aris Tavidanve Cafiqrebuli rogorc aseTi. xSirad “pirveladi
biZgi” SeiZleba sakmaod susti iyos, magram ganviTarebis procesSi uzomod gadiddes da
globaluri xasiaTi miiRos, Tu xelsayrel pirobebSi moxvda — e.w. “peplis efeqti”.
d/ globalizacia, Zalian farTo gagebiT, qmnis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs, Tumca
msoflioSi momqmedi ama Tu im moTamaSis unari gamoiyenos es SesaZleblobebi sakuTari
miznebis misaRwevad, warmoadgens friad gansxvavebul problemas, romelic unda gadawydes
ara globalur, aramed adgilobriv doneze.
garda amisa, globalizaciis Tanamedrove etapi, agreTve, xasiaTdeba rigi kargad
gamoxatuli Taviseburebebisa, romlebic sakmarisia, imisaTvis, raTa masze mkafio
warmodgena SeviqmnaT.
1. yvela procesi globalizaciis farglebSi Riaa da ormxrivi. arsebobs ukukavSirebi
procesebis iniciatorebsa da maT obieqtebs Soris. e.i. nebismieri iniciativa ama Tu
im saxiT gardauvlad ase Tu ise ubrundeba iniciators. es ukureaqcia principSi
SeiZleba gautoldes an aRematebodes kidec TviT am iniciativas. nebismieri
iniciativa msoflio masStabiT gavrcelebis procesSi gardauvlad icvlis saxes,
maxinjdeba; SesaZlebelia saboloo jamSi Tavisi sawinaaRmdego saxec ki miiRos.
2. nebismier qveyanas SeuZlia airCios, SeuerTdes Tu ara am procesebs da ra saxiT.
Tumca, xSir SemTxvevaSi es arCevani, rogorc amas uwin sabWoTa kavSirSi uwodebdnen
— nebayoflobiT-daZalebiTia. aseTi “SeerTebis” wesebi da pirobebi cnobilia,
Tumca naklebad formalizebuli. saboloo jamSi, isini SesaZlebelia dayvanil iqnen
sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebamde, konkurentuli bazrebis Seqmnamde, sazRvrebis
gaxsnamde saqonlisa da kapitalis Tavisuflad gadasaadgileblad da
transnacionaluri korporaciebis SeuzRudav daSvebaze im qveynebis saSinao
bazrebze, romlebic globalizaciis procesebis gavlenas ganicdian. es mkveTrad
zrdis nebismieri calke aRebuli qveynis pasuxismgeblobas sakuTari keTildReobis
uzrunvelyofisaTvis.12 warumateblobis SemTxvevisaTvis damcavi meqanizmebi
arsebobs, magram sakmaod arasrulyofili, da maTi gamoyeneba xSirad mevaxSis xelSi
Cavardnis tolfasia.
3. msoflios wamyvani qveynebis upiratesoba sxvebTan SedarebiT imdenad didia, rom
isini aRar warmoadgenen “daxurul klubs”, rogorc es globalizaciis dasawyisSi
iyo. maT ar eSiniaT dedamiwaze meritokratiuli sistemis arsebobisa. piriqiT,
globalizaciis procesebis farglebSi nebismier qveyanas uqmnian “SesaZleblobaTa
sarkmels” (zogs ramdenjerme), romelic nebismiers SeuZlia gamoiyenos imisaTvis,
rom wamyvan saxelmwifoTa ricxvs SeuerTdes (rasakvirvelia, Tu amis unari gaaCnia).
4. dRevandeli teqnologiebi (marTvis, komunikaciuri, informaciis damuSavebis,
samxedro da a.S.) iseTia, rom msoflios wamyvan saxelmwifoebs dedamiwis nebismier
kuTxeSi SeuZliaT sakuTari interesebis dacva teritoriaze uSualo samxedro Tu
administraciuli kontrolis damyarebis gareSe. Aaqedan gamomdinare:
- globalizaciis procesebi SerCeviTia. isini SesaZlebelia wertilovani gavlenis
8 145
including legal acts, represents results of political compromise. Such compromise usually
depends on the multitude of mainly subjective factors and usually leads to the decision which
does suit no side involved in the decision-making process and works pretty bad from the very
beginning. This is true both for local as well as global decision-making, including international
treaties.
At the global level such compromises led to creation of international regime dealing with problems
of natural resources and environment. The first stage of its development took place as early as the end
of 19-th century, although it became the global in reality since 1972 when the UN conference on
“Human Environment” took place in Stockholm. The most important result of this conference seems
creation global and local environmental monitoring networks, establishment of United Nations’
Environmental Programme, as well as large scale political and institutional changes on the local level,
which led to establishment of environmental protection ministries or national environmental protection
and regulatory agencies by many governments. This also led to emergence of global network of
environmental non-governmental organizations.
Interest towards these problems continued to increase in the following years. As a result at the
beginning of 21-th century there were more than 130 multilateral and hundreds of bilateral treaties. One
may even speak about emergence of the global environmental politics, at least as this is reflected in
agenda of the leading formal and informal groups of the major global players including G8.
Unfortunately, despite the much ado, only very small part of these political efforts led to the real positive
results. The reason of such situation is again quite simple – fundamentals of the modern sciences
dealing with human-nature interactions do not allow presenting the conclusive, reliable results of
analysis dealing with the actual consequences of such interactions, possible threats as well as efficient
mitigating measures. As a result any global scale phenomenon may be considered as positive, negative
or even non-existent based on the same set of data. Thus any political decisions are reached based not
so much on the conclusive evidence, but rather on preferences of involved parties based on their own
interests. Besides the same situation leads to development of documents that are all too vague and
inconclusive, or extremely detailed, complicated and difficult to execute.
The most telling example of such approach is the famous Kyoto protocol which became the apple of
discord for the leading world powers. This protocol deals with problems of the global warming based on
the assumption that this process can be reversed through some conclusive human efforts. It is formally
supported by 150 countries, with the notorious absence of the US and China which produce the
majority of CO2 – the greenhouse gas. Factually only EU countries are implementing it since the
structure of their respective economics makes possible to reduce the overall amount of these gases
without undermining the economic growth. On the other hand the US is sabotaging this process since
its economic can not stand the restrictions imposed by the protocol and is looking for supporters for
implementation of some alternative scheme.
• Generally only the most developed countries assume the responsibility for mitigating negative
results of human-nature interactions on the global level.34 This happens because they are rich
enough to relatively easily accept restrictions imposed on them by such mitigating measures, plus
they possess efficient management mechanisms to successfully implement them.35 In general
well tended and managed ecosystems act as additional guaranties to reduce risks and human
vulnerability in case of some adverse natural phenomenon. One of the basic elements of success
of developed countries, besides their wealth, efficient governance and developed civil society is
that they are able to protect the natural environment inside their national boundaries at the
expense of exploitation of environment in other countries (mainly developing). One of the basic
global problem in regard of natural resources and environment is also that the wealthy (both
countries and individuals) have potential to use the best quality and richest resources exceeding
by far the potential of the poor, less developed countries and individuals.
• Developing countries (even such successful ones as China) generally either take the formal
attitude towards such mitigating measures or avoid participating in collective actions citing
negative effects of these measures on their economic development.36 Such attitude is basically
34
This is not true about all of them. Some, especially the US under the Bush administration try to avoid it.
35
Although such recent events as dealing with hurricane Katrina in the US as well as with excessive flooding of recent
years in Europe cast a shadow on the extent of the true capabilities of these countries.
36
This situation is further exacerbated by the fact that the US too started to shun some environmental treaties citing the
same concerns.
 Thus, even in cases when societal crises appear to be caused by environmental factors, their real
driving-forces may be socio-economic. Accordingly short-term visible effects of human interventions
into the nature (however drastic they might be) are not even marginally as important as medium and/or
short term reaction of natural environment on such interventions.
Causes of the global environmental problem are pretty well known – generally accepted (and the
most successful so far) model of societal development is based on constant growth of both total and
per-capita material consumption. This is the model that led to success of the leading global players.
Today it serves as basis for globalization and is being recommended for adoption for (or is imposed
upon) developing countries.
Such kind of development is obviously possible only based on appropriate growth of consumption of
natural resources (including the environmental ones), this so far being restricted only by availability of
technical means of their extraction. On the other hand efficiency of human society is extremely low –
95-97% of natural resources are lost to the environment even before they reach the final consumer.
This ran-off suppresses informational, material, information flows within the global ecosystem, causes
its degradation. In the end the mankind is facing the logically insolvable problem of constant material
growth within the finite physical space (planet Earth) based on the finite resource base.
Even today unsustainable development of the mankind is exceeding carrying capacity of global
ecosystem. Human activities are reducing assimilative and reproductive capacities of natural
environment to the extent when it is gradually loosing its properties as life-support system for man.
Thus the global environmental crisis may be perceived as degradation of the global ecosystem to the
extent when it ceases to support the development and very existence of the human society.
This crisis obviously belongs to unforeseen consequences of globalization and is basically created
by lack of proper understanding of functioning of natural ecosystems (including the global one),
underestimating their role in the development and very existence of the human society, discrepancy
between the needs of societal development safeguarded by the technology at its disposal and abilities
of natural ecosystems to support these needs (especially at the assimilative end).
Attempts to solve environmental problems inside and on the expense of nature (except for a very
few and specific cases, which only prove the general rule) are not usually very efficient and resemble
symptomatic treatment applied by medics, when they are unable to trace cause of ailment. Obviously
human-nature interactions are complex, causes and effects of particular problems are often so
intermingled that tracing them to their source is near-to impossible task. Associated difficulties in
planning and implementation of problem solving usually leads to absence of preventive initiatives,
mitigating measures are applied after a fact and to visible effects, rather than to causes of the problem.
But even when origins of problem inside the human society are too well known influencing them directly
may not be feasible and/or possible in the current socio-economic and political setting. Hence
application of palliative measures, aimed primarily at postponement of actual problem-solving as well as
calming-down criticism. The one more additional difficulty is caused by the fact that modern science is
hardly able to provide reliable analysis as regards the ongoing human-nature relations, especially about
the large-scale, long term processes. As a result such findings are often useless for the actual decision-
making.
As a whole today global system of human-nature relations is based on the following –
• Market - the most efficient problem-solving mechanism available to the modern society works
pretty badly as regards valuation of mineral resources and almost totally fails as regards state of
natural environment, especially while attempting to valuate biosphere resources, water, and air.
Environmental damage is also mostly non-quantifiable and remains outside system of values
operated by the market economy (especially at producers end). This means that effects of
economic activities on the natural environment can not be taken into proper consideration during
their valuation – the phenomenon known as externality. The best known example of such is the
tragedy of common, dealing with the public property.
• The situation is farther exacerbated by the fact that within the current system of global relations
some players are able to avoid taking into consideration problems associated with environmental
degradation. As a result they can offer their produce or services at lower prices than others who
take care of these problems, undermine existing regulatory mechanisms and conservation
attempts. Factually the whole system of business-nature relations may be considered as example
of market failure.
• Factually any decision (including the global one) as regards natural environment (for instance
about emission quotas, pollution levels, restrictions of environmentally damaging activities, etc.),
144
doneze xorcieldebodes. yvelaferTan erTad es tovebs globalizaciis CarCoebs gareT
ara marto calkeul qveynebs, aramed mTel regionebs. Tu aseT adgilebSi globalizaciis
gavlena ama Tu im saxiT mainc igrZnoba, mxolod imitom, rom didi procesebis
kontrolireba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia da informaciuli Tu materialuri nakadebis
raRaca nawili mainc “epareba” ZiriTad kalapots.
- msoflios wamyvani qveynebis formaluri da faqtiuri pasuxismgebloba dedamiwaze
mimdinare (m.S. uSualod maT mier wamowyebuli) procesebis Sedegebze SedarebiT mcirdeba.
maT faqtiurad SeuZliaT, umetes SemTxvevaSi zurgi Seaqcion im procesebsa da movlenebs,
romlebSic uSualo Careva maT konkretul interesebSi ar Sedis da Semoifarglon carieli
demagogiiT. es mkveTrad ganasxvavebs globalizacias Tanamedrove etaps misi
dasawyisisagan, rodesac koloniuri imperiebi iZulebulebi iyvnen ase Tu ise Careuliyvnen
planetaze mimdinare procesebis umetesobaSi, radganac isini maT mier uSualod
kontrolirebadi teritoriebis farglebSi mimdinareobda.
is, rom aSS da misi mokavSireebi dResdReobiT gadamwyvet rols TamaSoben
globalizaciuri procesebis warmoCenasa da realizaciaSi, ar niSnavs imas, rom
globalizacia am qveynebis SeTqmulebis Sedegia, rogorc es bevrs miaCnia. ubralod
sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze es saxelmwifoebi warmoadgenen am
procesis yvelaze aqtiur agentebs da Sesabamisad yvelaze intensiurad ganicdian mis
zegavlenas. aseTi “ganviTarebis agentebis” roli kacobriobis istoriaSi uamrav sxva
eTnossa Tu saxelmwifos uTamaSia. gadis dro, ganviTarebis erT etaps axali cvlis da isini
gardauvlad uTmoben adgils sxva, ufro aqtiur da mizandasaxul eTnosebs. aseTia
ganviTarebis logika.13
erT-erTi mTavari gaugebroba, romelic globalizaciis procesTanaa dakavSirebuli
isaa, rom misgan raRaca konkretul Sedegs moelian (dadebiTs, Tu uaryofiTs). ase
magaliTad, mravali weli mimdinareobs diskusia imis Sesaxeb, zrdis Tu ara globalizacia
adamianebis keTildReobas.14 sinamdvileSi globalizacia, rogorc aseTi, rogorc
nebismieri bunebrivi (am SemTxvevaSi kvazi-bunebrivi) procesi absoluturad neitraluria
misi gavlenis obieqtebis mimarT. amitom principulad arasworia misi xarisxobrivi
Sefaseba.
rogor gavlenas axdens globalizacia ama Tu im saxelmwifosa Tu eTnosze,
damokidebulia, pirvel rigSi, imaze, es ukanaskneli ramdenad kargad auRebs mas alRos da
SeZlebs mis gamoyenebas sakuTar interesebSi.
saerTod, ar Rirs adamianis nebis rolis gadaWarbeba iseTi masStabis movlenaSi,
rogoricaa globalizacia. adamianis nebazea damokidebuli Segnebuli gadawyvetilebis
miReba, romelsac mosdevs konkretuli qmedeba. gadaizrdeba Tu ara es qmedeba procesSi,
xolo, Tavis mxriv, gaxdeba Tu ara es procesi globaluri masStabis, adamianis neba-
survilze naklebadaa damokidebuli. ase rom ar iyos, maSin realuri gaxdeboda “Deutchland
uber alles” tipis scenarebis realizacia, rac madloba RmerTs — ararealuria.
globalizacia ar warmoadgens ama Tu im movlenis dedamiwis farglebSi gavrcelebis
process — vTqvaT satelefono xazebis an televizorebis, internetis momxmarebelTa
raodenobis, saerTaSoriso finansuri transaqciebis intensifikaciis, transnacionaluri
korporaciebis gavlenis, erTiani kulturuli faseulobebis, bolos da bolos,
makdonaldsebis an amerikuli kinos gavrcelebis da a.S., rogorc es sazogadod (m.S. bevri
mecnieris mier) aRiqveba. sinamdvileSi yvelaferi CamoTvlili ara globalizaciaa, aramed
misi meoradi Sedegi (xSirad gauTvaliswinebeli), SeiZleba vixmaroT sityva “simptomic” ki.
Gglobalizacis arsi mdgomareobs im Rrma struqturul cvlilebebSi Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, qmnian pirobebs yvela zemoT CamoTvlili movlenis
saarsebod. SeuZlebelia internetis danergva da gavrceleba mTels msoflioSi (Tugind
amisi teqnologia arsebobdes) Tu ar arsebobs universalurad aRiarebuli da xSirad
dakanonebuli principi informaciis gacvlis Tavisuflebisa. verc erTi korporacia,
ragind didi ar unda iyos is, ver gaxdeba transnacionaluri, Tu qveynebi, romelSic is
moqmedebs, ar aRiareben Tavisufali vaWrobisa da kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobis
princips (Tugind daZalebiT, da Tugind mxolod am ucxouri kompaniebis mimarT).
globalizaciis ZiriTadi konkretuli Sedegi isaa, rom man aqcia dedamiwa ziar
WurWlad, romlis romelime calke aRebuli nawilis izolacia ama Tu im mocemuli
sazogadoebrivi procesisagan principulad SeuZlebelia. Tumca TviT am procesebis
gavrcelebis siCqare friad araerTgvarovania da SeiZleba meryeobdes ramdenime saaTidan
9
(informacia), vidre ramdenime aTeul wlamde (cvlilebebi ama Tu im sazogadoebis
socialur struqturaSi, faseulobebis sistemaSi, tradiciebSi, cxovrebis wesSi da a.S.).
globalizaciis Sedegebis nawili vlindeba globaluri sistemebis SeqmnaSi, romlebic
mkafiod gamoxatul qselur xasiaTs atareben. dResdReobiT dedamiwa faqtobrivad
gadafarulia sawarmoo, finansuri, savaWro, satransporto, sakomunikacio, sainformacio
da a.S. qselebiT. erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTuli qselebi viTardebian, arseboben sabazro
ekonomikuri urTierTobebis farglebSi da qmnian globalur ekonomikur sistemas. am
sistemaSi horizontaluri kavSirebi aSkarad dominireben vertikalurze, mas ar gaaCnia
erTiani samarTavi centri, is didwilad TviTregulirebadia da funqcionirebis procesSi
nakleb yuradRebas aqcevs msoflioSi arsebul formalur sazRvrebs.15
rasakvirvelia, qselebis sixSire araeTgvarovania — ganviTarebul msoflioSi (aSS-s
okeaneebisa da didi tbebis mimdebare arealebi, dasavleTi evropa, iaponia da a.S.) is
maqsimaluria, xolo mesame msoflioSi am qselebSi uzarmazi sicarielebia da
mcirericxovani ganviTarebis centrebi erTmaneTisagan didi manZilebiTaa daSorebuli
(ixileT, magaliTad, ruseTis uralis aRmosavleTiT ganlagebuli regionebi, Tumca
formalurad es magaliTi mesame msoflios ar exeba, anda igive afrika _ ix. danarTi 1.).
es qselebi ierTeben maTTvis mniSvnelovan bazrebs, sawarmoebsa Tu pirovnebebs, maSin
rodesac danarCenebi maTgan gaTiSulebi rCebian, da es SeiZleba moxdes (da xdeba kidec)
nebismieri calke aRebuli qveynis, regionis, dasaxlebuli punqtis da zogjer sawarmosa
Tu firmis farglebSi.
is, rom es qselebi globaluria, imas ar niSnavs, rom maTze modis dedamiwaze arsebuli
Sesabamisi nakadebisa Tu infrastruqturuli elementebis udidesi nawili. maTi
globaluroba gamoixateba Semdeg maxasiaTeblebSi — a/isini icaven erTsa da imave [maTTvis
damaxasiaTebel] TamaSis wesebs ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ra konkretul adgilobriv
pirobebSi da dedamiwis romel kuTxeSi uxdebaT arseboba; b/ droisa da manZilis faqtorebs
maTi ganuwyveteli funqcionirebisaTvis naklebi (xSirad minimaluri) mniSvneloba
gaaCniaT; g/maT SeuZliaT SeRweva dedamiwis nebismier kuTxeSi, sadac maTi arsebobisaTvis
minimalurad misaRebi pirobebi arsebobs.
isevdaisev, ama Tu im qselis warmatebuli ganviTarebisaTvis araviTari mniSvneloba ara
aqvs, Tu rogor aRiqveba is ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli moralis normebisa, Tu
sakanonmdeblo sistemis TvalsazrisiT. dRevandel msoflioSi arsebuli globaluri
qselebidan yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli da warmatebuli globaluri danaSaulis
sistemaa, romelic faqtobrivad globaluri ekonomikuri sistemis erT-erT qvesistemas
warmoadgens.
im SemTxvevaSi Tu globalizaciis procesSi ar xdeba axali sistemebis Camoyalibeba, misi
Sedegebi globaluri problemebis (gamowvevebis) saxiT mogvevlinebian. Tumca ise ar unda
gavigoT, rom es problemebi erTnairad exeba yvelas dedamiwaze. udides umetesoba
SemTxvevebSi saqme gvaqvs etyoba problemebTan, romlebic Tavisi gamovleniT uSualod an
mxolod qveynebis jgufebs, regionebs, Tu adamianebis jgufebs exeba, magram maTi meoradi
Sedegebi aiZulebs miiRon isini mxedvelobaSi imaTac, vinc maTi uSualo gavlenis sferoSi
naklebad xvdeba. aseTia, magaliTad, Cvens mier am kursSi ganxiluli mosaxleobis anda
terorizmis problemebi.
garda amisa, mimdinare sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis prioritetebi da politikuri
koniunqtura (ZiriTadad msoflios wamyvan qveynebSi) udides gavlenas axdenen imaze,
aRiqmeba Tu ara esa Tu is problema rogorc globaluri, misi gamovlenis konkretuli
xasiaTisa da masStabebis miuxedavad.
ase magaliTad, 2006 wlis erovnuli uSiSroebis strategiis farglebSi aSS-ma ase
Camoayaliba globaluri gamowvevebi —
• pandemiebis tipis (Sidsi/frinvelis gripi) sazogadoebrivi jandacvis
gamowvevebi;
• aralegaluri vaWroba, gansakuTrebiT narkotikebiTa da adamianebiT;
• bunebrivi garemos ganadgureba, miuxedavad imisa, gamowveulia is adamianis
qmedebiTa Tu bunebrivi megakatastrofebiT.16
ruseTma rogorc 2006 wlis didi rvianis xelmZRvanelma qveynam ase Camoayaliba is
globaluri problemuri sferoebi, romlebic unda moxvedriliyvnen am organizaciis
saqmianobis prioritetebis ricxvSi — globaluri energetikuli usafrTxoeba, brZola
infeqciur daavadebebTan da ganaTleba.17 gasagebia, rom igive am organizaciis sxva wevri
10
(including affiliated agencies and the leading international NGOs like Oxfam, Care, Save the Children,
etc.) in the above areas are all the more important since they represent one of the very rare successful
examples of globalization of world politics based on consensus while their reach as well their results are
truly global. Aims of such programs are basically easy to comprehend, transparent and specific. They
are politically neutral and generally hardly loaded with conditionality as for instance the WB or the IMF
programs. They are usually perceived by the targeted population as humanitarian.
Of course, taking into account the scale and complexity of problems facing such programmes it
comes as no surprise that their majority have never been implemented in full, although their influence
on the well being of population of developing countries is truly impressive.
Development of poverty and the other associated negative processes in the modern world follows a
quite primitive scheme – at the initial stage – demographic pressure + lagging behind the developed
countries economically + adoption of defective economic policies = current stage – mass poverty +
starvation + illiteracy + cultural underdevelopment + economic underdevelopment transforms into
development gap + [often especially in Africa, domestic and external conflicts, total dysfunction of
government]. Such process is factually cyclic, since all factors mentioned above “feed” and exacerbate
each other. For countries which find themselves inside such circle is extremely difficult to break it and in
the end this is possible only by mobilization of domestic resources and their own efforts. Foreign
assistance in this case may play only support role.
4.2. Global Environmental Problem. At the beginning of 21-th century global human-nature
relations have manifestly reached a stage when group of leading scientists, politicians and
businessmen felt confident to say that some time by 2015 the mankind would reach the point of no
return as regards global warming.33 Obviously these relations have never been pretty harmonious and
their disruptions had led to perishing of many ancient civilisations and even today are putting to the
brink of collapse a number of sub-Saharan countries. On the other hand this is the first time when they
are perceived as directly endangering well-being and the very existence of the human civilisation.
Factually one may come to conclusion that distorted human-nature relations has led to the
emergence of global environmental problem, which as many think may potentially affect our civilisation
as threat of global nuclear war affected and continues to affect it. I.e. we witness emergence of one
more factor that may unite the mankind based on fear.
On the other hand, nuclear threat, despite being quite real, did not lead to appropriate corrections in
global political relations. Today it’s as actual (may be even more so) as it was during the cold war, even
is not generally regarded as such. Still the emergence and solution of this problem depends on human
society and can be controlled by it. As to the global environmental problem, the human society is able
to control only that part of human-nature interaction processes, which take place within the society
proper. As soon as these processes emerge into the natural environment they factually evade any
direct control. This means that global environmental problem may in the end prove to be even more
difficult to tackle than any other properly societal problems.
Still from the practical standpoint, human-nature relations do not create new problems, they just
make evident (although in a pretty distorted form) problems already existing in human society. In the
vast majority of cases, the chain of events starts within human society, triggered by problems of societal
development (economic, social, etc.). These problems may then be imposed on nature, either
accidentally or deliberately, causing changes there. Afterwards, this chain of events causes feedback
effects on society, presenting what resembles an absolutely new set of problems that are perceived as
environmental ones. Any such problem may fade from sight for a time being, to emerge later rather
shape shifted, exaggerated, far from the place of inception, to fall on heads of people who did not
create it in the first place. Only results of relatively small scale local processes usually offset well-being
of people who initiated them (for instance, farmer felling trees on the steep slope directly above his
house), while initiators of large-scale processes (for instance shareholders of companies logging
tropical forests) usually turn-up with nice profits.
Even in case of unavoidable disastrous natural phenomena, perceived as acts of God, like earth-
quakes or hurricanes, tornadoes, etc. part of the chain of events still begins within the human society.
These are social-economic factors that determine why people are located in harm’s way in the first
place, what they know about a potential hazard and how well they are prepared to deal with it. Although
the actual share of societal factors in problems caused by the adverse natural phenomena naturally
varies to a great degree. It was for instance almost overwhelming in case of hurricane Katrina in 2005,
while much less in case of catastrophic tsunami in Southern Asia in 2004.
33
MEETING THE CLIMATE CHALLENGE, RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE
CHANGE TASKFORCE, JANUARY 2005 by The Institute for Public Policy Research (UK), The Center for American
Progress, The Australia Institute. http://www.americanprogress.org/site/pp.asp?c=biJRJ8OVF&b=306503
143
developing world. Although neither this nor improved quality of life (which was usually modest, if took
place of all) played significant role in this process. Its actual causes might be found in emancipation of
women, even if the actual process is relatively modest compared to the similar one that took place in
the last century in the more developed world. It looks like that in the vast majority of developing
countries just a few years of formal schooling are enough to alter significantly demographic behaviour
of women. This trend is for instance quite visible in Iran, which by no means can be considered among
the countries that favour female rights. Fertility here dropped almost 3 times during last 30 years and is
less than in the majority of Latin American countries.
As a result of unsustainable levels of population growth plenty of countries have found themselves
inside so called poverty trap. Even when such countries are governed by relatively efficient and less
corrupt governments, they are not able to cope with the problems they face, being simply too poor.
Even when the governments here are truly committed to positive development they lack funds
(especially collected through taxation) to invest into social sector, infrastructure, environmental
protection, into public administration itself. Besides virtually all these countries spend huge sums to
service foreign debts. Still in the absence of basic infrastructure, social capital and efficient governance
it’s impossible to attract private investments and pursue economic development; while without roads,
fertilizers, electric energy, cheap, efficient fuel, schools, hospitals, affordable housing, and water supply
people remain chronically hungry and sick. Besides in the majority of developing countries this situation
is further exacerbated by inefficient governance, corruptions, mistaken economic policies.
Furthermore – it’s virtually impossible to maintain human rights in such countries. Probability of
clashes among rival political or ethnic groups inside the single country, as well as among some
countries of such type in order to control mineral resources that may bring quick profit are extremely
high. Governments of such countries either can not restrict such criminal activities, or are directly
involved with them. Besides there is a direct causal relationship between poverty and sharp “shock”
drop of population incomes on one hand and armed conflicts on the other. Poverty initiates and
sustains them. Average 5% shock income drop increases probability of conflicts by 50%.32
From the formal standpoint current state of population of the developing world has significantly
improved as compared with 1990-s. For instance during 1990-2002 average incomes here increased by
22%, number of people living in extreme poverty reduced by 139 million, average life expectancy
increased by 2 years, etc. On the other hand this process mostly affected very restricted geographical
area of Eastern Asia, where all the progress was in turn achieved on the expense of the single country
– China.
From the formal standpoint current state of population of the developing world has significantly
improved as compared with 1990-s. For instance during 1990-2002 average incomes here increased by
22%, number of people living in extreme poverty reduced by 139 million, average life expectancy
increased by 2 years, etc. On the other hand this process mostly affected very restricted geographical
area of Eastern Asia, where all the progress was in turn achieved on the expense of the single country
– China.
Correspondingly number of extremely poor people in the rest of the world grew by 71 million.
Epicenter of this crisis is situated in sub-Saharan Africa where there is the highest concentration of
extremely poor, starving people and AIDS patients in the world. Approximately the same situation is
observed in Southern Asia, especially in Indian countryside and urban slams. Today the number of
people who survives at $1.08 per day factually coincides with population of the most developed
countries of the world. Besides such situation disproportionably punishes women, children, elderly and
disabled; population of countryside and urban slams in general. These people have high chances of
finding themselves inside the poverty trap.
Attempts to solve demographic problems worldwide take place for almost half a century. Part of
these efforts is directed at poverty eradication and population growth control within the framework of
numerous specialized programs. These programs are mainly executed by the UN and the WB. The UN
is actively involved in process since 1960 when such programs started to be implemented within the
framework of so called “development decades”. During this period the UN paid special attention to such
goals as eradication of illiteracy, development of school system, health care (including family planning),
infrastructural development (water supply, sewerage), etc.
Interestingly that all such UN programs truly come within the confines of the single global policy.
They result from understanding among all developed as well as developing countries. UN activities
32
Millenium Project. Report to the UN Secretary-General. Investing in Development. A Practical Plan to Achieve the
Millenium Development Goals. Overview. 2005., p.8.
142
qveynebi SesaZloa sxvanairad aRiqvamdnen globalur problematikas, maTi ganviTarebis
konkretuli prioritetebis Sesabamisad.
faqtiurad globaluri problemebis warmoqmna da maTi mogvarebis mcdeloba
xorcieldeba Semdegi sqemiT —warmoqmna calkeuli qveynis/regionis doneze — ganviTareba
globalur donemde [iSviaTad] da/an aRiareba rogorc globaluris [umetesoba
SemTxvevebSi] — A misi Seswavla, analizi da gadaWraze mimarTuli RonisZiebebis dagegmva
“globalur” doneze (samTavrobo Tu arasamTavrobo saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, vTqvaT
gaero, Tu didi rviani) —mogvarebis mcdeloba ama Tu im qveynisa Tu regionis doneze im
konkretuli SesaZleblobebis farglebSi, romelic adgilze arsebobs da am problemisadmi
lokaluri midgomis Sesabamisad.
faqtiurad wre ikvreba — problemebi iqmneba da saboloo jamSi gadaiWrebaa adgilobriv
doneze, imdenad, ramdenadac ama Tu im konkretul moTamaSes es xelewifeba.18
globalizaciam am tradiciul sqemaSi faqtiurad erTaderTi, Tumca friad mniSvnelovani
cvlileba Seitana — sul ufro xSirad e.w. globaluri problemebi Tavze atydeba imaT, vinc
maT SeqmnasTan araviTar kavSirSi ar imyofeba da maTi warmatebiT gadaWra sakuTari
SesaZleblobebis farglebSi principulad ar ZaluZs.19
arsebobs erTaderTi faqtori, romelic dedamiwaze mcxovreb yvela adamians
aerTianebs, miuxedavad, maTi ganviTarebis donisa, kulturis tipisa Tu religiuri
aRmsareblobisa. es faqtori SiSia. faqtiurad erTaderTi, rac adaminTa sazogadoebas
dRes erTi sistemis farglebSi aqcevs — misi fizikuri ganadgurebis potenciuri teqnikuri
SesaZleblobis arsebobaa. aseTi saxiT kacobrioba Camoyalibda daaxloebiT 1945 wlis
agvistosa da 1957 wlis oqtombers Soris — e.i. im periodSi, rodesac amerikelebma
gamoiyenes birTvuli iaraRi iaponiis winaaRmdeg, xolo sabWoTa kavSirma dedamiwis
pirveli xelovnuri Tanamgzavris gaSvebiT daamtkica, rom aRar arsebobda adgili
planetaze, sadac birTvuli Wurvis mitana ar SeiZleboda. savaraudoa, rom Tvalsawier
momavalSi SiSis damatebiT faqtorad gadaiqces globaluri ekologiuri problemis
Tanmxlebi movlenebi.
Tavi 1. globalizaciisa da msoflio politikis Teoriebi
1.1. Tanamedrove msoflio politikis Teoriul wanamZRvrebis mimarT sruliad
gamarTlebulad SeiZleba igive midgoma gamoviyenoT, rac termin globalizaciis mimarT
iyo gamoyenebuli. msoflio politikis dResdReobiT aRiarebuli Teoriebi erTiani
movlenis imdenad winaaRmdegobriv suraTs gvixataven, rom maT safuZvelze nebismieri
daskvnis gakeTeba iseTive warmatebiTaa SesaZlebeli, rogorc veraviTari pozitiuri
daskvnis gamotana.
amave dros, qveyanasa da konkretul istoriul situaciaze damokidebuli, esa Tu is
Teoria, xolo ufro xSirad ki konteqstidan amoglejili esa Tu is Teoriuli Tezisi,
SesaZloa did (zogjer gadamwyvet) gavlenas axdendes rogorc uSualod gadawyvetilebis
mimReb pirvel pirebze, agreTve, maTze, vinc am pirebis mier gadawyvetilebis momzadebaSi
monawileobs.
Teoriuli azrTwyobis Ria uSualo gavlenis magaliTebi Tanamedrove msoflio
politikaSi gamonaklisis saxiT gvxvdeba. magram imave dros sazogadod aRiarebulia, rom
realizmisa da neo-realizmis, iseve rogorc garkveul wilad neoliberalur
warmodgenebs, udidesi gavlena hqondaT aSS-is sagareo politikis formirebaze. aseve
aSkaraa, rom aSS prezident buSis pirveli administraciis (2001-2005 ww.) sagareo politika
didwilad neokonservatiuli Teoriis gavlenis qveS imyofeboda.
me-14 saukunis yvelaze gavleniani evropeli filosofosi, warmoSobiT ingliseli
uiliam okami, dRes ZiriTadad cnobilia universaluri samecniero principis
CamoyalibebiT, romelsac okamis samarTeblis saxeliT vicnobT. es principi, romelic
gamoiyeneboda crumecnieruli daskvnebis Tavidan asacileblad, JRers rogorc — “nu
amravleb arsTa raodenobas aucileblobis gareSe (nu dauSveb simravles aucileblobis
gareSe)”. zogadad es niSnavs, rom raime movlenis aRweris dros umjobesia yvelaze martiv
11
ganmartebas davsjerdeT, anu rogorc dRevandel inglisurSi amboben — “keep it simple, stupid”.
arc ise Soreul warsulSi, cnobili maTematikosi puankare daaxloebiT imave azrisa iyo,
rodesac ambobda — “rodesac adamians ar esmis problema, is bevr formulas wers, magram
rodesac bolos da bolos mixvdeba, raSia saqme — ukeTes SemTxvevaSi ori formula rCeba”.
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi es principi namdvilad muSaobs. rac Seexeba
sazogadoebriv mecnierebebs, aq situacia Zalian waagavs ZvelTaZvel indur igavs
moxetiale maTxovar brmebze, romlebic gzad spilos gadaeyarnen. erTi, romelmac spilos
xorTums waavlo xeli, amtkicebda, rom spilo gvelsa hgavs, meore, rom foTols, radganac
yuri SerCa xelSi, mesame boZs — is spilos fexs daejaxa, xolo kidev erTi gaiZaxoda, rom
spilo Tokia, mas Semdeg, rac kudi moqaCa. yvela Tavisas gaiZaxoda, bolos ver SeTanxmdnen
da erTmaneTs daerivnen. spilo didi xania Tavisi gziT wavida, isini ki isev mtverSi
goravdnen...
qvemoT koncentrirebuli, ganzogadoebuli saxiT ganxilulia ramdenime yvelaze
gavrcelebuli midgoma rogorc sazogadod globalizaciis procesisadmi, aseve msoflio
politikis ori yvelaze aRiarebuli Teoriuli midgoma (realizmi da liberalizmi). am
Tavis mizania, SeuqmnaT studentebs warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad SeswevT unari
gansxvavebul Teoriul midgomebs swored warmoaCinon is procesebi, romlebic
globalizaciis CarCoebSi viTardeba, anda ramdenad SeswevT maT unari, Tavis mxriv
imoqmedon msoflio politikis mimdinareobaze.20
1.2. globalizaciis Teoriuli aRqma.
1.2.1. hiperglobalistebi warmodgenilebi arian im mecnierebiT, romelTac miaCniaT, rom
kacobriobis istoriaSi dadga axali xana, rodesac tradiciuli erovnuli saxelmwifoebi
gadaiqcnen globaluri ekonomikis moZvelebul, ufro metic - usargeblo, zedmet
moTamaSeebad. aseT mosazrebas safuZvlad udevs ekonomikuri logika, romelic win ayenebs
erTian globalur bazarsa da globalur konkurencias, rogorc sazogadoebrivi
progresis mamoZravebel Zalebs. hiperglobalistebi amtkiceben, rom ekonomikur
globalizacias moaqvs ekonomikebis “denacionalizacia” warmoebis, vaWrobisa da
finansebis transnacionaluri qselebis Seqmnis gziT. aseT “usazRvro” ekonomikaSi
erovnuli saxelmwifoebi TamaSoben globaluri kapitalis ubralo “gadamcemi Rvedebisa”,
da saboloo jamSi Suamavlebis rols, romlebic eqcevian adgilobriv, regionul da
globalur marTvis organoebs Soris. am TvalsazrisiT, bevrs sjera, rom ekonomikuri
globalizacia qmnis socialuri organizaciis axal formebs, romlebic ikaveben an
saboloo jamSi daikaveben tradiciuli erovnuli saxelmwifoebis, rogorc globaluri
sazogadoebis pirveladi ekonomikuri da politikuri erTeulebis adgils.
hiperglobalistebs sjeraT, rom globalizacia ZiriTadad ekonomikuri movlenaa, rom
mzardad integrirebuli globaluri ekonomika ukve arsebos; rom globaluri kapitalis
moTxovnebis dawoliT nebismieri saxelmwifosaTvis politika “SesaZleblobis
xelovnebidan” gadaiqca “efeqturi ekonomikuri marTvis” xelovnebad.
garda amisa, arsebobs mosazreba, rom ekonomikuri globalizacia qmnis
gamarjvebulebisa da damarcxebulebis ganawilebis axal sqemas. amasTan dakavSirebiT,
Zveli “Crdilo-samxreTis” dayofis roli TandaTanobiT mcirdeba da adgils uTmobs
ekonomikuri Zalauflebis dayofis ufro rTul sistemas. amis gamo, mTavrobebi
iZulebulebi arian “marTon” globalizaciis socialuri Sedegebi imasTan dakavSirebiT,
rom globaluri finansuri da ekonomikuri konkurencia Zirs uTxris socialuri dacvis
social-demokratiul models da gvauwyebs sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos
modelis gadaSenebas. globalizacia SesaZlebelia, agreTve ukavSirdebodes globaluri
ekonomikis gamarjvebulebisa da damarcxebulebis mzard polarizacias. maT, vinc dRes
“gariyulia”, samomxmareblo ideologiis globaluri gavrceleba, agreTve, Tavs axvevs
axali tipis “piradobas”, romelic ikavebs tradiciuli kulturisa da cxovrebis wesis
adgils. liberaluri demokratiis gavrceleba, agreTve, aZlierebs erTiani globaluri
civilizaciis aRmocenebis SegrZnebas, romelic ganisazRvreba politikuri da
ekonomikuri organizaciis universaluri standartebiT. aseT “globaluri civilizacias”,
agreTve emsaxurebian marTvis sakuTari meqanizmebi, iseTebi, magaliTad, rogorc
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondia, xolo saxelmwifoebi da xalxebi sul ufro da ufro
eqvemdebarebian axal sazogadoebriv, kerZo globalur Tu regionul xelisuflebebs.
Sesabamisad erovnuli saxelmwifoebi sul ufro naklebad axerxeben imis marTvas, rac
maT sazRvrebSi xdeba an maTi moqalaqeebis moTxovnilebebis damoukideblad
dakmayofilebas. meore mxriv, kavSirgabmulobis globaluri infrastruqtura da mravali
saerTo interesis arsebobis SegrZneba xels uwyobs adamianTa Soris transnacionalur
12
Of course if the developed world may be in dire need of successful economic transformation of
some developed country as an isolated case, it may on principle do this, but on practice that means
imposing the direct colonial management model with all the pending consequences.
Chapter 4. Consequences of Globalization. Population and Environment.
4.1. Global Population Problem. This is one of the few exceptions when causative relationship
between globalization and its emergence is direct and obvious. The most plainly visible effect of this
problem manifested itself in unprecedented growth of the world population in the post WW II period,
known as “population explosion”. If in the period between 1900 to 1950 world population grew by about
17 million people per year, this number almost tripled to 50 million during years 1950-1960. As a result
the total world population reached 6 billion in 2000, or 2.4 times more than in 1950. Although population
growth rate is stearily declining since 1970, its amount is still expected to reach almost 9 billion by 2050
and may stabilize afterwards.
The lion’s share of population growth fell on developing countries. Today about 4/5 of the world
population lives in these countries, while about 2/5 lives in the two largest – China and India. By itself
such population growth is nothing unprecedented. The most developed countries in the world had
passed through the same stage of population development after beginning of industrial revolution. Still
that time this process was caused by objective development factors, affected relatively small part of the
global population (so called “golden billion”) and as a whole played positive role in global development.
Here population explosion was caused by a sharp drop in population mortality rates against the
traditionally high birth rates. It was caused by gradual improvement of quality of life and general growth
of population well-being. The same processes affected birth-rate as well but with the lag of decades at
least.
In developing countries (majority of which at the beginning of explosive population growth were still
colonies) mortality rates dropped virtually overnight – in a course of few years. It was caused by
introduction (sometimes purposeful, sometimes accidental) of the minimal innovations from the
developed countries – new medicaments (aspirin, penicillin), insecticides (DDT and like), elementary
understanding about personal hygiene. Anti-epidemic measures and vaccination was introduced to
some extent, population nutrition improved in some places too. All this was possible since all affected
countries and territories had already been included into the system of global relations that make
possible relatively smooth and unimpeded transition of innovations. Factually they received the first
development package from the more developed world, which required the absolute minimum of efforts
from the both sides involved in the process. On the other hand the next package involving
modernization, structural transformation, etc., leading in the end to economic development with
associated growth of level and quality of live as well as changing population reproduction patterns
(reducing fertility) was delivered much later and with various success.
Population explosion affected countries which had just started their independent life, lagged
centuries behind their former parent states by levels of development. Actually one may dub this process
population shock instead of explosion. Population growth did not result from their socio-economic
development,as it happened in the more developed world, they did not need, did not plan and could not
control it. Since at least at the initial stage this process was factually mechanical its dependence on the
type of civilization of any given country, culture of population, religion, etc. was minimal.31 Even
efficiency and type of governance played very little role in this case – relatively well and poorly
managed countries had found themselves in the same boat.
Demographic pressure did not allow the majority of affected countries to stand on their own feet,
contributed significantly to drop in the population level of life as compared with the colonial period (such
drop often up to 20% was registered in 100 countries), pushed billions into poverty and starvation.
Today population growth process in developing countries has been reversed and is generally
following trends of the more developed world – i.e. people are marrying later and have fewer children.
Average fertility rate here is about 2.8 (versus 6.2 in 1960-s), while in 20 countries births do not exceed
mortality. UN claim that this reversal resulted from decades’ long family planning policies it pursued in
31
This process was dubbed minimal because it happened primarily at the expense of a sharp drop of mortality rates,
which did not depent upon a social behaviour of population. This may be justified for instance by the fact that
absolutely the same “development scenario” was implemented in the isolated Soviet Central Asia as in the rest of the
world.
141
corruption monitoring in the international donor organizations.
Situation as such may be quite easily interpreted in terms of general political motivation of the
whole system of global development transfer. Naturally leaders of the both WB and IMF as well as
leaders of the leading donor countries are quite well aware of fact that successful integration of 5/6 of
global population into the economic space which the remaining 1/6 created proceeding from its own
interests is hardly possible. They are also well aware of the fact that for many developing countries
(especially African) carrying out the real market reforms is impossible on principle. In this case all these
strongly remind the process that in the late USSR was dubbed as “building the socialism bypassing the
capitalist development stage”.
Especially for the US all this basically (directly or through international financial institutions)
presents continuation of the foreign policy, albeith using different methods. Whether the money they
lend is going to bring upon some real economic progress in any given country is of a relatively little
importance. The main objective is to keep the ruling regimes in such countries loyal to the US. It’s
especially true as regards such weak countries that on principle may pose the threat to the US national
interest by falling into hands of various kinds of terrorists for instance.29
Besides any donor country is subjected to a strong pressure of its own civil society (especially
NGOs), which consider that developed countries are answerable for developing world, for its poverty
and underdevelopment. In addition the given model of global economic integration in general as well as
development transfer in particular are so deeply ingrained into the system of global international
relations that their restructuring in order to increase their efficiency may turn very painful both for the
donors as well as for “consumers” of their support.
Still against the rather gloomy picture of the global development transfer there are number of a
rather successful countries that managed to overcome dependency on the developed world and are
obviously aiming at the leading positions in the modern global affairs. First of all these are so called
Asian Tigers and lately China and Malaysia. Factually the problem is that the most successful
development transfer is restricted to a rather small region of the world, while 3 of the mentioned
countries are China one or the other way (Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong-Kong), while population of
Singapore is also predominantly represented by ethnic Chinese as well as the most active ethnic
minority in Malaysia.
The main positive feature shared by all these countries is the social capital of the highest quality
based on the highly motivated, diligent, disciplined labour force. Still they owe their success mainly to
the presence of extremely efficient, motivated governments. These governments purposefully
implemented and continue to implement their own economic policies which in general have rather little
to do with recommendations and development models of the international donors, although they borrow
huge amounts of money from them. Although some Western economic experts characterize their
economic policies as neo-liberal in reality we deal with various models of the state managed capitalism.
On the whole these examples of successful market development show that fears of the evil Western
money-lenders that exploit the poor developing countries are to a large extent exaggerated. Almost any
country with the efficient, strong, motivated government is able to put international donor organizations
into position they should properly occupy – money lenders and assistants, not the development
dictators.30
Thus it’s very important to understand that development transfer is primarily a two-way street – no
developed country and/or donor organization is able to impose any kind of positive transformations on
any developed country if it is not ready to adopt them or (and this is more important) if the local ruling
elites are not interested in such.
The leading global players set terms and conditions of development transfer based on their own
priorities and understanding of problems at hand. They are naturally eager to make the rest of the world
to adopt these terms and conditions as operating basis for their own development. On the other hand
this is the direct responsibility of governments of developing countries to make sound decisions as
regards models of development suitable for their countries; to review, revise and adopt the existing
ones or propose their own, original models. No leading global player is able to make decisions for these
governments; to make any country develop successfully, moreover can not do this on regional or global
levels. If country is not able to adopt and implement development policies, any outside assistance will
go for naught.
29
Stuart E. Eizenstat, John Edward Porter, and Jeremy M. Weinstein, Rebuilding Weak States, Foreign Affairs,
January/February 2005.
30
Efficient government does not mean that it’s for instance incorrupt or transparent – as the world practice shows such
features have little to do with the government efficiency. Very clean and transparent government may be quite
inefficient and vice versa.
140
TanamSromlobas. faqtiurad SesaZlebelia vilaparakoT “globaluri samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis” aRmocenebaze. am TvalsazrisiT, faqtiurad xdeba ekonomikuri da
politikuri Zalauflebis denacionalizacia da “gabneva”, rasac mosdevs erovnuli
saxelmwifoebis suverenitetisa da avtonomiis Semdgomi Ziris gamoTxra.
1.2.2. skeptikosebi, gansxvavebiT hiperglobalistebisagan, msoflio vaWrobis,
kapitaldabandebisa da Sromis nakadebis statistikaze dayrdnobiT amtkiceben, rom
moyolebuli mecxramete saukunidan, ubralod SedarebiT izrdeba internacionalizaciis
done, e.i. urTierToba ZiriTadad erovnul meurneobebs Soris. amtkiceben ra, rom
globalizacia miTia, skeptikosebi efuZnebian globalizaciis ekonomikur koncefcias da
aigiveben mas srulad integrirebul globalur bazarTan. miaCniaT ra, rom dRevandeli
ekonomikuri integraciis done Camouvardeba am “ideals” da, rom aseTi integracia bevrad
CamorCeba mecxramete saukunis bolos dones, isini askvnian, rom Tanamedrove
globalizaciis gamovlena friad gazviadebulia.
amasTan dakavSirebiT skeptikosebi askvnian, rom hiperglobalistebis mosazreba
Zirfesvianad mcdaria da politikurad miamiti imis gamo, rom is saTanadod ver afasebs
erovnuli mTavrobebis arsebul SesaZleblobebs marTon saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri
moRvaweoba. imis nacvlad, rom ukontrolod ganviTardnen, internacionalizaciis Zalebi
TviTon eqvemdebarebian erovnuli mTavrobebis maregulirebel Zalauflebas, raTa
uzrunvelyon mimdinare ekonomikuri liberalizacia.
skeptikosebis TvalsazrisiT, yvela arsebuli mtkicebuleba migvaniSnebs, imas rom
ekonomikuri saqmianoba ganicdis mniSvnelovan regionalizacias im dros, rodesac
msoflio ekonomika viTardeba sami ZiriTadi finansuri da savaWro blokis —evropis, azia-
wynari okeanisa da Crdilo amerikis Seqmnis mimarTulebiT. Sesabamisad klasikuri “oqros
standartis” epoqasTan SedarebiT msoflio ekonomika bevrad ufro naklebad
integrirebulia, xolo msoflio imperiebis xanasTan SedarebiT is ufro naklebad
globalizebulia geografiuli mocvis TvalsazrisiT.
skeptikosebi, agreTve ar Tvlian, rom erovnuli mTavrobebi eqvemdebarebian
saerTaSoriso tendenciebs. piriqiT, isini yuradRebas amaxvileben imaze, rom maTi roli
sazRvrebs gaRma ekonomikuri aqtiurobis ganviTarebasa da regulirebaSi sul ufro
centraluri xdeba. mTavrobebi internacionalizaciis pasiuri msxverpli ki ara, piriqiT,
misi ZiriTadi arqiteqtorebi arian. ufro metic, zogi ganixilavs internacionalizacias
rogorc ZiriTadad aSS-is mier inicirebuli mravalmxrivi msoflio ekonomikuri weswyobis
Tamnxleb produqts, romelmac meore msoflio omis Semdeg ubiZga erovnuli ekonomikebis
internacionalizacias. sxvebs saerTod miaCniaT, rom msoflio vaWrobisa da
kapitaldabandebebis mimdinare intensifikacia warmoadgens dasavluri imperializmis
axal stadias, romlis farglebSic erovnuli mTavrobebi gamodian monopolisturi
kapitalis agentebis rolSi.
miuxedavad azrTa garkveuli sxvadasxvaobisa, skeptikosebi erTxmad miiCneven, rom
internacionalizacias ar mohyva CrdiloeT-samxreTis uTanabrobis Semcireba. piriqiT,
xdeba savaWro da sainvesticio nakadebis zrda mdidar CrdiloeTSi, “mesame samyaros”
mravali qveynis mzardi marginalizaciis xarjze. isini, agreTve amaxvileben yuradRebas im
faqtze, rom ucxouri investiciebis nakadebis koncentrireba ZiriTadad xdeba
ganviTarebul kapitalistur saxelmwifoebSi, xolo multinacionaluri korporaciebis
umetesoba rCeba ZiriTadad maTi mSobliuri qveynebisa an regionebis qmnilebebad.
Sesabamisad skeptikosebi eWvis TvaliT uyureben warmodgenas imaze, rom
internacionalizacias Tan sdevs msoflio ekonomikuri urTierTobebis mniSvnelovani,
ufro metic — Zirfesvianad gardaqmna. isini aRiareben, rom uTanabroba da ierarqizacia
imdenad Rrmad aris gamjdari msoflio ekonomikaSi, rom, struqturuli TvalsazrisiT,
gasuli saukunis manZilze es situacia Zalze umniSvnelod Seicvala.
mravali skeptikosis warmodgeniT, aseTi uTanabroba xels uwyobs fundamentalizmisa
da agresiuli nacionalizmis warmoCenas, imis nacvlad, rom ubiZgos msoflio
civilizaciis Seqmnas, rogorc amas hiperglobalistebi varaudoben. piriqiT, xdeba
msoflios daqucmaceba civilizaciur blokebad da kulturul Tu eTnikur anklavebad.
warmodgena kulturuli erTobisa da globaluri kulturis Sesaxeb, agreTve, miTia.
globaluri uTanabrobis gaRrmaveba, saerTaSoriso politikis realobebi, iseve rogorc
“civilizaciaTa Sexla”, agreTve, aaSkaravebs “globaluri mTavrobis” ideis usafuZvlobas
— msoflios wesis organizacia mecxramete saukunidan moyolebuli umeteswilad
dasavleTis mTavrobebis xelSi imyofeba. am TvalsazrisiT, skeptikosebi ganixilaven
msoflio mmarTvelobasa da ekonomikur internacionalizacias rogorc ZiriTadad
dasavlur proeqts, romlis mTavari mizania SeinarCunos dasavleTis pirveloba msoflio
urTierTobebSi.
13
 zog skeptikoss miaCnia, rom “globalizacia” saerTod warmoadgens moxerxebul
politikur Teziss, romelic gamoiyeneba arapopularuli orTodoqsuri neoliberaluri
ekonomikuri strategiebis gasamarTleblad.
1.2.3. transformacionalistur Teziss safuZvlad udevs imis rwmena, rom axali
aTaswleulis gariJraJze globalizacia warmoadgens im swrafi socialuri, politikuri
da ekonomikuri cvlilebebis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalas, romlebic saxes ucvlian
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebsa da msoflio wesrigs. am warmodgenis mxardamWerTa azriT,
globalizaciis Tanamedrove procesebi istoriulad imdenad uprecendentoa, rom
sazogadoebebi da mTavrobebi mTels msoflioSi iZulebulebi arian Seewyon msoflios,
romelSic ukve aRar arsebobs mkafio gansxvaveba saerTaSoriso da Sinagan, sagareo da
saSinao urTierTobebs Soris. am TvalsazrisiT, globalizacia warmoadgens mZlavr
gardamqmnel Zalas, romelic pasuxismgebelia im “masiur Seryevaze”, romelsac ganicdian
sazogadoebebi, ekonomikebi, marTvis institutebi da msoflio wesrigi.
transformacionalistTa warmodgeniT gaugebaria, sad SeiZleba migviyvanos am
“Seryevam”, radganac globalizacia warmoadgens SemTxveviT, Znelad gasaTvaliswinebel,
winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse istoriul process. skeptikosebisa da hiperglobalistebisagan
gansxvavebiT, transformacionalistebi ar gansazRvraven globalizaciis samomavlo
ganviTarebis traeqtorias. isini agreTve ar cdiloben gansazRvron globalizacia raRac
martivi, mkafio, idealuri “globalizebuli msoflios” saxiT, iqneba es globaluri bazari
Tu globaluri civilizacia. isini ufro aRiqvamen mas rogorc grZelvadian istoriul
process, romelic savsea winaaRmdegobebiT da romelic didwilad yalibdeba iseTi
faqtorebis xarjze, romlebic garemoebaTa damTxvevis meSveobiT aRmoCndnen erTad.
aseTi frTxili midgoma globalizaciis momavlis mimarT ar gamoricxavs warmodgenas
imaze, rom globaluri ekonomikuri, samxedro, teqnologiuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri
da kulturuli nakadebis gamovlineba istoriulad uprecedentoa. maTTvis msoflios
nebismieri qveyana [Tu maTi teritoria da/an sazogadoeba mTlianad ara], ama Tu im
TvalsazrisiT, funqcionalurad, warmoadgens ufro didi (globaluri) sistemis nawils.
amave dros erTiani globaluri sistemis arseboba ar ganixileba rogorc, vTqvaT, erTiani
msoflio sazogadoebis Seqmnis mtkicebuleba. piriqiT, transformacionalistebisaTvis
globalizacia gaigivebulia globalur stratifikaciasTan, romlis farglebSic
zogierTi qveyana, sazogadoeba Tu Temi sul ufro ebmeba globalur erTobaSi, maSin
rodesac sxvebi sul ufro gariyulebi xdebian. garda amisa, aRar moqmedebs tradiciuli
ierarqiuli Sromis saerTaSoriso ganawileba, agebuli Crdilo-samxreTis, pirvel-mesame
samyarod danawilebaze. piriqiT, CrdiloeTi da samxreTi, pirveli da mesame samyaro
gverdigverd arseboben msoflios nebismier did qalaqSi.
amas ukavSirdeba, agreTve, ekonomikuri aqtiurobis “deteritorizacia” imasTan
dakavSirebiT, rom finansuri da samewarmeo saqmianoba sul ufro globaluri da
transnacionaluri xasiaTis xdeba. transformacionalistur warmodgenas safuZvlad
udevs rwmena imis Sesaxeb, rom Tanamedrove globalizacia axdens erovnuli mTavrobebis
Zalauflebisa Tu funqciebis reorganizacias. maT eWvi ar eparebaT, rom saxelmwifoebs
jer kidev aqvT saboloo legaluri Zaufleba yvelaferze, rac xdeba maT gankargulebaSi
myofi teritoriebis farglebSi. amave dros isini, amtkiceben, rom xdeba am Zalauflebis
“gadaxlarTva” im mzard ZalauflebasTan, romelsac iZenen saeTaSoriso marTvis
institutebi, an im SezRudvebTan Tu pasuxismgeblobebTan, romlebic gamomdinareoben
saerTaSoriso samarTlidan. rTuli globaluri sistemebi — finansuridan ekologiuramde,
gadaxlarTaven iseTi Temebis Bbed-iRbals, romlebic msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeebSia
ganlagebuli.
skeptikosebisa da hiperglobalistebisagan gansxvavebiT, transformacionalistebi
amtkiceben, rom xdeba axali “suverenuli reJimis” Camoyalibeba, romelic ikavebs
saxelmwifoebriobis tradiciuli koncepciis adgils. maTi warmodgeniT dRes
suvereniteti naklebadaa teritoriulad gansazRvruli barieri da ufro vaWrobis
saSualebaa im politikaSi, romelic ganisazRvreba rTuli transnacionaluri qselebiT.
garda amisa, globalizacia ukavSirdeba agreTve, mZlavri, axali arateritoriuli
ekonomikuri da politikuri organizaciis formebis aRmocenebas globalur sivrceSi,
rogorebicaa multinacionaluri korporaciebi, transnacionaluri socialuri
moZraobebi, saerTaSoriso maregulirebeli saagentoebi, da a.S.
Sesabamisad, imis magivrad, rom moetana “saxelmwifoebis aRsasruli”, globalizacia
ubiZgebs mTeli rigi “SeguebiTi” strategiebis aRmocenebas da gansazRvrul wilad, ufro
aqtiuri saxelmwifos ganviTarebas. aucilebeli araa, rom erovnuli saxelmwifoebis
Zalaufleba Semcirdes. piriqiT, xdeba misi gadaxaliseba da restruqturizacia marTvis
procesebis sirTulis zrdasTan erTad urTierTdakavSirebul msoflioSi.
14
countries, where the government and associated institutions are relatively efficient and the return on the
invested capital is guaranteed.
Interestingly that in such cases neither form of government (democracy or dictatorship), nor
associated additional factors (i.e. existence of civil society, observation of human rights, freedom of
press, etc.) play any noticeable role – the most important is guaranteed capital circulation within the
stable economic and social environment. That’s why about 2/3 of foreign direct investments in the world
are going into developed countries, while 2/5 of the remainder goes to China and Hong Kong.
Even if in general development transfer process is not as effective as one might have expected,
virtually all developing countries are engaged in it one or another way, while the most successful
(China, for instance) are playing the increasing role in economic globalization. Obviously this mainly
happens because the developing world has no viable development alternative. Still some kind of control
over the global economic processes is necessary even if to reduce risks of global market failures and
provide the poorest countries better development opportunities than they enjoy today.
Today there are two major mechanisms of such regulation – the World bank and the International
Monetary Fund. Both were created after WW II for purposes pretty different form these they pursuit
today, but later they almost exclusively shifted their priorities towards servicing global integration and
economic reform processes in the developing world. Still as time passes their credibility and efficiency
(especially as regards corruption) raise more and more questions.
They are mainly charged with excessive intervention into the internal affairs of debtor countries and
abuse of power, especially as regards the smaller developing countries. First of all this concerns the
number and nature of conditions they apply to financial support rendered to developing countries. If
back in 1980-s the number of such conditions varied between 6 and 10, since 1990-s it increased to 25
(there are known cases than they exceeded 100!). Number of spheres of government administration
that needed improvement, strengthening or renewal as demanded by these organizations grew
correspondingly. As a result, quite often the developing countries are enforced to subscribe to reforms
that are neither politically sustainable, nor efficient in the least.
Activities of both organizations are entirely based on Anglo-Saxon neoclassic economic ideas and
they press the developing countries to adopt the appropriate economic policies disregarding the fact
whether they are going to work within the particular context of any given country. In part such approach
is determined by the rather limited number of development models both the WB and the IMF are able to
propose countries that apply for their support, while it’s still an open question what kind of development
option may be successfully applied to one or another particular country.28 Besides quite often one may
be left with impression that these countries are offered development options and concrete mechanisms
that are not working properly even in places of their inception in the most developed countries, or were
rejected there altogether.
As a result there is a widespread opinion that instead of supporting the development these
organizations are actually harming developing countries, for instance by forcing them to adopt
privatization programmes that in the end lead to enrichment of a small group of local corrupt officials. At
the same time both bodies look extremely helpless dealing with governments of countries that can not
meet conditions set by loan agreements. Such cases are abundant and universally these conditions are
revised and payments rescheduled. This is especially true as regards the poorest countries. Their
outsdanding debts are pardoned and more loans are scheduled. Of course there may be plenty of
objective reasons why poor developing country can not meet loan terms, still it looks like that some kind
of strange game is going on when both lenders and borrowers know that these terms can not be met,
but still pretend that everything is going as it should be.
As a matter of fact such type of relations with donor organizations suits corrupt elites of many
developing countries – presence of large number of various conditions in loan agreements that these
countries can not satisfy actually means that they may use this as a pretext to reallocate provided
resources in a way that minimizes their efficient allocation for population while increasing personal
profits of the said elites. Relations of such type also lead to development of some queer kind of
dependency, akin to the Dutch disease. For many developing countries, especially the poorest ones,
with weak, corrupt governments foreign loans and grants play the same role as natural resources play
in case of the typical Dutch disease. Why invest received funds into the real market reforms and
democratization if such support will still go on disregarding the fact how they are actually used (or rather
misused)? Besides the overall efficiency of programmes implemented by the same WB in developing
world is generally rather low because of the high transaction costs – the major part of loans never leave
the donor countries being used by the local firms and individual consultants. This part of problem is
serious to the extent that it prompted the US Senate in 2005 to approve a special legal act calling for
28
Just at the begging of the century the WB was quite officially operating with just 5 such models.
139
social systems too.
Maximum what can be done in the process of economic globalization is to achieve increase of
average income level, both worldwide as well as inside any individual country. In the end this will lead
to social and economic stability, minimize poverty.
Factually this means development of the large, powerful layer of the middle income countries, while
the poorest will constitute the small minority with the average level of life considerably higher, than
today.27
Fact that development transfer does not work very well in case of majority of the developing
countries, may be ascribed to the following two factors –
1. Developing world is doing just enough to fulfill the tasks mentioned above, which is obviously
not enough to ensure serious, successful economic transformation in developing countries.
2. The model of development transfer adopted today as it is can not ensure success of the
process – either the model itself is faulty, or developing countries for various reasons are not
able to adopt it to their local settings.
At least at the initial stage of the global economic transformation indices of economic growth for the
majority of developing countries looked rather impressive. Both rival political blocks were engaged in
pumping up economies of their client countries through huge amounts of financial, material,
technological and logistical support and such approach worked for a while disregarding which model of
development (market or centrally controlled economy) these countries formally adopted. Trouble,
precipitated by oil crises of 1970-s started when developing countries in general exhausted potential for
extensive growth and faced need for deep structural reforms and institutional transformations.
By this time the Soviet Union was to a large extent out of the race since its economy needed
reforms itself, which ailing socialist system was not able to carry out. Thus almost unilaterally
developing countries found themselves within the confines of the Western type neo-liberal economic
development model. Policy of structural adjustment suggested by this model called for carrying out
market oriented strategies based on sharp reduction of the state involvement into economy and
opening up for the Western investments. Economic policies had to be export oriented in order to pay
accumulated debts. Besides it requested strict economy of government finances, which in majority of
cases led to folding of already weak social programs. These measures were augmented by floating
bank interest rates, which caused a dramatic increase of foreign debts of these countries, sharp drop of
prices of raw materials (leading export commodities for developing countries), and deteriorating trade
conditions when developed countries were applying protectionist trade barriers but denied the
developing ones the right to follow their example. Economies of majority of developing countries could
not withstand such pressure and entered 1990-s with much worse performance indicators, than at the
beginning of 1970-s for instance.
Besides even when any given country carries out structural adjustment by the book and to the end
this does not guarantee its eventual success. Such country simply starts to play by rules accepted by
the more developing countries with all the pending consequences, like for instance cyclic economic
crises with accompanying recessions and financial shocks. Whether such country is carrying out
successful and correct market policy does not matter much – it runs into the classic case of “market
failure”, which manifests itself in a rather asymmetric way. Developing countries are relatively weak
newcomers in a highly competitive global market and suffer much more in case of crises than the more
traditional and more powerful players. In case of crisis they can not even apply problem solving tools
used by the more developed economies and for instance have to address strict fiscal and monetary
policies in order to restore “market trust” instead of stimulating macroeconomic measures.
Even when developing markets are functioning properly, the less developed and weaker are still
punished. As it is the market does not create the equal opportunities. It obviously favours countries
which already possess productive capital – finances, land, other physical assets and the most important
in the current technology based economy – the human capital. Countries, which are already well ahead
of the others possessing stable political systems, guaranteed private property rights, reliable banking
systems, developed social services – are also enjoying much higher chances to employ the
opportunities provided by the single global market. Countries, which do not have such capital often
found themselves inside so called “institutional poverty trap”, although these are the vast majority of
developing countries (including many of the former Soviet republics). One of evidences of existence of
such “trap” is that the global capital is usually attracted to places where it is already abundant i.e. to
27
I.e. the difference between the current and future poor should be approximately as it is today between the Americans
and Africans formally living in poverty.
138
1.3. msoflio politikis Teoriebi
1.3.1. realizmi. realizmi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis gabatonebul Teorias
warmoadgens, xolo mis sawyisebs jer kidev antikur xanaSi SeiZleba mivakvlioT. arsebobs
sami ZiriTadi elementi, romelic gaigivebulia realizmTan — statizmi, gadarCena da TviT
daxmareba.
statizmi realizmis safuZvels warmoadgens. am Sexedulebis Sesabamisad: a/saxelmwifo
msoflio politikis yvelaze mniSvnelovani moTamaSea, xolo yvela danarCeni moTamaSeebi
naklebi mniSvnelobis matareblebi arian; b/saxelmwifo “suvereniteti” aRniSnavs
damoukidebeli politikuri erTobis arsebobas, romelsac aqvs iuridiuli Zalaufleba
Tavis teritoriaze.
yvela saxelmwifos upirveles mizans gadarCena warmoadgens. esaa upirvelesi erovnuli
interesi, romelic yvela politikurma moRvawem unda daicvas. yvela sxva miznebi, iseTebi,
magaliTad, rogoricaa ekonomikuri ganviTareba — meoradia (“mdabio politika”). imisaTvis,
rom daicvan saxelmwifos usafrTxoeba, misma liderebma unda aRiaron iseTi eTikuri
kodeqsi, romelic afasebs ama Tu im moqmedebas misi Sedegis Sesabamisad da ara imis
safuZvelze, is marTalia Tu tyuili. politikuri realistebisaTvis raime universaluri
moraluri principebis arsebobis konkretizacia SesaZlebelia mxolod calkeuli
politikuri erTobebis farglebSi.
TviTdaxmarebis principi aRiarebs, rom ar SeiZleba sxva saxelmwifos ndoba sakuTari
damoukideblobis uzrunvelsayofad. saerTaSoriso politikis struqtura dauSvebels
xdis megobrobas, ndobasa da patiosnebas. arsebobs mxolod mudmivi gaurkvevloba,
romelic gamomdinareobs globaluri mTavrobis ararsebobidan. Tanaarseboba
SesaZlebelia mxolod ZalTa Tanafardobis SenarCunebis gziT. SezRuduli TanamSromloba
SesaZlebelia mxolod iseTi urTierTobebis dros, rodesac realisti saxelmwifo met
mogebas naxulobs, vidre sxva saxelmwifoebi.
realistebi xSirad imeoreben, rom ukanaskneli ocdaxuTi saukunis manZilze msoflio
politikis xasiaTi ar Secvlila — mis safuZvelSia omebi, romlebic droebiT wydeba
momavali omebisaTvis mosamzadeblad. isini agreTve, amtkiceben, rom saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebisaTvis uwyvetoba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre cvlilebebi.
realizmis dRevandeli warmomadgenlebisaTvis anu neo-realistebisaTvis, politika
identificerulia kapitalizmisa da dasavluri demokratiuli faseulobebisa da
institutebis gavrcelebis xelis SewyobasTan. saerTaSoriso sistemis struqtura
ganapirobebs sagareo politikis nebismier arCevans. xolo zogierTi realistis
warmodgeniT, es struqtura, Tavis mxriv, ganpirobebulia saerTaSoriso sistemis
maorganizebeli principiT, romelsac anarqia warmoadgens. anarqiis qveS yvelaze xSirad
igulisxmeba is, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi xdeba iseT asparezze, sadac ar arsebobs
yovlismomcveli, centraluri xelisufleba, romelic calkeuli suverenuli
saxelmwifoebis nakrebze maRla dgas. damatebiT, aseT sistemaSi, ufro Zlier
saxelmwifoebs, sazogadod meti gavlena aqvT.
tradiciuli realistebi aRiareben, miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs Zalauflebis
gansxvavebuli elementebi (magaliTad, ekonomikuri resursebi anda teqnologia), samxedro
Zala saxelmwifos Zlierebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani (aSkara) nawilia. miuxedavad imisa, rom
neorealistebic Tvlian, rom samxedro Zala dResac saxelmwifos marTvis ganuyofeli
nawilia, maTi azriT, Zalaufleba ufro metia, vidre saxelmwifos mier samxedro
resursebis mobilizaciisa da mis mier am Zalis gamoyenebis unari sistemis sxva
saxelmwifoebis dasayolieblad da maTze kontrolis gansaxorcieleblad. isini xedaven
Zalauflebas rogorc saxelmwifos SesaZleblobebis naerTs. saxelmwifoebi
gansxvavdebian sistemaSi maTi Zalis da ara maTi funqciebis Sesabamisad. Zalaufleba
aniWebs saxelmwifos adgils, anu pozicias, saerTaSoriso sistemis farglebSi da es adgili
ganapirobebs mis qcevas.
saxelmwifoebi funqcionalurad msgavsi elementebia im gagebiT, rom ganicdian erTi da
imave SezRudvebis gavlenas, romelTac anarqia qmnis da cdiloben SeinarCunon TavianTi
pozicia sistemaSi. gansxvavebebi ori qveynis politikas Soris ganpirobebulia
gansxvavebebiT maT Zalebsa da SesaZleblobebSi. tradiciuli realistebis msgavsad bevri
neorealisti Tvlis, rom ZalTa Tanafardoba warmoadgens sistemis weswyobilebis
centralur elements.
saxelmwifoebi sakuTari interesebis dacvaze arian orientirebulebi, xolo
anarqistuli da konkurentuli sistema ubiZgebs maT upiratesoba mianiWos
TviTdaxmarebas, TanamSroblobasTan SedarebiT. saxelmwifoebi racionaluri (gonivruli)
moTamaSeebi arian, romlebic irCeven strategiebs im TvalsazrisiT, rom Seamciron
danakargebi da maqsimalurad gazardon mogeba. saxelmwifoebi ganixilaven yvela sxva
15
saxelmwifoebs rogorc potenciur mtrebs da maTi erovnuli usafrTxoebis safrTxes. es
undobloba qmnis usafrTxoebis dilemas, romelic ganapirobebs saxelmwifoTa umetesobis
politikas.
neorealistebi ar Tvlian, rom globalizacia cvlis saerTaSoriso politikis TamaSis
wesebs. saxelmwifoebi dResac saerTaSoriso politikis mTavari moTamaSeebi arian. isini,
agreTve warmoadgenen erTaderT Zalas, romelsac unari Seswevs gaakontrolos an marTos
globalizaciis procesebi. mTavari problema neorealistebisaTvis globalizaciasTan
dakavSirebiT gamomdinareobs usafrTxoebis im axal gamowvevebidan, romelsac es procesi
qmnis. upirveles yovlisa, isini gamowveulia uTanabro ekonomikuri globalizaciiT,
agreTve, im mniSvnelovani gavleniT, romelsac globalizacia axdens saxelmwifoTa
saSinao politikasa da Zalauflebis struqturebze. es gansakuTrebiT exeba
transnacionalur socialur moZraobebsa da maT mier Seqmnil globalur qselebs,
romlebic ecilebian saxelmwifos Zalauflebas politikis mTel rig sferoebSi.
neorealistebi ewinaaRmdegebian nebismier moZraobas, romelsac surs sajaro msjeloba
usafrTxoebis kritikul sakiTxebze. mTlianobaSi isini Tvlian, rom globalizaciis
miuxedavad, msoflio dResac winaaRmdegobrivi da gamourkvevelia, xolo saerTaSoriso
sistemis struqtura aqcevs Zalismier qcevas politikas dominantur paradigmad.
1.3.2. liberalizmi realizmisagan gansxvavebiT ar warmoadgens erTian Teoriul
sistemas da dRevandeli saxiT is ufro mravali gansxvavebuli ideis nakrebia. maSin,
rodesac realizmi ganixileba rogorc “samTavrobo” ideologia, liberalizmi ufro
opoziciisaken ixreba da misi ZiriTadi daniSnuleba etyoba Zalismieri politikis
liderebis “devnaa”. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobda SedarebiT mokle periodebi meoce
saukunis manZilze, rodesac liberalizmi axdenda mniSvnelovan gavlenas dasavleTis rigi
saxelmwifoebis politikur elitasa da sazogadoebrivi azris formirebaze. es
konkretulad exeboda pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom periods (e.w. “idealizmi”), meore
msoflio omis Semdgom gaeros daarsebiT gamowveul optimizmsa da aseve mokle periods
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, rodesac rig dasavlel politikur “guruebs” ratomRac
egonaT, rom “istoria damTavrda”.
zogierTi analitikosis azriT, liberalizmi dafuZnebulia TavSekavebulobaze,
zomierebaze, kompromissa da mSvidobaze — e.i. imaze, rac realur saerTaSoriso
politikaSi dResdReobiT praqtikulad ar gvxvdeba. es imas ar niSnavs, rom liberalebi
eguebian Zalismieri politikis logikas — isini Tvlian, rom aseTi politika garkveuli
ideebis realizaciis Sedegia, xolo saboloo jamSi, ideebi cvlilebebs eqvemdebareba. ase
rom, Tu msoflio dRes maincdamainc stumarTmoyvared ar eqceva liberalizms, es imas ar
niSnavs, rom ar SeiZleba odesme dadges liberaluri ideebis gamarjvebis xana.
liberaluri ideologiis centrSi politikaSi progresis SesaZleblobis rwmenaa.
liberalizmis ZiriTadi sazrunavi pirovnebis Tavisuflebaa. isini saxelmwifos daarsebas
ganixilaven rogorc am Tavisuflebis dacvis aucilebel elements sxva pirovnebebisa an
saxelmwifoebisagan. saxelmwifo yovelTvis unda emsaxurebodes koleqtiur nebas, da ara
marTavdes mas, xolo demokratiuli institutebi amis garantebad gvevlinebian. libe-
ralizmi ZiriTadad warmoadgens iseTi mTavrobis (marTvis) Teorias, romelic cdilobs
erTmaneTs Seurigos wesrigi (usafrTxoeba) da marTlmsajuleba (Tanasworuflebianoba)
mocemuli sazogadoebis farglebSi. saSinao da sagareo institutebs liberalebi afaseben
imis Sesabamisad, Tu ramdenadD SeswevT maT unari gaataron pirovnebis Tavisuflebis idea
praqtikaSi.
amave dros, bevri miiCnevs, rom reformebis warmatebuli gatareba ama Tu im
sazogadoebis “SigniT” SeuZlebelia, Tu Sesabamisi reformebi maT “gareTac” ar gatarda.
sanam saxelmwifoebi ganagrZoben erTmaneTTan iseTi saxiT urTierTobas, rogorc
calkeuli pirovnebebi velur bunebaSi, mSvidobisa da progresis liberalur ideebs
ganxorcieleba ar uweriaT.
liberalebs miaCniaT, rom saxelmwifoTa Tavisufleba warmoadgens saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis problemebis mniSvnelovan nawils da ara am problemebis gadaWris
saSualebas. Sesabamisad saxelmwifoebi unda gaxdnen saerTaSoriso organizaciebis
nawilebi da daeqvemdebaron maT wesebsa da normebs. funqciebis is nawili, romelTa
Sesruleba saxelmwifoebs ar SeuZliaT, unda gadaeces am saerTaSoriso organizaciebs.
dRevandeli neoliberalebi mxars uWeren Tavisufal vaWrobas da sabazro anu
kapitalistur ekonomikas, rogorc mSvidobisa da keTildReobis miRwevis instrumentebs.
amave dros, demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi ufro miiltvian maTi moqalaqeebis uflebebis
pativiscemisaken da arsebobs naklebi Sansi imisa, rom isini oms wamoiwyeben Tavis
demokratiul mezoblebTan. garda amisa, urTierTdamokidebulebis procesis ganviTareba
msoflioSi iwvevs imas, rom saxelmwifoebs calmxrivi moqmedeba da mezoblebTan
16
Transformation of Islam, as the religion as well as of civilization based on this religious system,
represents one of the very rare exceptions when there is direct causative relation between it and
globalization. Although here we deal with so called unforeseen consequences of globalization. If this
transformation develops in accordance with the least acceptable, bloody scaenario, there is a pretty
good chance that it may turn back globalization. In fact it may play the same role as WW I played in
relation to the first globalization.
Chapter 3. Consequences of Globalization. Economic Development and Globalization
Problems of the current stage of globalization are usually reduced to the following question – who
manages the global economy and in whose interests? Fact that politics and power in the modern world
to a large extent depend on economics is rather easy to explain – use of economic instruments by the
leading global players in the end is more efficient and profitable than of any other.
Exploitation of resources situated outside these countries based on economic mechanisms is much
more profitable than the model based on the direct control of territories at hand. Such approach also
enables global players to distant themselves from many unsavory processes that take place elsewhere
on the planet. Still today the planet is divided into two rather different parts based on the success of
economic development – the former colonial powers, their direct descendants and neighbours,
belonging to the developed countries and the rest of the world. These developed countries enjoy the
advantage over all others because they develop inside the working, efficient system of market
economy. Naturally this system is not without its drawbacks, but it proved its superiority during the
direct competition with so called socialist economic system. Thus one of the most important aspects of
globalization is how successfully the rest of the world is able to adopt the market economy – either by
its own good will and/or encouragement (sometimes coercion) by the developed countries. Factually
starting from 1950-s (i.e. since the most active stage of de-colonization) wealthy countries address the
poor ones like mantra – “do as we do, do together with as, do better than we do”. In general for any
developing country the problem boils down to the following – “Do you want to join the global economy,
become rich and stable? Then carry-out market reforms by the model and under the conditions we (the
rich) are offering you”. As a result of such encouragement/ coercion by the end of the last century the
world faced the income gap between the richest and the poorest countries as huge as it has never been
in the history (app. 74 to 1 as of 1997 when the last data was available).
This means that liberation from the colonial rule, transition to the market development model;
numerous optimistic reforms brought visible positive results only to the rather limited number of
countries. Throughout the whole 20-th century only four countries formally and finally joined ranks of the
developed countries – Japan, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Still two more (South Korea and
Taiwan) are close to it, but have not so far formally acquired this status. Furthermore 100 countries
according to their formal economic indicators are worse off than they used to be during the colonial rule.
The UN officially counts 50 countries as the least developed, factually meaning that any of these may
fail any day.
Many consider this as failure of globalization. For them the globalization understood as process of
integration into the world market is at least un-democratic, serves the narrow corporative interests, and
punishes poor countries and poor population in general. More pragmatic consider that market potential
is simply not adopted by the developing countries in full and in the end advantages of the market
economy will triumph over all the troubles which they bring at the initial stage of reforms.
One of the most difficult problems facing the current stage of globalization is based on the wide-
spread miscomprehension that the more developed countries should transfer their development into the
developing world, assist it in reforms and even be responsible for success of such. In reality though
developed countries act in the developing world based on their purely egoistic self-interests in order to -
a/ create enabling environments for their business to act successfully in the existing markets as well as
to assist them to create and enter new markets; b/ to ensure political and economic stability in regions
important for solution of the problem a/.
In general expectations about successful integration of all countries of the world into the market
economy system were exaggerated. It’s true for both developed as well as developing parts of the
planet. There is a rather simple law of uneven development of natural systems, which states that in
general systems of the same hierarchical level do not develop synchronously. While some of them
reach the higher level of development, others remain on the lower development level. Absolute
uniformity is simply impossible. Obviously this law may be quite justifiably applied to development of
137
well as by Pakistani government to a large extent undermined the ability of the terror cells based in
these two countries to plan and coordinate activities elsewhere. Still afterwards the Islamic terror
movement did not recede, but became more active. Here the world actually deals with the radical
ideology shared by numerous persons and organizations throughout the Moslem world (especially in its
Arab part). These persons and organizations are hardly connected with Bin-laden although they share
his ideas and methods of fighting. Israeli intelligence more appropriately calls such movement
“International Jihad” instead of Al-Qaeda.
One of the main problems associated with such kind of terrorism (as it usually happened throughout
the history of humankind) is that governments threatened by it started to use this absolutely real threat
as a pretext to pursue their own short-term political and economic goals. It’s especially true about the
US administration, which alongside the anti-terrorist operation in Afghanistan launched war in Iraq,
justified (at least in part) by the terrorist threat the ruling regime of this country presented to the civilized
world. Such threat have never been substantiated and after more than two years of occupation of Iraq,
in 2005 the US president had to akwnowledge that the enemy his country is facing in Iraq is a
combination of Sunni rejectionists (the biggest group), Saddamists (the next biggest group), and finally
“terrorists affiliated with or inspired by Al Qaeda.” This last group, even being the smallest is the most
dangerous of the all, since nonwithstanding the outcome of Iraq quagmire (as the former US president
Clinton described it) this conflict provides such terrorists the unique opportunity to train numertous
recruits from around the Arab world under the actual battle conditions in order to use them at some
other time against various targets throughout the world.
The most difficult problem, associated with this kind of terrorism is that both governments and
experts are mistakenly defining it mostly as the reaction on Western activities inside the Moslem world,
which are perceived as directed at humiliation and breaking up of Islam. Such approach is grossly
underestimating the situation. Although, frankly (especially the US) has done enough to provide quite
viable pretext to interpret its actions this way, it still is not enough to provide convincing explanation why
thousands of people are ready to sacrifice their lives in daily ruthless straggle. Hatred of Zionists,
American imperialists or the anti-Islamic West as a whole does not provide enough motivation for the
relentless resistance the West is running into inside the Moslem world.
The reality is much more complex. Today the world is dealing with crisis of Islam as religious system
as well as with systemic crisis of civilization based on its norms and postulates. Terrorism is just one of
manifestations of such crisis, but not the most important. Problem is that Islam has not changed much
since its beginning more than 13 hundred years ago. Attempts to live in today’s globalised world by
literally following commandments originating in 7-th century does not allow Moslem countries to
modernize successfully – especially in cultural and social spheres, to say nothing about the economy.
In reality there are just two relatively successful examples of modernization in the Islamic world –
Turkey and Malaysia. Factually all other Moslem countries are lagging far behind their non-Moslem
neighbours in global competition.26
Today Islam is facing inevitable reforms in order to prepare its flock to deal successfully with
challenges of globalization era. In itself such task is nothing new and insolvable. Christianity underwent
the pretty similar process during the Reformation. The difference is that Christian reformation (in this
case Protestant Reformation) was caused by the inherent logic of development of [Western] European
society. In case of Islam it has to reform in order to adapt to rules of the global game offered by the
competitive religions – Christianity and Judaism or either to propose new, more successful rules of the
game of its own. Besides Christianity could give this process as much time as it was necessary. Islam
is on the contrary is very short of time.
One may even interpret the ongoing process as clash of civilizations, where the active role played by
Moslem side is forced on it by the circumstances beyond its control. Fact that its reaction manifests
itself in the first place as mass fanaticism and terrorism should not come as a surprise. This is a specific
manifestation of protective mechanisms of the system. Reformation process is spontaneous and
depends rather little on will of people directly engaged in it, or these outside the Moslem world who
come in contact with it. Maximum the developed world is able to do under the circumstances – to try to
direct the processes in the direction, which may be the least damaging for both sides. Engagement in
the direct straggle against the terror worldwide in this case may in the end prove less efficient, than
reduction to the minimum attempts to inflict on the Moslem world changes that it can not and does not
want to accept.
26
This is of course with exception of some rather small Persian gulf states.
136
TanamSromlobaze uaris Tqma sul ufro Zviri ujdebaT da uZneldebaT.
zogi neoliberali Tvlis, rom gza mSvidobis da keTildReobisa isaa, rom
damoukidebelma saxelmwifoebma gaaerTianon resursebi da uaric ki Tqvan maTi
suverenitetis nawilze, raTa, Seqmnan integrirebuli erToba ekonomikuri zrdisa
uzrunvelsayofad da regionaluri problemebis mosagvareblad. isini, agreTve, miiCneven,
rom msoflio gaxda ufro pluralistuli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi CarTuli
moTamaSeebis TvalsazrisiT da es moTamaSeebi ufro urTierTdamokidebulebi gaxdnen.
neoliberalebi ganixilaven saerTaSoriso institutebs rogorc saerTaSoriso
sistemaSi TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis Suamavlebsa da saSualebebs. saerTaSoriso
reJimebi da institutebi daxmarebas uweven mTavrobebs konkurentuli da anarqistuli
saerTaSoriso sistemis marTvaSi. isini aqezeben, zogjer ki moiTxoven mTavrobebisagan
mimarTon mravalmxrivi politikis gatarebasa da TanamSromlobas, rogorc erovnuli
interesebis dacvis instrumentebs. amave dros, isini aRiareben, rom TanamSromlobis
miRweva ufro Znelia im sferoebSi, sadac maTi liderebi ver pouloben saerTo interesebs.
neoliberalebis nawils miaCnia, rom globalizacia dadebiTi Zalaa. saboloo jamSi,
yvela saxelmwifo naxavs mogebas im ekonomikuri zrdis Sedegad, romelic globalizacias
moaqvs. maT sjeraT, rom saxelmwifoebi ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodnen globalizacias an
Seecadon gaakontrolon is arasasurveli politikuri Carevis gziT.
zogi, agreTve, miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifoebma unda moaxdinon Careva imisaTvis, rom gza
gauxsnan kapitalizms “adamianuri saxiT”, iseve rogorc bazrebs, romlebic ufro
gulisyuriT moeqcevian yvela adamianis saWiroebebsa da interesebs. unda Seiqmnas axali da
gardaiqmnas Zveli institutebi, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli kapitalis araTanabari
gadaadgileba, miRweul iqnes mdgradi ekologiuri ganviTareba da daculi iyos
moqalaqeTa uflebebi.
konkretuli SemTxveva (Case-Study) 1 – ori sazogadoebrivi sistema — asparezoba
grZeldeba?
im mravalricxovan debulebebs Soris, romelsac sabWour skolaSi moswavleebs
azuTxinebdnen, erT-erTi, romelic exeboda sazogadoebis ganviTarebis stadiebs, etyoba
yvelas amaxsovrdeboda. am Tezisis Sesabamisad, sazogadoeba viTardeba pirvelyofili
Temuri wyobilebidan, monaTmflobelobisa da feodalizmis gavliT, kapitalizmamde, sanam
miaRwevs Tavisi ganviTarebis umaRles stadias — komunizms. am Tezisisa ise sjerodaT, rom
sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturma partiam, nikita xruSCovis piriT, 1960 wels isic ki aRuqva
xalxs, rom 1980 wlisaTvis qveyana komunizmSi icxovrebda. ra gamovida amisagan, yvelam
kargad icis, magram es sqema, rasakvirvelia, komunizmis xsenebis gareSe, faqtiurad
yvelganaa gavrcelebuli.
mis avtorobas k. marqss miawerdnen, Tumca rogorc bolos gamoirkva, am saxiT is 1930-
iani wlebis bolos i. stalinis miTiTebiT iyo dakanonebuli. amasTan, rogorc Cans,
aRniSnuli sqema maincdamainc zedmiweviT evropis warsul ganviTarebasac ki ver aRwers,
romlis safuZvelzec is viTom damuSavda. monaTmflobeloba arsebobda mxolod antikur
saberZneTsa da romSi da maTTan erTad gadaSenda. im xalxebma ki, vinc daikaves maTi adgili,
saerTod ar gaiares es stadia, da pirdapir feodalizmSi amoyves Tavi, romelic maTi
sakuTari gamogoneba iyo da ara imperiisagan memkvidreobiT miRebuli. igive indoeTsa da
CineTs “klasikuri” monaTmflobelobisa da feodalizmis stadiebi saerTod ar gauvliaT
da maTi sazogadoebrivi organizacia, romelic mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda evropulisagan,
aTeuli saukuneebis manZilze praqtikulad ucvleli iyo dRevandeli modernizaciis
etapis dadgomamde.21
rogorc Cans, Tanamedrove msoflioSi sabolood Camoyalibebuli saxiT mxolod ori
sazogadoebrivi sistema arsebobs. erT-erTi maTgani kapitalizmia, romelic efuZneba
sabazro ekonomikas, kerZo sakuTrebas, demokratiul mmarTvelobas, ZalauflebaTa
danawilebas, samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da adamianis uflebebis primats. es sistema
zedmiweviT kargad aris aRwerili da misi damatebiTi komentari saWiro namdvilad ar aris.
kapitalizmi, istoriuli perspeqtivis TvalsazrisiT, Zalian axalgazrdaa — misi
Camoyalibeba samrewvelo revolucias emTxveva da daaxloebiT or-naxevar saukunes
iTvlis. im saxiT, romliTac mas dRes vicnobT, man daiwyo transformacia aSS-Si “didi
depresiis” Sedegebis daZlevis procesSi 1930-ian wlebSi da metnaklebad dasrulebuli
saxe (ganviTarebis dRevandeli etapisaTvis) ukve gasuli saukunis bolosaTvis miiRo.
miuxedavad Tavisi wamyvani poziciisa, msoflioSi kapitalizmi ZiriTadad mainc
dasavlur-evropul regionul proeqtad gvevlineba, romelSic sabolood CarTulia
17
dedamiwaze arsebul saxelmwifoTa absoluturi umciresoba (daaxloebiT 24-30 — ixileT
Tavi 3). erTaderTi gamonaklisis, iaponiis garda, yvela es saxelmwifo, farTo gagebiT,
SeiZleba evropul civilizacias mivakuTvnoT. plus sadRac axlos am qveynebTan dganan
samxreTi korea da taivani aziaSi, iseve rogorc evropis yofili socialisturi qveynebis
umetesoba (baltiis qveynebis CaTvliT).
laTinuri amerika mTlianad etyoba nacrisfer zonaSia — aq SeerTebuli Statebi ukve
saukuneze metia (dasawyisSi uSualod, meore msoflio omis Semdeg ki saerTaSoriso
finansuri organizaciebis daxmarebiT) cdilobs Seqmnas srulfasovani kapitalisturi
sazogadoebebis Camoyalibebis winapirobebi, Tumca realuri Sedegebi sakmaod
mokrZalebulia. raime sxva mimarTulebiT es qveynebi aSkarad ver ganviTardebian —
ubralod realuri alternativa ar gaaCniaT. amave dros, verc sicocxlisunariani,
warmatebuli sabazro ekonomikuri sistemisa da gansakuTrebiT demokratiuli, samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis Seqmna maT ver SeZles (Cile etyoba erTaderTi gamonaklisia, Tumca isic
sakmaod pirobiTad). maqsimum, rac aq iqna miRweuli (isic ukanaskneli 10-15 wlis manZilze),
dabali donis (low-level) politikuri stabilizacia, da Tanac yvelgan ara (haiti, kolumbia,
etyoba venesuelac, peruc, boliviac sul sawinaaRmdego magaliTebs gviCveneben).
tropikuli afrika ZiriTadad imdenad daulagebelia, rom Tvalmisawvdom momavalSi
raime stabiluri situaciis Seqmnaze aq laparaki etyoba zedmetia, miuxedavad imisa, rom
formalurad aqac yvela kapitalistur sazogadoebas aSenebs. qveyanaTa umetesoba aq jer
kidev tradiciuli socialuri da ekonomikuri sistemebis daSlis procesSia. met-naklebad
dalagebuli da stabiluri saxelmwifo struqturebi aqvT mxolod imaT, vinc SesZlo
koloniuri epoqis memkvidreobis sakuTari miznebisaTvis gamoyeneba. aseTebia magaliTad
samxreTi afrika, kenia, miT umetes, botsvana, sadac Tanamedrove afrikuli administracia
Zalian warmatebiT iyenebs im struqturebs (upirvelesad yovlisad demokratiul
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis aparats da damoukidebel sasamarTlo sistemas), romelic mas
britanelebisagan darCa.
mTeli danarCeni msoflio, dawyebuli Crdilo afrikis muslimanuri saxelmwifoebidan
da belorusia-ruseTidan aRmosavleT evropaSi, mTeli aziis CaTvliT (zeviT xsenebuli
qveynebis gamoklebiT) mkveTrad gansxvavebuli sazogadoebrivi wyobis pirobebSi
cxovrobs.22
Tanamedrove socialuri mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebs am faqtis aRiareba Zalian
uWirT, im donemde, rom am sistemas ubralod formaluri saxelic ki ar gaaCnia. amave dros,
mis mkveTr gansxvavebas misTvis kargad cnobil antikuri demokratiisagan, yuradRebas jer
kidev aristotele aqcevda. maT Soris, vinc moixseniebda am sistemas, iyvnen adam smiTi,
volteri, hegeli da rasakvirvelia marqsi, romelmac mas “aziuri warmoebis wesi” uwoda.
praqtikulad yvela Tanamedrove istoriis saxelmZRvaneloSi moyvanilia centralizebuli
sazogadoebis “piramidis” gamartivebuli sqema, magram TviT es sazogadoeba gadaSenebulis
saxiT moixsenieba. meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi am sistemas komunisturi uwodes, Tumca
igive sabWoTa kavSirSi mas araferi saerTo ar hqonda masebisaTvis am sakmaod mimzidvel
ideasTan.23
rogorc Cans, aseTi sistema iyo pirveli, romlis farglebSic Camoyalibda dedamiwaze
stabiluri saxelmwifo struqturebi pirvelyofili Temuri wyobilebis daSlis procesSi
ramdenime aTasi wlis win. mas safuZvlad udevs Zalauflebisa da sakuTrebis simbiozi,
saxelmwifo warmoebis wesi.
is universalurad yalibdeboda yvelgan, sadac ki resursebis centralizacia (pirvel
rigSi, SromiTi resursebis) sameurneo amocanebis gadawyvetis procesSi, did
sazogadoebriv mogebas iZleoda. aseTi pirobebi arsebobda Tavis droze praqtikulad
yvela im didi mdinareebis gaswvriv, sadac masStaburi melioraciuli proeqtebi naklebad
ganviTarebeli sawarmoo saSualebebis pirobebSic ki sakvebiT stabiluri uzrunvelyofis
garantias iZleoda.24 amas praqtikulad erTdroulad daemata qveynis Tavdacvis funqcia,
gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu momxduri sxva civilizaciis warmomadgeneli iyo,
gansakuTrebiT momTabare.
saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis pirvel etapze misi ZiriTadi funqciebi sazogadoebrivi
samuSaoebisa da [totaluri] Tavdacvis organizaciaSi mdgomareobda. aseT principze aigo
faqtiurad yvela pirveli civilizacia aziasa da Crdilo afrikaSi (egvipte, SuamdinareTi,
indoeTi, CineTi). Tumca im dros maT Soris kavSiri ar arsebobda, ubralod daaxloebiT
erTnairma pirobebma msgavsi gadawyvetileba gamoiwvia. igive mimarTulebiT ganviTarda
saxelmwifo wyoba centralur da samxreT amerikaSi kolumbis wina epoqaSi. daaxloebiT
iseTive principebze aigo yvela islamuri saxelmwifo, da bolos — istoriulad yvelaze
gvian — [moskovis] ruseTis saxelmwifo.
18
human rights is routine.24
The situation should have exploded, and it exploded. That Chechens were first to revolt was to a
large extent determined by presence of oil deposits in this republic – a rather strong bargaining chip
with Moscow. Some experts even estimate that federal government will not be able to suppress
Chechen resistance as long as high oil-prices last. Even at the earlier stages Chechen resistance was
at a large extent based on terrorism and was characterised by the extreme brutality.25 Still it’s worth to
mention that apart from a rather small (albeit the most active) part of the local clans these people are
not looking for the total independence from Russia. Some of Chechen clans were at least neutral
towards Russians throughout all resistance, others turned to Russian side at some later stage of the
conflict. Maximum that majority there wanted to achieve - was to stay formally inside Russia in order to
have access to the federal funds and other resources (including using Russia as arena for semi-
criminal and openly criminal clan activities) while to be independent enough to stay clear of efficient
federal control (including the taxation in the first place). It should be said in all fairness that this is
exactly what Chechen republic has today in fact, if not formally.
If terrorist activities here are still going on and threaten to turn into popular uprising in the other parts
of North Caucasus, unrelated, even hostile to Chechen resistance, is determined by the number of
factors –
• Unlike Israeli, Russian government structures, including federal law enforcement forces as well as
army are not strong and organized enough to cope efficiently with direct military and terrorist
threats. Maximum they are able to achieve is intimidation of the local peaceful population
including kidnapping people, tortures and allegedly executions. Besides they are very corrupt and
are using the ongoing conflict as a source of income.
• Such smouldering conflict suits many in Russian leadership, since it provides very convenient
pretext for pressing forward plenty of unpopular political decisions on the federal level, like for
instance abolishing the system of popular elections of governors of large federal administrative
units. Besides participation of some Arab terrorists in Chechen terror activities (as well as
financing these activities) allow the Russian leadership to dub this purely internal conflict as part
of ongoing international Islamic terrorist threat and position itself alongside the leaders of the
other major world powers both as victims and fighters against it.
• Again local clans, which are based on mutual guarantees for its members and provide maximum
protection for anyone who violates formal laws, which clans do not recognize, turned to be ready-
made, close to perfect structures for terrorism, if any of them decide to undertake such
operations.
Interestingly local population has never been especially faithful Moslems. Chechens were even
known as “bad Moslems”. Fact that they start to turm for Islam en mass bespeaks mainly the absence
of any other viable ideology that may provide easy to understand explanations of processes that take
place in the modern globalized world and provide local population some consolation and hope in face of
quite real hardships and dangers they face daily.
International terrorism. In general September 11, 2001 is considered as the date of emergence of
the new wave of global terrorist Islamic movement. In reality though this was neither the first terror act
by the foreigners inside the US, nor the first such act carried out against the US interests worldwide.
Such active terrorist attracts against the US interests started at least 18 years before the 9/11, although
the US administration never considered them as the real danger to the national interests and fighting
them as a top policy priority. Still the 9/11 became the turning point in the formal acknowledgement of
dangers of the Islamic terrorism and launching active “war against terror” worldwide.
Still such war, however justified, is based on miscomprehension that an organization known as Al-
Qaeda and led by Osama Bin-Laden is basically responsible for organization and carrying out of
terrorist acts on the international arena. Accordingly all governments threatened by the Islamic terror
are mainly fighting it using standard methods of dealing with organized terror movements. In reailty the
name Al-Qaeda was invented by the FBI in 1998 during investigation of terror acts against American
embassies in Eastern Africa. It dubbed this way a pretty loose group of terrorists who gathered around
Osama Bin-Laden. Despite the fact that it possessed some kind of organizational structure, it had never
been the international terrorist network, as it is generally perceived. It was to a large extent engaged in
finding financing for already existing, independent terror organizations, established contacts among
them, provided consultancy, etc. Counter terrorist operations carried by Americans in Afghanistan as
24
It’s very important to underline that outside Chechnya (and nowadays even in Checnya proper) this opression is
delivered by the local “law-enforcers”.
25
Chechens were practicing mass torture and decapitating of captives long before the other extremists started to do it in
Iraq – back in 1992-1993 in Abkhazia.
135
perspective, mainly to spite each-other, rather than from pragmatic political considerations), although
it’s not so today. As it often happens, in case of both these conflicts the respective governments do not
possess any efficient working plans as well the appropriate policies, to deal with situations that cause
terrorism. In short, both Israel and Russia want to have the cake and to eat it. For both of them the
territories they currently control (Israel absolutely illegally), are too “hot” to handle, still they can not
decide how to get rid of them without excessive damage to national security while saving their faces
and not look like losers.
The generation long occupation of Palestinian territories by Israel has resulted so far in one of the
most successful nation-building projects in the recent history – creating Palestinian nation from often
unrelated groups of Arabs, who at the time of inception of Israeli state were mostly represented by the
recent job migrants, attracted by opportunities presented by the developing economy initiated by the
Jewish settlers in Palestine. This occupation also marginalized and to a large extent exiled the local
Christian Arabs, brought the Islamic factor into the Palestinian resistance (allegedly to some extent with
covert support of Israeli security agencies, who initially supported for instance Hamas to
counterbalance the secular Fatah movement). It also introduced as a long-standing factor of regional
policy, forces that are unrelated to both to the region and the conflict at hand, in form of Iran supported
Hizbollah movement, which to a large extent defines well-being of formally independent Lebanon as
well.
Involvement of the international community as the peace-brokers of this conflict has brought no
positive results so far, since it could not produce any peace plan, which may suit Israel and/or can not
extend the real pressure on both sides of the conflict to end it on the terms, which may suit this
community. Besides the excessive, mostly uncontrolled financial and other kinds of support of the
Palestinian administration by this same community became one of the major factors of corruption within
this administration, which together with other factors, turns people from the secular civil government
prototype towards religious, terrorist organizations. One of additional factors, further aggravating the
existing situation is that the anti-Israeli forces interpret any concession made by Israel (even if made
from the position of power, as withdrawal from the Gaza strip in 2005) as their victory. Thus there is the
danger that some kind of large-scale withdrawal from the Western Bank by Israel will spur terrorist
activities instead of bringing peace into the region.22
As to conflict that is known as the Russian-Chechen, since 2005 it will be more appropriate to say
that virtually all parts of North Caucasus with predominantly non-Russian population are on the wedge
of the popular uprising.23 The main reason of such situation is pretty clear – Russia as a state does not
need these territories. They came under its control as a “part of the package” when the country was
looking for the strategic access to South Caucasus. Today many Russians are strictly differentiating
local peoples from themselves – labelling them as Caucasians (together with Georgians and Azeri for
instance), as someone different from the rest of Russians.
For more than two centuries of possession Russia (the USSR as well) did very little to change this
region – to modernize it to some extent, especially to undermine the traditional clan structure of social
relations. Today these areas are the least developed in Russia, save may be the regions settled by the
aboriginal semi-nomadic peoples in the Northern polar areas. Unlike the rest of the country
demographic pressure here is extremely high, which together with underdeveloped economy (which is
in shambles after demise of the Soviet Union) leads to truly horrendous level of unemployment, which
by some estimates varies between 70-90% of economically active population, mass poverty. Model of
management, which the USSR applied to this region (and Russia continues to apply), is quasi-feudal.
Federal administration appoints (even in case of formal elections) some local strongman as the leader
of national autonomy, supplies him with money and other resources from the federal reserves (share of
such subsidies in local budgets reaches 80-90%), gives him free-hand in exchange for loyalty and
stability.
Obviously corruption here was ripe and social situation in general close to explosive. Still the system
worked pretty well for quite a long time since was based on rather efficient military and police power
base. As soon as the Soviet Union disappeared all its defects surfaced. Corruption reached the stage
when positions in local administrations, which promise some share in the federal money, are sold
through informal, although rather open auctions. The local specific manifests itself in a fact that losers
are often taking up arms in order to settle their grievances with winners and/or the auctioneers. So
called law enforcement agencies are either directly participating in this redistibution of federal funds, or
are protecting local strongmen turned government administrators. Level of oppression of the local
population, which does not participate in this distribution (i.e. the majority), is extremely high, violation of
22
Of course in this case Israel will have be left free to retaliate in full, but this will lead to a new round of hostilities, etc.
23
Except North Ossetia.
134
danarCeni msofliosagan gansxvavebiT dasavleT evropaSi (romelic faqtiurad erT did
naxevarkunZuls warmoadgens) bunebrivi pirobebis mravalferovneba ubiZgebda Sromis
sazogadoebriv danawilebasa da gacvlas, xolo reliefis danawevreba qmnida bunebriv
winaaRmdegobebsa da mosaxleobis dacvis saSualebas rogorc sakuTari feodalebisagan,
aseve gareSe mtrebisagan.
es pirobebi, agreTve, xels uwyobda mravalricxovani, SedarebiT mcire zomis
konkurenti saxelmwifoebis Seqmnas da erTdroulad ar iZleoda didi kontinenturi
imperiebis Camoyalibebis saSualebas, rogorc es aziaSi xdeboda. Sedegad evropaSi
sicocxlisunariani gamodgnen damoukidebeli qalaqebi da wvrili mewarmeobis sxvadasxva
formebi — momavali kapitalizmis kerebi. aziaSi am struqturebs centralizebuli
xelisufleba axSobda.
ra principebzea Camoyalibebuli is sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi, romelzec zemoT
gvqonda saubari? Zalian sqematurad, SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi:
• aseT sistemaSi Semavali saxelmwifo uaRresad centralizebulia da miiswrafis
gamavali informaciis, materialuri Tu energetikuli nakadebis totaluri
kontrolisaken. mas axasiaTebs gansakuTrebiT xisti sazogadoebrivi struqturebi,
romlebic praqtikulad moklebulia evoluciis unars. Sedegad, aseTi sazogadoeba
naklebad “elastiuria”, cudad egueba garemo pirobebis cvlas. seriozuli gareSe
dawola angrevs aseT sazogadoebas, magram Tu es dawola ixsneba (an sustdeba) is
faqtiurad iseTive saxiT aRdgeba, rogoric daSlamde iyo. amave dros is Zalian
efeqturia didi, totaluri proeqtebis realizaciis dros (magaliTad, omis dros
“qudze kacis gamoyvana”, Tu saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi reformebis gatareba,
rogorc es dRes CineTSi xdeba);
• aseTi sistemis saxelmwifo dafuZnebulia statikur wonasworobaze, gansxvavebiT
kapitalisturi saxelmwifoebisa, romlebic awyobilia dinamiur wonasworobaze,
romlis safuZvelSic cvlileba, ganviTarebaa. amitom mas ar unda, eSinia
cvlilebebisa, romlebic misTvis mavnebelia. aq saubaria ara marto socialur Tu
ekonomikur cvlilebebze, aramed banalur teqnikur inovaciebzec. igive Cinelebma
gamoigones im teqnologiebis didi nawili, romlebic mogvianebiT evropul
samrewvelo revolucias daedo safuZvlad, magram TviTon Cinelebi ar iyenebdnen;25
• sistema efuZneba e.w. uSualo samisamarTo marTvas, rac imas niSnavs, rom
gadawyvetilebaTa umetesoba miiReba marTvis erT centrSi da, principSi, unda
uSualod davides saboloo Semsruleblamde. SedarebiT did da rTul sistemebSi es
saboloo jamSi iwvevs qaoss da umarTavobas;26
• saxelmwifo aseTi sistemebis farglebSi gansakuTrebiT miiswrafis materialuri
sakuTrebis rogorc aseTis, warmoebis saSualebebisa da finansuri nakadebis sruli
kontrolisaken. bazari, kerZo sakuTreba, fuladi mimoqceva da sasaqonlo gacvla
misTvis misaRebia mxolod mis mier dawesebul farglebSi da misi sruli kontrolis
qveS. Sedegad, aseTi sistema sakmaod swrafad deficituri xdeba, ver akmayofilebs
mosaxleobis umetesobis sabazo moTxovnilebebs, rac mis arsebobas safrTxes
uqmnis. Sedegad, aq xdeba saqonlis, momsaxurebisa da ideebis SedarebiT SeuzRudavi
warmoebisa da gacvlis nebis darTva (raRaca donis “protobazris” Seqmnamde), magram
kontrolis moduneba iwvevs qveyanaSi dinamiuri procesebis ganviTarebas da
saboloo jamSi stabilurobis Sesustebas. igive CineTma Tavisi istoriis manZilze
araerTgzis “mouSva sadaveebi” da dauSva qveyanaSi sabazro urTierTobebi. Sedegad
qveyanaSi iwyeboda qonebrivi daSla da xazinis Semosavlebis mkveTri Semcireba,
rasac mosdevda moxeleebis zewolis zrda kerZo mesakuTreebze. ukmayofiloebi
iyvnen TviT es mesakuTreebic, romlebic sakmaod daculebad grZnobdnen Tavs
saxelmwifo warmoebis wesis farglebSi da iCagrebodnen sazogadoebrivi
destabilizaciis procesSi. ukmayofilo iyo xalxic, romelsac uWirda axal,
uCveulo pirobebTan Segueba. amitom aseTi gadaxvevebi seriozuli krizisiT
mTavrdeboda da qveyana isev cdilobda arsebobis Cveul wess mibruneboda.
faqtiurad, mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze aseTi sazogadoebebi qanqarasaviT
moZraoben — SedarebiT SeuzRudavidan — mkacrad SezRudul modelebs Soris;
• aseT sistemaSi aSkarad gamoikveTeba saxelmwifos (romelic gaigivebulia
sazogadoebasTan) interesebis prioriteti, pirovnebis prioritetebTan SedarebiT.
adamianebs aseT sazogadoebaSi ar gaaCniaT pirovnebis statusi. isini xSirad
ganixilebian mxolod rogorc im didi meqanizmis advilad cvladi, “erTjeradi
19
 moxmarebis” detalebi, romelsac saxelmwifo ewodeba. adamianis uflebebi im saxiT,
romliTac is miRebulia dRevandel dasavlur sazogadoebaSi, aq saerTod ar
aRiqmeba. raime saubari sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifos Soris konstruqciul
urTierTobebze aq zedmetia. aseT sistemaSi saerTod ar arsebobs is, rasac ewodeba
sajaro politika da rac warmoadgens sazogadoebis “qvemoT” formirebuli
survilebisa da miswrafebebis gamoxatulebas. arsebobs politikuri nebis
erTaderTi wyaro — xelisufleba, romelic aq erTaderTi aqtiuri sawyisia.
mosaxleobas, rogorc aseTs, raime cvlilebis moTxovna an gatareba SeuZlia
mxolod saxelmwifo struqturebze Zalismieri zewolis gziT.
am konteqstSi pretenziebi ruseTis mimarT, rom man xeli aiRo demokratiul
reformebze sakmaod usafuZvloa. am qveyanaSi aseTi rame ubralod ar iyo. zedmetia aseTi
tipis qveyanaSi demokratiaze laparaki. is ara arademokratiuli, aramed ademokratiulia
im gagebiT, rom misi sazogadoebrivi sistema am tipis urTierTobebs ubralod ver aRiqvams.
mas SeuZlia formalurad aRiaros demokratiuli sazogadoebis amosavali principebi,
xeli moaweros yvela Sesabamis saerTaSoriso dokuments (igive adamianis uflebaTa
deklaracias), danergos qveyanaSi demokratiuli institutebi, magram amave dros
warmatebiT ugulvebelyos yvelaferi es. bolos da bolos, yvela formaluri
demokratiuli atributi stalinis droindel sabWoTa kavSirsac ki gaaCnda.
aqedan gamomdinare, advilad gasagebia ruseTis prezidentis v. putinis sityvebi,
romelic man 2005 wlis 24 Tebervals bratislavaSi aSS prezident j.buSTan Sexvedris
Semdeg gamarTul pres-konferenciaze warmoTqva — Cven ar vapirebT araviTari rusul
demokratiis gamogonebas. Cven erTgulebi viqnebiT yvela demokratiuli principisa,
romelic damkvidrebulia mTels civilizebul msoflioSi. rasakvirvelia, demokratiis
yvela ZiriTadi principi da instituti ruseTis sazogadoebis dRevandeli ganviTarebis,
misi istoriis, tradiciebis adekvaturi unda iyos... demokratiis danergvas Tan ar unda
sdevdes saxelmwifos daSla da xalxis gaRatakeba.27
• kavSirebi aseT sazogadoebaSi ZiriTadad vertikaluri da erTmimarTulebiania.
uflebebi sazogadod nawildeba zevidan-qveviT, xolo movaleobebi qvevidan-zeviT.
Sesabamisad muSaobs kanonic. sazogadoebis ufro maRali fenis warmomadgeneli
yovelTvis marTalia masze dabal safexurze mdgarTan da, piriqiT. iseTi uZvelesi
sakanonmdeblo tradiciebis mqone qveyanaSic ki, rogoric CineTia, met-naklebad
obieqturad kanonmdebloba xorcieldeboda mxolod erTsa da imave
sazogadoebrivi Sris farglebSi. kanonebi sazogadod tardeba SerCeviT,
mizanSewonilobis principiT. rogorc Tavis droze ganacxada ruseTis imperatoris
nikoloz pirvelis erT-erTma yvelaze daaxlovebulma pirma — grafma berkendorfma
— kanonebi iwereba xelqveiTebisaTvis da ara ufrosobisaTvis;
• saxelmwifo sazogadod personoficirebulia mis liderSi, romelsac xSirad
(formalurad mainc) ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba gaaCnia da araferze pasuxs ar
agebs.28 aseT saxelmwifoSi (romelsac xSirad rogorc paternalisturs
moixsenieben) urTierToba xelisuflebasa (xelisufals) da sazogadoebas Soris
faqtiurad mwyemsisa da cxvris faris urTierTobis donezea dayvanili. sazogadod,
mwyemsi unda zrunavdes Tavis faraze, rogorc gulmodgine meurne Tavis
sakuTrebaze. magram Tavisi sakuTrebis winaSe is pasuxismgebeli ar aris (es ewera
petre pirvelis TviTmpyrobelis Sesaxeb kanonisE pirvel muxlSi). yvelaze cudi is
aris, rom aseT sazogadoebebSi mosaxleobis udidesi umetesoba, saboloo jamSi,
eCveva “faris” rols da aRiqvams xelisuflebasa da mis liders rogorc maTi
arsebobis pirobebis uzrunvelmyofels. adamianebs sazogadod urCevniaT
gadaulocon TavianTi uglebebi saxelmwifos da pasiurad daelodon, Tu rogor
gadawyvets maT beds xelisufleba. didi socialuri Zvrebis drosac ki, rodesac
adamianebs principSi SeuZliaT airCion TavianTTvis ufro misaRebi ganviTarebis
axali kursi, isini ibrZvian imisaTvis, rom “Tavze daisvan” ufro ukeTesi,
mwyalobeli xelisufali;
• erT pirovnebaze saxelmwifos aseTi damokidebuleba mas saboloo jamSi uaRresad
daucvels xdis, Tu es ukanaskneli ubralod cudad asrulebs masze dakisrebul
movaleobebs an viRaca axerxebs mis ZaliT gadayenebas. xelmZRvanelma,
damokidebuli mis personalur Tvisebebze, SeiZleba aaSenos anda daamxos aseTi
sazogadoeba (ixileT, magaliTad — wyvilebi: stalini _ xruSCovi sabWoTa kavSirSi;
mao Zeduni _ den siaopini CineTSi). aseTi xelmZRvanelebis kontrolis realuri
20
extremist than terrorists themselves. For instance, terrorist organization, known as Party of Socialist-
Revolutionaries was instrumental in bringing to power in Russia in 1917 Bolsheviks (who were not
averse to terrorism themselves) with all the pending consequences that the world felt throughout the
most part of 20-th century.
Both cases, described here, show the real danger of terrorist activities, since even some isolated
action may lead to changes (sometimes global) that by their scale by far surpass its direct results. This
is especially dangerous if some politicians and/or countries try to use any terrorist act as pretext to
pursue their private ends (WW I being the most typical case).
It’s widely assumed that terrorism is the traditional way for weak, outcasts and oppressed (or who
consider themselves as such) to attract public attention to their grievances. On the other hand pockets
of dissatisfaction and marginalization may exist in any society, however developed and stable, meaning
that terrorism may emerge virtually everywhere especially if there is some kind of ideology (religious or
secular) that may be in principle interpreted in a way, which suits terrorist goals. As the European
experience of 1960-s and 1970-s shows, existence of developed democratic society where everyone is
able to express his/her protest openly, within the framework of democratic procedures, does not render
such society immune to terrorism. In any society may exist marginal individuals, or groups of marginals,
who can not become popular enough to attract attention of the local public by the legal means and turn
to violence to peddle their ideas.
Number of factors has turned terrorism into rather powerful and efficient political tool since the end
of 19-th century. First – the modern means of communication and mass media often transmitting
scenes of terrorist actions in real time create the exaggerated image of terrorism dangers to existing
political and social structures, frighten people and make them to extend the disproportionate pressure
on governments. Besides mass media, even if involuntarily, act as means of attracting attention to
terrorists, which is what they actually need.21 Second – modern terrorist warfare is very efficient and
powerful enough to be compared with standard armaments used by modern armies. Besides modern
industrial and infrastructural facilities (especially chemical factories, nuclear power plants, etc.) even in
case of “common” accidents may inflict terrible damage on the people and environment and are
presenting tempting targets for terrorist attacks multiplying their negative effects. Third – terrorism is
cheap, in the direct meaning of this term, especially as compared with the cost of antiterroristic activities
(warfare and equipment, training of military/police personnel, planning and implementation of special
military and police operations, etc.). Technologies used by terrorists are relatively simple, material for
explosives for instance can be purchased easily since it’s used for the most common peaceful purposes
(agricultural fertilizers for instance), instructions for making them may be easily obtained on the web.
Besides number of people directly involved in terrorist activities and those who fight them is simply
incompatible, the later exceeding the former by the orders of magnitude. Terrorists are also marginally
trained or have no special training at all, which also makes them easily expendable and replaceable.
Terrorism corrupts. The very logic of such activity, which is directed to intimidation and destruction
of the innocent people, is contradicting the most elementary norms of moral accepted by any society. It
always carries the negative moral charge. Whatever “noble” goals may pursue any terrorist organization
or movement, in the end it inevitably turns into the shelter for various marginals and criminals, who are
controlled by the shrewd political manipulators. Besides any terrorist organization sooner or later starts
to use criminal methods to obtain financing or arms, to recruit supporters (blackmail), so the division
line between terrorist and criminal organization is usually rather blurred.
The modern terrorism may be divided into two rather distinctive parts. First is the local terrorism,
which more often than not is stemming from various forms of national liberation fighting and represents
illegal (and amoral) part of activities sometimes endorsed even by legal international documents. The
second is the kind of terrorism, which is considered today as the international terrorism presenting the
global peril.
Local terrorism is virtually represented everywhere throughout the world, including for instance Spain
and until very recently the UK as well. Despite the fact that many of such conflicts are going on for
generations, their influence rarely exceeds countries or regions where they take place. If they are
sometimes perceived as part of global terror this happens mainly because governments pursue their
narrow interests presenting them this way. This is basically true even as regards such long-standing
and widely publicised conflicts as Palestinian-Israeli and Chechen in Russia.
The first one for many years defined to some extent mode of relations of the two world superpowers,
since the US and USSR supported the opposite sides of the conflict (as it looks from the current
21
Still despite all the horror of the recent terrorist actions in the leading countries of the world the direct loss of human
lives resulting from them is about 30 times less than as a result of car accidents, which nevertheless are considered
as kind of sacrifice to be paid by people for comfort and affluence of the modern life.
133
problems. When they are directly interested to intervene some place they are easily doing this even
against the most expressed disagreement of the vast majority of the UN member states. Both the US
and the USSR were doing this on a regular base during the cold war, and the US continues to do this
today, intervening for instance in Iraq without any formal consent by the UN, although this again
contradicted all formally accepted international treaties and was done on a false pretext.
On the other hand developing countries are increasingly interested in UN as mechanism, which
allows them to at least present their pressing problems for global consideration and to make
themselves heard out. These attempts force the UN to act more independently in many cases, where
previously it would simply follow the same US or USSR. As a result both developing countries and the
US call for reform of the organization, the first because they render it too weak to promote efficiently
needs of the majority of the global community, while the US, charging it with corruption, obviously aims
to weed out such small sprouts of activities independent of the expressed will of America as exist today.
All in all demise of the Soviet Union did not to a large extent alter the cold war era system of the
global political relations. Even if one of the leading global players disappeared, the remaining one
continues to act predominantly unilaterally or gives just a lip service to collective political actions. In the
most broad terms the globalization of the world politics led to emergence of some striking features:
democracy in the current leading global players and their affiliated states and non-democratic relations
between these states and the rest of the world; pursuit of accountability and democratic legitimacy
inside state borders and the pursuit of national interest (and maximum political advantage) outside such
borders; democracy and human rights for those regarded as “insiders” and habitual negation of these
rights for those beyond their borders.
Also today finding solutions and undertaking mitigating measures as regards global political
processes lies predominantly within the sphere of responsibility of the US. Not that other countries do
not want to play roles independent of the US, to carry out policies contradicting the American interests.
Simply individually and even collectively (even EU) are not strong enough so far to devise and
implement sets of relations leading to alterations on the global level. On the other hand such situation
may endow strongly to erosion of the existing system of global politics. Despite all ensuing danger
decades long US-USSR rivalry in many cases led to some kind of division of labour and shared
responsibility for resolution of many complex global issues. Today the US virtually stands alone and
tries to make decisions not just for its own people, but for the majority of others as well. Thus the major
global problem is – in the current extremely complex and diverse world, is power and authority of one
superpower (even if sometimes supported by other important players) enough to tackle successfully
with the whole array of global issues? And besides in cases when it obviously acts unilaterally against
the expressed will of the rest of the world, can it be hold accountable and to whom and on what basis?
Case Study 2 – Terrorism – the New Global Player?
Although no generally acknowledged definition of terrorism exists, it is usually understood as an
attempt to provoke fear and intimidation in the main target audience, which may be a government, a
whole society, or a group within a society. Terrorist acts are therefore designed and may be deliberately
timed to attract wide publicity and cause public shock, outrage, and fear. The intention may be to
provoke disproportionate reactions from governments. It’s very difficult to distinguish the “genuine”
terrorist activities and for instance legitimate armed resistance to some occupying power. These two
kinds of actions are often used as synonyms, sometimes deliberately. It may be better to define as
terrorist only actions that are directed against the civilians, setting aside all attacks on armed forces or
police. Thus such actions that led to hostage taking for instance in Beslan school (Russia) in 2004
should be definitely defined as terrorist, while attacks on the local security forces in Nazran in 2004 or
elsewhere should be classified differently.
As the main task of terrorism is to provoke fear and intimidation, it’s often perceived as irrational by
governments and population subjected to it. Demands laid down by terrorist are more often than not
unrealizable on principle, even if targeted governments and societies are ready to meet them. Thus the
traditional, rational means of dealing with conflicts, adopted by the modern Western society, hardly
work with terrorism.
One of the main problems associated with terrorism is that it is usually perceived and dealt with as
an independent phenomenon. In reality though almost exclusively it’s a manifestation, symptom of a
much wider and complex set of social, economic, political or ideological problems; one may even say –
the extreme problem-solving tool. Although terrorists rarely meet their declared goals, even the
unintended consequences of isolated terrorist actions lead sometimes to the major alterations of history
of humankind. For instance a chain of events started by the consumptive Serb student in 1914, when
he murdered the Austrian archduke and his wife led to WW I. Also terrorists themselves rarely come to
power, but often help to come to power people and organizations that in the end turn to be the more
132
meqanizmebi ubralod ar arsebobs;
• saxelmwifo imarTeba daniSnuli biurokratebis mier, romlebic pasuxs ageben
mxolod maT mimarT, vinc maT Tanamdebobaze niSnavs. CineTSi mravali saukunis
manZilze moxeleebs irCevdnen formalurad meritokratiuli rTuli gamocdebis
safuZvelze, da isini saxelmwifos erTgulebaze debdnen fics. ruseTSi maT niSnavs
zemdgomi xelmZRvaneli, dawyebuli qveynis pirveli piridan, piradi erTgulebis
principidan gamomdinare; Tanamdebobebs es pirebi Tavis sarCenad iReben (sruliad
formaluri rusuli termini получить должность в кормление, Tumca dRes is Tavisi
pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT iSviaTad ixmareba). orive SemTxvevaSi aseT moxeleebs aqvT
mosaxleobaze gavlenis faqtiurad ganusazRvreli saSualebebi. maTi SemzRudavi
mxolod maTi zemdgomia da Sida korporaciuli dauwereli kanonebi. saboloo jamSi,
aseTi situacia iwvevs Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebas da yovlismomcvel
korufcias. is, agreTve, iwvevs iseTi tipis socialuri fsiqologiis Camoyalibebas,
romelic yvelaze kargad aRiwereba isevdaisev rusuli andaziT — ты начальник – я
дурак, я начальник – ты дурак. garda amisa, aseT qveynebSi, moxeleebi xSirad hibriduli
kerZo-saxelmwifo sakuTrebis udidesi mflobelebi xdebian da xelSi igdeben
qveynis marTvis kidev erT mZlavr berkets.
zemoT aRwerili sistemis farglebSi dRes msoflios mosaxleobis minimum naxevari
cxovrobs. rasakvirvelia, masSi Semavali qveynebi erTgvarovan masas namdvilad ar
warmoadgenen, Tumca ZiriTad sistemur principebs ase Tu ise mainc iziareben. maTi
umetesoba didi xania formalurad mainc aRiarebs sazogadoebis demokratiuli
aRmSeneblobis principebs, rac es maT Cveul arss iotisodenadac ar cvlis. SedarebiT
rbilia tradiciuli sistemuri maxasiaTeblebis gamovlineba, magaliTad, samxreT-
aRmosavleT aziaSi; magram xistia yvela danarCen muslimanur qveyanaSi, CineTsa da
ruseTSi. igive indoeTi, romelic dRemde ufro mravalricxovani didi erebis
konglomeratad gvevlineba, vidre Camoyalibebul erTian saxelmwifod, sakmaod
demokratiulia [iZulebiT] federalur, magram tradiciuli Statebis doneze.
aSkaraa, rom Tavisi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebiT, aseTi tradiciuli aziuri Tu
piramiduli sistema diametralurad sawinaaRmdegoa Tanamedrove ganviTarebuli
sazogadoebebisa. es ar niSnavs, rom es sistemebi aucileblad erTmaneTis antagonisturi
unda iyvnen, magram erTmaneTTan naklebad Tavsebadia da konkurentuli. maT Soris
winaaRmdegoba ukve konceptualur doneze arsebobs — orive agebulia mkveTrad
gansxvavebul faseulobaTa sistemaze, Sefasebis kriteriumebze, qcevis stereotipebze. es
ar niSnavs imas, rom aziuri sistemis faseulobebi da kriteriumebi dasavleTSi miRebulze
uaresia an amoraluri — bolos da bolos maTze dayrdnobiT msoflios uZvelesma
civilizaciebma mravalsaukunovani ganviTarebis gza gamoiares. isini ubralod sxvaa.
amave dros meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi ganaxlebis siCqare ekonomikur, finansur,
teqnologiur sferoebSi imdenad maRali gamodga, rom Zirs UuTxris vertikalur
kavSirebze agebul, mouqnel piramidul sistemas. Tanamedrove msoflioSi marTvis
efeqturi sistemebi damyarebulia paralelur gadawyvetilebebze, rodesac sistemas
SeuZlia sakuTari Tavis modificireba optimaluri gadawyvetilebebis ZebnaSi. magram
horizontaluri, naklebad SezRuduli informaciuli nakadebis arseboba SesaZlebelia
mxolod ganviTarebul samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi mZlavri saSualo klasiT. swored aseTi
nakadebi gamodian ekonomikis katalizatorebad, xdian qveyanas konkurentunarians.
yvelaze warmatebuli Tanamedrove qveynebi viTardebian adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis,
avtonomiebis uflebebis zrdis mimarTulebiT, xasiaTdebian qveynis SigniT
decentralizaciis maRali xarisxiT.
magram yvelaferi zemoT CamoTvlili aris is, rasac tlanqi, Znelad adaptirebadi
tradiciuli sazogadoebrivi sistema ubralod ver egueba. swrafi cvlilebebi,
arastabiluroba (Tugind ganviTarebiT gamowveuli), inovaciebi (gansakuTrebiT
socialur-politikur sferoSi) — e.i. yvelaferi, rac asociirebulia globalizaciasTan,
misTvis mavnebelia. TviT dinamiuri globalizaciis procesi, romelsac saTaveSi wamyvani
dasavluri saxelmwifoebi udganan, Zirs uTxris mas, iwvevs mis destabilizacias.
mniSvneloba ara aqvs, rogor damokidebulebaSi aris am sistemis warmomadgeneli esa Tu
is konkretuli saxelmwifo ganviTarebul msofliosTan. nebismier SemTxvevaSi,
kacobriobis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze, saboloo jamSi is agebs masTan
konkurentul brZolas (ssrk — amis yvelaze tipuri magaliTi).
21
 ase rom, elementaruli TviTgadarCenis moTxovnilebebidan gamomdinare, aseT qveynebs
an adaptacia sWirdebaT ganviTarebis Tanamedrove moTxovnilebebisadmi, an sistemuri
mimikria mainc, romelic nawilobriv moxsnis maTze gare zewolas. laparakia swored
adaptaciaze e.i. iseT minimalur cvlilebebze, romelTa Sedegad aseTi qveyana SeiZens
dasavleTisaTvis misaReb (an mosaTmen) imijs, Caebmeva (ase Tu ise) globalizaciis
procesebSi da gaakeTebs amas tradiciuli sistemis destabilizaciis gareSe. SedarebiT
warmatebiT akeTeben amas, magaliTad, tailandi da malaizia samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi,
SesaZloa iordania.
“niu-iork Taimsi” werda 2002 wels — rom arsebobdes iseTi saxelmwifo, romelic qmnis
terorizmis mfarvel avtokratebs, iparavs milionobiT dolars maSin, rodesac Ratakebad
aqcevs sakuTar moqalaqeebs, Zirs uTxris sazogadoebriv ganaTlebasa da jandacvas, uSvebs
bavSvebis monobas, awamebs disidentebs da iTmens eTnikuri umciresobebis darbevas, maSin
Cven yvela davgmobT mas. erTi gamonaklisiT — samxreT aziaSi aseT sistemas demokratia
ewodeba.29 laparaki pakistanzea, romelmac yvela zemoT CamoTvlil sikeTesTan erTad
daarRvia birTvuli iaraRis gavrcelebis SezRudvis yoveli dawerili Tu dauwereli
principi, plus Talibebis mTavari sponsori iyo. miuxedavad amisa, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris
Semdeg aSS-ma gamoacxada is Tavis umTavres strategiul mokavSired natos farglebs
gareT.
pakistani warmoadgens politikuri mimikriis klasikur magaliTs gviCvenebs, Tu rogor
SeiZleba dRevandel msoflioSi warmatebiT iarsebos tradiciulma “aziurma” saxelmwifom
demokratiul demagogiaze dayrdnobiT.
yuradsaRebia is garemoeba, rom romelime aseTi tipis qveynis Tanamedrove
sazogadoebad warmatebuli transformaciis magaliTi namdvilad ar arsebobs. aseTad
sazogadod asaxeleben iaponias, rac etyoba principulad arasworia. iaponia, uiSviaTesi
gamonaklisis saxiT, tipuri zecentralizebuli “aziuri” sazogadoeba namdvilad ar
yofila. misi izolirebuli, kunZulovani mdgomareoba xsnida ucxouri intervenciis
saSiSroebas, xolo arsebuli mwiri bunebrivi resursebis centralizebuli marTva ar
iZleoda SesamCnev upiratesobas decentralizirebul meurneobis sistemasTan
SedarebiT.30 Tumca mravalricxovani, calkeuli feodaluri klanebi namdvilad
“piramidis” principiT iyo agebuli.
qveyana Zlier centralizebuli gaxda mxolod mecxramete saukunis meore naxevarSi,
meiZis revoluciis farglebSi mimdinare modernizaciis dros. meore msoflio omSi
damarcxebam zecentralizaciis aucileblobac moxsna da qveyanam kidev erTi warmatebuli
modernizacia gaiara. Tumca, ramdenad SeZlo man misTvis principSi ucxo, evropidan
mosuli sistemisadmi adaptacia, Zneli saTqmelia. 2006 wlis dasawyisisaTvis iaponiis
msoflioSi sididiT meore ekonomikam ganicada zedized oTxi recesia ukanaskneli aTi
wlis manZilze. am dros, mis ekonomikas principSi araferi ar sWirs, is saaTiviTaa
momarTuli da dResac dedamiwaze erT-erTi yvelaze efeqturia, rac TavisTavad friad
aZnelebs misi “mkurnalobis” efeqturi receptebis SemuSavebas.
rogorc Cans, am SemTxvevaSi saqme ufro gvaqvs sazogadoebrivi fsiqologiis
problemebTan, romelic swored adaptaciasTan aris dakavSirebuli. sanam iaponelebi
warmatebiT iTvisebdnen garedan Semosul inovaciebs, maT Soris socialurs, maT mkafio
mizani gaaCndaT, romlis miRwevac iyo saWiro. rogorc ki maT am mizans warmatebiT
miaRwies, aRmoCnda, rom Semdgomi winsvlis stimuli ubralod daikarga — is konkretuli
qcevis modeli, stereotipebi, stimulebi, romlebic TavisaTvis gamoimuSaves igive
amerikelebma, iaponelebisaTvis mainc ucxoa, sxva civilizaciis farglebSi aris
aRmocenebuli. Sedegad krizisi. mis warmatebiT gadasalaxavad iaponelebs etyoba
sWirdebaT an sakuTari civilizaciuri memkvidreobis did nawilze xelis aReba da
evropuli civilizaciisadmi adaptacia, an mZlavri gareSe krizisis warmoqmna, romelic
isev darazmavda maT misi daZlevis procesSi. sayuradReboa, rom 2006 wlis TebervalSi
“niusviqSi” gamoqveynda statia, romlis avtori amtkicebs, rom iaponelebma ukve
praqtikulad gaiares civilizaciuri adaptaciis periodi da faqtiurad pirvel
araevropel-evropelebad gvevlinebian.31
zemoT moyvanili magaliTi imisTvisaa saWiro, rom uCvenos tradiciuli sazogadoebebis
Tanamedrove, kapitalistur sistemaSi transformaciis sirTule. aseve Znelad
mimdinareobda aseTi transformacia TviT evropis SedarebiT centralizebul
saxelmwifoebSi, magaliTad absolutistur safrangeTSi, romelic amave dros Zalian Sors
22
traceable here, technological components prevail20; b/ predominantly economic (commercial, financial,
etc) regimes, which were developed almost exclusively in the interests of the US and its allies, since the
Soviet Union had little interests in this area, or was not economically powerful enough to pursue them
successfully. They are predominantly construed around such institutions as the WB, IMF and lately
WTO. Despite active position of the developing world as regards structure and configuration of these
regimes, the leading global powers are slow to give up such advantages and preferences, as they
acquired earlier. The WTO Hong Kong meeting of 2005 can serve as a good illustration of this case,
with plenty of rather vague promises by the developed West versus growing dissatisfaction of the
developing world; c/ regimes dealing predominantly with global security and related spheres of
activities, including for instance the human rights regime. It is mainly associated with the United
Nations, although not restricted to it. Here is the case when almost all existing treaties and
organizations, influencing global political affairs one or another way, emerged as a result or because of
direct confrontation between the opposing societal systems. As a result there is the huge array of
formal and informal standards and rules agreed or adhered to, which through and inside
intergovernmental and transnational activities creates intricate framework of regulatory mechanisms.
Many of these are hardly efficient since reflect situations when conflicting sides had to reach some kind
of compromise and in the process obviously tried both to have a cake and to eat it.
Among these rules one may find such arbitrary ones as “will of international community”, which can
assume the “status of law” or become basis for legal international activities under certain conditions. On
practice this “will” is mainly manifested by political preferences and needs of the same leading global
players and more often than not is used as pretext to intervene into domestic affairs of formally
sovereign states in cases when such intervention is not supported by the majority of countries
represented in the same UN (see for instance bombing of Serbia in 1999).
As a result these regimes are also applied arbitrarily, depending again on the actual preferences
and needs of the leading global players. Some countries may be severely punished for activities, which
go against the will of international community, while others may get away with the same ”will” turning it
blind eye on them. Countries, which play some necessary role in activities of these leading players, or
are simply situated in regions which do not interest these players are often able to violate a plenty of
formal or informal rules and regulations and get away with it. Many important regimes do not work on
practice simply because they do not possess the coercive power. The most telling example of such is
Treaty of the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. It was devised by the both conflicting sides of the
cold war, when they started to understand that farther spread of nuclear arms might endanger their own
security. Still their rivalry did not allow for efficient mechanisms that might lead to forceful restraining of
countries which violated its provisions. As a result Israel was the first who dare acquire its own nuclear
arsenal (allegedly the third largest in the world) without any consequences. It was later on followed by
India and Pakistan – the traditional bitter rivals, who maximum suffered few years of moderate
sanctions and formal displeasure by the US. Both are too important regional players to suffer more
drastic consequences. North Korea is blackmailing East Asia with its alleged nuclear weapons for many
years, but by the end of 2005 it was still getting away with it, since it is well outside the direct interests
of the US, while other neighbouring countries for various reasons are either not interested to act
decisively (South Korea, China) or can not (Japan). On the other hand the nuclear reactor constructed
by Iraq was erased from the earth by the Israeli air strike, since it might potentially endanger both Israeli
and American interests in the region and besides Israel was capable to violate international law and
suffer no consequences.
The UN is another most telling example of the cold war rudiment. Although its founding fathers
obviously never intended it as such, with the beginning of the cold war it turned into the organization,
which both the US and the USSR used to vent out their anger caused by the “unlawful activities” of the
other side. As a result during that time it was mainly immobilized as an autonomous actor on majority of
pressing issues (especially political). It had (and still has) a leeway as regards humanitarian,
educational, health-care or (to lesser extent) environmental activities, but is very restricted when its
activities may contradict political interests of the leading global players.
There are only two known cases when the UN acted decisively and efficiently being involved in
forcing problems of regional security. First was when North Korea invaded the South in 1949 and the
second when Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990. Still in the first case the Soviet Union boycotted the Security
Council, and in the second it counted it last days and was simply unable to go against will of the West.
The same peacekeeping operations, the “pride of the UN” mostly take place when the leading
global players are not interested to be directly responsible in participating of solution of some local
20
On the other hand the US is controlling such vital global system as Internet and refuses to give up this control in favour
of the UN sponsored one.
131
The main variant of its particular political form evolved as liberal or representative democracy. Today
the vast majority of states of the world are organized in accordance with principles of democracy,
although more often than not these are adopted rather formally and hold of liberal democracy on
political communities are tentative and capable of reversal. In quite many places (in the post-Soviet
space for instance) this model of state-building is being adopted mainly because it makes easier access
to resources and privileges offered to such countries by the leading global players.
Second globalization is mainly different from the first one by two distinctive, albeit contradictory
features. At one hand there are much more formally independent political actors, which share global
arena with whole array of intergovernmental organizations as well as non-state actors such as
multinational corporations, transnational pressure groups, social movements and so on. On the other
hand, in the end, set of relations shaping global development is determined by a very small group of
leading global states. Of course, they are under the ever-growing pressure by all other actors
mentioned above, but still the final decision remains with them. Even the leading multinational
corporations, despite all their visible global reach and influence, can succeed if their activities do not
contradict general political preferences of governments of countries where they are based. Of course,
they are free and able to influence formation of these political preferences, but otherwise activities that
contradict their states or collective governmental bodies (the EU for instance) may be fatal for them.18
Starting from the famous 1946 Fulton speech by Winston Churchill till the fall of Berlin wall in 1989,
global politics was shaped within the confines of the cold war system. It was marked by the global rift
between groups of powers led by the US and the USSR, systemic competition of two antagonistic
societal systems. Political decisions and actions that in the end affected the whole spectrum of global
development took place almost exclusively within the framework of this competition and were
determined by it. Moreover, without such confrontation, activities of both the US and the USSR could
have remained within the confines of the respective geographical areas. The US especially could quite
easily restrict its activities along the traditional north-south axis embracing Americas, if not the Soviet
threat. The same consideration might be applied to the global activities of the USSR too. The actual or
imaginative threats made these countries to chase each other around the globe, involving into their
confrontation virtually any independent political entity on the planet.
Of these two systemic leaders the US was proactive, representing the young, active ethnos,
generating new values, ideas, relations et cetera. On the other side, the USSR – the Bolshevik
reincarnation of the Russian empire, was not able to present something viable, competitive with
American interests in the long run. From the very beginning this country was relegated the role of the
sparring-partner (albeit rather dangerous), fighting which the US developed and perfected whole array
of political, military and other instruments. Besides the cold war competition provided both countries
different opportunities, depending on their systemic features.
Cold war was used by the sides as pretext to meddle almost indiscriminately into internal affairs of
majority of formally independent countries of the world. Still such opportunity was pretty profitable for
the US since it used it for developing new markets for it ever-growing economy, to open-up the existing
markets previously inaccessible for them. Even the rush of armaments was pretty profitable for huge
sectors of American economy. On the other hand the USSR was typical representative of pyramidal
society, its interest on the global arena was purely ideological and political. Its economy was almost
totally self-sufficient. It did not understand market logic, did not need new markets outside its borders.
Instead of making profits it was loosing huge sums by investing them into political regimes of satellite
states, possessing no working mechanisms of retrieving this money. Besides militarization of economy
was negative sum game for this country, which in the end contributed significantly to its downfall.
Still the system of relations, which continues to determine development trends on the planet, was
mainly created as a result of compromise of conflicting interests of leaders of these two opposing
blocks. Huge amount of international regimes operating worldwide were developed (during the cold war
period) precisely as result of such compromises.19 They may be divided into three main parts – a/
regimes dealing predominantly with control and management of various elements of global transport,
communication and other infrastructures - for instance the global regime for international air transport
etc. They should be and are defined in precise terms, are indispensable parts of day-by-day activities of
mainly non-political actors and are easily controlled and verified. Although political element is easily
18
The same consideration may be applied to NGOs too. Their major part (if not the majority) simply acts as agents of
various governments and not necessarily the governments of countries where they are formally based.
19
International regime may be defined as “implicit and explicit principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures
around which actor expectations converge in a given issue area of international relations” Krasner, S. (1983)
International Regimes, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, p.2.
130
idga zemoT daxasiaTebul “piramidul” sazogadoebebidan. safrangeTs dasWirda
ganuwyveteli sisxliani revoluciebis, omebisa da sazogadoebrivi areulobis TiTqmis
erTi saukune (moyolebuli 1789 wlis revoluciidan, vidre 1871 wlis parizis komunamde),
sanam moxerxda misi saboloo transformacia Tanamedrove kapitalistur, demokratiul
sazogadoebad. da mainc miuxedavad amisa, 2006 wlis martSi “niu-iork Taimsi” werda: “is
[safrangeTi] imarTeba rogorc didi korporacia, romelsac saTaveSi Zlieri prezidenti
udgas. nebismieri cvlileba ZalTa ganawilebaSi iwvevs kriziss. parlamenti, rogorc Cans
Zalian sustia imisaTvis, rom SezRudos es xelisufleba. protestebi faqtiurad
mTavrobis yuradRebis miqcevis erTaderT saSualebad gvevlineba.”32
igive absolutisturi espaneTis agonia mimdinareobda meTvramete saukunidan moyolebuli,
vidre 1930-iani wlebis samoqalaqo omamde da general frankos TiTqmis ormocwlian
diqtaturamde. misi sabolood gaformeba rogorc Tanamedrove, ganviTarebuli qveynisa,
moxda 1986 gaerTianebul evropasTan SeerTebis Semdeg, Tumca amaSi briuselSi mjdomi
biurokratebis damsaxureba etyoba aranaklebia, vidre TviT espanelebis.
SedarebiT warmatebulia transformaciis Sedegebi or iseT aziur saxelmwifoSi,
rogoricaa taivani da samxreTi korea. magram isini am regionis Zalian aratipuri
warmomadgenlebi arian. miT umetes, taivani, sadac aSS-m, faqtiurad moaxdina
kontinenturi CineTidan devnilebis Tanamedrove sazogadoebad gadaqcevis specialuri
proeqtis realizacia. samxreTi koreis socialuri Tu ekonomikuri struqtura mTlianad
moSlili iyo jer xangrZlivi iaponuri okupaciisa da 1950-1953 wlebis omis Semdeg. aqac
faqtiurad moxda axali sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba aSS-s uSualo xelmZRvanelobiTa da
monawileobiT. magram am process TiTqmis ormoci weli dasWirda, xolo analogiur
situaciaSi myofi Crdilo korea msoflioSi erT-erT yvelaze araadamianur sazogadoebad
Camoyalibda.
friad TvalsaCinoa am TvalsazrisiT ruseTis magaliTi. moyolebuli mecxramete
saukunis 60-iani wlebidan da vidre 1914 wlamde ruseTma Caatara etyoba dReisaTvis
yvelaze Sors wasuli modernizacia, namdvil, xist aziur sistemaSi arsebul saxelmwifoebs
Soris. es transformacia iyo sakmaod araTanabari, magram namdvilad warmatebuli
ekonomikur sferoSi (ruseTis ekonomikuri warmatebebi im dros cotaTi Tu
Camouvardeboda dRevandeli CineTis miRwevebs) da 1905 wlis revoluciis Semdeg —
socialurSic.
am faqtorebis kombinaciam gamoiwvia tradiciuli sazogadoebis sistemuri safuZvlebis
moSla. moxda sistemuri krizisi, romelic pirvel msoflio omSi qveynis warumatebel
monawileobaSi gamovlinda. Sedegi — 1917 wlis oqtombris gadatrialeba, romelmac
saboloo jamSi am qveyanaSi bevrad ufro xisti centralizebuli sistema Seqmna, vidre is
absoluturi monarqiis dros iyo. ruseTma (sabWoTa kavSiris saxeliT) gaiara kidev erTi
modernizacia — uaRresad warmatebuli centralizebuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis; magram
absoluturad miuRebeli Tanamedrove, ganviTarebul msoflioSi aRiarebuli moraluri
faseulobebis TvalsazrisiT.
aseTma ruseTma gaimarjva meore msoflio omSi da Caeba civ omSi ganviTarebul
msofliosTan, romelSic damarcxda, im mizeziT, rom sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa
sistema, romelzec is iyo dafuZnebuli, absoluturad arakonkurentunariani gamodga
Tanamedrove globaluri urTierTobebis sistemaSi. praqtikulad ssrk-s damarcxebam
dasavleTTan SejibrebaSi marTla gvauwya istoriis dasasruli im gagebiT, rom damTavrda
epoqa, romelSic tradiciul urTierTobaTa sistemaze awyobil saxelmwifoebs SeeZloT
warmatebiT ganecxadebinaT pretenzia globalur liderobaze da eCvenebinaT ganviTarebis
sxvisTvis misabaZi magaliTi.
sainteresoa, rom zustad aseTive Sedegi gamoiRo iranSi prodasavlurma sakmaod rbilma
modernizaciam Sah mohamad reza fexlevis dros. qveyanaSi 1979 wels moxda revolucia,
romelmac is mkveTrad Seabruna sakmaod xisti tradiciuli ganviTarebis modelisaken,
romelic amasTanave islamur ideologias efuZneba.
sayuradReboa, rom 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg ruseTis realuri
modernizaciis (e.i. demokratiuli, sabazro ekonomikaze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebis
mSeneblobis) cda praqtikulad ar momxdara. is, rasac 1992-2004 wlebSi am qveyanaSi
demokratiuli reformebis saxeliT aris cnobili, iyo ara imdenad Segnebuli qmedeba,
ramdenadac sazogadoebis Sokuri reaqcia imperiis daSlaze (sxvaTa Soris meore daSlaze
23
73 wlis manZilze), romelic gaaZliera dasavleTis dawolam da adgilobrivi mmarTveli
elitebis cvlis procesma. rogorc ki ase Tu ise Camoyalibda axali mmarTveli elita,
moxda SedarebiTi ekonomikuri stabilizacia msoflio bazarze navTobis fasebis zrdis
Sedegad, ruseTi isev miubrunda im ganviTarebis models, romelic mas xelewifeba —
damyarebuls Zalauflebisa da sakuTrebis simbiozze, saxelmwifo warmoebis wesze.33
rasakvirvelia, ruseTs am gziT Sors wasvlis naklebi Sansi gaaCnia — amisaTvis mas arc
organizaciuli resursi aqvs, arc mimzidveli ideologia. etyoba sakmaod male aq axali
wonasworoba Seiqmneba, rodesac qveyana imedia moaxerxebs tradiciul sistemasa da
kapitalizms Soris simbioturi sistemis Seqmnas, rogorc es moaxerxes igive malaiziam an
tailandma.
ruseTis socialuri sistemis evoluciis magaliTi imiTia mniSvnelovani, rom adre Tu
gvian mis mdgomareobaSi CineTi aRmoCndeba. im sistemis istoriuli ganviTarebis logika,
romlis farglebSic es qveyana arsebobs, amaze araorazrovnad miuTiTebs.
CineTi dReisaTvis bevrad ufro globalizebulia, vidre odesme ruseTi iyo. mas
ekonomikis yvelaze grZelvadiani, uwyveti, maRali zrdis tempi aqvs msoflioSi, is
ganviTarebuli qveynebis gareT ucxouri investiciebis yvelaze didi mimRebia,
praqtikulad nebismieri wiaRiseuli nedleulis yvelaze didi momxmarebelia msoflioSi,
bolos yoveli mexuTe adamiani dedamiwaze — Cinelia.
rasakvirvelia misi mmarTvelobis sistema bevrad ukeTaa organizebuli, vidre ruseTis,
mosaxleoba ufro disciplinirebuli da darazmuli qveynis xelmZRvanelobis garSemo,
reformebi ukeT dagegmili da organizebuli, magram is Tavis safuZvelSi isev
zecentralizebuli, arademokratiuli (zogierTis azriT — avtoritaruli), komunistur
ideologiaze damyarebuli saxelmwifoa.34
dResdReobiT CineTi sakmaod mokrZalebul rols TamaSobs globalur politikaSi, misi
xelmZRvaneloba ZiriTadad imiTia dakavebuli, rom ar dauSvas qveynis sistemuri
safuZvlebis moSla swrafi ekonomikuri zrdis pirobebSi (dasavleTis azriT, romelic
mravali welia mouwodebs CineTs Seanelos is — “aramdgradad” swrafis).
amave dros gasagebia, rom adre Tu gvian, aseTi modernizaciis Sedegebi winaaRmdegobaSi
mova sazogadoebis organizaciis sistemasTan - dRevandeli CineTis mmarTveli elitisa da
axali, mis mierve Seqmnili saSualo klasis interesebi erTmaneTs Seejaxeba.35.
Tu es SedarebiT adre moxdeba, maSin moxdeba minimum masStaburi ekonomikuri krizisi
(etyoba globaluri) da regionuri politikuri destabilizacia. Tu es saSualovadian
perspeqtivaSi ar moxda, maSin CineTi garantirebulad daiwyebs sul ufro aqtiuri rolis
TamaSs jer regionalur, Semdgom globalur politikaSi. da es politika garantirebulad
iqneba ara prodasavluri an demokratiuli, aramed nacionalisturi da antiamerikuli
(dResdReobiT CineTis samxedro doqtrina strategiul mowinaaRmdeged swored aSS-s
xedavs). faqtiurad CineTis gaZliereba ama Tu im saxiT kvlad daiwyebs im globalur
sistemur winaaRmdegobas, romelic meore msoflio omis Semdeg arsebobda msoflioSi.
aseTma politikam yvelaze naklebad sasiamovno Sedegi iqneba is, rom bevri
ganviTarebadi qveyana (gansakuTrebiT, afrikaSi da laTinur amerikaSi), romelic dRes
formalurad “xels awers” kapitalizmsa da demokratias, pirs ibrunebs ganviTarebis am
modelisagan. zemoT Tqmulidan gasagebia, rom sistemuri winaaRmdegoba dRevandel
msoflioSi mainc arsebobs, Tumca SedarebiTD Serbilebuli formiT.
Tavi 2. msoflio politikis globalizacia
2.1. pirveli globalizacia.
nebismieri sazogadoeba, misi struqturuli organizaciis, ganviTarebis donisa da tipis
ganurCevlad, cdilobs gadaWras Semdegi ori ZiriTadi (Tumca gamoucxadebeli) amocana:
a/daamyaros stabiluri balansi, erTi mxriv, sazogadoebis wevrebis moTxovnilebebs Soris
(romelic uzrunvelyofilia mis gankargulebaSi arsebuli warmoebis saSualebebiT), da
meore mxriv, bunebrivi garemos SesaZleblobebs Soris daakmayofilos es
moTxovnilebebi;36 b/gaanawilos mopovebuli simdidre sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris ise, rom
SeinarCunos sazogadoebis stabiluroba. faqtiurad, mocemuli amocanebis warmatebiT
gadaWra warmoadgens sazogadoebis funqcionirebis minimalur aucilebel winapirobas.
Tumca politika sazogadod ganisazRvreba, rogorc gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi
da meTodi adamianTa jgufebisaTvis, mocemul sazogadoebriv konteqstSi is SesaZlebelia
ganvixiloT rogorc RonisZiebebis nakrebi, romelic qmnis winapirobas zemoT mocemuli
24
On the other hand, in the late 19th century, during the first globalization, this connection between
main tasks and politics of then leading global players was all too obvious. Urgent needs of growing
economy and population pressed some Western European countries to expand in order to get hold of
new natural resource bases, markets as well as territories to settling of population, which could not find
appropriate place in home countries. This was the first time in the world history, when the leading global
players were able to establish and sustain set of relations, which enabled them to influence
development processes throughout the planet.
As such this system was fully developed approximately by the end of Boer war in South Africa,
which marked the final formation of the British Empire. In a fully developed form it existed for a very
short period of time –WW I marked the beginning of the end of this system, while the world economic
crisis of 1929 delivered it a final blow.
The main feature that differentiated that period from the ongoing globalization stage manifested
itself in a fact that the major part of the world was directly, often formally controlled by a few European
powers, plus Russia and the USA. As a result level of global political and economic integration was
obviously much higher, than it is today. Direct responsibility of leading global players (the British Empire
in the first place) for processes going worldwide as well as their ability to influence them was much
higher too. This was caused by situation when vast majority of processes on the planet took place
within limited number of integral political and economic spaces (mostly territorial empires). Apart from
few independent globalization subjects (mainly the modern nation-states) all other ethnos on the planet
were drawn into globalization processes by force, without taking into consideration their needs and
preferences.
As a whole the system of relations established that time was rather rigid and clumsy, it lacked
abilities to evolve. For instance feedback from objects of globalization to its subjects was reduced to
minimum, often huge territories bordering each other were able to set up relations only through centres
of respective colonial powers situated at distances of thousands kilometres from them. Besides at least
within the leading European colonial powers (the British Empire in the first place) and the US transition
to a market economy and democratic governance system was in its final stages. Still such system of
relations, which was generally acknowledged within leading global players, as well as system of
relations among these players, was not applied to countries and ethnos left outside this “elite club”.
This colonial stage of globalization also quite paradoxically manifested the relative weakness of
leading global players. Vast territories were grabbed and put under direct control simply because
colonial powers did not possess reliable information about them to select whatever they really needed
and besides they did not possess any other control mechanisms, besides regimes of personal order
and direct control, despite their haphazardness and uncertainties. Such new forms of transnational
organization and activity, as based mainly on the interests of evolving multinational corporations looking
for markets, rather than for territories that contained such markets, were just evolving. Factually at the
turn of 20th century the US was the only country where monopolies and the state worked hand in hand
to promote their mutual interests in Latin America in the first place, without establishment of direct
control over territories and states, which came within its sphere of interests.
Inefficiency of direct control over colonies had finally led to dismantling of colonial system after WW
II. By this time cost of responsibilities by colonial powers over territories they controlled by far exceeded
benefits they were able to receive from those very territories. Only the least developed colonial powers
(Portugal for instance) gave up their colonies due to a local armed resistance. Almost in all other cases
the ruling states abandoned their colonies because their maintenance became too expensive.
To the contrary of the most popular notions of global politics, which assume that politics acquired
global features only rather recently, it was global already during the first globalization, since served
interests and relations that had influenced development trends worldwide. Today global politics simply
manifests itself in more diverse and intensive forms. At the same time need to regulate and order
diverse domains of activities of the leading global powers led to establishment and development of
appropriate regulatory regimes, based on a plethora of Western commerce, finance and
intergovernmental political organizations. Already by the WW I significant sectors of global affairs were
subject to regulation by world organizations, thus creating a new infrastructure for the transnational
management and control of economic, social and cultural processes. Still all these regulations and
organizations were incepted within [Western] Europe and served interests of leading global players, all
others being brought within their confines by hook or by crook, without any regard to their actual
interests.
Another important feature, which was inherited by the world as a result of the first globalization, was
adoption of European nation-state as the principal type of political rule across the globe. There is
number of features, which distinguish this type of state from others, namely territoriality, monopolistic
control of the means of violence, an impersonal structure of power and a distinctive claim to legitimacy.
129
mounting external pressure. This actually means such minimal systemic alterations that may lead to
acquisition of image acceptable to (or tolerable by) the developed world, engagement of such country
into globalization processes and doing it without destabilization of the traditional societal system.13
It is important to mention that there is no example of successful transformation of such society into
fully developed modern capitalist one. Japan is the bad example since like Western European countries
it has never evolved into pyramidal society. South Korea is more appropriate one, but this is the country
where all societal sub-systems were devastated as a result first of the Japanese occupation, followed
by one of the bloodiest wars of the last century. The US factually dealt with its post-war reconstruction
as with the nation-building project and it still took almost exactly 40 years to transform it. Although so far
this transformation is not formally acknowledged as complete and this country is not usually included
into formal classifications of the developed states.14
Given such circumstances virtually any country can be in the end transformed into something close
to the idea of the modern capitalist society. Problem is that such experience was truly unique and can
hardly be duplicated. In all other cases genuine attempts to modernize such societies in the long run
lead to their destabilization and sometimes even disintegration, with subsequent re-establishment of
very rigid societal systems. The most typical examples of such failed modernizations are Russia at the
beginning of 20-th century and the modern Iran.15 Today world factually witnesses the second failure of
systemic transformation in Russia after disintegration of the Soviet empire in 1991.
The real problem is that the same Russia sets the example of how China will inevitably end its
ongoing progressive development. Still so far it is turning into the real rival of the modern Western
society, this inevitable antagonism determined by the systemic factors described above. Thus the
modern world after ending of one phase of the global systemic opposition between the USA and the
USSR is at the verge of entering into the new one – where Asian social system will be backed by its
most typical representative.16
Chapter 1.The Globalization of Politics
Irrespective of its structural organization, type and level of development any given human society
implements the following main tasks (if not formally acknowledged): a/ to set up stable balance between
needs of members of this society secured by means of production at its disposal and ability of natural
environment to satisfy these needs;17 b/ to distribute obtained wealth among members of society in a
way that keeps society stable. Factually these tasks set up the minimum necessary conditions for
functioning of a human society.
Although generally politics is described as the process and method of decision-making for groups of
human beings, within the given societal context it may be considered as the set of measures that create
a framework for implementation of the above tasks.
That does not mean that ties between the above mentioned tasks and any given set of politics is
direct and obvious. Politics serves these tasks in the end, while umbilical cord connecting them may be
long (obviously very long in the complex modern societies). Disregarding any other reasons any society
may malfunction if this umbilical cord becomes entangled or is severed. Most typically this takes place
when societal development becomes too dependent on some ideological doctrine, which disregards
objective needs of everyday life. Take for instance the USSR, where dependence on Communism
ideology, especially in the later period of its existence, came totally at odds with the above tasks of
societal development, creating one of the main reasons of its downfall.
Within any given historical context society may be considered as developed if it has at its disposal
the efficient, working tools, which enable it to implement successfully the above tasks for a relatively
long period of time with relatively minor adjustments, which do not alter the basic societal structures.
The less developed society is the one that either does not possess such mechanisms, or the existing
ones are malfunctioning. Thus in order to function in a sustainable mode, to preserve itself as an entity,
it needs to undergo structural transformations.
13
The relatively successful examples of such adaptation are for instance Jordan, Malaysia or Thailand.
14
Taiwan, one more country which looks like example of successful systemic transformation, is not such in reality, since
it was created from the group of displaced persons who had lost all contacts with traditional society from which they
were forcibly removed.
15
Frankly systemic transformation represented long and pretty hard process even for absolutist European states
(France, Spain), which nevertheless had never stood close to the traditional pyramidal systems.
16
And this happens alongside the ongoing antagonism with the Moslem world which is on principle caused by the same
systemic differences.
17
Obviously “natural environment” in this case includes mineral resources too.
128
amocanebis gadasaWrelad.37
es ar niSnavs rasakvirvelia, rom kavSiri zemoT moyvanil amocanebsa da nebismier
mocemul politikas Soris, uSualo da aSkara unda iyos. politika emsaxureba am amocanebis
gadaWras saboloo jamSi, xolo maTi SemaerTebeli Wiplari SesaZlebelia grZeli iyos
(rTul Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi Zalian grZeli). amis sxva winapirobac rom ar
arsebobdes, nebismieri sazogadoebis funqcionirebaSi SesaZlebelia gaCndes Seferxebebi,
Tu es Wiplari zedmetad daixlarTeba, anda saerTod gawydeba. amis yvelaze gavrcelebuli
magaliTebi dakavSirebulia iseT SemTxvevebTan, rodesac sazogadoebis ganviTareba
zedmetad damokidebuli xdeba romelime ideologiur doqtrinaze, romelic
ugulvebelyofs yoveldRiuri cxovrebis obieqtur moTxovnilebebs.
es xdeboda vTqvaT sabWoTa kavSirSi, sadac damokidebuleba komunistur ideologiaze,
gansakuTrebiT misi arsebobis gviandel etapze, mTlianad winaaRmdegobaSi movida
sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis zemoT ganxilul amocanebTan, rac misi dacemis erT-erTi
gadamwyveti mizezi gaxda. magaliTad, 1961 wels sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis
maSindelma pirvelma mdivanma, nikita xruSCovma, gamoacxada kursi qveyanaSi komunisturi
sazogadoebis mSeneblobaze 1980 wlisaTvis. TavisTavad es amocana sruliad ararealuri
da Seusrulebeli iyo (rac “warmatebiT damtkicda” qveynis Semdgomi ganviTarebis
procesSi). magram im dros, mis gadasaWrelad, sruliad realurad xdeboda didZali
finansuri da sxva resursebis dabandeba, romelic daaklda ekonomikisa da socialuri
sferos im nawilebs, sadac maTze obieqturi moTxovnileba arsebobda.
nebismier mocemul istoriul konteqstSi sazogadoeba SeiZleba CaiTvalos
ganviTarebulad, Tu mis gankargulebaSi arsebobs efeqturi, muSa instrumentebi, romelic
aZlevs mas saSualebas warmatebiT gadaWras ganviTarebis ori ZiriTadi amocana, SedarebiT
grZeli periodis ganmavlobaSi (etyoba minimum saukune da meti), ZiriTadi sazogadoebrivi
struqturebis iseTi SedarebiT umniSvnelo cvlilebebis xarjze, romelic maT arss ar
cvlis. SedarebiT naklebad ganviTarebulia is sazogadoeba, romelsac aseTi meqanizmebi an
saerTod ara aqvs, anda arsebuli gaumarTavia.38 Sedegad imisaTvis, rom mdgradad
ganviTardes, SeinarCunos Tavi rogorc erTobam, aseT sazogadoebas struqturuli
gardaqmna esaWiroeba.
rogorc ukve iTqva, gamoiyofa globalizaciis ori stadia, anu ori globalizacia. swored
pirveli globalizaciis dros, me-19 saukunis meore naxevridan moyolebuli, kavSiri
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ZiriTad amocanebsa da maSindeli wamyvani globaluri
moTamaSeebis politikas Soris, uSualo da aSkara iyo. mzardi ekonomikisa da mosaxleobis
gadaudebelma moTxovnilebebma ubiZga rig evropul saxelmwifoebs eqspansiisaken, im mizniT,
rom xelSi CaegdoT bunebrivi resursebi, bazrebi da teritoriebi mosaxleobis im nawilis
dasasaxleblad, romelsac sakadrisi adgili ar moeZebneboda metropoliis farglebSi.
evropuli saxelmwifoebis koloniuri eqspansia saukuneebs moiTvlida iqamde, sanam
globalizaciuri procesis xasiaTs SeiZenda. me-19 saukunis meore naxevramde koloniebSi
Seqmnil krizisebze metropoliis reagireba, obieqturi mizezebiT, ZiriTadad imdenad
dagvianebuli iyo, rom es krizisebi ase Tu ise ganimuxteboda umaRlesi xelisuflebis
uSualo Carevis gareSe. metic, am xelisuflebis dagvianebuli reaqcia ukve ararsebul
situaciaze, zogjer axal krizisebs iwvevda. koloniebis marTva xSirad imdenad
araefeqturi iyo, rom rig SemTxvevebSi metropoliebi nebayoflobiT ambobdnen maTze
uars. magaliTad, mravalwliani uSedego cdebis Semdeg aeTvisebina alaska, ruseTi
iZulebuli iyo 1867 wels mieyida is aSS-Tvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom oqros umdidresi
sabadoebi im droisaTvis iq ukve aRmoCenili iyo. sainteresoa, rom gayidvis iniciatorad
TviT ruseTi gamodioda, da imisaTvis, rom daeTanxmebinaT amerikelebi am garigebaze,
rusebs aSS-s kongresis lobirebac ki mouwiaT.
eqspansia gaxda globalizaciuri, upirvelesad yovlisa, transportisa da
komunikaciebis saSualebebis ganviTarebis Sedegad, ramac misca centralur xelisuflebas
saSualeba moexdina efeqturi reagireba koloniebSi momxdar movlenebze yoveldRiuri
politikuri saqmianobis CarCoebSi.
es iyo pirveli SemTxveva kacobriobis istoriaSi, rodesac msoflios wamyvanma qveynebma
SesZles SeeqmnaT da SeenarCunebinaT urTierTobaTa iseTi sistema, romlis farglebSi maT
SeeZloT gavlenis moxdena sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis procesebze mTels msoflioSi.
Sesabamisad am qveynebis politikamac globaluri xasiaTi SeiZina — e.i. erTi an ramdenime
wamyvani moTamaSis politikuri gadawyvetilebebi da aqtiuroba, swrafad iwvevda
globalur gamoZaxils.
25
 es sistema sabolood Camoyalibda daaxloebiT im droisaTvis, rodesac ase Tu ise
damTavrda britaneTis imperiis formireba — daaxloebiT samxreT afrikaSi, burebis
respublikebis winaaRmdeg omis dasrulebisaTvis (1902 w.). Tumca am dros, es procesi
rogorc globalizacia ar aRiqmeboda da laparaki msoflio politikis inter-
nacionalizaciaze iyo.
am sistemam Tavisi dasrulebuli saxiT faqtiurad mxolod aTiode weli gastana:
pirveli dartyma mas pirvelma msoflio omma da amis Sedegad am procesidan ruseTisa da
germaniis gamoTiSvam miayena, xolo 1929 wlis msoflio ekonomikurma krizisma msoflios
wamyvani saxelmwifoebi sabolood Caketa Tavis binebSi da erTmaneTisagan gaTiSa.
mTavari, rac am globalizacias Semdgomi globalizaciuri procesisagan ganasxvavebda,
mdgomareobda imaSi, rom msoflios udidesi nawili imyofeboda ramdenime [dasavleT]
evropuli saxelmwifos (britaneTis imperia, safrangeTi, germania, holandia, belgia,
italia, portugalia), plus ruseTis uSualo politikuri kontrolis qveS.39 ufro
SezRuduli iyo im qveyanaTa jgufi, romelsac xelewifeboda globalur urTierTobaTa
sistemis formireba — britaneTis imperia, safrangeTi, germania, avstria-ungreTi, aSS,
ruseTi. maTTan axlos idga italia da gansakuTrebiT ruseTTan 1906 wels mogebuli omis
Semdeg — iaponia (ix. danarTi 2.).40 damatebiT, urTierToba wamyvan globalur moTamaSeebs
Soris (TanamSromloba Tu konkurencia), mimdinareobda erTi [kapitalisturi] socialur-
ekonomikuri da politikuri sistemis farglebSi. is faqtic, rom ruseTi am sistemas ar
ekuTvnoda (ixileT, konkretuli SemTxveva 1), situacias ar cvlida — es qveyana daJinebiT
atarebda reformebs, romelic am sistemaSi integraciaze iyo mimarTuli.41 e.i. meore
msoflio omis Semdgomi globalur sistemuri konkurenciis tipis urTierTobas am dros
adgili ara hqonia.
am dros arsebobda wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis Zalian viwro jgufis mier
wamowyebuli globaluri ganviTarebis trendebis translaciis formaluri SesaZlebloba.
Sedegad, msoflio politikuri da ekonomikuri integraciis xarisxi aSkarad ufro maRali
iyo, vidre dRes.
agreTve, ufro maRali iyo, globalizaciuri procesebis iniciatorebis (pirvel rigSi
britaneTis imperiis), uSualo pasuxismgebloba msoflioSi mimdinare procesebze, iseve
rogorc maTi SesaZleblobebi, gaekontrolebinaT es procesebi. es imasTan iyo
dakavSirebuli, rom am procesebis udidesi umetesoba mimdinareobda sul ramdenime
erTian politikur-ekonomikur sivrceSi.
garda globalizaciis ramdenime damoukidebeli subieqtisa (axali tipis erovnuli
saxelmwifosi), dedamiwaze mcxovrebi yvela sxva eTnosis CarTva globalur procesebSi
xdeboda ZaliT, maTi neba-survilis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. es iwvevda imas, rom
globalizaciis procesSi xSirad xvdebodnen iseTi eTnosebi, romelTa iq monawileoba
araefeqturi, anda aSkarad wamgebiani iyo.
minimumze iyo dayvanili uku kavSirebi globalizaciis subieqtebsa da maTi gavlenis
qveS myofi globalizaciis obieqtebs Soris, rac agreTve amcirebda procesebis
efeqturobas. ufro metic, gverdi-gverd mdebare uzarmazari teritoriebi, xSirad
erTmaneTTan urTierTobdnen mxolod maTgan aTasobiT kilometriT daSorebuli
metropoliebis meSveobiT.
mTlianobaSi, maSindeli globaluri urTierTobaTa sistema sakmaod xisti da mouqneli
iyo, ar gaaCnda evoluciuri srulyofis saSualeba. zog evropul koloniur saxelmwifosa
(did britaneTSi upirvelesad yovlisa) da aSS-Si mainc, im droisaTvis ZiriTadad
CamTavrebuli iyo sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis da demokratiuli sazogadoebis
mSeneblobis procesebi. magram is urTierTobaTa principebi, romelic aucileblad iyo
aRiarebuli am qveynebis SigniT, da metwilad am qveynebs Soris urTierTobisas, ar
vrceldeboda am “elitaruli klubis” gareT darCenil saxelmwifoebsa da xalxebze.
globaluri procesebis xasiaTi ar emTxveoda sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis tips,
romelic ukve miRweuli iyo maT wamomwyeb qveynebSi da is aSkarad “taqtidan iyo
amovardnili”. faqtiurad evropis wamyvani qveynebi Tavis koloniur imperiebs aziuri
piramiduli sazogadoebebis yaidaze agebdnen (ixileT, konkretuli SemTxveva 1).
ori SeniSvna globalizaciis mimarT:
• erTxel dawyebuli globalizaciis Sewyveta principulad SesaZlebelia mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu raime globaluri katastrofis Sedegad, komunikaciebi dedamiwis
sxvadasxva nawilebs Soris (pirvel rigSi aRmosavleT da dasavleT naxevarsferoebs
Soris), daubrundeba kolumbis mogzaurobamdel mdgomareobas. nebismier sxva
SemTxvevaSi, xdeba mxolod globaluri procesebis Sesusteba, maTi intensivobis
26
system, which leads to restoration of the total control. As a result, through the history such states
are moving like pendulum – between the less restricted and more rigid systems.
• Obviously the state craves for total control of property in general, means of production and
financial flows. Market, private property, money circulation and exchange of goods are acceptable
for it only within the strict limits, which it establishes and under its total control. Again, weakening
of such control leads to development of dynamic processes that in the end lead to destabilization
of such state.
• Such system is notorious for primacy of interest of the state (which is identified with society) over
interests of individuals. People in such societies do not enjoy status of person, but are rather
regarded as easily substitutable, disposable units of a huge state mechanism. Human rights in
their modern Western meaning have no place in such societies. No constructive relations
between the state and the people can exist here on principle. Nothing even remotely reminding a
public policy can evolve here. There is just one source of political will – the government, which is
regarded as the only initiator of processes in the country. There is very little back feed from
population to the state. Thus population per se is left the only option to request or carry out
changes – through direct pressure on the government institutions (often forcible).
• Contacts in such society are generally vertical. Rights are usually delegated from top to bottom,
while responsibilities are organized in the opposite direction. Law is applied in accordance to
these principles too. More or less fairly law is applied only within the same social stratum. Legal
acts are usually applied selectively, based on expediency principle (expediency itself being
determined by the government).
• The state is usually personified in its leader, who often (at least formally) enjoys unlimited powers
and can not be held responsible for anything. In such state (which is sometimes dubbed as
paternalistic) relations between the authorities (ruler) and its subjects remind relations between
the shepherd and his flock. The real problem is that the vast majority of people here reconcile
themselves to state of affairs, willingly delegate their rights to the state and wait passively how it
will decide their fate. Authorities in general and the ruler in particular are perceived as providers of
livelihoods for the subjects. Thus even during the large-scale social shocks, when people are on
principle able to follow the more acceptable course of development, they fight to bring upon
themselves the better ruler.
• Such states, often being dependent on personal properties of a single person are extremely
vulnerable for this same reason. Good ruler is able to lead such state to prosperity, while
incompetent one may destroy it. There are no actual control mechanisms of such leaders. Still
more often than not the real power in such states belongs to appointed bureaucrats, who are
responsible only to such persons who appoint them. Usually government bureaucrats enjoy
almost unlimited powers over population. Their activities can only be limited by their superiors and
unwritten corporative laws. In the end all these leads to abuse of power and omnipresent
corruption. This also leads to development of rather peculiar social psychology of type – you are
the chief I am the fool; I am the chief you are the fool. Besides government administrators
(especially today) often become the largest owners of hybrid private-state property thus getting
hold of one more powerful lever of control.
At least half of world’s population lives today within the system described above. Obviously
countries belonging to it are not homogeneous, although they share the basic systemic characteristics.
Some are follow relatively soft model of the state, others are extremely rigid. Such Asiatic or Pyramidal
system is diametrically opposed to the modern Western society. This does not mean that they should
become antagonistic, but still they are poorly compatible and competitive. Opposition between them
starts on conceptual level – both are based on sharply different value systems, evaluation criteria, and
behavioural stereotypes. That does not mean that values and criteria of Asiatic system are inferior to
these of the Western society – they are simply different.
Still speed of changes in spheres of economics, finances, technology is so high that it undermines
the rigid pyramidal society, based on vertical ties. In the modern world the successful society should be
able to modify itself in search of the optimum decision-making models. But this is that less adaptable
traditional societal systems are hardly able to do. Fast changes, instability (even if created by positive
development), innovations (especially social or economic) – i.e. everything that is associated with
globalization are hardly acceptable for them. The globalization process proper, led by the Western
powers undermines and destabilizes them. The state of relations of any such state with the developed
world does not matter today – sooner or later it loses the competition (the USSR being the most typical
example).
Thus based on the most primitive survival principle such countries are either to adopt themselves to
requests of the modern development or at least turn to the systemic mimicry in order to escape the
127
capitalism.8 It’s usually understood as system based on a market economy, democratic governance,
primate of private property, rule of law, human rights, division of powers, civil society, etc. From the
historical standpoint it’s still very young and as it is today it was formed sometimes after the world
economic crisis of 1929. It leads development on the planet at least since 19-th century. Still for all its
obvious merits and success it largely remains the European regional project, which involves 24-30 fully
developed capitalist societies. All these states except Japan may be attributed to the European
civilization. Close to these countries stand South Korea, Taiwan in Asia, as well as countries of the
former Soviet block in Europe (including Baltic countries).
As to the other parts of the world – Latin America thanks to long-standing (although less
appreciated) persistent efforts of the US is firmly following the route of transformation into full fledged
capitalist societies although rather hesitantly at times and with various success. Sub-Saharan Africa is
still in process of sorting out numerous problems which emerged after withdrawing colonial powers
created plenty of hardly viable states. It may still take decades to reach some kind of stability here in
order to speak definitely about the course of development these countries may actually follow.9
The rest of the world, starting from the Muslim states of Northern Africa and Byelorussia-Russia in
the Eastern Europe, plus whole Asia (except countries mentioned above) lives inside the social system
sharply different from the capitalist society.10 Representatives of the modern social sciences are
hesitant to recognize its existence to the extent that this system mostly goes unnamed, if is mentioned
at all. Still it was well known and recognized back in the Ancient Europe and led the world development
before emergence of capitalist society in Europe. The same Marx for instance mentioned it as “the
Asian mode of production”. In the second half of 20-th century it for quite vague reasons (probably
ideological) became known as communist, although has nothing to do with this highly fictitious system.
It looks like that such system was the initial one within the framework of which first stable state
systems evolved in the process of disintegration of primitive communal systems. It’s based on the
symbiosis of power and property, the state mode of production.11 It invariably evolved everywhere
where centralization of resources (human resources first of all) in a course of implementation of large-
scale economic or political projects led to huge social gains. This task was supplemented by defense
function, especially when pastoral civilizations were endangered by nomads. At least at the initial stage
of development the prime function of such state was [physical] survival of society in face natural and
military threats. Unlike the capitalism, such social system was universal and evolved independently
across civilizations throughout the world, in regions isolated form each-other (including for instance pre-
Columbus Central and South America), but where roughly similar conditions led to the same solutions.
The latest additions to the system were Islamic states and much later – Russian [Muscovite] state.12
The fully developed, mature systems of this kind (China or Russia for instance) share the following
similar characteristics –
• The state based on this system is extremely centralized and strives for total control of material,
information and energy flows existing inside it. Its social structures are rigid to the maximum and
are virtually unable to evolve. As a result such society is hardly resilient and has difficulties of
adapting to changing environmental conditions. Hard external pressure usually leads to demise of
this society, but as soon as this pressure is removed or weakens it rebuilds itself virtually to the
same state, as it was before.
• State evolving inside such system is based on the static equilibrium, whereas capitalist society
maintains a dynamic equilibrium, based on a change, development. Thus pyramidal society shies
changes, which are harmful for it. Such changes include not only large scale social or economic
transformations, but the most commonplace technological innovations too.
• The system is based on the direct, address management meaning that majority of decisions are
made in the single centre. Thus on the country level the chains of command are usually very long.
In relatively large and complex systems this usually leads to mismanagement and chaos.
• The system eventually starts to experience shortage of goods and services and can not satisfy
the most basic needs of population. As a result it has to allow some kind of relatively free
production and exchange of goods and services (all the way up to development of some kind of a
proto-market). When sooner or later this process starts to undermine the centralized governance
8
Although this term is more often used in its more restricted meaning of economic system as sub-system of a larger
social system.
9
There are of course exceptions, but such are few.
10
It looks like that Ukraine, Georgia; Armenia under the proper guidance may be successfully transformed into capitalist
societies. Turkey also largely remains outside the main Asian context.
11
It is also sometimes referred to as pyramidal society, after its organizational structure.
12
Western Europe being factually the rather isolated peninsula did not possess conditions (both natural and political) that
favoured centralization.
126
dacema, pirvel rigSi, materialuri da informaciuli nakadebis gacvlis moculobisa
da siCqaris Semcirebis xarjze. me-20 saukunis ocdaaTian wlebSi globalizacia ar
Semwydara, is ubralod uaRresad dabalintensiuri gaxda.
• rarig paradoqsulad ar unda JRerdes, orive msoflio omis dros globalizaciuri
procesebi ar Semwydara. piriqiT, maT Tavisi intensivobisa da gamovlenis masStabebis
mwvervals miaRwies. swored am omebis dros xdeboda sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis
procesebis maqsimaluri daCqareba da koreqcia (Tumca uaRresad uxeSi).
globalizaciis am koloniurma stadiam, sakmaod paradoqsulad, gamoavlina maSindeli
wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis SedarebiTi sisuste. koloniuri saxelmwifoebi xelSi
igdebdnen uzarmazar teritoriebs da maTze uSualo kontrols amyarebdnen ZiriTadad
imis gamo, rom maT ar hqondaT saimedo informacia am teritoriebis Sesaxeb, romelic
miscemda maT saSualebas SerCeviT emoqmedaT. garda amisa, maT ar hqondaT sxva marTvis
meqanizmebi uSualo kontrolis garda, miuxedavad misi araefeqturobisa da arasaimedobis.
swored uSualo kontrolis araefeqturobam gamoiwvia, pirvel rigSi, koloniuri
sistemis daSla meore msoflio omis Semdeg. am droisaTvis is fasi, romelsac
metropoliebi ixdidnen koloniebze uSualo kontrolis SesanarCuneblad, bevrad
aRemateboda im mogebas, romlis miRebac maT SeeZloT am teritoriebidan. mxolod yvelaze
naklebad ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi (portugalia magaliTad), tovebdnen Tavis
koloniebs iq mimdinare SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegobis Sedegad. TiTqmis yvela danarCen
SemTxvevaSi, koloniuri saxelmwifoebi tovebdnen koloniebs imis gamo, rom maTi Senaxva
Zalze Zviri jdeboda (finansuri, materialuri, organizaciuli, a.S.).
erT-erTi uZlieresi dartyma koloniur sistemas, da Sesabamisad pirveli globalizaciis
procesSi Seqmnil urTierTobaTa sistemas, miayena SeerTebulma Statebma. 1941 wlis
agvistoSi, meore msoflio omis yvelaze mZime momentSi, aSS-m gaaforma did britaneTTan
cnobili atlantikuri qartia, romelmac gadamwyveti roli Seasrula omis Semdgomi
globaluri urTierTobebis sistemis CamoyalibebaSi, m.S. gaeros SeqmnaSi. imave wlis
seqtemberSi am qartias SeuerTda rigi sxva qveynebisa, m.S. sabWoTa kavSiric, miuxedavad imisa,
rom stalins am qartiis rva punqtis ZiriTadi debulebebi maincdamainc ar moswonda.
am qartiis mesame punqtis Sesabamisad — “[xelismomweri mxareebi] pativs scemen yvela
xalxebis uflebas airCion mmarTvelobis is forma, romelSic maT unda icxovron; maT
agreTve surT dainaxon, rom aRdgenil iqneba yvela im xalxebis suverenuli uflebebi da
TviTmmarTveloba, romelTac es uflebebi ZaliT hqondaT warTmeuli.”42 faqtiurad am
punqtSi laparaki iyo xalxebis TviTgamorkvevis uflebaze.
am punqtis Setana qartiaSi ganpirobebuli iyo aSS-Si am droisaTvis gabatonebuli Rrma
rwmeniT koloniuri mmarTvelobis miuReblobis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, (Tumca es mosazreba
rasakvirvelia ar iyo gaxmaurebuli) arsebuli koloniuri mmarTvelobis sistema ubralod
xels uSlida aSS-s sakuTari globaluri interesebis realizaciaSi.
britaneTis premieri, ser uinston CerCili, sakmaod ukmayofilo iyo qartiis am punqtis,
romelic faqtiurad moaswavebda britaneTis imperiis aRsasruls. is SemdgomSi
reguralurad cdilobda misi mniSvnelobis gabaTilebas da ambobda, rom es punqti mxolod
germanelebis mier okupirebul teritoriebs exeboda. miuxedavad amisa, SemdgomSi yvela,
vinc ki ibrZoda TviTgamorkvevisaTvis koloniuri imperiebidan, am punqts eyrdnoboda,
rogorc maTi moTxovnebis formalur gamarTlebas.
amave dros, xdeboda transnacionaluri organizaciisa da aqtiurobis iseTi axali
formebis aRmoceneba, romelic ZiriTadad efuZneboda Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi
multinacionaluri korporaciebis interesebs. es ukanasknelebi, koloniuri
saxelmwifoebisagan gansxvavebiT, ibrZodnen imisaTvis, rom moepovebinaT kontroli
bazrebze, da ara im teritoriebze, romelic am bazrebs Seicavda. faqtiurad me-20 saukunis
dasawyisSi arsebobda erTaderTi saxelmwifo — aSS, sadac kerZo korporaciebi da mTavroba
erTad muSaobdnen erToblivi interesebis realizaciis procesSi. es exeboda upirvelesad
yovlisa laTinur amerikas, sadac monros doqtrinaze dayrdnobiT, aSS-s mTavroba da
amerikuli korporaciebi, ereodnen formalurad damoukidebeli qveynebis saSinao
saqmeebSi maTze uSualo kontrolis damyarebis gareSe.43
monros doqtrina — doqtrina gamocxadebuli 1823 wels, jeims monros prezidentobis dros.
am doqtrinis Sesabamisad evropul saxelmwifoebs erTmeodaT ufleba moexdinaT amerikis
kolonizacia, anda Careuliyvnen amerikis kontinentebze arsebuli suverenuli saxelmwifoebis
27
saSiano saqmeebSi. samagierod aSS apirebda neitralitetis dacvas omebSi, romelsac adgili 2. Does not matter in what sphere of activity (political, economic, cultural, etc.), when and where
eqneboda evropul saxelmwifoebs Soris, anda evropul saxelmwifosa da mis kolonias Soris, are globalization processes initiated as long as they work.
garda im SemTxvevebisa, Tu aseT oms adgili eqneboda amerikaSi. am SemTxvevaSi, aSS ganixilavda 3. Anyone (this being country, organization or person) able to initiate global processes is acting in
mas, rogorc mis winaaRmdeg mimarTul mtrul qmedebas. 1904 wels prezidentma teodor its (his, her) own interests. Factually globalization may also be described as the global
ruzveltma Seitana mniSvnelovani Sesworeba am doqtrinaSi, romlis Sesabamisad, aSS iZenda manifestation of local processes.Virtually no process that in the end leads to changes on the
uflebas, Careuliyo laTinuri amerikis qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi, faqtiurad Tavis Tavze global level is deliberately designed and implemented as such (this being hardly possible).
iRebda saerTaSoriso policiur uflebebs. es politika gaxmovanda rogorc “ilaparake Cumad, Besides the current stage of globalization also led to emergence of some typical features, such as –
magram moimarjve didi keti”. am doqtrinam udidesi roli Seasrula globaluri politikuri a/ All processes within the globalization framework are open and two-way. There is a feedback between
urTierTobebis sistemis CamoyalibebaSi, radganac faqtiurad gadaaqcia laTinuri amerika aSS-s initiators of globalization and its objects. I.e. any initiative inevitably comes back to its initiator one or the
“ukana ezod”, sadac mas SeeZlo daecva sakuTari interesebi, rogorc adgilobrivi suverenuli other way. This reverse motion may on principle be as strong or even exceed the initial action. Any
saxelmwifoebis, agreTve sxva wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebis initiative being spread throughout the world is inevitably being altered, distorted. In the end it may even
gareSe, gansakuTrebiT civi omis periodSi. become the opposite of what it was initially. b/ Any country in the world may make the decision about
joining globalization processes. Although on practice quite often this choice is voluntary-coercive as this
yvelaze kargad aseTi politikis efeqturoba gamovlinda panamis arxze kontrolis was brilliantly coined back in the USSR. Terms and conditions of such joining are quite well known,
damyarebasTan dakavSirebul movlenebSi. me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi am arxis mSeneblobas although not properly formalized as such. In the end these terms and conditions boil down to
udidesi roli eniWeboda globaluri satransporto komunikaciebis sistemis CamoyalibebaSi. development of market economy, creation of competitive markets, opening borders for free flow of
is orjer amcirebda manZils atlantikis okeanedan wynar okeaneSi. wamyvani globaluri goods and capitals and unrestricted access of transnational corporations into domestic markets of the
moTamaSe, romelic moaxerxebda am arxze kontrolis dawesebas, mZlavr damatebiT argumentebs affected countries. b/ Windows of opportunities to join globalization processes are being created for
iZenda Tavis konkurentebTan urTierTobaSi.44 kolumbia, romlis teritoriazec frangebi virtually any country of the world (for some - more than once) that any can use to join ranks of the
warumateblad cdilobdnen arxis mSeneblobas, uars ambobda am mSeneblobis uflebebis aSS-ze leading world powers (although so far only very few actually succeeded). The competitive advantage of
gadacemaze. Sedegad, 1903 wlis bolos, dRevandeli panamis teritoriaze moxda adgilobrivi these leading powers over the rest of the world is so huge that so far they did not shy the emergence of
msxvili miwaTmflobelebis ajanyeba, romlebmac aSS-s uSualo mxardaWeriT gamoacxades new competing powers. c/ Globalization processes are selective. They may possibly affect only some
damoukidebloba kolumbiisagan. aSS iyo pirveli, vinc aRiara am qveynis damoukidebloba da select, infinitesimal (although important) spots of Earth and simultaneously leave outside their spheres
gaagzavna jari mis dasacavad. samagierod man miiRo panamis teritoriaze arxis mSeneblobisa of influence not only parts of countries, whole countries, but whole regions as well. If globalization
da misi uvado gankargvis ufleba. panamis arxi gaixsna 1914 wels. Tumca 1999 wels aSS-m is da affects such places at all this happens because it’s hardly possible to control large processes and part
misi mimdebare teritoriebi panamas gadasca, man daitova samxedro intervenciis formaluri of information or material flows inevitably “escapes” the main stream. d/ Both formal and factual
ufleba, Tu mis erovnul interesebs safrTxe Seeqmneboda. responsibility of the leading world powers over processes that take place on the planet (including the
paralelurad, wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis mravalricxovani mravalmxrivi aqtiu- processes they initiate themselves) is relatively low. They are factually able to turn their backs to such
robis regulirebisa da kontrolis moTxovnilebam gamoiwvia Sesabamisi maregulirebeli processes and events that do not directly fall into their spheres of interests. Even if such processes are
reJimebis Seqmna da ganviTareba. es reJimebi efuZneboda mTel rig dasavlur komerciul, very important locally (leading for instance to wars, civil strife, genocide and like) these powers are still
finansur Tu mTavrobaTaSoris politikur organizaciebs. formalurad es procesi daiwyo able to restrict themselves to much ado and imitation of mitigating activities.
1865 wels saerTaSoriso satelegrafo kavSiris daarsebiT, xolo ukve pirveli msoflio Fact that the US and its closest allies play today the decisive role in establishment of global relations
omisaTvis, globalur urTierTobaTa mniSvnelovani seqtorebi eqvemdebarebodnen saerTa- and initiation of global processes does not mean that globalization is result of some plot by these
Soriso organizaciebis regulirebas. am procesSi safuZveli eyreboda ekonomikuri, soci- countries, as many imply. Simply at the modern development stage these countries represent the most
aluri da kulturuli procesebis transnacionalur kontrolsa da marTvas. 1914 wlisa- active agents of globalization and in turn are the most intensively influenced by it. Plenty of other ethnos
Tvis ama Tu im saxiT xdeboda am procesebis regulireba 4 did sferoSi (ixileT cxrili 2.1.) or countries played the similar role of such development agents throughout the human history. As time
cxrili 2.1. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, 1914 wels(pasuxismgeblobis sferoebis mixedviT) passes one stage of development is replaced by the other and they inevitably yield their positions to
others, more active and purposeful players.
regulirebis sfero organizaciebis raodenoba Besides globalization, as it is, as any natural (in this case – quasi-natural) process is absolutely
samrewvelo ganviTareba - neutral towards objects of its influence. What kind of impact it actually makes on any given ethnos or
infrastruqtura 8 country depends in the end on their ability to learn to apprehend this phenomenon and use it for their
samrewvelo standartebi da inteleqtualuri sakuTreba 4 own end. Also one should not overestimate the role of conscious human will in inception and
vaWroba 3 development of processes on the global scale. Concise human will may lead to decision, which in turn
potenciuri socialuri konfliqtebis marTva - leads to some concrete action. Whether this action will lead to changes on the global scale hardly
SromiTi urTierTobebi 1 depends on a will of its inceptors. Has not that being so, one might watch development of process
soflis meurneoba 4 according to the “Deutchland Uber Alles” scenario, which Thanks God is impossible.
saxelmwifoebisa da saxelmwifo sistemis gaZliereba
sazogadoebrivi wesrigi da administracia 2 Today there is just one global factor that unites all people disregarding their level of development or
saxelmwifoTa Soris konfliqtebis mogvareba 2 type of civilization. This factor is – fear. The only thing that can today bring all the mankind within the
sazogadoebis gaZliereba - single global system is existence of weapons of mass destruction that are potentially able to destroy the
adamianis uflebebi 1 life on the planet. As such this system has developed sometimes between August of 1945 and October
1957 – i.e. when the US used nuclear bombs against Japan and when the USSR by launching first
socialuri dacva da daxmareba 1
earth satellite proved that there was not any place on the planet left outside the reach of nuclear arms.
jandacva 3
ganaTleba da mecniereba 4
Case-Study 1 – Two Social Systems – is Competition Still Going On?
wyaro: D. Held, A. McGrew, D. Goldblatt, J. Perraton, Global Transformations, Politics, Economics and It looks like that the modern Western social science recognizes just one social system known as
Culture, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1999, pp. 44-45.

rasakvirvelia, xsenebuli organizaciebis arseboba ar niSnavda, rom maTi saqmianoba

28 125
“maturing” of the humanity manifests itself less often. Still it caused all large scale changes first at
various regional and quite recently on the global levels. Today the only society that is able to pursue
such one, is the US, although even in this case the process has obviously passed its peak and more
and more acquires properties of an expansion of the first type.
It looks like that conditions leading to emergence to this type of [spontaneous] expansion may be
found only once during the life span of any ethnos existing on the planet. It happens when such ethnos
starts to perceive itself as independent entity able to oppose the outside world, to challenge it. This time
the ethnos is full of energy, restless, it can surmount any obstacles, is motivated to reach maximum
goals. More importantly, it’s able to generate ideas, promote values, it’s proactive, while all others are
just able to react to its activities, are reactive. Its internal energy is looking for outlet and sooner or later
it erupts in form of expansion. Ethnos in such state expands not because it wants it, or either that an
expansion meets its needs, but rather because it has to. As it is, such spontaneous expansion is rather
primitive and straightforward process. It continues as long as the ethnos is able to overcome resistance
of environmental factors (both natural and man made).
The actual size of ethnos involved in such expansion does not matter much- they are able to infect
with their energy and drive other people, much more numerous than themselves and use them to their
own ends.
Still the following factors often play the decisive role in emergence and success of spontaneous
expansions – 1/ Geographical situation of ethnos immediately before the expansion and at its early
stages. This factor defines whether ethnos is able to survive unavoidable pre-consolidation crisis
(manifesting itself in various forms of civil strife). It also defines what kind of obstacles ethnos will run
into during the expansion as well as a direction of expansion. 2/ Type of culture. This defines form of
organization of the ethnos and how efficiently is it able to conduct the expansion. More importantly it
defines how efficiently is the ethnos able to keep in possession and exploit resources acquired as a
result of the conquest.
Besides for successful expansion and preservation of its results ethnos should possess at least as
developed technology as its main rivals, or exceed it.
In many cases throughout the human history spontaneous expansions brought under control vast
territories, Spanish expansion have already reached kind of the pre-global span. Still it was the second
half of 19-th century when European colonial expansion, led by Britons, acquired the truly global
dimension. This manifested decisive qualitative changes in development of the humankind. Following
major factors contributed to this –
1. Final establishment of market economy and primate of private property in the leading countries
of the world. This made possible to make exploitation of resources that fell under their control as
a result of expansion highly efficient and profitable. Spain, for instance, where there was not a
trace of such relations at the peak of its expansion success virtually rot atop the pile of riches
hoarded in America, being unable to direct it to development and improvement of a well-being
of population.
2. Industrial revolution, which contributed to development of technologies in the leading world
powers that in turn led to enormous increase in efficiency of exploitation, transportation and
processing of resources at their disposal as well as gathering and processing information on
actual or potential adversaries, its delivery to decision-making persons, speedy reaction to
events developing in any part of the world by transferring there additional resources (people
and military equipment), securing decisive advantage over the enemy on the battle-field.
Factually global events during this period were based on steamships, railway, telegraph and
rifle (later a machine gun).
3. Development of a new system of social relations within which people became citizens, who
could consciously, without coercion, participate in processes initiated by their countries, defend
their interests and use profits acquired in this process for their personal enrichment.
Although since then globalization has undergone number of important changes (see Chapter 1),
some basic principles still remain. These are –
1. Does not matter which country, group of countries or any other subject initiate global processes.
These may be represented by anyone who is able to generate strong enough processes for
long enough time that in the end may be felt throughout the world. Globalization of the late 19-th
century was mostly result of colonial expansion of the British empire and number of other
European powers. Post WW II globalization resulted from competition of two antagonistic social
systems.
124
realurad globaluri iyo. isini, isevdaisev, iqmneboda wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis
elitaluri klubis wevrebis mier (ZiriTadad evropelebis), efuZneboda maT warmodgenebs
msoflioSi arsebul problemebisa da maTi regulirebis meqanizmebis Sesaxeb, emsaxureboda
maT interesebs. miuxedavad amisa, am organizaciebis Camoyalibeba moaswavebda sazoga-
doebrivi ganviTarebis principulad axali etapis dadgomas, rodesac suverenuli
saxelmwifoebi ama Tu im saxiT gadascemdnen Tavisi uflebebis nawils iseT struqturebs,
romlebic maTi uSualo, formaluri iurisdiqciisa da kontrolis gareT imyofebodnen.
meore globalizacia xasiaTdeba regionalizaciis procesis mkveTri gaZlierebiT. is
dResdReobiT warmodgenilia dedamiwis nebismier kuTxeSi, da ramdenime arSemdgari, Tu
Crdilo koreis tipis, msoflioSi mimdinare procesebidan gariyuli, saxelmwifos garda,
yvela danarCeni warmodgenilia erT an ramdenime regionalur organizaciaSi. miuxedavad
imisa, rom regionalizaciis procesi, ase Tu ise, viTardeba yovlismomcveli
globalizaciis CarCoebSi, is didwilad mis paralelur, ufro rTul movlenas
warmoadgens. globalizaciisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic ZiriTadad warmoadgens sazoga-
doebis mier naklebad kontrolirebad, spontanuri eqspansiis process, regionalizacia
momdinareobs eqspansiis Segnebuli mcdelobidan iseTi arealis farglebSi, sadac
sazogadoebrivi aqtiurobis procesebis kontroli SesaZlebelia. e.i. regionalizacia
gegmiuri, regulirebadi wamowyebaa. sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis nebismieri subieqti
bunebrivad iRwvis maqsimaluri Sedegis misaRwevad. magram, Tu misi eqspansiis pirveladi
biZgi SedarebiT Zlieria, gansazRvruli zRurblis (ZiriTadad sivrciTi) gadalaxvis
Semdeg procesebis kontroli friad rTuli, Tu saerTod SesaZlebeli xdeba.
regionalizacias adgili aqvs, rodesac xdeba rogorc am pirveli biZgis, aseve misi
Sedegebis, saguldagulo gaTvla maTze kontrolis SenarCunebis mizniT (ramdenadac es
SesaZlebelia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi). garda amisa, regionalizacia SesaZlebelia
warmoadgendes reaqcias (Segnebuls?), globalizaciis ukontrolo procesebze, erTgvar
damcvel meqanizms am procesebis winaaRmdeg. dResdReobiT msoflio moiTvlis 36
organizacias, romelic formalurad regionalur xasiaTs atarebs. Tumca maTi moqmedebis
areali, funqciebi da wevrebis raodenoba, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba damokidebuli maT
miznebze da gansakuTrebiT imaze, Tu rogor da ra donis gavlenas axdens ama Tu im
organizaciaSi gawevrianeba misi monawileebis suverenitetze. am TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze
“Sors wasuli” regionaluri organizacia evrokavSiria, Tumca aqac politikuri
integracia jer ver damTavrda erTiani konstituciis miRebiT.
2.2. meore globalizacia
2.2.1. gansxvavebiT pirvelisagan, meore globalizacia Camoyalibda ori antagonisturi
sazogadoebrivi wyobis sistemuri konkurenciis procesSi (ixileT, konkretuli SemTxveva
1). oTxi aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi msoflio cxovrobda e.w. “civi omis” pirobebSi da ori
antagonisturi ideologiis masiur dawolas ganicdida. am periods axasiaTebda
globaluri ganxeTqileba qveynebis im or bloks Soris, romelTac saTaveSi aSS da sabWoTa
kavSiri edgnen. TiTqmis yvela im politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miReba, da maTze
dafuZnebuli qmedeba, romelic saboloo jamSi gavlenas axdenda globaluri ganviTarebis
yvela elementze, xdeboda am konkurenciis farglebSi, da ganpirobebuli iyo mis mier.
aseTi konfrontaciis gareSe, rogorc aSS-is, aseve sabWoTa kavSiris aqtiuroba, etyoba
didwilad Semoifargleboda maTi Sesatyvisi SedarebiT viwro geografiuli arealebiT.
sabWouri muqara rom ara, aSS SesaZlebelia Segueboda Tavisi interesebis Semofargvlas
tradiciuli Crdilo-samxreTis RerZiT, romelic orive amerikas moicavda. igives Tqma
SeiZleba sabWoeTis globalur aqtiurobazec. realurad arsebuli, Tu moCvenebiTi
safrTxeebi, aiZulebdnen am qveynebs ganexilaT mTeli dedamiwa rogorc maTi “garCevebis”
potenciuri asparezi, da ama Tu im saxiT, CaeTriaT sakuTar urTierTobebSi praqtikulad
nebismieri damoukidebeli politikuri subieqti msoflioSi.
am sistemuri konkurenciis wamyvani monawileebi, Tavisi struqturisa da funqci-
onirebis ZiriTadi parametrebiT, da Sesabamisad, globalur procesebSi monawileobis
motivaciiT, erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavdebodnen.
meore msoflio omis dasasrulisaTvis amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi warmoadgenda
axali tipis axalgazrda sazogadoebas, romelic efuZneboda demokratiul faseulobebsa
da sabazro ekonomikis principebs. mas gaaCnda zrdis uzarmazari potenciali da udidesi
Sinagani energia. misi socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri struqturebi uaRresad
moqnili iyo, da SedarebiT advilad reformirebadi. 1929 wlis msoflio ekonomikuri
krizisis Semdgom wlebSi, qveyanaSi gatarda ekonomikuri da socialuri reformebis mTeli
29
seria, romelic Tavisi gavleniT, rogorc uSualod aSS-s, aseve globaluri
sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis tendenciebze, Tanamedroveobis erT-erT yvelaze
mniSvnelovan movlenas ganekuTvneba.
amerikelebic warmodgendnen meoce saukunis did eTnosebs Soris yvelaze axalgazrda,
aqtiur da warmatebul eTnoss. am eTnosisaTvis, iseve rogorc qveynisaTvis mTlianad,
eqspansia warmoadgenda ara marto moTxovnilebas, aramed aucileblobasac. misi SezRudva,
aqtiurobis tradiciuli arealiT, ewinaaRmdegeboda mTlianad sazogadoebis pozitiuri
ganviTarebis moTxovnilebebs, safrTxes uqmnida maT.
aSS-m, absoluturad minimaluri zaralis xarjze, miiRo maqsimalurad SesaZlebeli
mogeba meore msoflio omSi monawileobidan. is faqtiurad, meore msoflio omSi
erTaderTi realuri gamarjvebuli iyo. am omis procesSi dagrovebuli uzarmazari
samxedro sawarmoo potenciali agreTve moiTxovda eqspansias omis Semdgomi trans-
formaciisa da restruqturizaciis procesis SedarebiT umtkivneulod Casatareblad.
am qveynisaTvis “civi” globaluri konfrontacia sakuTari interesebis realizaciis
idealur pirobas warmoadgenda, is misTvis momgebiani iyo. mas ukve SemuSavebuli, da
warmatebiT gamocdili hqonda, saxelmwifosa da biznesis urTierTobis meqanizmebi axali
bazrebis Seqmnisa Tu arsebul bazrebze SeRwevis, da maTze kontrolis damyarebis
procesSi. am SemTxvevaSi, kavSiri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ZiriTad amocanebsa da aSS-s
globalur eqspansias Soris, uSualo da naTeli iyo. am procesis ideologiuri
uzrunvelyofa (igive Pax Americana-s idea magaliTad), realurad mis Sesabamis damxmare
rols TamaSobda.
am droisaTvis, qveyana potenciurad (gansakuTrebiT ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
moTxovnilebebis TvalsazrisiT), mzad iyo globaluri eqspansiisaTvis. amave dros, iq
arsebuli izolacionizmis mZlavri tradicia xels uSlida am potencialis praqtikul
realizacias. sabWoTa kavSirTan gardauvali konfrontacia demokratiuli faseulobebis
dasacavad, mSvenier sababs warmoadgenda aSS-s gamarTlebuli globaluri ambiciebis
cxovrebaSi gasatareblad.
amerikelebi arc malavdnen Tavis globalur imperiul ambiciebs. rogorc erTxel aSS-s
prezident trumens wamoscda, amerikis pasuxismgebloba msoflios winaSe ufro didi iyo,
vidre odesme gadayria “darius pirvelis sparseTi, aleqsandres saberZneTi, adrianes romi
Tu viqtorias britaneTi”. rogorc trumeni ambobda -“msoflios totalitarizmisagan
gadarCenis” erTaderTi gza “mdgomareobs msoflios mier amerikuli sistemis aTvisebaSi”,
radganac “amerikuli sistemas SeuZlia gadarCena mxolod msoflio sistemad gadaqcevis
gziT”.45
amave dros, wamyvani dasavleli politikosebisaTvis (upirvelesad yovlisa ser uinston
CerCilisaTvis), sabWoTa kavSiri sruliad gamarTlebulad warmoadgenda ruseTis imperiis
axal inkarnacias, mxolod ufro xists, daundobelsa da agresiuls, naklebad sandos. xolo
(pirvel rigSi inglisis) mcdeloba, ar daeSvaT “rusi barbarosebi civilizebuli xalxebis
ojaxSi”, wamyvani evropuli qveynebis politikis erT-erT amosaval ideas warmoadgenda.
ruseTi daJinebiT cdilobda “gaeWra sarkmeli evropaSi”, xolo evropelebi, Tavis mxriv,
cdilobdnen sakuTari sasicocxlo interesebis sferoebidan rac SeiZleba Sors
SeeCerebinaT rusuli eqspansia. rusebs iTmendnen, maT iyenebdnen rogorc cocxal Zalas
mravalricxovan Sida-evropul samxedro garCevebSi, Tu sadamsjelo operaciebSi
(romelTa umetesobaSic ruseTs araviTari realuri sakuTari interesi ar gaaCnda), magram
wamyvani msoflio saxelmwifoebis ojaxis sruluflebian wevrad ar iRebdnen.46
am politikis sawinaaRmdegod, meore msoflio omis Sedegad, sabWoTa kavSirma/ruseTma
SeaRwia evropis SuagulSi da kontroli daamyara faqtiurad mTel aRmosavleT evropaze
(rasakvirvelia aSS da didi britaneTis formaluri kurTxeviT)47. ukve es faqti sakmarisi
iyo imisaTvis, rom dasavleTis mkveTri winaaRmdegoba gamoewvia da masTan konfrontaciaze
wasuliyo. miT umetes, rom ssrk am dros warmoadgenda totalitalur sazogadoebas,
romlis farglebSi masobrivi represiebi warmoadgendnen yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
ganuyofel nawils. aseTi sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis eqsportis SesaZleblobac ki,
namdvilad uqmnida seriozul safrTxes msoflios potenciur pozitiur, demokratiul
ganviTarebas.48
am situacias agreTve arTulebda is garemoebac, rom sabWoTa kavSiri, rogorc qveyana,
romelmac Tavis zurgze gadaitana faSistur germaniaze gamarjvebis tvirTis udidesi
nawili, uaRresad popularuli iyo evropaSi, gansakuTrebiT safrangeTsa da italiaSi,
rogorc axali tipis komunisturi sazogadoeba. komunisturi ideologiac, am dros,
sakmaod bevr xalxs izidavda, xolo sabWoTa kavSiris pirobebSi realizebuli misi
konkretuli modeli, maTTvis mosaTmeni Tu gamarTlebuli iyo, axali sazogadoebis
30
however powerful, can become transnational, if countries where it wants to operate do not acknowledge
universal principles of freedom of trade and inviolability of a private property (even if under pressure
and as regards this very company). Only such approach may move globalization from the realm of
inexplicable (as it often happens today), into the realm of opportunities. Whether and how various
actors operating worldwide are able to use these opportunities for their personal ends, is quite another
problem, which should be addressed on local, rather than the global level.
As to the leading world power(s), they may be represented by any subject that is directly involved in
decision making processes or is able to affect decision making by the others. I.e. such may be any
person (private or public) or organization (also private or public; national or supranational, government
or non-government), able to generate an initiative, which in the end might lead to world-wide systemic
alterations. Naturally in the vast majority of cases these are sovereign states and international bodies,
which possess enough power to generate such changes.5 Besides today to be effective these changes
should be codified, formalized and legalized, whether on the international and/or the national levels,
which again points out states and international organizations as the major perpetrators of globalization.
Globalization is based on such quite primitive and well known process as expansion. Expansion is a
standard tool for solving intra-systemic problems by moving them outside the system. Today this term
bears mainly negative connotations being often associated with the Cold War era propaganda
(communist, imperialist expansions) or debacles by the weak, dictatorial regimes (Argentina invading
Falklands in 1982 or Iraq occupying Kuwait in 1990). In reality expansion is more often the result of
adjustment of positive development trends and at least in case of the leading world countries is subject
to standard planning procedures (take EU expansion for instance). What particular forms may acquire
any given expansion process or what concrete mechanisms are applied to keep it moving does not
matter, as long as it is not the military one.6
Factually globalization may also be characterized as expansion, which reached its logical limit [within
the limited Earth space]. On the other hand planned expansion is from the very beginning aimed at the
concrete, finite result and takes place in the controlled environment. Already mentioned EU expansion
is the classic case of such. Despite its utmost importance it will never acquire the global character
(something like the Global EU), since Europeans do not have enough motivation to aim at such target
and moreover are not able to generate enough impulse to implement such plan, even if the necessity
arises.
If one uses analogy from the modern physics, globalization may have a dual nature, like light, which
is both waves and discrete particles. It may simultaneously be situation and process. Globalization
processes may succeed only within the framework of the given system of relations, while the very
existence of this system is prompted by the necessity to develop these processes.
In principle processes causing globalization may be compared to waves that spread in various
directions from their source. The closest analogy in this case may be concentric waves created by
stone dropped into the water. Such waves may spread in all directions, or may be relatively narrow and
intensive. In any case, processes that may cause changes worldwide can not be subjected to any
effective control, although initiators may try to influence them with no or less guaranteed results.
Since globalization processes spread through the highly inhomogeneous medium, they move with
different speed into the various directions, may be amplified coming into contact with the other similar
processes, or be cancelled out. They may be considerably altered (sometimes all the way to the
opposite), manifest themselves in a form very much different from the original and thus return to their
initiators.
Today overcoming physical space or constraints [within the Earth] causes no problems for those,
who are able to initiate global processes. Thus these processes are basically altered, slowed down,
accelerated or extinguished in economic, social, cultural spaces. As a result quite often territories
located near the source of globalization processes may be excluded from them, or be subjected to them
later than the others, or in a pretty distorted form.7 On the other hand, territories located far from it may
become the active, full-fledged actors of globalization.
Simultaneously there exists another kind of expansion – less amenable to control and spontaneous
that craves for absolute results. This type of expansion was always found as an exception and with
5
Of course some initially very weak push may in the end lead to global alterations – so called “butterfly effect”, although
probability of such occurrence seems to be very low.
6
It may be political, economic, cultural, etc.
7
We intentionally use term “territory” instead of “country” or “state” since globalization obviously do not manifest itself
within boundaries codified by men (often rather arbitrarily).
123
 V. Melikidze
GLOBALIZATION OF WORLD POLITICS
Introduction – What is Globalization?
It is generally presumed that starting approximately the second half of the last century social
development on the planet takes place within confines of the single, complex process, which is known
as globalization. It is also presumed that the vast majority of people living on the Earth are affected by
this process sooner or later, one or the other way. Accordingly any person with the most basic
education is acquainted with the term globalization, as well as with the other one closely related to it –
global. These words have already become integral parts of colloquial language, at least in the relatively
developed countries. Thus at least at the personal level plenty of people have some general idea and
own position (either positive or negative) regarding this process.1
As to formal definition of the term, situation is pretty different. There are so many definitions of
globalization that in the end it is close to impossible for someone to reach any definite conclusion.
Today there is a curios mixture of approaches and emphases that are often in tension with each other.
Besides almost invariably they deal with symptoms and visible effects of globalization, rather than with
causes of this complex phenomenon. Based on these definitions one may surmise that globalization is
very good, that it’s very bad or either that it does not exist at all.
This strongly reminds whatever Robert Heinlein wrote many decades ago – “for example, the verb
“to be” in English has twenty-one distinct meanings, every single one which is false-to-fact”2. This may
mean that we either do not understand the problem or rather prefer to restrain from defining it properly.
Roots of such situation may be found in over politization of problems of the modern societal
development, as well as in culture of political correctness, which does not allow giving proper definitions
even to the most harmless things3.
Still considering the circumstances, plenty of things that are normally rather easy to understand
become hard to explain. As a result we deal with situation rather accurately described in The Guardian
back in 2002 – “In one clip, economics editor Evan Davies referred to "globalisation - whatever that
means". A panelist replied: "Well if he doesn't what it means, how the hell are we supposed to?" 4
Ironically enough such situation prompted us to develop one more definition of globalization, which
might be used as a starting point in comprehensive analysis of this phenomenon. The main criteria
applied to this definition were – it should address underlying causes, not visible effects of globalization;
should be politically neutral, should not attempt to evaluate globalization as such, be easy to
comprehend.
Here is the definition -
Globalization is a system of relations that enables the leading world power(s) to initiate and
to some extent influence processes (directly or through their agents), which in the end define
societal development trends throughout the world.
Hence globalization is not the process of diffusion of various phenomena (physical or other)
worldwide, as it’s commonly perceived. Growth of number of internet users or mobile phone owners
worldwide, intensification of global financial transactions, global sprawl of transnational corporations,
emergence of common cultural values, expansion of McDonalds or Hollywood culture after all – all
these are not globalization, but rather its secondary consequences (often unforeseen), one may even
use term – “symptom”.
Globalization, as it is, lie in the deep structural changes that occur in the modern society, which in
turn create enabling environment for all phenomena mentioned above. It’s impossible to develop and
spread Internet worldwide (even if all necessary technologies are at hand) if there is no universally
acknowledged and often legalized principle of freedom of exchange of information. No corporation,
1
Although in the majority of cases this happens as in quotation from National Geographic given below- A group of
American tourists arrived in Italy not long ago. “Amazing!” one said to their tour guide, a friend of mine: “You have
pizza here too.”
A group of Japanese Boy Scouts landed in Chicago. “Amazing!” they told their troop leader. “They have McDonald’s here
too.”
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, August 1999, http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/2000/culture/global/main.html
2
Robert A. Heinlein “Elsewhen”, Assignment in Eternity, The New American Library, USA, copyright 1941.
3
It is also justified from the point of view of pluralism of scientific opinion, to say nothing about the “publish or die”
principle.
4 mcdelobam gamoiwvia germaniis agresiis eskalacia da omi. demokratiul msoflios ar unda
Simon Jeffery, What is Globalization?, Thursday October 31, 2002,The Guardian
122
mSeneblobis procesSi klasobrivi brZolis aucileblobis poziciebidan. garda amisa,
danarCen msoflioSic, koloniur qveynebis nawilsa da laTinur amerikaSi, komunisturi
doqtrina warmoadgenda mCagvrelebTan brZolis popularul ideologias.
meore mxriv, ssrk-m, meore msoflio omSi gamarjvebis Sedegad, ganicada uzarmazari
zarali, romelic am gamarjvebas faqtiurad abaTilebda. mxolod mosaxleobis danakargebi
am omSi, sxvadasxva monacemebiT - 27-33 milion adamians aRwevda. misi ekonomika mTlianad
samxedro yaidaze iyo gadawyobili, xolo misi yvelaze ganviTarebuli seqtorebi,
dasavleT ruseTsa da ukrainaSi, ubralod “piridan miwisa iyo agvili”. misTvis
ganviTarebis upirveles amocanas warmoadgenda ekonomikis aRdgena sakuTari Sida
resursebis xarjze.49
imis gamo, rom is klasikur aziur, piramidul sazogadoebriv sistemas warmoadgenda,
sabWoTa kavSiri obieqturad Zalze mouqneli, xisti, da naklebad reformirebadi iyo.
Tavisi arsiT, is agreTve Caketil sistemas warmoadgenda, romlisTvisac kontroli
aRmosavleTi evropis nawilze etyoba, im maqsimums warmoadgenda, romlis “atanac” mas
SeeZlo.
rogorc ruseTis imperiis axal inkarnacias, mas agreTve ar gaaCnda geostrategiuli
interesebi tradiciuli imperiuli gavlenis sferoebis gareT (Sua da axlo aRmosavleTi,
gansakuTrebiT sparseTi, da aRmosavleTi azia). mas principSi ar sWirdeboda globaluri
eqspansia, romelic misTvis uSualo, pozitiuri Sedegis momtani ar iyo. rogorc
TviTkmari, centralizebuli ekonomika, is ar, da verc iRwvoda, axali bazrebisa, Tu
resursebis wyaroebis kontrolisaken —mas amis arc survili, arc realuri meqanizmebi ar
gaaCnda. metic — misTvis nebismieri Ria, sabazro konkurencia wamgebiani iyo.
amave dros, aq arsebobda realuri, xiluli winaaRmdegoba mis ekonomikur
moTxovnilebebsa da mis oficialur ideologiur doqtrinas Soris. komunisturi
ideologia, romelic qadagebda sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis axali tipis realizacias
mTels msoflioSi, Tavisi arsiT eqspansionisturi iyo. is moiTxovda ssrk-Si arsebuli
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis eqsports mis farglebs gareT, miT umetes, rom msoflio
koloniuri sistemis daSlis procesSi masze sakmaod didi moTxovnileba arsebobda.
realuri problema imaSi mdgomareobda, rom es moTxovnileba modioda pirdapir
winaaRmdegobaSi sabWoTa kavSiris realur ekonomikur potencialTan. rodesac aSS
axorcielebda da axorcielebs sakuTari demokratiuli faseulobebis eqsports msoflios
masStabiT, am eqspansiis ukan dgas, da mas mxars ubams, msoflios yvelaze mZlavri
ekonomika. sabWoTa kavSirs ki ideologiuri eqspansiis ekonomikuri uzrulvelyofis
meqanizmebi ubralod ar gaaCnda, xolo aseTi meqanizmebis gareSe is saboloo jamSi, ara
marto araefeqturi, aramed wamgebianic xdeboda.
SesaZlebelia gamoiyos “oTxi nabiji”, romelic gadaidga dasavleTSi sabWoTa kavSirTan
konfrontaciisa da civi omis dawyebis mimarTulebiT -
aSS-ssrk-s konkurenciis formaluri dasawyisi SeiZleba daukavSiroT e.w. “grZel
depeSas”, romelic 1946 wlis 22 Tebervals moskovidan, aSS saxelmwifo departaments
gaugzavna jorj kenanma, sabWoTa kavSirSi aSS-s diplomatiuri misiis xelmZRvanelis
imdroindelma moadgilem.50 es depeSa cnobili gaxda imiT, rom masSi pirvelad Camoyalibda
ssrk Sekavebis doqtrina. misi yvelaze cnobili Tezisebia — “sabWoTa xelisufleba
Seuvalia saRi azrovnebisa”, magram “uaRresad mgrZnobiarea Zalis mimarT”.51 aqve iyo
Camoyalibebuli ramdenime Tezisi, romelsac Semdgom daefuZna aSS civi omis politika:
• sabWoTa kavSiri ganixilavs sakuTar Tavs kapitalizmTan mudmivi omis pirobebSi;
• socializmi da socialisturi demokratia ganixilebian mis mier rogorc mtrebi, da
ara rogorc mokavSireebi;
• sabWoTa kavSiri iyenebs mis mier kontrolirebad marqsistebs kapitalistur
samyaroSi, rogorc mokavSireebs;
• Tavis safuZvelSi, sabWoTa agresia aris dakavSirebuli ara rusi xalxis
warmodgenebTan, Tu ekonomikur realobasTan, aramed istoriulad arsebul rusul
qsenofobiasa da paranoiasTan;
• sabWoTa xelisuflebis struqtura ar iZleva saSualebas miiRos Sida, Tu gare
realobis, obieqturi Tu zusti suraTi.
am depeSas mohyva igive 1946 wlis 5 marts, amerikul qalaq fultonSi, didi britaneTis im
dros yofili premier-ministris u. CerCilis gamosvla, romelSic man mouwoda
demokratiul msoflios, eswavla istoriis gakveTilebi. misi TqmiT, nacizmis daSoSminebis
gaemeorebina sabediswero Secdomebi, unda gaerTianebuliyo im axali totalitaluri
31
safrTxis winaSe, romelsac sabWoTa kavSiri ganasaxierebda, romelmac rkinis fardiT gayo
evropa Tavis kontrols daqvemdebarebul teritoriebze sakuTari weswyobilebis
dasamyareblad. CerCilis sityvam gamoaaSkarava ukve arsebuli damokidebuleba sabWoTa
kavSiris mimarT, da biZgi misca am damokidebulebaze dafuZnebuli politikis praqtikul
realizacias. CerCili, rogorc cnobili, Tanmimdevruli, msoflio rangis antirusuli
politikosi, sabWoTa kavSirTan konfrontaciis ideis gamJRerebeli idealuri figura iyo.
faqtiurad, am gamosvlis Semdeg, ukve SeiZleboda laparaki aSS-s Semobrunebaze sabWoTa
kavSirTan samokavSiro urTierTobebidan, masTan konfrontaciisaken. Tumca bevri
specialisti miiCnevs, rom formalurad civ oms sawyisi Cauyara e.w. trumenis doqtrinis
gamocxadebam, aSS-s am prezidentis mier 1947 wlis martSi. am doqtrinis Sesabamisad, aSS
aRuqvamda ekonomikur da samxedro daxmarebas saberZneTsa da TurqeTs im mizniT, rom
gadaerCina isini sabWoTa gavlenis sferoSi moxvedrisagan. man moaxdina aSS-s sagareo
politikis mimarTulebis Secvla ssrk-s mimarT, am ukanasknelis Sekavebis mimarTulebiT.
am doqtrinis farglebSi, sxvadasxva saxis daxmareba miiRes agreTve safrangeTma da
italiam, im mizniT, rom ar daeSvaT komunistebi maT mTavrobebSi.
am doqtrinis Semdgomi ganviTarebis procesSi, 1950 wels, trumenma gamoacxada ssrk-s
Sekavebis pasiuri formidan aqtiurze gadasvla. es cvlileba eyrdnoboda aSS erovnuli
uSiSroebis sabWos #68 saidumlo moxsenebas, romlis Sesabamisad, sabWoTa kavSiri gegmavda
gamxdariyo erTaderTi gabatonebuli msoflio Zala, da Seecvala saerTaSoriso
usafrTxoebis sistemis parametrebi Tavis sasargeblod, sabWoTa Zalauflebis
komunisturi eqspansiis safuZvelze.52
grZeli depeSidan, #68 moxsenebamde, ganvlili wlebis manZilze, sabWoTa kavSiris
Sekavebis koncepciam principuli cvlilebebi ganicada. Tu kenani dasaSvebad miiCnevda
komunizmis gavrcelebas zogierT qveynaSi sabWoTa kavSiris gareT, da mouwodebda masze
ekonomikuri zewolisaken, #68 moxseneba amtkicebda, rom nebismieri daTmoba
komunizmisadmi miuRebeli iyo, da moiTxovda mis ukugdebas samxedro saSualebebiT.
2.2.2. faqtiurad meore globalizaciaSi SesaZlebelia ori pirobiTad paraleluri Sris
gamoyofa. pirveli warmoadgenili iyo ekonomikuri globalizaciis procesebiT, romelic
(dasawyisSi mainc) ZiriTadad aSS-dan momdinareobda da romelSic sabWoTa kavSiri
obieqturad, verc da arc, monawileobda. magram es procesebi, globaluri sistemuri
konfrontaciisa da civi omis gareSe, rogorc minimum, naklebad intensiuri da
yovlismomcveli iqneboda. am konfrontaciam maT pirveladi biZgi mainc misca.
am procesis pirvel, yvelaze xilul da warmatebul Sedegs, aSS-s mier dasavleTi
evropisa da iaponiis omisSemdgomi ekonomikuri transformacia warmoadgens. sanam civi
omi daiwyeboda, aSS, mainc da mainc, Tavs ar iwuxebda am qveynebis ekonomikuri problemebiT
(gansakuTrebiT garmaniisa da iaponiis). civma omma es qveynebi sabWoTa muqarasTan
brZolaSi mis umniSvnelovanes mokavSireebad gadaaqcia. amitom, aSS-m daiwyo maTi
ekonomikuri aRorZinebis procesis intensiuri finansur-organizaciuli uzrunvelyofa.
evropaSi rekonstruqcia mimdinareobda e.w. “marSalis gegmis” farglebSi, romelsac es
saxeli aSS-s maSindeli saxelmwifo mdivnis jorj marSalis pativsacemad daerqva.
oficialurad mas rogorc “evropis aRdgenis programas” moixseniebdnen. misi
ganxorcieleba oficialurad daiwyo 1947 wlis ivlisSi da ganisazRvra 4 fiskaluri wliT.
garda ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa, mis damatebiT mniSvnelovan mizans warmoadgenda
komunizmis mogerieba evropis masStabiT.
sainteresoa, rom aSS-ssrk-s sistemuri konfrontacia im dros, jer kidev, Sors ar iyo
wasuli. amitom, sabWoTa kavSirma da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebma masSi monawileobis
oficialuri miwveva miiRes. amave dros, aSS aSkarad SeSfoTebuli iyo imis SesaZleblobiT,
rom ssrk am mowvevas marTla miiRebda. amitom, am ukanasknels, monawileobis ganzrax
miuRebeli pirobebi wauyenes, magaliTad, misi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis damoukidebeli
gare auditi da a.S.
am gegmis farglebSi, 17 evropulma saxelmwifom, romelic gaerTianda ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciaSi (OECD), 13 miliardi amerikuli dolaris
Rirebulebis ekonomikuri da teqnikuri daxmareba miiRes (130 miliardi dolari 2006 wlis
fasebSi). m.S. dasavleTma germaniam, meore msoflio omis wamomwyebi qveynis udidesma
nawilma, miiRo daxmarebis sididiT mesame paketi (didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis Semdeg)
— 1 448 milioni dolari.53
imave wlebSi, imave mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, aSS uwevda daxmarebas iaponiasac,
romlis mimarT damokidebuleba aSS-s sazogadoebaSi, sxvaTa Soris, bevrad ufro
negatiuri iyo, vidre germaniis mimarT. 1946-1951 wlebSi iaponiam daaxloebiT 1.5 miliardi
32
SesaZlebelia faqtiurad nebismieri saqonlis realizacia, Tu is lamazadaa gaformebuli.
187
http://www.izvestia.ru/person/article3091504/index.html Человек с Земли, Наталья Кочеткова
188
sainteresoa, rom beWdviTi produqcia, mxatvruli literaturaa es, Tu periodika, am WrilSi
praqtikulad ar moixsenieba, etyoba imitom, rom mkiTxvelisagan momzadebisa da inteleqtis
gansazRvrul dones moiTxovs, bolos da bolos is SedarebiT Zviria.
189
am procesis ufro dawvrilebiT gansaxilvelad ixileT UNDP Numan Development Report 2004. Cultural
Liberty in Today’s Diverse World. http://hdr.undp.org
190
inglisurad es ukeT JRers — “just a business - nothing personal”.
191
daaxloebiT aseTive jgufs qmnian mravalricxovani saerTaSoriso organizaciebis moxeleebic, Tumca
am SemTxvevaSi maTi globalurobis xarisxi SedarebiT naklebia.
192
sityva zangis an Savis xmareba amerikaSi uaRresad arapolitkoreqtulia.
193
English to be spoken by half of the world's population within 10 years, By James Burleigh, Independent, 09 December
2004
194
Closed borders and open palms. Sep 7th 2000, From The Economist print edition
195
safrangeTSi, magaliTad, mkacrad reglamentirebulia franguli enis wili radiogadacemebSi (minimum
40%) da kvotis darRvevisaTvis radiosadgurs saerTod mauwyeblobis licenzia SeiZleba CamoerTvas;
amerikuli filmebis Cvenebidan miRebuli Semosavlis 70% miemarTeba franguli kinos ganviTarebaze da
a.S. safrangeTis prezidenti Jak Siraki sxvaTa Soris imiTicaa cnobili, rom demonstraciulad tovebs
saerTo evropul RonisZiebebs im dros, rodesac frangi momxseneblebi inglisurad iwyeben gamosvlas.
196
HDR 2004, p.99.
197
ICT indicators: data and statistics on the ICT/telecommunication sector,
http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/informationsharing/index.html
198
http://www.itfacts.biz/index.php
199
inglisurSi arsebobs termini sidekick, romliTac axasiaTeben msaxiobs, romlis ZiriTadi funqciaa
mudam idges mTavari gmiris gverdiT da Tavisi gazviadebulad uazro qmedebiT warmoaCinos misi
Rirsebebi. swored amas akeTebda sabWoTa kavSiri aSS-s mimarT Tavisi arsebobis ukanasknel wlebSi.
200
is faqti, rom es ubedureba ZiriTadad evropelebs daatydeba Tavze, romlebic ufro advilad
xelmisawvdomebi arian, vidre aSS, iotisodena ar cvlis kampaniis strategiul Sedegs.
201
momavalSi mas SeiZleba indoeTic daematos, magram saTuoa, rom es mokle Tu saSualovadian
perspeqtivaSi moxdes.
202
ixileT T. palmeris leqcia saitze — http://www.polit.ru/lectures/2005/12/09/palmer.html
203
Александр Солженицын: "Сбережение народа - высшая изо всех наших государственных задач",
http://www.globalaffairs.ru/articles/5504.html, 28 Апреля 2006
204
Збигнев Бжезинский: Последний суверен на распутье, http://www.globalaffairs.ru/numbers/18/5294.html, 10
Марта 2006
205
faqtiurad islamis sistemuri krizisi am didi krizisis mxolod erT-erTi, Tumca yvelaze aqtiuri
Semadgeneli nawilia.
206
amerikis soflis meurneobasa da momsaxurebis sferos jer kidev sWirdebaT meqsikeli migrantebi,
magram rac dro gadis, maTi mozidviT gamowveuli socialuri danakargebi sul ufro sWarbobs uSualo
ekonomikur mogebas.
207
es gansakuTrebiT dasavleT evropas da ruseTs exeba. bevri miiCnevs, rom evropa im donemdea
dakninebuli, rom Tu uaxloes momavalSi iqauri musulmanuri umciresoba moiTxovs yvela qalisaTvis
hijabis tarebas, amas faqtiurad uprotestod danebdebian. ixileT Tugind - Thwarting 'Eurabia', By Michael
Barone, Published September 27, 2005, The Washington Times, www.washingtontimes.com
121

axalSobilebiT, yovel qalze fertilur asakSi (15-45 weli), unda modiodes aranaklebi 2.10-2.15 bavSvisa.
161
"World Fertility Report 2003", op.cit.
162
UNDP HDR, 2004
163
: Millenium Project. Report to the UN Secretary-General. Investing in Development. A Practical Plan to Achieve the
Millenium Development Goals. Overview. 2005., p.8.
164
yvela es procesebi dawvrilebiT aRwerilia ukve naxseneb Millenium Project. Report to the UN Secretary-
General-Si. is faqti, rom CineTSi uaRresad Raribi adamianebis raodenoba Semcirda imas ki ar niSnavs, rom
am milionebma uecrad kargad cxovreba daiwyes. ubralod maT Tavze gadaSenebis safrTxe aRar
trialebs.
165
monacemebi moyvanilia 1993 wlis dolarebSi msyidvelobiTi unaris paritetis gaTvaliswinebiT. es aris
msoflio bankis mier SemuSavebuli siRatakis universaluri qveda zRvari. iTvleba, rom amaze naklebi
SemosavliT adamians arseboba aRar SeuZlia. dRevandeli saqarTvelos pirobebSi es daaxloebiT
Seadgens (1 dolari — 1.8 lari, pariteti 1/3) 65 TeTrs dReSi, anu 19 lars TveSi. wyaro: Millenium Project.
Report to the UN Secretary-General. Investing in Development. A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millenium Development Goals.
Overview. 2005. yvela danarCeni monacemi moyvanilia UNDP Human Development Report, 2003 and 2004, New York-Oxford,
Oxford University Press, “Aids turns back the clock for world's young” Victoria Brittain, Saturday May 4, 2002 The Guardian.
166
The Global Development Briefing, © 2006 The Development Executive Group, www.DevelopmentEx.com
167
HDR 2005, UNDP, 2005, p. 253.
168
Pipe Dreams, Tearfund, http://www.tearfund.org/
169
es daaxloebiT 254 saqarTveloa.
170
gasagebia, rom gaero ar aris idealuri organizacia da bevri xarvezebis gamo saswrafo reformirebas
moiTxovs (ix. Tavi 2), magram am SemTxvevaSi misi muSaobis konkretuli Sedegebi detaluri ganxilvis
Rirsia.
171
aseT SemTxvevaSic gamosavali moiZebneba xolme. magaliTad, gaeros ganviTarebis programam 2006-2010
wlebis samoqmedo programis SemuSavebis dros, TurqmeneTTan samuSaod airCia mxolod adgilobrivi
landSaftebis gadarCena da saerTod gverdi auara TurqmenbaSisTan urTierTobas socialur
sakiTxebze.
172
MEETING THE CLIMATE CHALLENGE, RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE
CHANGE TASKFORCE, JANUARY 2005 by The Institute for Public Policy Research (UK), The Center for American
Progress, The Australia Institute. http://www.americanprogress.org/site/pp.asp?c=biJRJ8OVF&b=306503
173
iTvleba, rom rogorc minimum es procesi, Tu ar moxda misi stabilizacis, gamoiwvevs 2050 wlisaTvis
msoflio okeanis donis 2 metriT zrdas, Sesabamisad im dablobi teritoriebis datborvas, sadac
dedamiwis mosaxleobis 1/3 cxovrobs. “yvelaze cudi scenaris” pirobebSi ki msoflio okeanis dinebebis
sistemis moSlas, m.S. golfstrimis dinebis aridebas evropidan, ramac iq SesaZloa gamyinvareba
gamoiwvios.
174
rogorc globaluri daTbobis problema gviCvenebs, es zRvari etyoba ukve gadailaxa.
175
es idealur situacias exeba. realobaSi, ganviTarebad qveynebSi mainc mTavrobebi ZiriTadad cdiloben
“moxsnan” maqsimaluri Tanxebi Tavisi wevrebis piradi interesebidan gamomdinare.
176
esec im SemTxvevaSi, Tu CavTvliT, rom 2100 wlamde kacobriobis ganviTarebis scenaris SemuSavebas
saerTod raime azri gaaCnia.
177
tradiciulad, amazoniis degradacias did amerikul monopoliebs abraleben, Tumca maTi roli aSkarad
Zalian gadaWarbebulia adgilobrivi mosaxleobis qmedebasTan SedarebiT.
178
ganviTarebuli sazogadoebis ori mTavari moTamaSis xelisuflebisa da biznesis Uaqtiurobis dro
uTavsebadia bunebrivi garemos aqtiurobasTan. pirveli dafuZnebulia saarCevno ciklze (2-4 an 6 weli),
meore — fiskalur welze.
179
aSS-ma am dros, magaliTad, daSales msoflioSi yvelaze didi sakomunikacio kompania, AT&T, romelic
sxvaTa Soris “ukan edga” 1973 wlis gadatrialebas CileSi.
180
rodesac vlaparagobT ganaTlebaze, igulisxmeba, pirvel rigSi klasikuri tipis farTo saskolo
ganaTleba, mosaxleobis elitaluri nawilisaTvis mainc, plus niWieri bavSvebis gamovlenis efeqturi
sistema. ganviTarebadi qveyana, romelsac Tavisi skola ZiriTadad bavSvebSi unarCvevebis
gamomuSavebaze gadahyavs, winaswar ambobs uars realuri ganviTarebis pretenziaze.
181
am dros mTavrobebis ZiriTadi motivacia samxedro upiratesobis miRwevaSia. ufro metic, faqtiurad
yvela didi gamogoneba, dafuZnebuli fundamentur mecnierebebze, dawyebuli birTvuli energiidan,
kosmosuri frenidan, kompiuteridan, internetidan, moxvda “moqalaqeTa” xelSi mas Semdeg, rac is Tavis
intesebSi jer samxedroebma daafinanses da aiTvises.
182
arsebobs gamonaklisebi, rodesac wamyvani qveynebi krZalaven ama Tu im teqnologiebis eqsport
gansazRvrul qveynebSi strategiuli usafrTxoebis interesebidan gamomdinare, magram es
gamonaklisebia.
183
am tipis gadairaRebisaTvis ukve ara muSaxelis ganaTleba, aramed viwro, magram intensiuri
profesiuli momzadebaa saWiro.
184
UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, 2002,
http://www.unesco.org/education/imld_2002 /unversal_decla.shtml
185
msoflio avtomobilizacias aseTi, masobriv individualur momxmarebelze orientirebuli xasiaTi rom
ar mieRo, etyoba dRes globalur daTbobaze naklebs vilaparakebdiT.
186
aranakleb sainteresoa is, rom saavtomobilo transporti, rogorc aseTi, uaRresad araefeqturia.
igive misi moZraobis organizaciis problemebi principulad mougvarebelia (ixileT magaliTad veres
“samkuTxedi” TbilisSi). magram es, agreTve, imis maCvenebelia, rom efeqturi marketingis Sedegad
120
dolaris daxmareba miiRo.
sainteresoa, rom am daxmarebis Sedegad, yvelaze met warmatebas miaRwia swored am orma
qveyanam, romelTa ekonomika omis Sedegad faqtiurad mTlianad moSlili iyo. igive did
britaneTs, romelmac germaniaze 2.3-jer meti daxmareba miiRo, misi pozitiuri Sedegebi
faqtiurad ar Setyobia.
mTlianad, marSalis gegmisa da iaponiis daxmarebis realizacia SesaZlebeli gaxda iseTi
politikuri gadawyvetilebis Sedegad, romelsac safuZvlad edo sabWoTa eqspansiis
(realurisa Tu moCvenebiTis) mogeriebis aucilebloba, da romelic aSS-s politikis
globalizaciis umniSvnelovanes sawyis elements warmoadgenda. Sedegi, romelic maT
gamoiRes, bevrad ufro mravalmxrivi gamodga, vidre etyoba amas am politikis avtorebi
elodnen.
pirveli — arc marSalis gegma, arc iaponiis daxmareba, ar warmoadgenda izolirebul
movlenas. is iyo im RonisZiebeTa nakrebis ganuyofeli nawili, romelic efuZneboda
evropasa da iaponiaSi amerikuli jaris yofnasa da am qveynebis axal amerikul
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis sistemebSi CarTvas. saboloo jamSi, samxedro
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisa da ekonomikuri daxmarebis kombinaciam, gamoiwvia
dasavleTi evropis qveynebsa da iaponiaSi rwmenis atmosferos Camoyalibeba, romelmac
Tavis mxriv, etyoba, gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa maT aRorZinebaSi.
meore — zemoT moyvanili faqtorebis kombinaciam, da misma Tanmxlebma swrafma
ekonomikurma aRorZinebam (evropis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis tempi 1948-52 wlebSi
uswrafesi iyo mis istoriaSi), gamoiwvia am qveynebis mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis swrafi
aRdgena da Semdgomi mniSvnelovani zrda, ekonomikuri da politikuri stabilizacia.
rogorc Sedegi, amas mohyva komunistebis gavlenis dacema, politikur cxovrebaSi maTi
rolis mkveTri Semcireba, demokratiuli faseulobebisa da institutebis danergva iq,
sadac isini naklebad iyvnen warmodgenili (igive iaponia Tu germania), da ukve arsebulebis
daxvewa da gaZliereba.
mesame — ganviTareba am periodSi emyareboda liberalur ekonomikur politikas,
Tavisufali vaWrobis principebs. Sedegad amerikelebma Seqmnes uzarmazari axali
dinamiuri bazrebi sakuTari eqsportisaTvis, aseve rogorc, sxvadasxva saxis produqciisa
da momsaxurebis mowodebis wyaroebi. igive sabWoTa safrTxiT gamowveuli samxedro
gadaiaraRebis aucilebloba, warmoadgenda uzarmazar damatebiT stimuls, evropuli
qveynebis mrewvelobis Semdgomi aRmavlobisaTvis. damatebiT, rac ufro metad
viTardebodnen evropuli qveynebi da iaponia, miT ufro naklebi ujdebodaT amerikelebs
iq sakuTari jaris Senaxva.
faqtiurad, am SemTxvevaSi mainc, amerikis mier ucxo qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi uSualo
Carevam, da maT teritoriebze jaris ganTavsebam, moutana mas uzarmazari ekonomikuri
mogeba Zalian mokle drois ganmavlobaSi. aSS-s usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaze
orientirebuli politikis gatarebam, saboloo jamSi, gamoiwvia globaluri ekonomikuri
sistemis safuZvlis Cayra, msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebis jgufis Camoyalibeba,
globaluri ekonomikis sami ZiriTadi centris Seqmna (aSS, dasavleTi evropa, iaponia),
romlebic naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi ganapirobebdnen msoflios ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis ZiriTad tendenciebs.
damatebiT, marSalis gegmis realizaciis procesSi miRebulma gamocdilebam da misma
gakveTilebma, didi roli iTamaSes evropis Semdgom ekonomikur da politikur
integraciaSi. man agreTve warmoaCina principuli sxvaoba aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris —
analogiur situaciaSi es ukanaskneli ZiriTadad fuls kargavda. igive aRmosavleT
evropeli satelitebis ganviTarebis daxmarebis sabWouri programebi minimalurad
efeqturi iyo da misTvis naklebad momgebiani — is ubralod ver axerxebda Tavisi
politikuri dominirebis transformacias ekonomikur mogebaSi.
2.2.3. meore globalizaciis meore Sre warmodgenili iyo sakuTriv civi omiT, e.i. iseTi
saxis konfrontaciiT msoflios wamyvan qveynebs Soris, romlis procesSi isini
yvelanairad Tavs aridebdnen erTmaneTTan uSualo samxedro konfrontacias, magram
awarmoebdnen e.w. “omebs mindobilobiT” dedamiwis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi.
omi mindobilobiT, iseTi omia, romlis procesSi faqtiurad meomari mxareebi iyeneben
sxva, mesame mxareebs, uSualod sabrZolo moqmedebebis sawarmoeblad, im mizniT, rom
erTmaneTTan uSualo Setakeba maqsimalurad Tavidan aicilon. aseTi omebis yvelaze
tipuri magaliTebia vietnamis, angolis, koreis, iseve rogorc am periodis sxva
mravalricxovani konfliqtebi, gansakuTrebiT afrikis teritoriaze. im SemTxvevaSic ki,
rodesac romelime aseTi konfliqtis dros aSS-ssrk-s uSualo Setakeba gardauvali iyo,
33
amis oficialuri aRiareba mainc ar xdeboda situaciis Semdgomi garTulebis Tavidan
asacileblad.54
faqtiurad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom civma omma pozitiuri roli iTamaSa kacobriobis
ganviTarebaSi, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom oTxi aTeuli wlis manZilze msoflios orma,
samxedro TvalsazrisiT yvelaze Zlierma saxelmwifom, romelTa faseulobaTa sistemebi,
ideologia, organizaciuli da marTvis principebi erTmaneTis uTavsebadi iyo, moaxerxa
konkurencia eTnmaneTTan pirdapiri samxedro Setakebis gareSe. am procesSi mniSvnelovani,
Tumca ara gadamwyveti roli, Seasrula im faqtma, rom orive wamyvan globalur moTamaSes
gaaCnda birTvuli iaraRis arsenali, romelic maT garantirebuli urTierT ganadgurebis
saSualebas aZlevda.
gavixsenoT, rom situaciebSi, rodesac daZabuloba da SeuTavsebloba qveynebs Soris
principulad bevrad ufro naklebi iyo, vidre aSS-sa da ssrk-s Soris, wamyvanma evropulma
saxelmwifoebma moaxerxes ori msoflio omis dawyeba. aSS-m da ssrk-m uCvenes imis magaliTi,
rom SesaZlebelia ori gansxvavebuli socialuri sistemis SedarebiT mSvidobiani
Tanaarseboba globaluri konkureciis pirobebSi.
civi omi gamoyenebuli iyo orive mxaris mier, rogorc damoukidebeli qveynebis saSinao
saqmeebSi TiTqmis SeuzRudavi Carevis sababi. Tumca aseTi qmedebis racionaluri marcvali
sakmaod swrafad TiTqmis mTlianad gaqra. aSS da ssrk axdendnen ama Tu im konkretul
qmedebas dedamiwis nebismier kuTxeSi, ara imitom, rom is maTTvis uSualo dadebiTi
Sedegis momtani iyo, aramed ZiriTadad imis SiSiT, rom maTTvis mowinaaRmdeges ar daeswro.
Sedegad, xSirad adgili hqonda iseT qmedebas, romelic orive mxaris realuri
interesebidan gamomdinare, aSkarad alogikuri iyo. es rasakvirvelia, pirvel rigSi exeba
isevdaisev SeerTebul Statebs, romlis globaluri politika uSualod iyo dakavSirebuli
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis or ZiriTad amocanasTan. amerikelebi iRvwodnen globaluri
dominirebisaTvis saboloo jamSi, imisaTvis, rom gaemdidrebinaT sakuTari qveyana,
SeeqmnaT iq cxovrebis maRali standartebi, da daemyarebinaT socialuri stabiluroba.
1956 weli gadamwyveti aRmoCnda globaluri politikuri urTierTobebis sistemis
CamoyalibebaSi. am wlis oqtomberSi, did britaneTsa da safrangeTTan saidumlo
molaparakebebis safuZvelze, israeli SeiWra egviptes kuTvnil sinas naxevarkunZulze
sakuTari samxedro-strategiuli miznebis realizaciis mizniT. amis Semdeg, didma
britaneTma da safrangeTma gadasxes desanti suecis arxis mimdebare teritoriaze meomare
mxareebis daSoriSorebis sababiT. am dros, maT realur mizans warmoadgenda kontrolis
aRdgena suecis arxze, romlis nacionalizacia egviptem moaxdina am movlenebamde
ramdenime TviT adre. meore msoflio omis Semdeg es arxi gadaiqca yvelaze mniSvnelovan
satransporto arteriad mzardi dasavleT evropuli ekonomikisaTvis. misi gavliT
xdeboda navTobis miwodeba sparseTis yuris regionis qveynebidan, xolo navTobi
warmoadgenda ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erT gadamwyvet komponents.
Sesabamisad, kontroli suecis arxze warmoadgenda evropaze gavlenis erT-erT
mniSvnelovan faqtors, aZlevda mis mflobelebs damatebiT upiratesobas uSualo
konkurentebTan urTierTobebSi, sakmaod zrdida maT Sansebs hqonodaT sakuTari,
damoukidebeli xmis ufleba globalur politikur urTierTobebSi.
samxedro TvalsazrisiT britanul-franguli intervencia sakmaod warmatebuli iyo,
magram gamoiRo katastrofuli politikuri Sedegi, romelic dRemde axdens gavlenas am
qveynebis adgilze globaluri politikuri urTierTobebis sistemaSi:
a/am krizisis dros, sabWoTa kavSiri pirvelad, Riad daemuqra did britaneTsa da
safrangeTs, maTi udidesi qalaqebis dabombviT birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebiT, Tu isini
intervencias ar Sewyvetdnen. amis Semdeg man daiwyo arabebis msxvilmasStabiani, Ria
mxardaWera, israelis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, rasac is iqamde ZiriTadad Tavs aridebda;55
b/aSS iZulebuli iyo Riad dapirispireboda Tavis uaxloes mikavSireebs, da moexdina
maTze zewola egviptedan jarebis gayvanis mizniT, m.S. britaneTze finansuri berketebis
gamoyenebiT. am konfliqtis Semdgom aSS-c, sabWoTa kavSiris msgavsad, gaxda iZulebuli
intensiurad Careuliyo axlo aRmosavleTis problemebis gadawyvetaSi israelis mxares,
rasac is agreTve iqamde maqsimalurad gaurboda;
g/am konfliqtma daabolova is epoqa, rodesac evropas SeeZlo eTamaSa wamyvani roli
globalur politikur urTierTobebSi. didma britaneTma da safrangeTma dakarges
globaluri moTamaSeebis statusi. aSS gadaiqca dasavleTis ganviTarebuli qveynebis
erTaderT liderad, romelic dRemde ZiriTadad ganapirobebs am qveynebis moqmedebas
globalur asparezze. am krizisma agreTve miayena saboloo dartyma msoflio kolonialur
34
30-jer naklebia, vidre saavtomobilo avariebis Sedegad. amave dros, is yuradReba, romelsac
sazogadoeba Tu xelisufleba uTmoben saavtomobilo avariebis, mravalgzis Camouvardeba im
yuradRebas, romelsac terorizms uTmoben, etyoba imitom, rom avariebis mravalricxovani msxverpli
ganixileba rogorc erTgvari Sesawiri, romelic unda gaiRos sazogadoebam Tanamedrove cxovrebis
komfortisa da simdidrisaTvis.
135
” Басаев взял на себя ответственность за все последние теракты”, www.grani.ru 17.09.2004
136
УБИТ "ИНДИЙСКИЙ РОБИН ГУД" - САМЫЙ НЕУЛОВИМЫЙ ПРЕСТУПНИК СТРАНЫ,
http://www.izvestia.ru/world/article549586, 20.10.04
137
zemoT aRwerili situaciebi tipuria, Tumca bevria gamonaklisebic, gansakuTrebiT Tanamedrove
evropaSi — magaliTad, aq memarcxene marqsisti teroristebi ar ekuTvnodnen arc Raribebs, miT umetes
daCagrulebsa da gariyulebs da gaaCndaT Tavisi ideebis gamoxatvis demokratiul sazogadoebaSi
arsebuli yvela legaluri saSualeba.
138
israeli, sadac teroristebi premier-ministrebi xdebodnen, magaliTad, menahem begini, erT-erT
uiSviaTesi gamonaklisia teroristebis saxelmwifos saTaveSi mosvlisa.
139
sainterosaa, rom maSindeli ruseTis sazogadoebis sakmaod didi nawili (gansakuTrebiT liberaluri
inteligencia) ara marto ar uaryofda terorizms, rogorc sazogadoebisadmi miuRebel protestis
saSualebas, aramed Riad gamoTqvamda aRtacebas teroristebiT. rusuli terorizmis erT-erTi yvelaze
TvalsaCino moRvawe boris savinkovi ki saerTod qveynis wamyvan inteleqtualTa ricxvs ganekuTvneboda.
140
gamonaklisis saxiT SeiZleba movixsenioT islamisti teroristebi filipinebze, sadac maTi yvelaze
aqtiuri da warmatebuli organizacia “abu-saiafi” etyoba ZiriTadad mainc kriminalur dajgufebas
warmoadgens, romelic iyenebs politikur demagogias merkantiluri miznebis misaRwevad. amave dros
igive populisturi demagogia uzrunvelyofs mis mxardaWeras adgilobrivi musulmanebis mxridan, rac
friad arTulebs masTan brZolas.
141
israel-palestinul konfliqtis istoriaze, mizezebze da ganviTarebis Taviseburebebze Zalian bevria
dawerili, amitom aq mxolod misi CvenTvis saintereso aspeqtebi ganixileba.
142
A Bitter Prize, By Tom Segev, From Foreign Affairs, May/June 2006
143
Ferguson, Nial Colossus, The Rise and Fall of the American Empire, Allen Lane an Imprint of Penguin Books,
London, 2004, p.112.
144
aRmosavleTi ierusalimi da siriis kuTvnili holanis simaRleebi israelma de faqto ukve miiTvisa.
145
Thomas L. Friedman, The New Math. New York Times, January 15, 2003
146
Tumca am kvartetis Semadgenlobidan gamomdinare gaugebaria, TviT mas ra SeiZleba realurad
awyobdes.
147
meoTxe TviTmfrinavi, romelic teroristebma Caigdes xelSi, rogorc Cans maTi da mgzavrebis Setakebis
dros daiRupa.
148
Ferguson, Nial. Colossus, The Rise and Fall of the American Empire, Allen Lane an Imprint of Penguin Books,
London, 2004, p.124.
149
igive tom klensim, cnobilma amerikelma romanistma, scenari, romelSic samgzavro TviTmfrinavi
gamoyenebuli iqna aSS kongresis Senobaze ieriSis misatanad, aRwera Tavis nawarmoebSi Debt of Honour jer
kidev 1994 wels. am dros tom klensi faqtiurad aSS-s mTavrobis karis mweralia da, rogorc sCans,
arafers wers amerikul specsamsaxurebTan konsultaciebis gareSe. ix. Clancy, Tom. Debt of Honour.
HarperCollinsPublishers, London, 1995, 900 p.
150
Gregory M. Scott, Louis Furmanski, Randall J. Jones - editors. 21 Debated Issues in World Politics. Prentice Hall,
New Jersey, 2000. Issue 7, Terrorism, p. 110-128.
151
Jason Burke, Think Again: Al Qaeda. http://www.foreignpolicy.com, May-June, 2004.
152
op.cit. Jason Burke
153
Капитализм для всех, Павел Быков, Татьяна Гурова, Эксперт» №15(509), 17 апреля 2006
154
termini fundamentalizmi Tanamedrove religiur azrovnebasa da praqtikaSi ramdenime mniSvnelobis
matarebelia, m.S. saRvTo teqstebis, magaliTad, yuranis sityvasityviT ganmartebis an zogjer
antimodernistuli religiuri moZraobis. dasavleTSi termini islamuri fundamentalizmi xSirad
gamoiyeneba iseTi pirovnebebisa Tu jgufebis mimarT, romlebic qadageben islamizms — politikur
ideologias, romelic moiTxovs saero saxelmwifo marTvis sistemis Canacvlebas islamur samarTalze
dafuZnebuli sistemiT. yvelaze radikaluri islamistebi, agreTve, qadageben saero xelisuflebis
Zaladobrivi gziT damxobas, terorizms. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalism#Islamic_views
155
sxvaTa Soris, bevri iseTi ram, rac dRes barbarosobad SeiZleba aRviqvaT, bibliaSic weria, magram amas
“alegorias” vuwodebT.
156
am xalxis sakmaod didi nawili SemouSves humanitaruli mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, rogorc romelime
musulmanuri, ZiriTadad arabuli reJimis mier devnili. am dros aravin iTvaliswinebda im garemoebas,
rom 5 aseTi devnilidan minimum oTxi eqstremistuli islamisturi Sexedulebebis matarebeli iyo,
radganac swored isini warmoadgendnen (da warmoadgenen) musulmanuri samyaros saero mTavrobebis
ZiriTad mowinaaRmdegeebs.
157
“meqanikuRi” imitom, rom is xdeboda ZiriTadad sikvdilianobis Semcirebis xarjze, romelic ar iyo
damokidebuli mosaxleobis socialur qcevaze. mis universalurobaze da “meqanikurobaze” migviTiTebs
is faqtic, rom is absoluturad igive scenariT ganviTarda ssrk-s Sua aziis respublikebSi, romlebic im
dros danarCeni msofliodan izolirebulebi iyvnen.
158
cxovrebis donis aseTi Semcireba 100 qveyanaSia dafiqsirebuli.
159
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) "World Fertility Report 2003,"
http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldfertility/World_Fertility_Report.htm
160
imisaTvis, rom mosaxleoba ar izrdebodes da xdebodes ubralo Canacvleba gardacvlilebisa
119
 sistemas da gamoiwvia britaneTis imperiis swrafi Semdgomi daSla;
96
Human Development Report 2004, UNDP, pp. 184-187. d/am konfliqtis monawile mxareebis daSoriSorebis mcdelobis procesSi pirvelad
97
op.cit., pp. 184-187, http://www.free-definition.com/Transnational-corporation.html gaCnda gaeros samSvidobo samxedro kontingentis Seqmnis idea, da moxda misi praqtikuli
98
http://www.treas.gov/tic/debtad05.html realizacia.
99
Pre-emptive action.
100
am mosazrebas Cven ar veTanxmebiT — 1975 wels moxda vietnamis teritoriuli erTianobis aRdgena.
101
Cultivating new friends helps old ones flourish, too. Apr 7th 2005, The Economist maTTvis politikis globalizacia, erovnuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mcdeloba
102
magaliTad, espaneTis koloniuri eqspansia gamowveuli iyo Turqebis mier konstantinopolis dedamiwis masStabSi, upirvelesad yovlisa, warmoadgenda winmswreb qmedebas, qmnida
dapyrobiTa da im gzebis gadaketviT, romlebiTac aRmosavleTidan saneleblebi SemohqondaT. ruseTis winapirobebs im konkretuli ekonomikuri amocanebis gadasaWrelad, romelTa realizacias
imperia Seiqmna ZiriTadad Caketili qveynisaTvis okeaneSi gasasvleli gzebisaTvis brZolis procesSi.E
103 mravalricxovani kerZo kompaniebi axdendnen. amerikelebisaTvis iseTi sakmaod uazro
moqmedebis alternatiuli variantis farglebSi SesaZlebelia wonasworobis aRdgena mosaxleobis
moTxovnilebis SemcirebiT, misi cxovrebis donis xelovnuri SezRudvisa an uSualod mosaxleobis procesic, rogoric gamalebuli SeiraRebaa, saboloo jamSi momgebiani iyo. saxelmwifo
raodenobis Semcirebis Sedegad - masobrivi represiebis, xelovnuri SimSilis, omis xarjze, rogorc es samxedro SekveTebi, am qveyanaSi, yvelaferTan erTad, samoqalaqo seqtoridan gada-
sabWoTa kavSirSi moxda. saxadebis saxiT amoRebuli Tanxebis didi nawilis kerZo firmebisaTvis dabrunebis
104
es deficiti saerTod ar iarsebebda, reiganis administracias, isevdaisev msxvili monopoliebis meqanizms warmoadgenda.
interesebidan gamomdinare, rom ar gaeuqmebina is energoefeqturi saxelmwifo programebi da amave dros, sabWoTa kavSiris motivacia globalur sistemur konkurenciaSi umetis-
RonisZiebebi, romlebic qveyanaSi xorcieldeboda 1970-iani wlebis navTobis krizisebis Semdeg.
105 wilad subieqturi iyo. is efuZneboda ZiriTadad komunistur ideologias da amerikis SiSs.
is faqti, rom es Sedegebi ZiriTadad aramdgradia, etyoba naklebad mniSvnelovania.
106 faqtiurad, nebismieri sabWouri qmedeba, romelsac aSS-Tan konkurenciis procesSi adgili
klasikuri magaliTi, Tu rogor moqmedebs aSS-s politika gariyul reWimebze — libiis lideris muamar
kadafis SeSinebuli aqtiuroba mas Semdeg, rac amerikam terors omi gamoucxada. hqonda misi uaxloesi periferiis farglebs gareT (gansakuTrebiT afrikasa Tu laTinur
107 amerikaSi), aseTi alogikuri qmedebis magaliTs warmoadgenda, da saboloo jamSi misTvis
ganvixiloT Tugind antiiamerikuli sentimentebis Camoyalibeba avstraliaSi, romelic tradiciulad
nd
misi erT-erTi yvelaze daaxloebuli mokavSire iyo — New Best Friends, The Economist April 2 , 2005. mogebis momtani ar iyo.
108
THOMAS L. FRIEDMAN A War for Oil? The New York Times, January 5, 2003. sayuradReboa, rom dResac ki, rusi politologebi am situacias rogorc Cans ver
109
http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article 08.02.2005 aTaviseben, rodesac brals deben SeerTebul Statebs imaSi, rom qveyana “ar SeiZleba iyos
110
is, rac dRes eraySi xdeba, aSkara “amovardnaa” da naklebad gasagebia, saboloo jamSi, ras moutans aSS-s erTdroulad globaluri policielic da komersantic”.56 am dros, dedamiwa ar aris
interesebs. saturniro asparezi, romelzec mamaci raindebi erTmaneTs ejibrebian mSvenieri
111
am sias xSirad ematebian evropis “mini-saxelmwifoebi”. baltiis respublikebi da evrogaerTianebis sxva mandilosnebis gulis mosagebad.57
axali wevrebic etyoba am kategoriaSi gadavlen. amave dros hon-kongi saxelmwifo ar aris, xolo
qveyana, romelic globaluri konkurenciis procesSi ver iRebs realur ekonomikur
politikuri mosazrebiT xSirad gverds uvlian am siaSi taivanis Seyvanas. wyaro: http://www.free-
definition.com/Developed-countries.html
mogebas, saboloo jamSi wagebuli rCeba, rarig did politikur warmatebebs ar unda
112 aRwevdes. politika, miT umetes Zalaze dafuZnebuli, globaluri masStabis erovnuli
informacia mopovebulia gaeros ganviTarebis programis rig wyaroebze daydnobiT. sainteresoa, rom
avtoris mondomebis miuxedavad, 1997 wlis Semdgomi monacemebi man veRar moipova. usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis politika, “Zviri siamovnebaa”. masze gaweuli danaxarjebi,
113
Human Development Report 2003. UNDP, New York-Oxford, Oxford University Press, p.39. rogorc minimum, unda anazRaurdes. Tu es ar xdeba, qveynis ekonomika aseT dawolas
114
israeli da singapuri imdenad specifikuri saxelmwifoebia, rom maTi am konteqstSi ganxilva etyoba grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi ubralod ver uZlebs. amitomac iyo, rom miuxedavad rigi
ara Rirs. politikuri miRwevebisa SeerTebul StatebiTan konkurenciis procesSi, sabWoTa kavSiri,
115
e.i. gansxvaveba daaxloebiT iseTi unda iyos, rogoric dRes amerikel da afrikel Raribs Sorisaa. saboloo jamSi, damarcxda civ omSi da asparezi datova. amis wamyvani mizezi ki is iyo, rom
116
UNDP Human Development Report 2003, pp. 155-156. am konkurenciis procesSi misi ekonomika ubralod gakotrda.
117
Global Development Briefing -- Diplomatic Assurances, December 08, 2005
118
saerTod iTvleba, rom minimaluri fasi, romelsac ixdis warmatebuli ganviTarebadi qveynebi msoflio
kapitalistur ekonomikaSi integraciisaTvis, saSualod yovel aT weliwadSi erTxel seriozuli saWiroa imis gaTvaliswineba, rom sabWoTa kavSiri SeerTebuli Statebis realuri
finansuri krizisia. globaluri konkurenti mxolod masobrivi ganadguris iaraRis paritetis TvalsazrisiT
119
The good in globalization, Richard W. Fisher and W. Michael Cox The New York Times, iyo. Tumca am paritetsac qveyanam daaxloebiT 1960-iani wlebis Sua wlebisaTvis miaRwia.
MONDAY, APRIL 10, 2006. pariteti am SemTxvevaSi imas niSnavda, rom rogorc aSS-s, aseve ssrk-s, SeswevdaT unari,
120
Measuring Global, Foreign Policy, March-April 2004. birTvuli omis SemTxvevaSi, garantirebulad (Tan ramdenjerme), gaenadgurebinaT
121
mowinaaRmdege.58 birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebis gareSe, sabWoTa jars Seswevda unari,
faqtiurad, xSir SemTxvevebSi aseTi Careva imdenad Zlieria da yovlismomcveli, rom is ekonomikuri
daxmarebis sferodan faqtiurad “erovnuli mSeneblobis” (nation building) sferoSi gadadis.
122 mieRwia warmatebisaTvis dasavleT evropul, an axlo aRmosavleTis saomar Teatrebze,
Global Development Briefing -- Take Me to Your Leader, October 28, 2004
123
yvela aseT problemaze ixileT — Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents. Penguin Books, 2002. magram ar Seswevda unari, gadaetana sabrZolo moqmedebebi aSS-s teritoriaze. E
124
World Bank Writes Off $37B In Debts For Poor Countries (The Associated Press) World Bank approves $37 billion amave dros, ekonomikurad ssrk aSS-ze Seudareblad ufro susti iyo. Tumca zusti
debt write-off (Reuters) http://www.developmentex.com/index.jsp?action=getnews&id=39508&view=T Sedareba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, misi mTliani Sida produqti, sxvadasxva wlebSi,
125
ixileT — Final ODA Data for 2003. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/19/52/34352584.pdf rogorc Cans, amerikulis erTi mesamedidan naxevramde meryeobda. amitom mas
126
Global Development Briefing - Never, Again, April0 6, 2006. amerikelebTan samxedro paritetis SenarCuneba da globaluri konkurencia (samxedro
127
Most International Aid Wasted, Say Agencies, Reuters, Mon Feb 28, 2005 08:49 AM ET , By Jeremy Lovell upirvelesad yovlisa), SedarebiT bevrad ufro Zviri ujdeboda, vidre amerikelebs. Aam
128
Scandal of 'phantom' aid money, Larry Elliott, economics editor, Friday May 27, 2005, Guardian paritetis Sesaqmnelad da SesanarCuneblad, sabWoTa kavSirma faqtiurad gawira
129
Global Development Briefing - Contraband , December 02, 2004
130
Stuart E. Eizenstat, John Edward Porter, and Jeremy M. Weinstein, Rebuilding Weak States, Foreign Affairs, January/February
samoqalaqo warmoeba da mTeli ekonomika samxedro yaidaze gadaawyo.59
2005. plus, 1960-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, xisti, saxelmwifos mier marTuli ekonomikuri
131
Wrong fix for foreign aid, The New York Times , Monday, February 6, 2006 sistema aRar eqvemdebareboda reformirebas da gakotrebisaken mieqaneboda. amis erT-erTi
132
FORTUNE's annual ranking of the world's largest corporations. Fortune Global 500, 2005, From the July 25, 2005 issue mTavari mizezi qveynis ganviTarebaze samxedro-samrewvelo kompleqsis yovlismomcveli
133
pirovnebisa an organizebuli jgufis mier Zalis ukanono gamoyeneba an Zalis gamoyenebis muqara gavlena iyo. maSinac ki, rodesac ssrk-m miaRwia amerikasTan masobrivi ganadgurebis
sazogadoebis an mTavrobis daSinebis an iZulebis mizniT, xSirad ideologiuri an politikuri sababiT. iaraRis strategiul paritets, man ver moaxerxa samxedro warmoebis gadayvana
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin eqstensiuridan intensiur modelze da amiT sabolood mouspo ekonomikis samoqalaqo
Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. Zaladobis winaswar ganzraxuli gamoyeneba (an muqara)
seqtorebs ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi. daaxloebiT imave droidan daiwyo ssrk-s
mSvidobiani mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg iseTi miznebis misaRwevad, romlebic Tavisi arsiT politikuri,
religuri an ideologiuria; es xdeba daSinebiT an iZulebiT SiSis danergvis gziT. WordNet ® 2.0, © 2003
principuli CamorCena Tanamedrove teqnologiebis, gansakuTrebiT kompiuteruli
Princeton University teqnologiebisa da informatikis dargSi. saboloo jamSi, aman mkveTrad dasca sabWoTa
134 jaris brZolisunarianoba amerikulTan SedarebiT, qveynis konkurentunarianoba
sayuradReboa, rom yvela im teroristuli saSinelebis miuxedavad, romelic dRes msoflios rig
ganviTarebul qveynebs Tavs atydeba, adamianebis sicocxlis danakargi teroristuli aqtebis Sedegad

118 35
mTlianad.
Sedegad, 1970-iani wlebidan, sabWoTa kavSirisa da dasavleTis urTierTobam, cota ar
iyos, farsis xasiaTi miiRo. am dros qveyana dasavleTTan uSualo ideologiuri,
politikuri, da mesame qveynebis teritoriaze, samxedro konkurenciis pirobebSi
cxovrobda. amave dros, ekonomikis rigi wamyvani dargebis (samxedro warmoebis CaTvliT)
ganviTareba, da mosaxleobis xarisxiani samomxmareblo saqonliTa da sakvebi produqtebiT
dakmayofileba, ZiriTadad dasavleTidan importis xarjze xdeboda. xolo saxsrebs am
saqonlis iprortisaTvis, ssrk ZiriTadad imave dasavleTze navTobisa da bunebrivi airis
miyidvisa, xolo mogvianebiT, misgan sesxebis miRebis Sedegad Soulobda.
am droidan moyolebuli, ssrk, aSS-s konkurentis statusidan, faqtiurad misi sparing-
partnioris statusamde CamoqveiTda. rasakvirvelia, aseTi sparing-partniori jer kidev
uaRresad saSiSi iyo, magram saboloo jamSi, is ukve ZiriTadad reagirebas axdenda aSS-s
qmedebaze. aSS axdenda axali ideeebis generirebas, procesebis Casaxvas, Tu faseulobebis
gavrcelebis xelsSewyobas globaluri masStabiT. misTvis ssrk ukve im obieqts
warmoadgenda, romelzec xdeboda axali politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu samxedro
teqnologiebis gamocda; masTan konkurencia warmoadgenda gamarTlebas bevri iseTi Sida
da sagareo politikuri RonisZiebis gasatareblad, romelic sxvagvarad naklebad misaRebi
iqneboda, rogorc amerikeli amomrCevlebisaTvis, aseve misi mokavSireebisaTvis.
Tu am droisaTvis sabWoTa kavSiri jer kidev inarCunebda wamyvani globaluri moTamaSis
statuss, es imitom xdeboda, rom aSS-s interesebSi Sedioda. amerika, acxadebda ra sabWoTa
kavSirs Tavis ZiriTad globalur konkurentad, faqtiurad “swevda” am ukanasknels am
statusamde, qmnida misi sididis iluzias.60
alogikuri amerikuli qmedebis magaliTs warmoadgenda, upirvelesad yovlisa, vietnamis
omi, romelSic aSS-s samxedro Zalebi uSualod, oficialurad CarTulebi iyvnen 1965-1973
wlebSi. principiulad, qveynis realuri interesebidan gamomdinare, aSS-s Sida vietnamur
konfliqtTan araferi akavSirebda. 1954 wels, frangi kolonizatorebis qveynidan wasvlis
Semdeg, vietnami formalurad or nawilad iyo gayofili — Crdilo da samxreTad. misi
mTlianobis aRdgena dagegmili iyo sayovelTao arCevnebis gziT. am dros, samxreTi
vietnamis xelisufleba minimalurad iyo popularuli mosaxleobaSi, da met-naklebad
samarTliani aRCevnebis pirobebSi, waagebda maT Crdilo vietnamis komunisturi reJimis
sasargeblod. amitom man, xelisuflebis SesanarCuneblad, miaRwia arCevnebis CaSlas im
sababiT, rom ar daeSva komunistebis gabatoneba samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi.
aSS Caeria am wminda Sida-vietnamur konfliqtSi im motiviT, rom SeeCerebina sabWoTa
kavSiris eqspansia regionSi, gamoexata amiT Tavisi principuli antikomunisturi pozicia,
da rac mTavaria, eswavlebina komunistebisaTvis gakveTili, romlis safuZvelzec mas
momavalSi SeeZleboda laparaki sabWoTa kavSirTan lokalur konfliqtSi gamarjvebulis
poziciidan. amisken mas agreTve ubiZgebda 1950-53 wlebis koreis omis Sedegebi, romelic
principSi “yaimiT” damTavrda, miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS-s masSi gadamwyveti upiratesoba
gaaCnda, plus iq is gaeros mandatiT ibrZoda.
rogorc cnobilia, aSS am omSi damarcxda, Tavis istoriaSi udidesi damcireba ganicada
da sakmao droiT sakuTar ZalebSi rwmena dakarga. am omis Sedegad, vietnamis garda,
uzarmazari zarali ganicades mezobelma laosma da kambojam (am ukanasknelma genocidis
doneze). rac mTavaria, sabWoTa kavSiri, romelic am regions minimalur yuradRebas
aqcevda iq amerikelebis misvlamde, dafuZnda iq minimum ori aTeuli wliT (ssrk-s
samxedro-sazRvao da sahaero bazebi vietnamSi mxolod ruseTma daxura 1990-ian wlebSi,
Tanac ZiriTadad usaxsrobis gamo).
miuxedavad yvela naklisa, politikis globalizaciis TvalsazrisiT meore
globalizacia, pirvelTan SedarebiT, aSkarad win gadadgmul nabijs warmoadgenda. am
periodis mTavari upiratesoba winamavalTan imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gansxvavebiT pirveli
globalizaciisagan, rodesac ramdenime saxelmwifo uSualod akontrolebda dedamiwis
teritoriisa da mosaxleois udides nawils, meore globalizaciis dros wamyvani
globaluri moTamaSeebi erTmaneTs ecilebodnen gavlenas mravalricxovan, formalurad
damoukidebel saxelmwifoze. damoukidebeli subieqtebis raodenobam ki gadaaWarba 100-s
1960-ian wlebSi da 150-s 1970-ian wlebSi.
aseTi situacia, rogorc minimum:
a/aZlevda damoukidebel qveyanas arCevanis saSualebas — gamxdariyo pro-sabWouri, pro-
amerikuli, Tu gamoecxadebina Tavi miumxroblad. civi omis meore naxevarSi mainc, am
ukanasknel jgufs formalurad dedamiwis qveynebisa da mosaxleobis umetesoba
36
61
ssrk-s SemTxvevaSi etyoba misi globaluri politika mTlianad aSS-s Sekavebas efuZneboda, aSS-s
SemTxvevaSi naklebad, Tumca ZiriTadad.
62
ixileT konkretuli SemTxveva 2.
63
es pasuxismgebloba sazogadod vrceldeba mTel ganviTarebul msoflioze, Tumca ufro Serbilebuli
saxiT.
64
imis miuxedavad, rom aseTi Sedareba sakmaod arakoreqtulia, mainc sainteresoa imis gamoTvla, rom 2006
wels aSS-ze modioda saSualod 2.5-jer meti damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, vidre modioda saSualod masze
da sabWoTa kavSirze cal-calke, civi omis bolo periodSi (daaxloebiT 1970-iani wlebis bolodan).
65
potenciurad es adgili SeiZleba CineTma Seavsos, magram es momavlis saqmea.
66
saerTaSoriso reJimi SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros rogorc “cxadi da aracxadi principebi, normebi,
wesebi da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procedurebi, romelTa garSemo xdeba moTamaSeTa molodinis Seyra
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sakiTxebis mocemul sferoSi”. International regime – “implicit and explicit
principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures aroud which actor expectations converge in a given issue
area of international relations”. S. Krasner. International Regimes. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1983, p.2. aq
isevdaisev, ar aris laparaki iseT reJimebze, romlebic qveynebs Soris ormxriv, anda regionalur
urTierTobebs aregulireben. laparaki globaluri urTierTobebis mowesrigebis mcdelobazea.
67
meores mxriv, aSS uSualod akontrolebs, iseT umniSvnelovanes globalur sistemas, rogoric
internetia, da uars ambobs am kontrolis daTmobaze gaerosaTvis.
68
Think Again: The United Nations, by Madeleine K. Albright , Foreign Policy, September/October 2003,
http://www.foreignpolicy.com
69
D. Held & A. McGrew, D. Goldblatt & J. Perraton, Global Transformations, Politics, Economics and Culture, Stanford
University Press, 1999, p. 49.
70
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin
Company. Updated in 2003. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
71
gamonakliss iaponia da israeli warmoadgenen, magram am qveynebSi demokratiisa da adamianis uflebebis
praqtikuli realizacia, rbilad rom vTqvaT, sakmaod specifikur xasiaTs atarebs.
72
es ar exeba erovnul disaporebs, romlebic ZiriTadi eTnikuri teritoriidan didi moSorebiT
viTardebian (magaliTad, igive irlandielebi, Tu somxebi aSS-Si da a.S.).
73
http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/govt2000.htm
74
http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/whatsdem/whatdm13.htm
75
http://www.worldaudit.org/publisher.htm. qveynis demokratiulobis statusi ganisazRvreboda Semdegi
kriteriumebiT: sayovelTao samarTali, sityvis Tavisufleba, adamianis uflebebi, korupcia. Tumca,
rasakvirvelia, rogorc nebismieri aseTi klasifikacia, zog SemTxvevaSi mainc, esec sakmaod pirobiTia.
76
danarTi 4 asaxavs arasamTavrobo organizacia Freedom House-s 2006 wlis kvlevis “Tavisufleba
msoflioSi” Sedegebs. aq Tavisufalia iseTi qveyana, romlis mTavroba acxadebs Tavs demokratiulad da
uSvebs opoziciuri politikuri partiebis arsebobas (Tumca rig SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba adgili hqondes
am partiebis devnas); nawilobriv Tavisufalia qveyana, sadac mTavroba acxadebs Tavs demokratiulad,
magram krZalavs opiziciur politikur partiebs; araTavisufalia qveyana, romlis mTavroba ar acxadebs
pretenzias demokratiulobaze.
77
World Book Encyclopedia, World Book Inc., 2006.
78
http://www.quotedb.com/quotes/2452
79
msoflioSi demokratiis gavrcelebis, adamianis uflebebis dacvis, humanitaruli da ganviTarebis
daxmarebis organizaciis procesSi evrogaerTianeba zog SemTxvevaSi uaxlovdeba wamyvani globaluri
moTamaSis statuss.
80
F.Zakaria. The Future of Freedom. W.W. Norton, London-New-York, 2004, p. 259.
81
http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/whatsdem/whatdm13.htm
82
sruliad koreqtulia, igive argumentacia vixmaroT instituciuri investorebis mimarTac.
83
imperia mkveTrad gansxvavdeba federaciisagan, romlis SemadgenlobaSic xSirad eTnikurad mkveTrad
gansxvavebuli nawilebi erTiandebian urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze (ix. magaliTad Sveicaria).
84
http://www.free-definition.com/Empire.html
85
WILLIAM SAFIRE, Bush's 'Freedom Speech', The New York Times, January 21, 2005
86
am gamosvlaSi moyvanili mosazrebebi j. buSma ganavrco da gaaZliera, agreTve, Tavis yovelwliur
mimarTvaSi kongresisadmi (State of the Union Address) da moxsenabaSi, romelic man gaakeTa briuselSi, 2005
wlis TebervalSi evropuli turnes dros.
87
"The survival of liberty in our land increasingly depends on the success of liberty in other lands." "The best hope for peace in our
world is the expansion of freedom in all the world."
88
"is not primarily the task of arms."
89
palestinis xsenebam am konteqstSi sakmaod ironiuli xasiaTi miiRo mas Semdeg, rac 2006 wlis dasawyisSi
aq saTaveSi sayovelTao aRiarebiT Tavisufali, samarTliani aRCevnebis Sedegad teroristuli
organiazia hamasi movida.
90
Z. Brzezinski, The Choice: Global Domination or Global Leadersip. Basic Books, New York, 2004, p. VII
91
madlen olbraiti: “Cven mxari unda dauWiroT arabul qveynebs, ki ar uxelmZRvaneloT” naTan gardelzi,
Corriere Della Sera, 3 marti, 2005 weli http://www.inopressa.ru/corriere/2005/03/03/13:33:51/olbrait
92
Tumca aseT SemTxvevaSi is aSkarad msoflioSi pirveli biurokratiuli imperia gaxdeba.
93
Manifest destiny warmed up? The Economist, August 14, 2003.
94
N. Ferguson, Colossus, The Rise and Fall of the American Empire. Allen Lane an imprint of Penguin Books, 2004, p. 300.
95
op.cit. Economist.
117
 miekuTvneboda (ix. danarTi 3.1 da 3.2). miumxrobeli iyo magaliTad CineTi, romelic 1960
28 wels sabWoTa kavSirTan urTierTobebis gawyvetis Semdeg, mravali wlis manZilze,
dRevandel istoriul periodSic ki, imas es pirovneba ZaliT modis xelisuflebaSi, iniSneba, Tu mas
irCeven, mniSvneloba ara aqvs. faqtiurad nebayoflobiT izolaciaSi arsebobda. aseve miumxrobeli iyo indoeTi,
29
What Is Democracy Anyway? By NICHOLAS D. KRISTOF, The New York Times, May 3, 2002 miuxedavad misi efeqturi TanamSromlobisa sabWoTa kavSirTan CineTTan winaaRmdegobis
30
istoriulad, meore msoflio omis damasrulebel etapamde, iaponia mxolod erTxel idga ucxouri saerTo interesebis safuZvelze. irani, 1979 wlis revoluciis Semdeg, formalurad
intervenciis realuri safrTxis win, rodesac monRolebma me-13 saukuneSi aq orjer gadmosxes daupirispirda rogorc aSS-s, aseve sabWoTa kavSirs (am ukanasknels SedarebiT rbili
saeqspedicio korpusebi. orivejer iaponia stiqiam ixsna.
31 formiT) da a.S. imavdroulad, wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis daufaravi dawola da
Turning Up-Japanese, By Christian Caryl, Newsweek International, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11182591/site/newsweek/
32
Student protests in France lack the spirit of '68 By Elaine Sciolino The New York Times, FRIDAY, MARCH 17, 2006 sakuTari poziciis arCevis aucilebloba, aiZulebda damoukidebel qveynebs
33
ixileT - РОССИЯ – ГОД 2005: ЛОГИКА ОТКАТА Основные тенденции развития власти, экономики, (gansakuTrebiT iseTebs, vinc axali ganTavisuflebuli iyo koloniuri uRlisagan),
социальной и внешней политики, Лилия Шевцова, Независимая газета от 21.01.2005; АВТОРИТАРИЗМ В aqtiurad CarTuliyvnen msoflioSi mimdinare politikur procesebSi, ar aZlevda maT
РОССИИ ОГРАНИЧЕН БЕССИЛИЕМ ВЛАСТИ, Питер Лавель, Известия, 03.02.05; Россия умирает: три TviTizolaciis saSualebas.
разрушительных процесса, Роберт Нигматулин, Известия, 14.02.05.
34
Tumca rac dro gadis, amas sul ufro nacionalizmi cvlis.
35 miumxrobeloba, rogorc qveynis faqtiuri politikuri poziciis gamoxatuleba, ar unda
laparakia swored saSualo fenaze — msxvili kapitalis warmomadgenlebi (uiSviaTesi gamonaklisis
garda) yovelTvis poulobdnen saerTo enas nebismier mmarTvel reJimTan, Tu es ukanaskneli mainc da
aurioT miumxrobelobis moZraobasTan, formalurad arsebul organizaciasTan, romelic
mainc maTi principuli mowinaaRmdege ar iyo — rogorc stalinis sabWoTa kavSiri an maos CineTi. igive Camoyalibda 1950-ian wlebSi rogorc qveynebis bloki, romelic upirispirdeboda msoflio
samxreT koreaSi diqtatorul reJims swored saSualo fenis warmomadgenlebma mouRes bolo. hegemonebs. dReisaTvias am organizaciaSi, formalurad 114 qveyanaa gaerTianebuli.
36
am konkretul SemTxvevaSi “bunebrivi garemo” mineralur resursul bazasac moicavs. realurad am gaerTianebaSi civi omis periodSi Sediodnen rogorc aSS-s, aseve ssrk-s, Ria
37
inglisurad es ase JRers — the set of measures that create a framework for implementation of the above tasks. mokavSireebi da klienti qveynebi, rogorebicaa magaliTad, kuba Tu saudis arabeTi, Cile
38
gasagebia, rom am SemTxvevaSi termini naklebad ganviTarebuli sazogadoeba iseTive evfemizmia, rogorc Tu kolumbia. es rasakvirvelia, eWvis qveS ayenebda organizaciis realur statuss, Tumca
vTqvaT — ganviTarebadi qveyana. sinamdvileSi unda vixmaroT termini ganuviTarebeli (sazogadoeba, misi calkeuli wevrebi, iseTebi rogorc iugoslavia, Sri lanka, Tu bangladeSi (1971 wels
qveyana), magram politikuri koreqtulobis proncipi amis saSualebas ar iZleva. pakistanidan gamoyofis Semdeg), namdvilad cdilobdnen distancirebas aSS-ssrk-s
39
espaneTma aSS-Tan 1898 wels wagebuli omis Semdeg koloniuri saxelmwifos statusi faqtiurad dakarga.
40 globaluri winaaRmdegobis procesidan.
rogorc vxedavT, msoflios wamyvani moTamaSeebis nakrebi im droidan moyolebuli faqtiurad ucvleli
rCeba (ixileT G-8).
41
miT ufro mizandasaxulad da warmatebiT amas akeTebda iaponia. b/ damoukidebel qveynebs gauCndaT politikuri manevrirebis sakmaod didi
42
Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish SesaZlebloba amerikul-sabWoTa winaaRmdegobis eqspluataciis xarjze. sakmaod bevri
to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them. qveyana, romelsac Zlieri, mizandasaxuli xelmZRvaneloba hyavda, warmatebiT iyenebda am
http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/53.htm
43 winaaRmdegobas sakuTari gamorCenis mizniT, iseTi miznebis misaRwevad, romelic wamyvani
Tu rogor xdeboda es praqtikulad yvelaze kargadaa etyoba aRwerili amerikeli mwerlis o’henris
(O’Henry) moTxrobebis ciklSi — “mefeebi da kombostoebi” (Cabbages and Kings). globaluri moTamaSeebis uSualo interesebSi naklebad Sedioda. ase magaliTad, amas
44 akeTebda egvipte gamal abdel naseris prezidentobis dros 1950-ian, 1960-ian wlebSi, siria
analogiuri mniSvneloba hqonda suecis arxze kontrolis dawesebasac, rac ramdenime aTeuli wliT adre
moaxerxes britanelebma, Tumca friad gansxvavebuli meTodebiT. — 1960-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, vidre ssrk daSlamde. pakistani — obieqturad erT-erTi
45
N. Ferguson, Colossus, The Rise and Fall of The American Empire, ALLEN LANE an imprint of PENGUIN BOOKS, yvelaze antidemokratiuli, promusulmanuri da antidasavluri saxelmwifo, aTeulobiT
2004, p. 80. wlebis manZilze iyenebs aSS-Tan axlo urTierTobas regionSi sakuTari politikis
46
rogorc ki ruseTis pretenziebi evropelebs gadaWarbebulad eCvenebodaT, gamoiZebneboda misTvis gasatareblad. sadam huseiniseuli erayi, minimum ori aTeuli wlis manZilze (faqtiurad
sakadrisi adgilis misaCeni meqanizmebi. ase moxda magaliTad 1853-56 wlebis yirimis omis dros, rodesac
didma britaneTma da safrangeTma sakmaod uxeSad agrZnobines rusebs maTi realuri statusi.
kuveiTSi SeWramde 1990 wels), sargeblobda da Tavis interesebisaTvis iyenebda rogorc
47 ssrk-s, aseve aSS-s yuradRebas.
es uSualo kontroli vrceldeboda bulgareTze, rumineTze, ungreTze, Cexoslovakiaze, aRmosavleT
germanisa da poloneTze, romlebic ssrk-s satelitebad ganixilebodnen. saboloo jamSi, civi omis droindeli globaluri politika mdgomareobda ara imdenad
48 aSS-sa da ssrk-s uSualo CarevaSi msoflioSi mimdinare sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis
laparakia swored potenciur ganviTarebaze, radganac danarCeni msoflios mxolod Zalian mcire
nawili iyo im droisaTvis demokratiuli. procesebSi, ramdenadac aseTi Carevis potenciur SesaZleblobaSi msoflios nebismieri
49
ssrk ekonomikis aRdgena nawilobriv ganxorcielda ungreTidan, rumineTidan, fineTidan da qveynis mimarT. msoflios damoukidebeli qveynebi sul ufro mzardi masStabebiT
gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleTi germaniidan miRebuli reparaciebis xarjze. magram am reparaciebis urTierTobdnen erTmaneTTan, miuxedavad maTi geografiuli mdebareobis, saxelmwifo
moculoba da xarisxi ver edreboda marSalis gegmis parametrebs. amasTan erTad, fineTis garda yvela am mowyobis, ganviTarebis tipisa Tu donis, ara imitom, rom ori wamyvani globaluri moTamaSe
qveynebis aRdgena saboloo jamSi isev sabWoTa kavSiris pasuxismgeblobas warmoadgenda.
50 maT saqmeebSi uSualod ereoda, aramed imis SiSiT, rom aseT Carevas SesaZloa hqonoda
http://www.ntanet.net/KENNAN.html
51
Soviet power was "impervious to the logic of reason," it was "highly sensitive to the logic of force." adgili.
52
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Doctrine miuxedavad daufaravi mtrobisa, aSS da ssrk Tavis globalur politikaSi daaxloebiT
53
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_plan erTi da igive miznis misaRwevad ibrZodnen, romelic mdgomareobda sakuTari
54
ase xdeboda magaliTad 1950-53 wlebis koreis omis dros, rodesac sakmaod didi sabWouri samxedro usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi mowinaaRmdegis Sekavebis xarjze dedamiwis nebismier
kontingenti Crdilo koreaSi (gansakuTrebiT mfrinavebi) oficialurad ar fiqsirdeboda. aseve kuTxeSi. Sedegad, grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, maTma urTierTobam mtruli
araoficialuri rCeboda aSS-s uSualo roli 1979-89 wlebis avRaneTSi sabWoTa intervenciis
winaaRmdegobis organizaciasa da warmarTvaSi.
TanamSromlobis xasiaTi miiRo. sakuTari interesebisaTvis brZolis procesSi maT Seqmnes
55 orivesaTvis momgebiani urTierTobaTa sistema. faqtiurad, aSS-sa da ssrk-s saxiT,
sakmaod moulodneli gavlena moaxdina am omma saqarTveloze. im dros egviptes jari masobrivad
iyenebda saxedrebs tvirTebis gadasazidad. amitom sabWoTa kavSirSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi, moxda am msoflios moevlina ori TviTdaniSnuli globaluri policieli, romlebic sakmaod
cxovelebis masobrivi konfiskacia da maTi egvipteSi gagzavna. sainteresoa, rom saxedrebis populacia efeqturad uzrunvelyofdnen SedarebiT stabilur politikur garemos dedamiwaze
saqarTveloSi mas Semdeg faqtiurad aRar aRdga. formalurad damoukidebel qveynebze uSualo kontrolis damyarebis gareSe. erTmaneTTan
56
М. Делягин, Модернизация России создаст системные проблемы в отношениях с Западом, urTierTobis procesSi, es moTamaSeebi ara marto zRudavdnen mowinaaRmdegis zedmet
http://www.forum.msk.ru/material/economic/10957.html aqtiurobas, aramed did wilad axSobdnen nebismier maTTvis arasasurvel process,
57
sainteresoa, rom evropaSic ki rainduli turnirebi saboloo jamSi gadaiqcnen sportis nairsaxeobad,
romelic maTi gavlenis uSualo sferoebis gareT SeiZleba ganviTarebuliyo.
romlis farglebSi profesionali turniris raindebi ibrZodnen sruliad realuri gasamrjelos
misaRebaT. formalurad, civi omis dros, pirvel globalizaciasTan SedarebiT, msoflioSi
58 mimdinare procesebis ganusazRvrelobis done unda sakmaod momatebuliyo, imasTan
dResac ki, aSS-sa da ruseTs erTad rogorc minimum 27 000 birTvuli Wurvi gaaCniaT.
59 dakavSirebiT, rom orive globalur moTamaSes, Tavisi aqtiurobis procesSi,
aq makaronsac ki im qarxnebSi da im dazgebze awarmoebdnen, romlebsac omis SemTxvevaSi vaznebi unda
gamoeSva. mravaucnobiani amocanis amoxsna uwevda, romelSic ucnobebis saxiT mravalricxovani
60
igives akeTebs is terorizmis mimarT — ixileT konkretuli SemTxveva 3. damoukidebeli qveynebi gvevlineboda. sinamdvileSi, maTi globaluri aqtiurobis didi

116 37
nawili Semoifargleboda uSualod strategiuli mowinaaRmdegis Sekavebis amocanis
gadaWriT.61 am dros, maTTvis metnaklebad advili iyo SedarebiT mcire raodenobis
mowinaaRmdegisa Tu mokavSiris sakmaod kargad cnobili Tvisebebis (dadebiTis Tu
uaryofiTis) gaTvaliswineba, da maTze dayrdnobiT sakuTari qmedebis dagegmva.
aseTi sistemis yvelaze didi nakli imaSi mdgomareobda, rom oTxi aTeuli wlis manZilze
msoflio mieCvia imas, rom dedamiwis nebismier kuTxeSi warmoqmnili mniSvnelovani
problemebis mogvareba Tu Caqroba, umetiswilad xdeboda aSS-sa da ssrk-s (cal-calke an
erTad) Carevis Sedegad, miuxedavad imisa, gaaCndaT Tu ara am ukanasknelebs aseTi Carevis
formaluri mizezi, anda konfliqtSi CaTreuli mxareebis Tanxmoba (magaliTad, es moxda
ori, 1967 da 1973 wlebis arabul-israelis konfliqtebis dros). msoflio miCveuli iyo
agreTve imas, rom am qveynebis urTierT Semavsebeli konkurencia vrceldeboda yvelgan
dedamiwaze (ufro swored, SesaZlebeli iyo gavrcelebuliyo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi).
faqtiurad, arsebobda imis iluzia, rom es qveynebi akontrolebdnen msoflioSi mimdinare
politikur procesebs, ufro metad ki imis survili, rom pasuxismgebloba am procesebze
mTlianad maTTvis gadaebralebinaT.
2.2.4. 1991 wels msoflio politikuri asparezidan sabWoTa kavSiris wasvlam globalur
politikur urTierTobebSi uzarmazari sicariele datova. aman, yvelaferTan erTad,
ufro naTeli gaxada msoflio politikaSi wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis dominirebaze
dafuZnebuli urTierTobaTa sistemis zemoT ganxiluli nakli.
1991 wlis Semdeg ar Camoyalibda globalizaciis axali stadia (mesame globalizacia)
iqidan gamomdinare, rom ar gaCnda axali globaluri moTamaSe, xolo erTaderTi darCenili
— aSS, agrZelebs moqmedebas im Zvel strategiul azrovnebaze dayrdnobiT, romelic
Camouyalibda globaluri konfrontaciis periodSi. man ver moaxerxa iseTi axali ideebis,
faseulobebis, politikis Camoyalibeba da cxovrebaSi gatareba, romelic principulad
gansxvavdeba civi omis periodSi gamoyenebulisagan; ZiriTadad SeinarCuna da ganavrco
civi omis droindeli samxedro-politikuri instrumentebi (magaliTad, nato).62
aseTi azrovneba moiTxovs mtruli TanamSromlobis arsebobas, pasuxismgeblobis
ganawilebas Sesadari Zalisa da gavlenis mqone mowinaaRmdegesTan, romelic, rogorc
minimum, qmnis fons wamyvani globaluri moTamaSis qmedebis Sedegebis Sesafaseblad,
SemdgomSi am Sedegebis adgilobrivi Tu globaluri sazogadoebrivi azrisaTvis
warsadgenad.
Sesabamisad, mTeli aTwleuli sabWoTa kavSiris gadaSenebis Semdeg, aSS-s globaluri
qmedeba saeWvod gamoiyureboda rogorc axali strategiuli mowinaaRmdegis Zebna
gardacvlilis sanacvlod. mas Semdeg, rac man ipova (ufro swored ki daniSna) aseTi
mowinaaRmdege globaluri terorizmis saxiT, amerikis moqmedeba SedarebiT ufro
dalagebuli da mizanmimarTuli gaxda.
erTdroulad, amas mohyva xiluli cvlilebebi globaluri urTierTobebis sistemaSi,
plus gaCnda axali problemebis mTeli rigi, romelTa didi nawili ukavSirdeba aSS-s,
rogorc erTaderT darCenil wamyvan globalur moTamaSes:
- SeerTebul Statebs, mravalwliani ideologiuri da samxedro konkurentis gaqrobis
Semdeg, faqtiurad moexsna SezRudvebi msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi sakuTari interesebis
gasatareblad. 1991 wels, kuveiTis ganTavisuflebis mizniT erayis winaaRmdeg
Catarebulma samxedro kampaniam, kidev ufro gaaZliera misi rwmena imaSi, rom warmatebiT
SeeZlo nebismieri konkretuli samxedro-politikuri amocanis gadaWra globalur
masStabSi, Tavis garSemo msoflios sxva wamyvani qveynebis gaerTianeba mis mier dasmuli
amocanebis gadasaWrelad.
- aSS-s mieca saSualeba ugulvebelyos nebismieri politikuri opozicia, imoqmedos
nebismieri sxva qveynis, qveyanaTa jgufis, formaluri saerTaSoriso institutis nebis
sawinaaRmdegod. e.i. aRar arsebobda is Zala, romelsac Seswevda unari SeezRuda misi
aqtiuroba, Seemcirebina misi cduneba Careuliyo nebismier adgilas, Tu nebismier
procesSi msoflioSi, sadac ki misi interesebi SesaZlebelia Selaxuliyo.
- 1991 wlamde aSS, sabWoTa kavSirTan erTad, monawileobda politikuri Sromis
globaluri ganawilebis sistemaSi. am sistemis moSlis Semdeg, aSS-ma memkvidreobiT miiRo
ara marto monopolia iseTi procesebis iniciirebaze, romelic saboloo jamSi globaluri
politikuri sistemis Camoyalibebaze axdens gavlenas. rac etyoba ufro mniSvnelovania -
mas SerCa pasuxismgebloba im teritoriebsa da procesebze, romelzec iqamde ssrk-s
uSualo, anda maTi saerTo gavlenis sferoSi Sedioda, m.S. ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg warmoqmnil
problemebze am qveynis yofili teritoriis farglebSi.
- realuri globaluri mowinaaRmdegis ararseboba aZlevs aSS-s saSualebas imoqmedos
SerCeviT, ar miaqcios yuradReba im qveynebs, regionebsa Tu procesebs, romlebic mis
uSualo, mimdinare interesebis sferoSi ar xvdeba. magaliTad, aSS aZlevs Tavs uflebas
38
2
termini globaluri mainc uamravi sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT ixmareba, romelTa umetesobac aRniSnavs
raRacas Zalian dids, uzomos da Sors dgas misi pirvandeli mniSvnelobisagan, romelic gansazRvravs
raimes, rac mTlianad dedamiwas moicavs. tipuria am TvalsazrisiT, friad sayuradRebo rusuli
gamoTqma “глобальный облом”.
3
“For example, the verb “to be” in English has twenty-one distinct meanings, every single one of which is false-to-fact.”
Robert A. Heinlein “Elsewhen”, Assignment in Eternity, The New American Library, USA, copyright 1941.
4
The Guardian, October 31, 2002
5
yvela aq moyvanili magaliTi SemTxveviTaa SerCeuli. To "make worldwide in scope or application" (Webster)
6
"Process enabling financial and investment markets to operate internationally, largely as a result of deregulation and
improved communications" (Collins)
7
“The process by which the experience of everyday life, marked by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, can foster a
standardization of cultural expression around the world”. (Encyclopedia Britannica Online)
8
rasakvirvelia, ama Tu im, dasawyisSi Zalze sust procesebs SeuZlia, saboloo jamSi, gamoiwvios
globaluri cvlilebebi — e.w. “peplis efeqti”, Tumca aseTi movlenis albaToba friad dabalia.
9
Cven Segnebulad ar vxmarobT termin “saxelmwifos” am situaciasTan mimarTebaSi, radganac eTnosis
organizaciis tips am SemTxvevaSi araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
10
rom SeviqmnaT warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras warmoadgens aseTi eTnosi an, miT umetes, misi calkeuli
wevrebi, unda wavikiTxoT nebismieri nawarmoebi samoqalaqo omis Semdgom SeerTebul Statebze,
umjobesia evropelis mier dawerili. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa Jiul vernis rig nawarmoebebSi
Seqmnili iankis tipebi.
11
globaluri cvlilebebi SesaZloa mohyves romelime subieqtis erTjerad, SedarebiT moklevadian
qmedebasac. ase, magaliTad, 1970-iani wlebis navTobis krizisebma, romlebic gamoiwvia jer arabuli
qveynebis, xolo Semdgom revoluciuri iranis qmedebis Sedegad misi fasebis mkveTrma zrdam,
globaluri masStabis cvlilebebi gamoiwvies, kerZod, didi (Tu ara gadamwyveti) roli iTamaSes
ganviTarebadi qveynebis udidesi umetesobis ekonomikuri aRmavlobis stadiis SewyvetaSi. amave dros, am
aqciebma ver gadaaqcia embargos iniciatorebi wamyvan globalur moTamaSeebad.
12
Zalian bevri qveynisaTvis aseTi tvirTi aSkarad Znelad asawevia, da rogorc Cans, igive britaneTis
13
yofili afrikulikoloniebi siamovnebiT daubrundebodnen Tavis siuzerens.
principSi ukve arsebobs imis miniSnebebi, rom aseTi Canacvleba SesaZlebelia Tvalsawier momavalSi
moxdes, igive CineTisa Tu, rac ufro mosalodnelia, indoeTis mier.
14
sainteresoa, rom am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli informaciis mopovebis, damuSavebis da analizis
arsebuli meTodika imdenad arasrulfasovania, rom mis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia rogorc imis
mtkiceba, rom dedamiwis mosaxleobis keTildReoba izrdeba, aseve toli warmatebiT imis damtkiceba,
rom is ecema.
15
am sistemis Sesabamisi globaluri politikuri sistema ar arsebobs.
16
The National Security Strategy, March 2006 X. Engage the Opportunities and Confront the Challenges of Globalization
http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss/2006/
17
Статья президента России, опубликованная 1 марта в ведущих мировых СМИ, РИА Новости, 01/03/2006 12:00.
18
ase, magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom msoflios 150 qveyana SeuerTda e.w. kiotos oqms globaluri
daTbobis negatiur SedegebTan brZolis Taobaze, aSS principulad uars ambobs am oqmiT
gaTvaliswinebuli RonisZiebebis realizaciaze im sababiT, rom isini araefeqturia da misi ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba, xolo CineTi saerTod ar xvdeba misi moqmedebis sferoSi im
sababiT, rom is ganviTarebadi qveyanaa. amave dros, am or qveyabaze modis e.w. saTburi gazebis warmoebis
minimum iseTive wili, rogorc mTeli danarCeni msofliosi.
19
aq isevdaisev upriania moviyvanoT 1970-iani wlebis navTobis krizisebis magaliTi, rodesac
ganviTarebadi qveynebis udidesi umetesoba faqtiurad aRmoCnda embargos iniciatiorebisa da
dasavleTis qveynebis mougvarebeli urTierTobis mZevalis rolSi.
20
gasagebia, rom yvela aq ganxiluli ideebi moyvanilia konspeqtis saxiT da maTi mTavari mizania SeuqmnaT
studentebs miaxloebiTi warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu rasTan eqnebaT saqme am Temaze ZiriTadi
literaturis kiTxvis dros.
21
feodalizmi, rogorc Cans, ar warmoadgens damoukidebel ganviTarebis etaps da iqmneba nebismier
adgilas da dros dedamiwaze rogorc reaqcia tradiciuli sameurneo da socialuri struqturebis
daSlaze.
22
saqarTvelo, somxeTi, ukraina laTinuri amerikis msgavsad etyoba nacrisfer zonaSi arian.
23
amitomac etyoba ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg bevrs dasavleTSi egona, rom «istoria damTavrda”, Tumca
gaugebaria, ratom ar aqcevs aravin yuradRebas CineTs, romelic dResac oficialurad “komunisturi”
saxelmwifoa.
24
im SemTxvevaSi ki, rodesac qveyanas SimSili mainc emuqreboda, resursebis centralizebuli
gadanawilebis sistema iZleoda situaciis mniSvnelovani Serbilebis saSualebas. movigonoT bibliuri
iosebis sizmari 7 msuqan da 7 gamxdar Zroxaze.
25
meTxuTmete saukuneSi am qveynis sazRvao floti aSkarad ufro didi iyo, vidre yvela evropuli
saxelmwifos floti erTad, magram erT mSvenier dRes is dawves imperatoris brZanebiT, romelsac
SeeSinda, rom intensiuri sagareo kontaqtebi qveynis stabilurobas Zirs gamouTxrida.
26
klasikuri magaliTi “gviani” sabWoTa kavSiri, sadac, magaliTad, vladivostokSi mdebare romelime
dawesebulebis damlageblis Stats moskovSi amtkicebdnen
27
РИА "Новости", 24.02.2005
115
evropuli erTianobiT evrogaerTianebis farglebSi — piriqiT, aq xdeba rTuli da
uaRresad araerTgvarovani evro-aziuri (nawilobriv afrikuli) konglomeratis
formireba. aSS-Si laTinoamerikelebi (gansakuTrebiT meqsikelebi) faqtiurad Setevas
axorcieleben TeTr mosaxleobaze.
problema damatebiT gamZafrebulia ori faqtoriT —
1. rogorc evropelebma, aseve amerikelma TeTrma-anglo-saqsma-protestantebma etyoba
didwilad dakarges is kulturuli kodi, romelsac isini warmatebiT axvevdnen Tavs
yvela maTTan misul gansxvavebuli kodis matarebels da axdendnen maT asimilacias.
igive mZlavri kaTolikuri identurobis laTinoamerikelebis didi masa aSkarad
sjabnis maT kulturuli TviTgamorkvevisaTvis brZolaSi. dasavleT-evropelebi ki
aSkarad dajabnes musulmanebma, gansakuTrebiT arabebma.
2. migrantebi, romlebic aqtiurad axveven sakuTar Tavs gansakuTrebiT dasavleT
evropasa da aSS-s, garda imisa, rom mkveTrad gansxvavebuli socialur-kulturuli
faseulobebis matareblebi arian, ZiriTadad warmoadgenen im gamwarebuli masebis
yvelaze aqtiur nawils, romelzec zemoT gvqonda laparaki. isini, rac dro gadis, sul
ufro negatiurad arian ganwyobilebi im qveynebis mimarT, sadac ukeTesi cxovrebis
ZebnaSi mieSurebian (didi finansuri danaxarjebis, tanjva-wamebis, damcirebisa da
bevri sicocxlis fasadac ki). adaptaciisa da adgilobriv cxovrebaSi saboloo
integraciis nacvlad am migrantebis meore Taoba xSirad ufro mtrulad da
Seurigeblad epyroba Tavis axal samSobloebs. es gansakuTrebiT kargad gamovlinda
safrangeTSi 2005 wlis Semodgomis movlenebis dros, rodesac aseul aTasobiT
musulmanma (ZiriTadad arabma) axalgazrdam cecxlSi gaaxvia qveynis didi nawili.
am procesis mizezebi dReisaTvis kargad ar aris gaTviTcnobierebuli. aq SeiZleba Tavis
rols TamaSobs adgilobrivi eTnosebis daberebis obieqturi procesi, rodesac isini
ubralod aRwarmoebis unarsa da survils TandaTan kargaven — Sedegad iqmneba mosaxleobis
vakumi, romelsac rasakvirvelia viRaca garedan mosuli Seavsebs (ase xdeboda kacobriobis
mTeli istoriis manZilze, globalizaciam es Canacvleba ubralod ufro gaamZafra). amas
emateba agreTve absurdamde miyvanili eTno-religiuri tolerantulobisa da
umciresobebis interesebis upiratesi dacvis principebi. gansakuTrebiT dasavleT
evropaSi es xSirad elementaruli TviTSenaxvis instinqtis dakargvis doneze adis.
evropelebi verc da arc axdenen maTTan misuli migrantebis adaptacias, miT ufro ver
akontroleben maT nakadebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom obieqturad maT isini ar sWirdebaT, arc
iafi muSa Zalis saWiroebis, arc humanitaruli mosazrebebidan gamomdinare.206
zogierTi mkvlevari aq Seqmnil situacias saerTod romis imperiis daSlis magvarad
naTlavs. SesaZlebelia es warmodgena sakmaod gazviadebulia, magram saerTo trendi
saxezea da rac dro gadis, sul ufro naTeli xdeba. saqme gvaqvs obieqturad axal
situaciasTan, romelic principulad gansxvavdeba yvelafrisagan, rasac wamyvani
globaluri moTamaSeebi Sexvedrian TavianTi istoriis manZilze. faqtiurad laparakia
imaze, rom maT mier iniciirebuli globaluri procesebi maT ukan, Tan cudad miubrundaT.
ase rom, im sakiTxebs, romlebic zemoT ukve dauyeneT globalizaciis Tanamedrove
etaps, emateba Semdegi —
• saSualodan — grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi rogor moaxerxeben wamyvani globaluri
moTamaSeebi mimdinare procesebisadmi adaptacias — gamoiyeneben maT sakuTar
interesebSi, Tu ayvebian maT, sakuTari identurobis SesamCnev dakargvamde?207 rogor
Secvlis am adaptaciis Sedegebi maT moqmedebas globalur asparezze?
• igive moTamaSeebi moklevadian perspeqtivaSi — gaiazreben Tu ara am process rogorc
globalur sistemur movlenas da moaxerxeben masze Sesabamis reagirebas, Tu maTi
politikuri analizisa da gadawyvetilebis mimRebi institutebi ar Seesabamebian
amocanis sirTules da isini kvalindebulad gagrZeleben am procesis konteqstidan
amoglejil izolirebul movlenebze reagirebas (rogorc amas akeTeben igive
terorTan mimarTebaSi)?
• rogor Secvlian es saprotesto tendenciebi TviT ganviTarebadi qveynebis
(gansakuTrebiT musulmanuris da laTinur amerikulis) politikur konfiguracias,
rogor gavlenas moaxdens es globalizaciis procesebis mimdinareobaze?
1 SesaZlebloba. Tavs iCens wamyvani globaluri moTamaSis uSualo gavlenis farglebs gareT
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, “A World Together”, August 1999.
http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/2000/culture/global/main.html
114
TiTqmis mTlianad ugulvebelyos is procesebi, romelic viTardeba sub-saharis afrikaSi,
Tumca es swored is regionia, romelsac msoflios wamyvani qveynis yuradReba yvelaze
Zalian sWirdeba. aq faqtiurad Seiqmna sakmaod didi zona, sadac mravali wlis
ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs destruqciuli procesebi (upirvelesad yovlisa dasavleTi
afrika, kongos demokratiuli respublika, sudani, somali da a.S.) romlis SeCereba
adgilobrivi, iseve rogorc gaeros ZalebiT, SeuZlebelia. aSS mizandasaxulad Tavs
aridebs kontinentze mimdinare procesebSi uSualo Carevas, gansakuTrebiT somaliSi 1993-
1995 wlebSi gaeros samSvidobo operaciaSi warumatebeli monawileobis Semdeg.
- msoflio politikur urTierTobebSi Seiqmna aSkara disproporcia imis safuZvelze,
rom damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis umetesobas, romlebic jer kidev Camoyalibebis
stadiaSi imyofebian, didwilad daekarga arCevanis saSualeba, ganviTarebis alternativa,
SeeezRuda politikuri manevrirebis saSualeba. aq laparaki ar aris sabWoTa kavSiris mier
SemoTavazebuli ganviTarebis modelis avkargianobaze. misi arseboba, ama Tu im
ganviTarebad qveyanas, rogorc minimum, aZlevda saSualebas Segnebulad gaekeTebina
arCevani sabazro ekonomikisa da demokratiis sasargeblod. aseTi alternativis
ararseboba ki qmnis warmodgenas imaze, rom dasavluri sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis
models danarCen msoflios Tavze axveven.
- msoflios qveynebis didi nawili (Tu udidesi ara), ganixilavs aSS-s rogorc erTaderT
pasuxismgebels dedamiwaze mimdinare procesebze.63 aSS-s ara marto mimarTaven
daxmarebisaTvis raime problemis gaCenisas, aramed faqtiurad pasuxs sTxoven yvela aseTi
problemis gaCenaze (maT Soris xSirad misi uaxloesi mokavSireebic). faqtiurad xdeba
nebismieri adgilobrivi Cavardnisa Tu krizisis interpretacia rogorc amerikis Carevis
Sedegis ama Tu im mocemuli qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi. es ki Tavis mxriv friad uadvilebs
cxovrebas uamrav diqtatorsa Tu kvazi-diqtators msoflioSi, aZlevs maT saSualebas
nawilobriv mainc moixsnan pasuxismgebloba sakuTar qmedebaze. bevri qveynis xelmZRvanels
sakuTar xalxTan urTierTobaSi Semohyavs amerikis faqtori, rogorc sakuTari
warumateblobis, Tu arapopularuli zomebis gamarTleba (ixileT magaliTad venesuelisa Tu
boliviis xelmZRvaneloba). faqtiurad antiamerikanizmi dRevandel msoflioSi gadaiqca
damoukidebeli qveynebis saSinao problemebis gadawyvetis mniSvnelovan faqtorad.
globaluri politikis evoluciis stadiebi:
pirveli globalizacia — 7-8 wamyvani globaluri moTamaSe uSualod akontrolebs
dedamiwis teritoriisa da mosaxleobis udides nawils. sxva damoukidebeli subieqtebis
raodenoba SedarebiT mcirea, maTze wamyvani moTamaSeebis gavlena, xSir SemTxvevebSi,
mxolod formalurad ar ganixileba rogorc kontroli. msoflios xalxebisaTvis
damoukidebeli ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba minimaluria. globaluri politikuri
ganusazRvrelobis done SedarebiT dabalia realurad damoukidebeli subieqtebis mcire
raodenobis gamo, erTdroulad SedarebiT maRali, imis gamo, rom globaluri politikis
wamyvan subieqtebs Soris uSualo samxedro konfliqtis albaToba, da aseTi Setakebis
mosalodneli Sedegebi, gaazrebuli da gaTvlili ar aris. ramdenime, Sesadari Zalisa da
gavlenis mqone globaluri moTamaSis konkurencia iwvevs or msoflio oms.
meore globalizaciis pirveli stadia (1945-1991 wlebi) — ori, daaxloebiT erTnairi
samxedro potencialis mqone globaluri moTamaSe, ecileba erTmaneTs gavlenas 150-ze
met, formalurad damoukidebel saxelmwifoze. Sesabamisad, politikuri
ganusazRvrelobis done bevrad ufro maRalia, vidre pirveli globalizaciis dros.
damoukidebel qveynebs gaaCniaT ganviTarebis modelis formaluri arCevani da
politikuri manevrirebis saSualeba. wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebi principulad
uTavsebadia, maTi winaaRmdegoba sistemur xasiaTs atarebs. maT Soris potenciuri
samxedro Setakebis SesaZleblobis done uaRresad maRalia, magram misi Sedegebi
Sesabamisad gaTvlili da gaazrebuli. Sesabamisad, aseT Setakebas adgili ara aqvs, civ omSi
damarcxebuli moTamaSe (sabWoTa kavSiri) winaaRmdegobis gareSe tovebs globalur
asparezs.
meore globalizaciis meore stadia (1992 weli - ) — erTaderTi darCenili wamyvani
globaluri moTamaSe arsebobs 192 formalurad damoukidebeli saxelmwifos pirispir.64
damoukidebel qveynebis mier ganviTarebis modelis arCevanis SesaZlebloba minimumamdea
dasuli. wamyvani globaluri moTamaSe agrZelebs moqmedebas civi omis droindel ideebze,
strategiebze da instrumentebze dayrdnobiT. politikuri ganusazRvrelobis done
SedarebiT matulobs, iseve rogorc globaluri politikuri sistemis destabilizaciis
Seqmnili, da misi interesebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, spontanuri procesebi, romelsac
39
potenciurad SeuZlia globaluri sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis arsebuli trendebis
Secvla, an axlebis formireba.
- aSS-Tvis ganuzomlad gaizarda marcxis fasi. civi omis dros, sabWoTa kavSirTan
konkurenciis procesSi, yovelTvis arsebobda SesaZlebloba nebismieri warumateblobis
rogorc mowinaaRmdegis warmatebuli qmedebis Sedegis interpretacia. dResdReobiT,
iseTi Zlieri mowinaaRmdege, romelzec SesaZlebelia sakuTari Cavardnis gadabraleba,
aSS-s ubralod ar hyavs.65 sainteresoa, rom aSS-s agreTve ar hyavs imdenad Zlieri
mokavSire, romelsac unari Seswevs gasaWirSi realurad daexmaros, an saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi winaaRmdegoba gauwios.
arsebobs sakmaod bevri qveyana, romlebic aSS-s mokavSireebad mogvevlinebian (ufro swored
ase warmoaCenen sakuTar Tavs), magram cal-calke maTi realuri gavlena aSS-s mier
gadawyvetilebis miRebaze sakmaod mcirea (SeiZleba iTqvas minimaluri). es exeba iseT evropel
mZimewonosnebsac, rogorebicaa germania, safrangeTi Tu inglisi. aSS-ma SeiZleba gamoiyenos
maTi mxardaWera ama Tu im sakuTari gadawyvetilebis efeqtis gasaZliereblad, rogorc
magaliTad, gamoiyena inglisis aqtiuri pozicia 2003 wels erayis winaaRmdeg omis aucileblobis
gasamarTleblad. amave dros, mas advilad SeuZlia, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, maTi winaaRmdegobis
ugulvebelyofa. evrogaerTianebac, romelic potenciurad SesaZlebelia gautoldes aSS-s
rogorc globaluri moTamaSe, jer ver Camoyalibda rogorc erTiani, damoukidebeli,
efeqturi politikuri erToba. aSS-Tan erTobliv saerTaSoriso RonisZiebebSic misi xma ismis
iqamde, sanam is amerikis pozicias mainc da mainc ar ewinaaRmdegeba.
- is siZneleebic, romlebic warmoiqmneba globaluri urTierTobebis sistemis
Camoyalibebis procesSi, agreTve bevrad ufro mravalferovani gaxda. civi omis procesSi,
rogorc ssrk, aseve aSS, Tavis moqmedebaSi iTvaliswinebdnen ZiriTadad erTmaneTis da maTi
uSualo mokavSireebis moqmedebis faqtors, romlis gaTvla mravalwlian WidilSi
miRebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze sakmaod advili iyo. is sakmaod SezRuduli
stereotipebis nakrebze iyo dafuZnebuli.
aSS-Tvis advili iyo imis gaTvla, rom ssrk aucileblad Caereoda iseTi qveynis saqmeebSi,
sadac romelime adgilobrivi xelmZRvaneli Tavs marqsistad, miT umetes komunistad
gamoacxadebda, miuxedavad imisa, es mis realur interesebSi Sedioda, Tu ara, da amis
safuZvelze Sesabamisi winmswrebi RonisZiebebis gatareba. ase moiqca is, magaliTad, 1970-
iani wlebis bolos avRaneTSi, rodesac faqtiurad moaxerxa iq sabWoTa intervenciis
provocireba, adgilobriv marqsistur mTavrobasTan mebrZoli Zalebis mxardaWerisa da
konsolidaciis gziT.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg ki, aSS-s saqme aqvs uamrav ZalasTan (romelTa udidesi
umetesoba an saerTod ar arsebobda civi omis dros, an latentur mdgomareobaSi
imyofeboda, an ase Tu ise kontrolirdeboda ssrk-s mier), romelTaganac bevrs dRes ar
gaaCnia formaluri statusi, marTvis centri Tu konkretuli adgilmdebareoba, xasiaTdeba
konfliqturi interesebiT, da/an saerTod ar gaaCnia mkafiod gamokveTili interesebi.
faqtiurad gaCnda rigi spontanuri procesebisa, romelic wamyvani globaluri
moTamaSidan ar momdinareobs, magram gaaCnia globalur procesebamde ganviTarebis
potenciali. aseT situaciaSi bevrad ufro rTulia dagegmo da imoqmedo efeqturad,
ganusazRvrelobis donec mkveTrad matulobs.
teroristuli saSiSroeba iyo gamoyenebuli rogorc 2003 wels eraySi intervenciis
erT-erTi mTavari sababi, rac TavisTavad friad sakamaTo qmedeba iyo, romelmac aSS-s
msoflioSi, rbilad rom vTqvaT, popularoba namdvilad ar Semata. amave dros, am
intervencias, rogorc aseTs, ar SeuZlia raime safrTxe Seuqmnas globaluri
urTierTobebis arsebul sistemas. sxva qveynebis suverenitetis darRveva saerTaSoriso
sazogadoebis Tanxmobis gareSe, warmoadgens wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebisa, Tu
gansakuTrebiT agresiuli lokaluri moTamaSeebis, sakmaod standartul moqmedebis wess
meore msoflio omis momdevno mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi.
namdvil problemad is mogvevlina, rom aSS-ma am SemTxvevaSi warmoaCina Tavi rogorc
wamyvanma globalurma moTamSem, romelsac ar Seswevs unari Camoayalibos im moqmedebebis
mkafio Tanmimdevroba, romelic miscems saSualebas mixedos dapyrobil teritorias
warmatebuli samxedro kampaniis Semdeg. aSS-s xelmZRvanelobas aSkarad naklebi
warmodgena hqonda imis Taobaze, Tu ra unda ekeTebina eraySi uSualod iq SeWris Semdeg, ar
gaaCnda am qveynis grZelvadiani okupaciisa da transformaciis strategia, da rac ufro
mniSvnelovania — iqidan gasvlis strategia.
40
organizaciebis da a.S.
amave dros, rogorc Cans, msoflio SesaZlebelia viTardebodes iseTi mimarTulebiT,
rodesac sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zalis saxiT
mogvevlinabian adamianebis uzarmazari masebi, romlebTac erTmaneTTan mxolod
ukmayofilebis grZnoba akavSirebT.
warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom amasTan dakavSirebuli problema namdvilad arsebobs, jer
kidev Camoyalibebis stadiaSia, amitom mas formaluri saxelic ki ar gaaCnia. amave dros,
masze saubroben erTmaneTTan iseTi naklebad Tavsebadi moRvaweebi, rogorebicaa
magaliTad rusi mwerali, nobelis premiis laureati aleqsandre solJenicini da aSS-s
prezident karteris yofili mrCeveli erovnuli uSiSroebis dargSi zbignev bzeJinski.
solJenicinis azriT — “msoflio konfliqti SeiZleba ganisazRvros Semdegnairad:
mesame msoflio oqros miliardis winaaRmdeg. es aris siRaribis saerTo sakacobrio,
saerTo istoriuli aRSfoTeba da moTxovna simdidris mimarT. civilizaciebis konfliqtis
Teoria am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba arsis SesaniRbad, romelic dedamiwis mosaxleobis
keTildReobaSi arsebul urRmes rRvevaSi mdgomareobs”.203
bzeJinski — ”SeerTebulma Statebma TvalSi unda Sexedon axal da uaRresad mniSvnelovan
realobas: msoflioSi adgili aqvs Tavisi masStabiTa da intensiurobiT politikuri
aqtiurobis uprecedento zrdas, rasac populistur qmedebasTan Sejaxebis Sedegad
moyveba Zalismieri strategiis cvlileba. ama Tu im saxiT amaze reagirebis saWiroeba
ayenebs sxvebisagan gansxvavebul suverenul amerikas istoriuli arCevanis winaSe:
gansazRvros sakuTari globaluri roli.204
am movlenis safuZvelSi rasakvirvelia is udidesi gansxvavebaa Semosavlebsa da
keTildReobis doneSi, romelic arsebobs ganviTarebul qveynebsa da danarCen msoflios
Soris. sxvaoba, romelic SesamCnevad gaizarda meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi,
globalizaciis procesebis intensifikaciis procesSi.
misi gamovlena demografiulia, SeiZleba iTqvas — eTno-politikuric. dRevandeli
ganviTarebadi msoflios mosaxleobis umetesoba axalgazrdebiT aris warmodgenili. es
axalgazrdebi SedarebiT ukeTesi ganaTlebisa da gansakuTrebiT globalizaciiT motanili
informaciis gavrcelebis Tanamedrove saSualebebis meSveobiT sakmaod arian
gaTviTcnobierebuli dasavlur cxovrebaSi. is, rom isini dasavlur keTildReobas, uxeSad
rom vTqvaT, satelevizio serialebze dayrdnobiT sakmaod damaxinjebulad,
gazviadebulad aRiqvamen, situacias ufro amwvavebs.
Sedegad umZafresi socialuri Suris grZnoba — ar miyvars isini, vinc Cemze ukeT
cxovrobs, mec minda ise vicxovro, rogorc amas igive serialebis gmirebi akeTeben da a.S.
is, rom es axalgazrdoba ganviTarebadi qveynebis Taobaze SedarebiT ukeT aris
ganaTlebuli, ar niSnavs, rom maT iseTi codna gaaCniaT, rom SeeZloT swored Seafason
msoflioSi mimdinare procesebi da gaiTavison sakuTari adgili am procesebSi. piriqiT, es
masa ZiriTadad dezorganizebuli, gamwarebuli da ukulturo rCeba. magram is aseve
uaRresad politizirebulia, da aseT situacias xSirad mizandasaxulad qmnian da Tavis
interesebSi iyeneben sxvadasxva juris politikosebi (m.S. adgilobrivi elitis
warmomadgenlebic), ZiriTadad imisaTvis, rom gaimtkicon sakuTari Zalaufleba am
energiis dasavleTis winaaRmdeg mimarTvis xarjze. faqtiurad teroristebi am
saprotesto moZraobis mewinave razms warmoadgenen, romlebic emterebian dasavleTs
imisaTvis, rom man isini Tavis mdidrul sufraze ar miuSva.205
globalizaciam, gamoiwvia ra msoflios istoriaSi arnaxuli migraciuli nakadebi, ase
Tu ise Seexo faqtiurad yvela qveynis eTno-socialur struqturas. magram yvelaze
mZafrad da moulodnelad es gamovlinda swored im qveynebSi, romlebic ganapirobebdnen
globalizaciis procesebis formirebasa da mimdinareobas meore globalizaciis dros.
SeerTebul StatebSi, evropaSi, ruseTSi adgili aqvs umZafres demografiul Zvras. aq
yvelgan is erebi, romlebzec dafuZnebulia tradiciuli erovnuli saxelmwifoebi, umZimes
demografiul kriziss ganicdian.
yvelaze mZime mdgomareoba am mimarTebiT ruseTSia, sadac sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis
Semdeg mosaxleoba yovelwliurad TiTqmis erTi milioni adamianiT mcirdeba. es xdeba am
qveynis yofili koloniebidan migrantebis didi nakadis Semosvlis miuxedavad.
evropaSi situacia SedarebiT stabiluria, magram mxolod garedan Semosuli migrantebisa da
am migrantebis bunebrivi matebis xarjze. aSS-Si situacia SedarebiT ukeTesia, magram trendi
yvelgan principSi erTnairia — adgilobrivi mosaxleoba TandaTanobiT adgils UuTmobs garedan
Semosulebs, ris Sedegadac aq yvelgan tradiciuli TeTri qristianuli mosaxleoba
SesaZlebelia umciresobaSi aRmoCndes. dasavluri civilizacia (da ruseTi) icvlis Tavis eTno-
kulturul safuZvels. da es procesi, rogorc Cans, Seuqcevadia.
igive evropelebma ver Caanacvles erovnuli saxelmwifoebi erTiani zeerovnuli
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mSeneblobis xarjze, romlebic aRiqvamen sakuTar Tavs amerikis hegemoniis (namdvil Tu
moCvenebiT) msxverplad.
mesame — sabWoTa kavSiri faqtiurad TviTkmari iyo ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT da
globalur ekonomikur procesebSi SeumCnevel rols TamaSobda. rogorc minimum is ar uqmnida
konkurencias dasavleTs globaluri bazrebis, gansakuTrebiT energiis wyaroebis Taobaze.
aSS — ssrk-s konfrontacia TiTqmis mTlianad mimdinareobda ideologiur, politikur,
samxedro sferoebSi. CineTi, meores mxriv, wamyvani msoflio ekonomikuri moTamaSea, romelic
varaudiT ukve 2015 w. SeiZleba daewios aSS-s mTliani Sida produqtis moculobiT. is
uSualod uwevs konkurencias dasavleTs gansakuTrebiT nedleulis Taobaze (pirvel rigSi
Txevadi sawvavis wyaroebis gamo). energiis wyaroebTan usafrTxo SeRwevis aucilebloba
ganapirobebs mis moqmedebas Tvalsawier momavalSi. es ki niSnavs, rom is uSualod Caereva (da
ukve ereva) iseT teritoriebsa da procesebSi, romlebic dasavleTis (ZiriTadad amerikis)
strategiuli interesebis gansakuTrebul sferos warmoadgenda.
garda amisa, globalur bazarSi CineTis ekonomikis integraciis done ukve uaRresad
maRalia, iseve rogorc aSS-sa da CineTis ekonomikebis urTierTdamokidebuleba. bevri
eqsperti imasac ki ambobs, rom “amerikis mrewveloba CineTSia”, im gagebiT, rom iafi
muSaxelisa da mogebis ZiebaSi amerikuli kompaniebi metad aqtiurebi xdebian CineTSi,
vidre SeerTebul StatebSi. amas isic emateba, rom CineTs, rogorc aSS-s fasiani
qaRaldebis erT-erT udides mflobels, SeuZlia ufro didi gavlena moaxdinos (da ukve
axdens) aSS-s ekonomikaze (gansakuTrebiT dolarze), vidre piriqiT. Sesabamisad amerika-
CineTis nebismieri winaaRmdegoba bevrad met gamoxmaurebas hpovebs globalur
ekonomikaSi, vidre aSS-ssrk-s winaaRmdegobas SesaZloa odesme hqonoda (Tu birTvul oms
ar CavTvliT, romelic madloba RmerTs, ar Sedga).
miuxedavad yvela im cvlilebisa, romelic msoflios globalizaciam moutana, man
saboloo jamSi ver moaxerxa yvelaze mniSvnelovani amocanis gadaWra — msoflios
gaerTianeba iseT donemde, rodesac sistemuri winaaRmdegoba aRar iqneboda globaluri
urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala. globalizacia SeiZleba
ganvmartoT rogorc sazRvrebs gadaRma gacvlebze saxelmwifoebis mier iZulebiT
dawesebuli SezRudvebis Semcireba an gauqmeba da Sedegad mzardad integrirebuli da
rTuli warmoebisa da gacvlis globaluri sistemis aRmoceneba.202 miuxedavad imisa, rom es
procesi mzardi intensivobiT midis, man ver gaauqma saxelmwifoebs Soris sistemuri
winaaRmdegobis aucilebloba.
mixedavad bevri laparakisa miumxrobeli globaluri moTamaSeebis gaCenis Taobaze,
romelTac xelewifebaT saboloo jamSi gansazRvron kacobriobis momavali —
arasamTavrobo organizaciebi magaliTad; jer jerobiT maTi es gavlena Sors CamorCeba
wamyvani saxelmwifoebis gavlenas. metic, zogi arasamTavrobo organizacia mainc saboloo
jamSi maTi Sesabamisi qveynebis mTavrobebis agentebis rolSi gamodis. problema ZiriTadad
imaSia, rom globalizaciis ori stadia iniciirebuli iyo (Sesabamis saxelmwifoebSi
gansaxierebul) axalgazrda eTnosebis mier, romlebic miuZRodnen mas, romlebTac
SeswevdaT unari da undodaT iseTi axali ideebis Tu faseulobebis generireba da
cxovrebaSi gatareba, romlebmac saboloo jamSi Secvales msoflios iersaxe.
dResdReobiT globaluri urTierTobebi SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros ori iseTi
moTamaSis mier, romelTaganac erT-erTi ukve ukve gauZRva msoflios erTi
globalizaciuli ciklis [mimdinare] manZilze da dReisaTvis aSkarad ganicdis axali
ideebis naklebobas, xolo meore warmoadgens msoflios uZveles teritoriul imperias,
romelmac ideebis generirebis stadia daaxloebiT ori aTasi wlis winaT CaamTavra.
Sesabamisad ismis sakiTxi — gagrZeldeba Tu ara momavalSi meore globalizacia, Tu
urTierTobaTa raRac axali sistema Seqmnis globalizaciis axal etaps? orive SemTxvevaSi
rCeba ori kiTxva, romlebzec dResdReobiT damajerebeli pasuxi ar arsebobs —
• Tu gagrZelda globalizaciis mimdinare etapi, sakmarisi iqneba TuU ara is ideeebi da
praqtikuli qmedeba, romlebmac is Camoayalibes, imisaTvis, rom man ucvlelad iarsebos?
• Tu adgili eqneba globalizaciis axal stadias, vin gamova axali ideebisa da
faseulobebis generatoris rolSi, mogvevlineba axal wamyvan globalur moTamaSed?
zemoT moyvanili daskvnebi, iseve rogorc mTlianad leqciebis am kursSi moyvenili
argumentacia dafuZnebulia msoflioSi mimdinare sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis
procesebis tradiciul xedvaze. es xedva operirebs procesebis iseTi monawileebis
kategoriebiT, romlebTac gaaCniaT raRac saxis organizacia, procesebis xedva da
moqmedebis miznebis arseboba. principuli mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, Tu ra konkretuli
saxiT xdeba am monawileebis warmoCena — saxelmwifoebis, sxvadasxva rangisa da afiliaciis
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2.2.5. meore globalizaciis dros gagrZelda da gaZlierda me-19 saukunis meore
naxevarSi dawyebuli procesi, romelic mimarTuli iyo globaluri procesebis
kontrolisa da marTvis mcdelobaze Sesabamisi maregulirebeli meqanizmebisa da garemos
Seqmnis mizniT. am procesSi SemuSavda da msoflios masStabiT amuSavda mravali e.w.
saerTaSoriso reJimi.66 imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom es reJimebi Tavidanve yalibdeboda
wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis iniciativiT, uiSviaTesi gamonaklisis garda, isini
gamoxataven dasavleTis (farTo gagebiT) interesebs, an rogorc civi omis memkvidreoba,
efuZneba aSS-sa da ssrk-s interesebis kompromiss.
principulad, ama Tu im procesebis, gansakuTrebiT politikuris, kontroli da miT
umetes marTva SedarebiT didi teritoriis farglebSi, SesaZlebelia mxolod Zlieri
centraluri xelisuflebis arsebobis pirobebSi. kacobriobis istoriis manZilze es
xdeboda mxolod met-naklebad xisti struqturis mqone imperiebis pirobebSi. aseTi
imperiis Seqmna globalur doneze dResdReobiT principulad SeuZlebelia. erTaderT
globalur moTamaSes, amis arc maincdamainc survili, arc, rogorc es erayis kampaniam
gviCvena, realuri Zala gaaCnia.
arsebobs meore, axali, evrogaerTianebis farglebSi realizebuli gza, rodesac
damoukidebeli qveynebi nebayoflobiT Tmoben suverenitetis did nawils saerTo miznebis
misaRwevad. miuxedavad imisa, rom evrogaerTianebaSi Sedis kompaqturad ganlagebuli,
daaxloebiT erTi tipis qveynebi (25 qveyana msoflioSi arsebuli 193-dan), isevdaisev
swored politikur sferoSi, maTi integraciis done SedarebiT dabalia. amitom msoflios
ganviTareba am scenariTac grZelvadian perspeqtivaSic naklebad savaraudoa.
Sesabamisad, yvela is formaluri qmedeba, romelsac adgili aqvs mravalricxovani
saerTaSoriso reJimebis farglebSi, paliatiur xasiaTs atarebs, da naklebad SeuZlia
efeqturi gavlenis moxdena rogorc globalizaciuri procesebis Casaxvaze, aseve maT
ganviTarebaze.
aseTi reJimebi SesaZlebelia Zalze pirobiTad sam did jgufad daiyos —
a/ reJimebi, romlebic ganapirobeben globaluri transportis, komunikaciebisa Tu sxva
infrastruqturuli elementebis kontrolsa da marTvas, magaliTad gaeros sazRvao
samarTlis konvencia (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) da a.S. es reJimebi,
Tavisi arsiT, unda iyvnen da arian gansazRvruli zust terminebSi, warmoadgenen
mravalricxovani, ZiriTadad arapolitikuri moTamaSeebis yoveldRiuri saqmianobis
ganuyofel nawils, isini advilad kontrolirebadi da Semowmebadia. am reJimebis darRveva
iwvevs dauyovnebel xilul Sedegs, romlis Sefaseba SesaZlebelia raodenobrivad (m.S.
finansuri danakargebis saxiT), xSirad adamianTa sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis
danakargebiT. isini erTnairad moqmedeben nebismier qveyanaSi, maTi ganviTarebis tipisa da
donis miuxedavad. Tumca politikuri elementi aseT reJimebSi SesamCnevia, wminda
teqnologiuri da organizaciuli komponentebi mainc gadamwyvet rols TamaSoben.67
b/ZiriTadad ekonomikuri (savaWro, finansuri da a.S.) reJimebi, romlebic TiTqmis
mTlianad Seqmnili iyo aSS-sa da misi uaxloesi mokavSireebis, msoflios ganviTarebuli
qveynebis interesebidan gamomdinare, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sabWoTa kavSirs
SedarebiT naklebi interesi gaaCnda am sferoSi, plus is imdenad Zlieri ar iyo
ekonomikurad, rom sakuTari interesebi warmatebiT warmoeCina da daecva. es reJimebi
ZiriTadad Seqmnilia iseTi saerTaSoriso institutebis garSemo, rogoricaa msoflio
banki, savaluto fondi, msoflio savaWro organizacia. miuxedavad ganviTarebadi qveynebis
aqtiuri poziciisa aseTi reJimebis struqturisa da konfiguraciis mimarT, msoflios
wamyvani moTamaSeebi maincdamainc ar Cqaroben daTmon am reJimebis farglebSi adre
mopovebuli upiratesobebi da privilegiebi. amis kargi ilustraciaa 2005 wlis msoflio
savaWro organizaciis honkongis Sexvedra, sadac ganviTarebadi msoflios mzard
ukmayofilebas dasavleTma Seageba mravali sakmaod bundovani dapireba, magram Tavis
Tavze faqtiurad arc erTi konkretuli valdebuleba ar aiRo. amave dros, imasTan
dakavSirebiT, rom aseTi reJimebis funqcionirebis Sedegebic SedarebiT advilad
Semowmebadia da TvalnaTlivi (maTi gamoxatva adviladaa SesaZlebeli konkretul
finansur, materialur da a.S. nakadebSi), isini muSa instrumentebs warmoadgenen.
g/ reJimebi, romlebic ganageben globaluri usafrTxoebis sakiTxebs da maTTan
dakavSirebul aqtiurobis sxva sferoebs, magaliTad adamianis uflebaTa reJimis CaTvliT.
es reJimebi ZiriTadad asocirebulia gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciasTan, magram ar
SeizRudebian am saerTaSoriso institutiT. msoflio dRes moiTvlis 300-mde
saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizacias, romelTaganac 23 uSualod gaeros sistemaSi
41
Sedis. aq saqme gvaqvs SemTxvevasTan, rodesac TiTqmis yvela arsebuli xelSekruleba Tu
organizacia, romelic ase Tu ise axdens gavlenas globalur politikur urTierTobebze,
warmoiqmna antagonisturi sazogadoebrivi sistemebis konfrontaciis procesSi, da am
konfrontaciis Sedegad.
arsebobs formaluri da araformaluri standartebisa da wesebis uzarmazari erToba,
romelsac eTanxmebian, da romelsac misdeven, globalur sivrceSi warmodgenili
politikuri moTamaSeebi. es standartebi da wesebi, qveyanaTaSorisi da transnacionaluri
aqtiurobis meSveobiT, da mis farglebSi, qmnian maregulirebeli meqanizmebis urTules
sistemas. am meqanizmebis didi nawilis efeqturoba sakmaod saeWvoa, radganac isini asaxaven
iseTi urTierTobebis Sedegebs, rodesac mowinaaRmdege mxareebi iZulebulebi iyvnen
mieRwiaT raRac saxis kompromisisaTvis da am procesSi cdilobdnen “arc mwvadi daewvaT da
arc Samfuri”.
am wesebs Soris gvxvdeba iseTi “pirobiTi” wesebic, rogoricaa magaliTad
“saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis neba”, romelsac gansazRvrul pirobebSi SeuZlia SeiZinos
“kanonis statusi” an gaxdes legaluri saerTaSoriso moqmedebis safuZveli. realur
cxovrebaSi es “neba” ZiriTadad gamoixateba igive wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis
politikur midrekilebebsa da saWiroebebSi, xSirad gamoiyeneba formalurad
damoukidebeli qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi Carevis sababad, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac aseTi
Careva ar hpovebs gaeroSi warmodgenili qveynebis umetesobis mxardaWeras (ixileT
magaliTisaTvis serbiis dabombva 1999 wels natos Zalebis mier). damatebiT, aseTi
standartebisa da wesebis umetesobis Sefasebis kriteriumebi sakmaod bundovania da
sxvadasxva saxis SerCeviTi interpretaciis sagani advilad xdeba.
aseTi tipis reJimebi xSirad gamoiyeneba SerCeviT, damokidebuli isevdaisev, wamyvani
globaluri moTamaSeebis realur midrekilebebsa da saWiroebebze. zogi qveyana sastikad
isjeba imisaTvis, rom ewinaaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis nebas, xolo sxvebis
qmedebas igive “nebam” SesaZlebelia zurgi Seaqcios da maT SerCeT is qmedeba,
romlisTvisac sxvebi isjebian. wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebi, an qveynebi, romlebic
raime mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben am wamyvani moTamaSeebis saqmianobaSi, an qveynebi,
romlebic ubralod mdebareoben iseT regionSi, romelic mocemul istoriul momentSi am
moTamaSeebs ar ainteresebT, xSirad axerxeben uamravi formaluri Tu araformaluri
wesebisa da standartebis darRvevas, magram amaze araviTar pasuxs ar ageben. amas akeTeben
mravali wlebis manZilze islamuri terorizmis iseTi mfarvelebi da sulisCamdgmelebi,
rogorebicaa saudis arabeTi da pakistani (ixileT konkretuli SemTxveva 3), magram maT
“saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis guliswyromisagan” aSS-Tan “gansakuTrebuli urTierTobebi”
icavs. amas akeTebda igive kuba, romelic uSualod monawileobda laTinuri amerikisa Tu
afrikis teritoriaze mravalricxovani teroristuli organizaciis Tu partizanuli
moZraobis Seqmnasa da marTvaSi, agzavnida samxedro qvedanayofebs afrikis teritoriaze
mimdinare samoqalaqo omebSi monawileobis misaRebaT — magram mas ssrk mfarvelobda.
mravali saerTaSoriso reJimi faqtiurad ar muSaobs, radganac ar iTvaliswinebs misi
damrRvevebis mimarT raime iZulebiTi sanqciebis gatarebas. aseTi reJimis yvelaze metis
mTqmeli magaliTia 1968 wels xelmowerili birTvuli iaraRis gauvrceleblobis
xelSekruleba. is SeimuSava civi omis orive wamyvanma moTamaSem, mas Semdeg, rodesac
mixvdnen, rom birTvuli iaraRis Semdgomi gavrceleba misi mflobeli viwro jgufis gareT
(aSS, ssrk, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, CineTi) mkveTrad gazrdida globaluri
strategiuli ganusazRvrelobis dones da safrTxes Seuqmnida orives usafrTxoebas.
miuxedavad amisa, maTma winaaRmdegobam ar dauSva iseTi efeqturi meqanizmebis Seqmna,
romlebic gaiTvaliswinebdnen legalur Zaldatanebas am xelSekrulebis pirobebis
damrRvevi qveynebis mimarT. Sedegad, pirveli, vinc Seqmna birTvuli iaraRis
damoukidebeli arsenali (SesaZloa msoflioSi sididiT mesame, magram oficialurad amas
dRemde ar aRiarebs) da SerCa es qmedeba, iyo israeli. mas mogvianebiT, 1990-ian wlebSi,
miyvnen indoeTi da pakistani — tradiciuli Seurigebeli moqiSpeebi da “daisajnen” aSS-s
SedarebiT rbili moklevadiani sanqciebiTa da ukmayofilebis gamoxatviT. orive imdenad
mniSvnelovani regionaluri moTamaSea, rom maT mimarT ufro sastiki sanqciebis gamoyeneba
ubralod SeuZlebeli iyo, miT umetes pakistanis mimarT, romelic aSS erT-erTi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani mokavSirea msoflioSi. Crdilo korea mravali wlis manZilze SantaJs uwevs
aRmosavleT azias mis gankargulebaSi viTom arsebuli birTvuli iaraRiT, magram ar
ganicdis araviTar Sesabamis sanqciebs. qveyana aSS-s uSualo interesebis sferos gareT
imyofeba, xolo misi mezobeli qveynebi sxvadasxva mizezebiT an ar arian daiteresebulebi
mimarTon gadamWrel zomebs mis mimarT (samxreTi korea, CineTi), an ar SeuZliaT amis
42
saxiT, amerikis moqmedeba SedarebiT ufro dalagebuli da mizanmimarTuli gaxda.
teroristuli saSiSroeba iyo gamoyenebuli rogorc 2003 wels eraySi intervenciis
erT-erTi mTavari sababi, rac TavisTavad friad sakamaTo qmedeba iyo, romelmac aSS-s
msoflioSi, rbilad rom vTqvaT, popularoba namdvilad ar Semata. amave dros, am
intervencias, rogorc aseTs, ar SeuZlia raime safrTxe Seuqmnas globaluri
urTierTobebis arsebul sistemas. sxva qveynebis suverenitetis darRveva saerTaSoriso
sazogadoebriobis Tanxmobis gareSe warmoadgenda wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebisa, Tu
gansakuTrebiT agresiuli lokaluri moTamaSeebis, sakmaod standartuli moqmedebis wess
meore msoflio omis momdevno mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi.
namdvil problemad is mogvevlina, rom aSS-ma am SemTxvevaSi warmoaCina Tavi rogorc
wamyvanma globalurma moTamaSem, romelsac ar Seswevs unari Camoayalibos im moqmedebebis
mkafio Tanmimdevroba, romelic miscems saSualebas mixedos dapyrobil teritoriebs
warmatebuli samxedro kampaniis Semdeg. aSS-s xelmZRvanelobas aSkarad naklebi
warmodgena hqonda imis Taobaze, ra ekeTebina eraySi uSualod iq SeWris Semdeg, ar gaaCnda
am qveynis grZelvadiani okupaciisa da transformaciis strategia, da rac ufro
mniSvnelovania — iqidan gasvlis strategia.
bevri adarebs erayisa da vietnamis kampaniebs, Tumca zogierTi zedapiruli msgavsebis
miuxedavad isini principulad gansxvavebulia. es gansxvaveba imaSia, rom vietnami, rogorc
qveyana, iyo da rCeba — marto. iqidan wamosvla (Tugind am dros ukanaskneli personali
iqidan amerikuli saelCos saxuravidan vertmfrenebiT gamohyavdaT) namdvilad
daSoriSorebas niSnavda momavali konfrontaciis yovelgvari perspeqtivis gareSe, Tu amas
aSS ar moisurvebda. meore mxriv, erayi warmoadgens didi da ukanasknel dros sakmaod
agresiuli musulmanuri samyaros ganuyofel nawils. erayidan wamosvlis nebismieri
mcdeloba, Tu iq im droisTvis ar Seiqmna erTiani, stabiluri, kargad awyobili qveyana,
aucileblad ganixileba rogorc eqstremistuli, antidasavluri Zalebis gamarjveba. am
SemTxvevaSi terori daedevneba ukan daxeul jars.200
garda amisa, erayis kampaniis nebismieri daboloeba, garda gadamwyveti, saboloo
gamarjvebisa, gamoiwvevs aSS-s saxis dakargvas (loosing the face), rac Tanamedrove globaluri
konteqstidan gamomdinare Zlier (Tu sabolood ara) Zirs gamouTxris aSS-s, rogorc
udavo globaluri lideris poziciebs. amerikas SeeZlo ufleba mieca TavisaTvis daekarga
saxe vietnamis Semdeg (Tumca es uaRresad mZime aRmoCnda), radgan mas yovelTvis SeeZlo
TiTi gaeSvira sabWoTa kavSirisa da CineTisaken (rasac is akeTebda kidec). erayis
SemTxvevaSi ubralod ar arsebobs iseTi Zalebi, romlebic SeiZleba iyvnen gamoyenebuli
rogorc amerikis SesaZlo damarcxebis damajerebeli gamarTleba. isic ki, rasac
globaluri teroris saxeliT moixsenieben, ufro ideis saxiT mogvevlineba, vidre
realuri qselisa Tu organizaciis, romelTac SeuZliaT Rirseulad Sexvdnen amerikis
gamowvevas. miT ufro mkafio xdeba aSS-s globaluri politikis araTanmimdevruloba, rom
gamomdinare moklevadiani, viwro politikuri mosazrebebidan, aSS-s administaciam misca
saSualeba am Zalebs CaeTriaT is Sida-islamur sistemur “garCevaSi”, sadac grZelvadiani
globaluri strategiuli gamarjvebis miRweva qveyanas principulad ar SeuZlia.
es yvelaferi xdeba im dros, rodesac msoflio asparezze moCans aSS axali namdvili
strategiuli mowinaaRmdege — CineTi.201 aSS-CineTis SesaZlo strategiulma winaaRmdegobam
SeiZleba Semdegi gavlena moaxdinos globaluri urTierTobebis arsebul sistemaze —
pirveli — uamravi zedapiruli msgavsebis miuxedavad is ar warimarTeba aSS-ssrk-s
mtruli TanamSromlobis msgavsad. CineTi bevrad ukeT marTuli, organizebuli da
mizanmimarTuli qveyanaa, vidre sabWoTa kavSiri odesme iyo. mas imperiuli hegemoniis
mSeneblobisa da cxovrebaSi gatarebis aTobiT saukunis gamocdileba gaaCnia. misTvis
momavali konfrontacia mxolod kidev erTi epizodia mis istoriaSi, romelic
aTaswleulebs moiTvlis — raRac ocdameore dinastiis gafurCqvnisa da dacemis msgavsi.
meore — sabWoTa kavSiri Caeba civ omSi germaniasTan mopovebuli gamarjvebis Semdeg,
romlis Semdegac is sabolood gonze verc movida. misTvis aSS-Tan winaaRmdegoba saboloo
damarcxebis mniSvnelovani, magram ara gadamwyveti faqtori iyo. meore mxriv, CineTi
uaxlovdeba am konfrontacias rogorc Tanamedrove msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze
warmatebuli saxelmwifo, romelic jer kidev ikrebs Zalebs, jer kidev Sorsaa Tavisi
ekonomikuri warmatebis mwvervalidan. garda amisa, rogorc qveyana, romelmac miaRwia
arnaxul warmatebas aSS-s interesebis daufaravi ugulvebelyofis procesSi, CineTi
warmoadgens gansakuTrebiT misabaZ samoqmedo magaliTs bevri qveynisaTvis (gansakuTrebiT
laTinur amerikasa da afrikaSi, romlebTac ar gaaCniaT imperiul CineTTan urTierTobis
uSualo istoriuli gamocdileba). Sesabamisad mas sakmaod advilad SeuZlia gamoiwvios
cvlilebebi globaluri urTierTobebis arsebul sistemaSi iseTi qveynebis koaliciis
111
 efuZneboda saxelmwifo warmoebis wess, ver moaxerxa Sesabamisi mogebis miReba im
kontrolidan romelsac is amyarebda (ama Tu im gziT) qveynebsa da teritoriebze
msoflios garSemo. piriqiT, praqtikulad nebismieri aseTi mokavSire mZime tvirTad
awveboda sabWoTa ekonomikas.
sabWoTa kavSirma Seasrula Tavisi istoriuli misia da datova msoflio asparezi 1991
wels, Tumca amis Semdeg globalur urTierTobebSi uzarmazari sicariele Seiqmna.
globalizaciis dRevandeli etapis umTavresi problema SemdegSia - SesaZlebelia Tu ara
SenarCundes iseTi urTierTobaTa sistema, romelic moiTxovs ori antagonisturad
ganwyobili metoqis arsebobas gamarTulad muSaobisaTvis, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erT-erTi
aseTi moTamaSe ubralod gaqra? Tu saWiroa urTierTobaTa raime axali sistemis Seqmna,
romelic miscems msoflios saSualebas SeinarCunos SedarebiTi stabiluroba da
ganviTarebis pozitiuri trendebi?
meore mxriv, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg globalur urTierTobaTa sistemam
ganicada rigi xiluli cvlilebebisa. amas agreTve mohyva mTeli rigi axali problemebis
gamoCena, romelTa didi nawilic ukavSirdeba aSS-s rogorc erTaderT darCenil wamyvan
globalur moTamaSes.
cxadia, SeerTebuli Statebi maTi mrisxane mowinaaRmdegis gaqrobis Semdeg, bevrad
ufro Tavisuflad grZnoben Tavs imisaTvis, rom gaataron sakuTari interesebi msoflioSi
ise, rogorc es maT awyobT. maT unari SeswevT ugulvebelyon nebismieri opozicia, gaeros
magvari formaluri saerTaSoriso institutebis CaTvliT, iseve rogorc maTi uaxloesi
evropeli mokavSireebis megobruli winaaRmdegoba. sxva SedegebTan erTad es aZlevs aSS-s
saSualebas imoqmedos SerCeviT, ar miaqcios yuradReba im qveynebs, regionebsa Tu
procesebs, romlebic maTi uSualo, mimdinare interesebis sferoSi ar xvdebian. magaliTad
aSS aZlevs Tavs uflebas TiTqmis mTlianad ugulvebelyos is procesebi, romlebic
viTardeba sub-saharis afrikaSi, Tumca es swored is regionia, romelsac msoflios
wamyvani qveynis yuradReba yvelaze Zalian sWirdeba. amave dros, es uCens mas cdunebas
Caerios ufro xSirad da ufro met adgilas msoflioSi, iq sadac mis interesebs
SesaZlebelia safrTxe emuqrebodeT.
marcxis fasic (rogorc saSinao, aseve sagareo) am qveynisaTvis agreTve ganuzomlad
izrdeba, iqidan gamomdinare, rom aRar arsebobs imdenad Zlieri mowinaaRmdege, romelzec
SesaZlebeli iqneboda mcdari gadawyvetilebebis Sedegebis gadabraleba. ufro meti, aSS,
rogorc erTaderTi darCenili msoflio super saxelmwifo faqtiurad proJeqtorebis
SuqSia moqceuli, ramac is kritikis iol samizned gadaaqcia. bevrisaTvis (aSS-s
mokavSireebis CaTvliT) lamis aris Cvevad gadaiqca SeerTebul Statebze yvela im
problemis gadabraleba, romelTac adgili aqvs msoflioSi, nebismieri adgilobrivi
Cavardnisa Tu krizisis interpretacia rogorc amerikis Carevis Sedegis ama Tu im
mocemuli qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi.
is siZneleebic, romelic warmoiqmneba globaluri urTierTobebis sistemis
Camoyalibebis procesSi, agreTve bevrad ufro mravalferovani gaxda. SedarebiT advilia
msoflios wamyvani qveynisaTvis yurad iRos SedarebiT mcire raodenobis mowinaaRmdegisa
Tu mokavSiris sakmaod kargad cnobili Tvisebebi (dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi) da maTze
dayrdnobiT dadegmos sakuTari qmedeba. bevrad ufro rTulia dagegmo da imoqmedo
efeqturad, rodesac imave qveyanas saqme aqvs uamrav mowinaaRmdegesTan (romelTaganac
bevrs dRes ar gaaCnia formaluri statusi, marTvis centri Tu konkretuli
adgilmdebareoba), konfliqturi interesebiT da/an mkafiod gamokveTili interesebis
gareSe. am situaciaSi ganusazRvrelobis done mkveTrad matulobs.
es mdgomareoba aseve gazviadebulia imiT, rom is qveynebi, romlebic aSS mokavSireebad
mogvevlinebian (ufro swored ase warmoaCenen sakuTar Tavs) cal-calke imdenad Zlierebi ar
arian, rom gasaWirSi realurad daexmaron, an saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi winaaRmdegoba gauwion.
es gansakuTrebiT exeba aSS evropel mokavSireebs, radgan evrogaerTianeba jer ver
Camoyalibda rogorc erTiani, damoukidebeli, efeqturi politikuri erToba, xolo cal-
calke iseT mZimewonosnebsac, rogorebicaa germania, safrangeTi Tu inglisi ver SeaqvT
sakadrisi wvlili globaluri urTierTobebis Tanamedrove sistemis CamoyalibebaSi.
rogorc dRevandeli gadmosaxedidan Cans, Gglobalizaciis Tanamedrove etapis ZiriTadi
siZnele isaa, rom aSS agrZelebs moqmedebas im Zvel strategiul azrovnebaze dayrdnobiT,
romelic Camouyalibda globaluri konfrontaciis periodSi. man ver moaxerxa iseTi axali
ideebis, faseulobebis, politikis Camoyalibeba da cxovrebaSi gatareba, romlebic
principulad gansxvavdeba civi omis periodSi gamoiyenebulisagan. ufro metic, mTeli
aTwleuli sabWoTa kavSiris gadaSenebis Semdeg aSS-s globaluri qmedeba saeWvod
gamoiyureboda rogorc axali strategiuli mowinaaRmdegis Zebna gardacvlilis sanacvlod.
mas Semdeg rac man ipova (ufro swored ki daniSna) aseTi mowinaaRmdege globaluri teroris
110
gakeTeba (iaponia). meore mxriv, erayis mier 1970-ian wlebSi aSenebuli birTvuli reaqtori
iyo ganadgurebuli israelis sahaero dartymiT, radganac mas potenciurad SeeZlo zarali
mieyenebina israelisa da aSS-s interesebisaTvis regionSi, plus aSS-Tan “gansakuTrebuli
urTierTobebis” Sedegad israels Seswevs unari daarRvios saerTaSoriso samarTlis
normebi misTvis yovelgvari arasasurveli Sedegis gareSe.
mTavari problema saerTaSoriso reJimebTan mimarTebaSi imaSia, rom arsebobs maTi
realizaciis universaluri principebi (saerTaSoriso samarTali), magram ar arsebobs am
principebis cxovrebaSi gamtarebeli efeqturi, momuSave meqanizi.
1945 wels Seqmnili gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia aris erTaderTi, romelsac
SeuZlia formalurad ganacxados pretenzia globalur masStabSi sayovelTao mSvidobis
dacvaze, saxelmwifoTa Soris TanamSromlobis uzrunvelyofaze ekonomikuri, socialuri,
kulturuli da humanitaruli problemebis gadasaWrelad, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis
sayovelTao pativiscemis uzrunvelyofaze.
amave dros, misi struqtura asaxavs meore msoflio omis dasasrulis realiebs, da
naklebad mosaxerxebelia msoflio politikis globalizaciis procesSi Seqmnili
problemebis gadasaWrelad. uSiSroebis sabWos vetos uflebis mqone xuTi qveynidan sami
(aSS, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi) warmoadgens yvelaze tipur demokratiul,
kapitalistur sazogadoebas, xolo darCenili ori (ssrk/ruseTi da CineTi) aris maTi
principulad antagonisturi, yvelaze tipuri aziuri, piramiduli sazogadoebrivi
sistemis warmomadgeneli. mxolod es faqti gamoricxavda (da gamoricxavs) konstruqciul
TanamSromlobasa da konsensusis miRebas principuli, globaluri masStabis politikuri
problemebis Taobaze. amas isic emateba, rom uSiSroebis sabWos oTxi wevris (aSS-s garda)
SesaZlebloba gamoiyenos vetos ufleba, maqsimalurad uaxlovebs maT wamyvani globaluri
moTamaSis statuss mniSvnelovani msoflio problemebis gadawyvetis procesSi, xSirad
uqmnis maT cdunebas mimarTos mas igive aSS-s jibrze.
rac Seexeba gaeros generalur asambleas, is xSirad soflis yrilobas waagavs, sadac
yvela xmamaRla Tavisas gaiZaxis. aSS-s yofili saxelmwifo mdivani madlen olbraiti
xumrobda, rom “gaeroSi imdeni firmis prezidentia, ramdeni qveyanac aris warmodgenili,
xolo yoveli maTgani gansxvavebul enaze laparakobs, gaaCnia gansakuTrebuli
prioritetebi da umuSevari siZe, romelsac xelfasi sWirdeba”.
igive madlen olbraitis monacemebiT, 2003 wels gaeros wliuri biujeti oTxi wamyvani
ofisis (niu iorkSi, JenevaSi, nairobiSi, venaSi) da xuTi regionaluri komisiis muSaobaze
Seadgenda 1.25 miliard amerikul dolars, anu imdens, ramdensac pentagoni xarjavda yovel
32 saaTSi. xolo gaeros sistemaSi mTlianad dasaqmebuli iyo 50 aTasze odnav meti adamiani,
anu mxolod 2 aTasiT meti, vidre emsaxureboda SvedeTis dedaqalaq stoqholms. gaeros
jamuri wliuri xarjebi misi yvela fondebis, programebisa da specializirebuli
saagentoebis CaTvliT, Seadgenda niu iorkis saqalaqo biujetis daaxloebiT erT
meoTxeds. 68
e.i. nebismieri parametriT, dRevandeli warmodgenebiT, gaero sakmaod patara,
mcirebiujetiani organizaciaa, romlis realuri SesaZleblobebi naklebad Seesabameba mis
winaSe dayenebuli amocanebis masStabebsa da sirTules.
am organizacias gaaCnda (da dResac gaaCnia) moqmedebis Tavisufleba humanitaruli,
ganaTlebis, jandacvis, an (SedarebiT naklebad) bunebrivi garemos dacvis sferoebSi,
sadac misi miRwevebi friad StambeWdavia (ixileT Tavi 4.1).
amave dros, is Zalian SezRudulia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi moqmedeba SesaZlebelia
winaaRmdegobaSi movides wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis politikur interesebTan.
civi omis procesSi aSS-ma da ssrk-ma faqtobrivad gadaaqcies gaero iseT asparezad,
romelsac iyenebdnen erTmaneTze RvarZlis gadmosanTxevad, agrZelebdnen iq Tavis
globalur paeqrobas. Sedegad am wlebis ganmavlobaSi gaeros faqtiurad
qmediTunarianoba hqonda dakarguli, rogorc damoukidebel moTamaSes aqtualuri
globaluri problemebis (gansakuTrebiT politikuris) gadawyvetis procesSi.
problemebis mogvareba xdeboda aSS-sa da ssrk-s mier, xolo gaeros maTi
gadawyvetilebebis formaluri gaformebis neba eZleoda (ase moxda, magaliTad, 1967 da
1973 arabul-israelis saomari moqmedebebis Sewyvetis procesSi).
gaeros arsebobis manZilze iyo mxolod ori SemTxveva, rodesac man SesZlo gadamwyveti,
efeqturi zomebis miReba iseTi regionaluri konfliqtebis mogvarebis mizniT, romelic
potenciurad SesaZlebelia globalur muqaris donemde ganviTarebuliyo. pirvelad es
moxda rodesac Crdilo korea SeiWra samxreTSi 1950 wels, da meored, rodesac erayma
moaxdina kuveiTis okupacia 1990 wels. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, uSiSroebis sabWom moaxerxa
43
agresoris winaaRmdeg mimarTuli gadawyvetilebis miReba imitom, rom am dros sabWoTa
kavSiri mis muSaobas boikotirebda, xolo 1990 wels ssrk imdenad dasustebuli iyo, rom
veRar ewinaaRmdegeboda dasavleTis nebas.
gaero daufaravad amayobs imiT, rom misi jarebi manawileobdnen da monawileoben
samSvidobo operaciebSi msoflios mraval kuTxeSi. amave dros, es xdeba ZiriTadad maSin da
iseT adgilebSi, sadac wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebi ar arian dainteresebuli aiRon
sakuTar Tavze ama Tu im lokaluri problemis mogvareba.
gaero damoukideblad friad uZluria moagvaros seriozuli lokaluri konfliqtebi,
maSinac ki, rodesac misi jarebi masStaburi genocidis uSualo mowmeebi xdebian. ase moxda,
magaliTad, 1990-ian wlebSi ruandisa da bosniis cnobili genocidebis dros, romelic
ganviTarda gaeros samSvidobo kontingentis Tvalwin. 2006 wlis gazafxulze is ver
axerxebda sami wlis manZilze ganviTarebuli genocidis Sewyvetas sudanis dasavleT
provinciaSi — darfurSi.
rodesac wamyvan globalur moTamaSeebs gaaCniaT dedamiwaze mimdinare romelime
procesSi Carevis uSualo interesi, isini advilad akeTebdnen amas miuxedavad imisa, rom
gaeros wevrebis udidesi nawili SesaZlebelia amis wanaaRmdegi iyos. rogorc aSS, aseve
sabWoTa kavSiri, regularulad akeTebdnen amas civi omis dros; xolo aSS agrZelebs aseT
moqmedebas dResac. is magaliTad SeiWra eraySi 2003 wels, miuxedavad imisa, rom gaeros
mandati aseT qmedebaze ar hqonda. amitom xdeba, rom raime seriozuli lokaluri
konfliqtis mogvarebis aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, dainteresebuli mxareebi axdenen ara
gaeros, aramed globaluri moTamaSeebis lobirebas. igive darfuris problema, rogorc
Cans, maSin mogvardeba, Tu vinme moaxerxebs am procesSi aSS-s administraciis aqtiur
Carevas.
saboloo jamSi dRevandel msoflioSi nebismieri saerTaSoriso politikuri reJimi,
miuxedavad imisa, dafuZnebulia araformalur, Tu kanonis Zalis mqone wesebsa da
standartebze, muSaobs zustad iqamde, sanam romeliRac damoukidebel politikur
subieqts ar gauva misi Ria darRveva. ZiriTadad es xdeba imitom, rom wamyvan globalur
moTamaSes (moTamaSeebs) gaaCnia saSualeba, ganucxados msoflios, rom mxolod is midis
swore mimarTulebiT, xolo danarCenebi mas ubralod fexs ver ubamen. xolo misi mibaZviT,
amisive gakeTeba, ase Tu ise, SeuZliaT sxva politikur subieqtebsac, romlebic an wamyvani
globaluri moTamaSeebis mfarvelobiT sargebloben, an maTi qmedeba, igive moTamaSis
mimdinare interesebis farglebs gareT rCeba.
“wesebis damrRvevi” realurad isjeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aseTi sadamsjelo
qmedebiT dainteresebulebi arian wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebi, anda isevdaisev, Tu
aseTi dasja maT interesebs ar ewinaaRmdegeba.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani am SemTxvevaSi ki is aris, rom globalizaciuri procesebis
ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs, ramdenad legaluria esa Tu
is konkretuli qmedeba, ramdenad Seesabameba is saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs, romeli
saerTaSoriso organizaciis sanqciiT xorcieldeba, da a.S. aq mTavaria — visgan
momdinareobs es qmedeba, ramdenad Zlieria pirveladi biZgi da Sesabamisad globa-
lizaciuri procesis intensivoba, ra donisa da saxis cvlilebebs iwvevs is misi gavlenis
obieqtebSi.
igive mosazreba logikurad vrceldeba dedamiwaze arsebul saerTaSoriso organi-
zaciebzec. magaliTad, “didi rviani” (G-8, aSS, gaerTianebuli samefo, safrangeTi, germania,
iaponia, kanada, italia, ruseTi) arasodes yofila formalurad dafuZnebuli, ar gaaCnia
legaluri statusi, wesdeba, mudmivi struqtura. is faqtiurad warmoadgens misi wevri
qveynebis xelmZRvanelebis “interesebis klubs”. amave dros misi mniSvneloba Tanamedrove
msofliosTvis minimum ar CamorCeba nebismier sxva, globaluri masStabis formalur
saerTaSoriso organizacias, gaeros CaTvliT. xolo yovelwliuri Sexvedrebis dReebSi is
maqsimalurad uaxlovdeba wamyvani globaluri moTamaSis statuss, romlis gadawyve-
tilebebi axdens gavlenas procesebis Casaxvasa da ganviTarebaze mTel msoflioSi.
mTlianobaSi, politikuri urTierTobebis Tanamedrove globaluri arqiteqtura
faqtobrivad ar Secvlila pirveli globalizaciis Semdeg da isev saeWvod waagavs
SedarebiT rbil piramidul sistemas. aqac uflebebi nawildeba ZiriTadad “zevidan-qveviT”
- ufro Zlierebidan, ufro sustebisaken, xolo movaleobebi piriqiT — “qvevidan-zeviT”.
samarTali efeqturad muSaobs mxolod daaxloebiT Tanabari Zalis, ganviTarebis tipisa da
donis mqone politikuri subieqtebis “SreebSi”. arsebobs yvelaze maRla mdgomi subieqti,
romlidanac modis iseTi signalebis didi umetesoba, romelsac SeuZlia Seitanos
cvlilebebi globalur politikur urTierTobebSi. amave dros, aseT subieqts gaaCnia
saSualeba imoqmedos “qvevidan” wamosuli signalebis didi nawilis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe,
44
veb-gverdebs; xolo Google-m 2006 wels gaSvebuli Cinurenovani versiidan ubralod amoiRo
is veb-gverdebi, romlebic adgilobriv xelisuflebas ar moswons.
2004 wlis bolosaTvis internetis momxmareblebi msoflioSi Semdegnairad iyvnen
ganawilebulebi:
internetis momxmarebelTa wili %
regionis mosaxleobaSi msoflio momxmareblebSi
afrika 1.4 1.6
azia 7.4 32.6
evropa 31.6 28.3
axlo aRmosavleTi 6.7 2.1
Crdilo amerika 66.5 26.7
laTinuri amerika
/karibebi 10.1 6.8
avstralia/okeania 47.4 1.9
wyaro: http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
daskvna — globaluri politika erayis Semdeg
nebismieri msxvilmasStabiani movlena, bunebrivia is Tu sazogadoebrivi, gamoirCeva
didi inerciiT. procesebi, situaciebi, urTierTobebi SenarCundeba didi xnis manZilze
maTi gamomwvevi mizezebis gaqrobis Semdeg. aseTi inerciis yvelaze naTeli magaliTi
afrikaa. problemebi, romlebic dRes awuxebs am kontinents, warmoiSva pirveli
globalizaciis dros, rodesac maSindelma wamyvanma globalurma moTamaSeebma daiyves is
erTmaneTSi. daiyves ise, rogorc gamouvidaT, adgilobrivi interesebis yovelgvari
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. e.w. dekolonizaciis procesma meore globalizaciis dros
ubralod moaxdina am TviTneburi dayofis Sedegebis formalizacia da legalizacia; Tavze
moaxvia is xalxebs, romlebsac upirveles yovlisa Tavisi nebiT arasodes miuRiaT masSi
monawileoba. Sedegad, Crdilo afrikis garda, mTeli danarCeni kontinenti ZiriTadad
warmodgenilia naklebad sicocxlisunariani saxelmwifoebiT, romlebic agrZeleben
arsebobas maTi formaluri sazRvrebis CarCoebSi isevdaisev imitom, rom msoflios
wamyvani Zalebi [daJinebiT] moiTxoven arsebuli situaciis SenarCunebas.
aseTive poziciebidan SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT meore globalizaciac. urTierTobaTa
is nakrebi, romelic ganapirobebs dRes msoflio sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis procesebs,
Camoyalibda da ganviTarda qveynebis ori blokis sistemuri winaaRmdegobis procesSi,
romelTac saTaveSi edgnen aSS da ssrk. es procesi xasiaTdeboda Semdegi mniSvnelovani
TaviseburebebiT:
• miuxedavad aSkara sistemuri uTavsebadobisa da daufaravi mtrobisa, grZelvadian
perspeqtivaSi urTierToba am blokebs Soris (gansakuTrebiT uSualod aSS-sa da ssrk-
s Soris) SesaZlebelia daxasiaTdes rogorc mtruli TanamSromloba. sakuTari
interesebisaTvis brZolis procesSi maT Seqmnes orivesTvis momgebiani
urTierTobaTa sistema. aseTma sistemam, miuxedavad imisa, rom uamrav nakls Seicavda,
iTamaSa gadamwyveti roli imaSi, rom minimum oTxi aTeuli wlis manZilze dedamiwaze
interesebis SedarebiT stabiluri balansi iyo daculi.
• mxare, romelsac aSS edga saTaveSi (ufro swori iqneboda vTqvaT — TviT aSS) am
urTierTobebSi aqtiur rols TamaSobda. is axdenda iseTi ideeebis generirebas,
procesebis Casaxvasa Tu faseulobebis gavrcelebis xelisSewyobas, romlebic
isevdaisev grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi ufro mimzidveli aRmoCndnen msofliosaTvis,
vidre iseTebi, romelTa ukan ssrk idga. sabWoTa kavSiri, romelic araviTar
SemTxvevaSi am procesis pasiuri damkvirvebeli ar iyo, mainc maTze reagirebis
momxdenis rolSi ufro gamodioda, im gagebiT, rom is ZiriTadad cdilobda
mowinaaRmdegis gamowvevis mogeriebas. gansakuTrebiT am winaaRmdegobis bolo etapze
mas ubralod meorexarisxovani rolis Semsruleblis adgili hqonda miCenili.199
• am Sejibrma mowinaaRmdege mxareebs diametralurad sawinaaRmdego Sedegebi moutana.
SeerTebul Statebs (da maT mokavSireebs) brZolam sakuTari interesebis dasacavad
msoflioSi yvelaferTan erTad moutana axali bazrebis gaxsna da/an Seqmna Sesabamisi
damatebiTi mogebebiTa da ekonomikuri zrdiT. sabWoTa kavSirma, romelic
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gamijna. Zalian xSirad, masobrivi kulturis gavrcelebas adamianebi ganixilaven rogorc
maTi kulturuli Rirsebis xelyofas da Sesabamisad reagireben, Tumca reaqciis formebi
SesaZlebelia friad gansxvavdebodes.
magaliTad, safrangeTi ganTqmulia garedan Semosuli maskulturis organizebuli
winaaRmdegobiT. aq mTavroba uSualod ereva procesebSi, kvotebisa da subsidiebis
gamoyenebiT.195 amisaTvis mas emuqrebian evrogaerTianebis biurokratebi, romlebic apireben
im daxmarebis limitirebas, romelic SeuZlia gauwios ama Tu im qveyanam mis farglebSi
warmoebul produqcias.196 sxvagan es Sinagani protesti ufro radikalur, spontanur xasiaTs
iZens. bevrs miaCnia, rom dRevandeli, farTod gavrcelebuli, religiuri fanatizmi,
nacionalizmi, traibalizmi, Seuwynarebloba, didwilad warmoadgens reaqcias globaluri
kulturuli unifikaciis mcdelobaze. Tumca isevdaisev, es mcdeloba mizandasaxul, gegmiur
process ar warmoadgens. is warmatebuli lokaluri proeqtis globaluri Sedegia, romelzec
globalur doneze reaqcia uaRresad Zneli gasaTvleli iyo (Tu saerTod SesaZlebeli) da misi
iniciatorebis pasuxismgeblobis sferoSi ar moiazreba. samagierod, is dRes gadadis
globaluri politikis pasuxismgeblobis arealSi.
Daxali teqnologiebisa da kulturuli faseulobebis simbiozis klasikur magaliTs,
romelic muSaobs erTiani globaluri sub-kulturis Camoyalibebaze warmoadgens
interneti da mobiluri telefoni. am orive komunikaciis saSualebis “SeRweva” msoflio
mosaxleobaSi uaRresad didia, gansakuTrebiT mobiluri telefonis.
es telefoni jer kidev 1983 wels Semovida xmarebaSi, magram uaRresad popularuli
gaxda 1990-iani wlebis meore naxevridan, rodesac misma teqnikurma daxvewam da mkveTrma
gaiafebam xelmisawvdomi gaxada is ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleobisaTvisac. 2004 wlis
bolosaTvis msoflioSi 1.76 miliardi mobiluri telefonis xelmomweri iricxeboda, anu
mTeli mosaxleobis meoTxedze meti. mobiluri telefonebis raodenobam ukve SesamCnevad
gauswro fiqsirebuli satelefono xazebis raodenobas (1.21 miliardi). evropis xuT
qveyanaSi yovel 100 mosaxleze 100 meti mobiluri telefoni modis, xolo luqsemburgSi es
raodenoba 138-s udris, rac absoluturi msoflio rekordia. evropis rig qveynebSi,
agreTve, daiwyo fiqsirebuli satelefono xazebis raodenobis absoluturi Semcireba.197
principSi, mobiluri telefonebi ufro ganviTarebad qveynebs “moergo”. aq maTi qselebis
teqnikurad ganviTareba ufro advilia, amitom momxmarebelTa raodenobac metia, miuxedavad
imisa, rom isini “tradiciul” telefonze ufro Zviria. aq 2004 wels maT momxmarebelTa 56%
iricxeboda, xolo 2000 wlidan moyolebuli maTze movida msoflio bazris zrdis TiTqmis 4/5.
igive SedarebiT Rarib CineTSi mobiluri aqvs daaxloebiT yovel meoTxe mosaxles, magram es
335 milioni adamiania. ruseTSi momxmarebelTa raodenoba gaizarda 60%-T 2004 wlis cxra
TveSi. iq axla mobiluri mosaxleobis 51%-ze mets aqvs. honkongSi yovel 100 mosaxleze 119
mobiluri telefoni modis. amave dros, SeerTebuli StatebSi mobiluri telefonebi hqonda
mTeli mosaxleobis 62.1%-s, rac, magaliTad, naklebia, vidre karibis kunZulebis umetesobaze.
am qveyanaSi momxmareblebi yvela saxis kompaniebs Soris yvelaze naklebaT arian kmayofili
tradiciuli telefonis kompaniebis momsaxurebiT, xolo maT Semdeg yvelaze metad mobiluri
telefonebis kompaniebi ezizRebaT. 198
gansxvavebiT mobiluri telefonebisagan, interneti mainc ZiriTadad ganviTarebuli
qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel mivlenad rCeba. msoflioSi mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 13%
CarTulia internetSi, Tumca yvelaze ganviTarebul qveynebSi aseTebis wili mTeli
mosaxleobis naxevarze metia. internetis momxmarebelTa yvelaze maRali wili msoflioSi
islandiasa, SvedeTsa da maltazea — Sesabamisad 77 da 75-75%.
aq, rasakvirvelia, ZiriTad rols TamaSobs misi teqnikuri aRWurvilobis Rirebuleba
(kompiuteri da fiqsirebuli xazebi), magram aranakleb mniSvnelovania isic, rom interneti
ufro did moTxovnebs uyenebs misi momxmareblis ganaTlebis dones. plus bevri qveyana
diqtatoruli an naxevrad-diqtatoruli reJimebiT, Tu pirdapir ar krZalavs informaciis
Tavisufali gacvlis am ubadlo saSualebas, cdilobs is maqsimalurad SezRudos.
faqtiurad ganviTarebadi qveynebis doneze arsebobs pirdapiri korelacia qveynis
“gaxsnilobas” Soris, erTi mxriv, da internetisa da mobiluri telefonebis gavrcelebas
Soris, meore mxriv. igive CineTSi akrZaluri internet-gverdebis raodenoba aTasebs
moiTvlis da akrZalvis kontroli Zalian mkacria. aq zogierTi SefasebiT 30 aTas
adamianamde monawileobs internetis cenzuris procesSi da ebrZvis legalur saitebze
xelisuflebisaTvis iseTi “gamaRizianebeli” sityvaTa SeTanxmebebis gamoCenas,
rogorebicaa “adamianis uflebebi” Tu “sityvis Tavisufleba”. ufro metic, rogorc sCans,
iseTi wamyvani internetis momsaxurebis mimwodeblebi, rogoric, magaliTad, Yahoo!
atyobineben xelisuflebas im pirovnebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic iZieben misTvis arasaimedo
108
rac saboloo jamSi qmnis sistemis destabilizaciis safrTxes.
Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi miRebul terminebSi es situacia ase SeiZleba
aRiweros — demokratiis principebi gabatonebulia wamyvan globalur moTamaSeebsa da
maTTan daaxloebul saxelmwifoebSi, magram am qveynebsa da danarCen msoflios Soris
urTierToba ZiriTadad arademokratiulia. angariSgebisa da demokratiuli samarTlis
principebi warmoadgenen Sidasaxelmwifo mSeneblobis amosaval principebs, magram
saxelmwifo sazRvrebis miRma isini Canacvlebulia erovnuli interesebis realizaciisken
(da maqsimaluri politikuri upiratesobis miRebisaken) swrafviT. demokratia da adamianis
uflebebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi vrceldeba ganviTarebuli qveynebis SedarebiT
viwro, “Sida wris” warmomadgenlebze, magram ara maTze, vinc am “wris” sazRvrebs gareT
aris darCenili.69
gasagebia, rom aseT sistemas uamravi nakli gaaCnia, rac globalizaciis
mowinaaRmdegeebis samarTlian guliswyromas iwvevs. yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, jer
kidev arsebobs globalur procesebze aSS-sa da misi mokavSireebis faqtiuri monopolia.
amave dros, aseT sistemaSi Zlieri, wamyvani moTamaSis arseboba, romelsac SeuZlia
krizisis dros sakuTar Tavze aiRos pasuxismgebloba, miiRos swrafi, gadamWreli zomebi;
imoqmedos Tu saWiroa danarCeni moTamaSeebis nebis sawinaaRmdegod, saboloo jamSi zrdis
sistemis efeqturobasa da saimedoobas. arsebobs sruliad gamarTlebuli mosazreba, rom
wamyvani moTamaSis gaqroba msoflio politikuri urTierTobebis sistemidan gamoiwvevs
globalur destabilizaciasa da qaoss.
aseTi sistema saukeTesoa, rac SesaZlebelia DdRes planetaruli masStabiT arsebobdes.
is rigi parametriT aRemateba pirveli globalizaciis dros Camoyalibebul sistemas, da
rac mTavaria, evoluciis potenciali gaaCnia. bolos da bolos, masSi potenciurad
monawileobis miReba SeuZlia TiTqmis or aseul formalurad damoukidebel moTamaSes.
2.3. globalizaciis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan da xilul Sedegs warmoadgens
politikuri procesebis organizaciisa da marTvis ideebis, koncepciebis, meqanizmebisa da
institutebis sakmaod SezRuduli nakrebis gavrceleba mTel msoflioSi. arian ra
msoflio politikis globalizaciis Sedegebi, isini erTdroulad mis umniSvnelovanes
agentebs warmoadgenen. yvela es idea, koncepcia, meqanizmi Tu instituti Seiqmna
konkretul istoriul momentSi, konkretuli qveynebis mcire jgufis (dasavleTi evropis
qveynebi da aSS) konkretuli interesebidan gamomdinare da am qveynebis konkretuli
politikuri amocanebis gadaWras emsaxureboda. maTi danergva danarCen msoflioSi,
rogorc es sazogadod xdeba globalizaciis procesSi, nebayoflobiT-iZulebiTi iyo.
mniSvnelovania imis gaTvaliswineba, rom nebismier sazogadoebaSi kultura,
tradiciebi, faseulobaTa sistema (rasakvirvelia religiiis CaTvliT) asruleben
erTgvari imunuri sistemis rols. es sistema moqmedebs rogorc filtri, romelic
cdilobs ar dauSvas am sazogadoebaSi iseTi idea, koncepcia, meqanizmi Tu instituti,
romelsac SeuZlia gamoiwvios sazogadoebaSi arsebuli status quos darRveva.
idealur SemTxvevaSi filtri ar gaatarebs iseT koncepciasa Tu instituts, romlis
danergvac sazogadoebas SeiZleba ar awyobdes. realur cxovrebaSi rasakvirvelia, TviT
filtri SeiZleba iyos susti an cudaT muSaobdes; anda ideebi da institutebi, Tu maTi
mxardamWeri (matarebeli) gare Zala, SesaZlebelia imdenad Zlieri iyos, rom nebismieri
adgilobrivi winaaRmdegoba dajabnos. dRes msoflioSi cota qveyana moiZebneba, romelsac
SeuZlia Riad ugulvebelyos dasavleTis ganviTarebuli qveynebidan momdinare politikis
koncepciebi Tu instrumentebi (magaliTad igive CineTi).
udides umetesoba SemTxvevaSi, damokidebuli konkretul socialur-ekonomikur,
politikur, istoriul konteqstze, sazogadoeba axdens ideis Tu meqanizmis trasfor-
macias da adaptacias sakuTari prioritetebidan da SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare. e.i.
saboloo jamSi inergeba ara maTi esa Tu is ukve arsebuli modeli, aramed konkretuli
adgilobrivi varianti. faqtiurad, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, gamodis is, rac gamodis.
Sedegad idea, koncepcia, meqanizmi Tu instituti SesaZlebelia sakmaod axlos iyos
garedan SemoTavazebul variantTan, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebodes misgan, SeinarCunos
masTan mxolod formaluri msgavseba, gadaiqces mis sawinaaRmdego movlenad.
im ideebs, koncepciebs, meqanizmebsa da institutebs Soris, romelic gavrcelda
msoflioSi politikis globalizaciis Sedegad, ZiriTadia — saxelmwifo suvereniteti,
erovnuli saxelmwifo, axali globaluri moTamaSeebi, demokratia da adamianis uflebebi.
saxelmwifo suverenitetis problema gaxda aqtualuri globalizaciis dRevandel
etapze, imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom msoflios qveynebis udidesi umetesobis realuri
statusi modis winaaRmdegobaSi suverenitetis tradiciulad aRiarebul da forma-
lizebul cnebasTan. saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi, suvereniteti warmoadgens umaRlesi
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politikuri nebis (e.i. sakanonmdeblos, sasamarTlos, da/an aRmasrulebelis)
ganxorcielebis uflebas; xelisuflebis Zalauflebis ganxorcielebas xelSeuxebeli,
formalurad aRiarebuli sazRvrebis farglebSi.
aseTi koncefcia gaxda sayovelTaod aRiarebuli ZiriTadad me-19 saukunis meore
naxevarSi, rodesac teritoriuli suvereniteti, saxelmwifoTa formaluri
Tanasworuflebianoba, Caurevloba formalurad aRiarebuli, damoukidebeli qveynebis
Sinagan saqmeebSi, gaxda saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis moqmedebis amosavali principi. am
dros, saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba, rogorc aseTi, warmodgenili iyo realurad mxolod
evropuli qveynebis nawiliT, aSS-T, ruseTiTa da iaponiiT. yvela danarCeni formalurad
damoukidebeli qveynebis suverenitets isini maincdamainc pativs ar scemdnen da
yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen.
rasakvirvelia, ramdenime, daaxloebiT erTnairi tipisa da ganviTarebis donis qveynis
mimarT, am principis aRiareba da dacva SedarebiT advili iyo. magram meore globalizaciis
dadgomasTan erTad aRmoCnda, rom axali damoukidebeli qveynebis udides umetesobas
aseTi tipis suverenitetis ganxorcielebis organizaciuli, materialuri, Tu finansuri
saSualeba ar gaaCnda. ufro metic, aTobiT formalurad damoukidebel qveyanas ar SeuZlia
funqcionireba uwyveti, grZelvadiani ucxouri “ganviTarebis daxmarebis” gareSe.
gasagebia, rom aseTi qveynebisaTvis suvereniteti samarTlebriv fiqcias warmoadgens.
msoflios wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebi aseve Riad acxadebdnen Tavis uflebas
Careuliyvnen nebismieri qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi sakuTari ideeebis cxovrebaSi
gatarebisa da Tavisi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis sababiT (aSS amas dResac akeTebs —
ixileT konkretuli SemTxveva 2).
formalurad suverenuli qveynebis Sinagan saqmeebSi gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi
(vTqvaT mSvidobisa da wesrigis aRsadgenad) Carevis ufleba gaaCnia gaerosac. sakmaod
zRudavs Tavisi wevrebis formalur suverenitets evrogaerTianebac.
amas ukanasknel wlebSi isic daemata, rom Tanamedrove globaluri nakadebis udidesi
nawilis (ZiriTadad eleqtronulis, Tu kriminaluris), efeqturi kontroli arc erT
saxelmwifos principulad ar ZaluZs; xolo sxvadasxva tipis globaluri gacvlebis
intensivoba imdenad didia, rom maTi kontrolis mcdeloba saxelmwifo suverenitetis
tradiciuli cnebidan gamomdinare, ara marto naklebad SesaZlebelia, aramed mavnec ki.
yvelaferma aman gamoiwvia saxelmwifo suverenitetis tradiciuli cnebis erozia. dRes
imazec ki aris saubari, rom msoflioSi arsebobs erTaderTi realurad suverenuli
saxelmwifo — SeerTebuli Statebi, romelsac SeuZlia principSi Caerios msoflios
nebismieri qveynis Sinagan saqmeebSi, magram SeuZlia ar dauSvas vinmes mier misi politikuri
suverenitetis Selaxva.
amis Semdeg, suverenitetis donis Semcirebis Sesabamisad, modian CineTi da indoeTi,
ubralod im mizeziT, rom isini imdenad didebi arian, aSS-ma rom moindomos kidec maTi
suverenitetis Selaxva, principSi gaugebaria, es rogor unda ganaxorcielos
praqtikulad. suverenulad iTvleba agreTve ruseTi, imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom is
erTaderTia dedamiwaze, visac gaaCnia teqnikuri SesaZlebloba miayenos aSS-s
gamanadgurebeli dartyma birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebiT.
yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi, nebismieri calke aRebuli qveynis suvereniteti naklebad
Seesabameba mis tradiciul cnebas. is warmoadgens sakmaod mravalricxovani, Sida da gare
faqtorebis kombinaciis Sedegs, da ganicdis cvlilebas droSi. faqtiurad, dRes SeiZleba
imis Tqma, rom saxelmwifo suvereniteti warmoadgens ara marto, da ara imdenad, umaRlesi
politikuri nebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas xelSeuxebeli sazRvrebis farglebSi,
ramdenadac qveynis xelmZRvanelobis SesaZleblobas, ganaxorcielos sakuTari
politikuri nebis formireba da realizacia garedan Carevis gareSe (ufro swored, is
damokidebulia am Carevis wyaroebis raodenobaze, Carevis intensiurobasa da
xangrZlivobaze). qveyana sazogadod miT ufro suverenulia, rac meti SesaZlebloba
gaaCnia gaaneitralos sakuTar funqcionirebaze gareSe Zalebis (sxva qveynebis,
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis Tu, calkeul SemTxvevebSi, multinacionaluri kompaniebis)
gavlena.
amasTan dakavSirebiT yuradsarebia Semdegi garemoebac — saxelmwifo suvereniteti
Tanamedrove msoflioSi ar iZleva imis garantias, rom qveyana SesZlebs gadarCes
Zalismieri konfrontaciis procesSi, Tumca is warmoadgens saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan meqanizms.
erovnuli saxelmwifos krizisi xSirad ganixileba rogorc globalizaciis
Tanamedrove etapis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli. aseTi tipis
saxelmwifo sazogadod ganisazRvreba rogorc politikuri erTeuli, romelic ZiriTadad
dasaxlebulia xalxiT, romelsac gaaCnia saerTo kultura, istoria da ena.70 faqtiurad
46
Microsoft-is top-menejerebs). sadac ki ar unda moRvaweobdnen es adamianebi, isini moiTxoven,
rom adgilze maT Seuqmnan saqmianobisa da yofacxovrebis iseTi pirobebi, romlebic maTi
warmodgeniT optimaluria. maTi realuri “wona” imdenad didia, rom nebismieri qveyana,
romelsac surs maTTan urTierToba, iZulebulia maTi wesebiT iTamaSos. faqtiurad am
adamianebis saxiT saqme gvaqvs globaluri moqalaqeebis pirvel jgufTan.191
rasakvirvelia, zedmetad kategoriuli iqneboda am globaluri procesis didi nawilis
calsaxad uaryofiTad Sefaseba, Tumca bevri dadebiTis moZebnac masSi Znelia. imis
aRiarebacaa saWiro, rom is obieqturad gardauvalia. am tipis procesebTan gamklaveba
friad rTulia (im SemTxvevaSic, Tu amis aucilebloba saerTod igrZnoba) — is faqtiurad
yvelgan aRwevs, iseT izolirebul sazogadoebebSic ki, rogoric winaT sabWoTa kavSiri
iyo, plus mosaxleobis udidesi umetesoba mas rogorc uaryofiTs araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar
aRiqvams — piriqiT, is masisaTvis uaRresad mimzidvelia.
rac Seexeba imas, rom am procesis warmoqmna da ganviTareba ZiriTadad aSS-s ukavSirdeba da
rogorc misi mizandasaxuli eqspansia ganixileba. es isevdaisev kerZo biznesis iniciativaa,
romelSic aSS-s mTavroba minimalurad ereva, xolo biznesi ki sapasuxod maqsimalurad
politikurad koreqtulia da cdilobs xelmZRvanelobaSi arsebuli tendenciebi droze da
sworad Seityos (klasikuri magaliTi, rodesac 1980-ian wlebSi amerikuli kinoxelovneba
masobrivad uSvebda kinofilmebs, sadac aucileblad ori mTavari gmiri iyo — TeTri da
afroamerikeli, romlebic erTad ebrZodnen saerTo mters).192
is, rom swored amerikelebi arian yvelaze aqtiurebi masobrivi kulturis warmoebaSi da
yvelaze warmatebulebi, pirvel rigSi, imiTia ganpirobebuli, rom xelovnebis saqonlad
gadaqcevis biznes-modeli maT mieraa gamogonebuli da maT dResac gaaCniaT didi
“SedarebiTi upiratesoba” (comparative advantage) konkurentebis mimarT. es ZiriTadad imis
xarjze xdeba, rom gadamwyveti upiratesoba aseTi tipis konkureciis procesSi aqvT
firmebs, romelTac gaaCniaT marketingisa da gavrcelebis meti resursebi -e.i.
amerikulebs. imas, rom, magaliTad, amerikuli kinostudiebis nawilis patronebi 1980-iani
wlebidan iaponelebi arian, naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs.
garda amisa, uyvarT amerika Tu ara, is msoflios masobrivi momxmareblisaTvis mainc
yvelaze mimzidveli qveyanaa da mis realiebze agebuli miTologiac Sesabamisad yvelaze
gavleniania. igive italieli, miT umetes, indoeli an brazilieli ver gamodgeba “idealur
gmirad” — amisaTvis maTi qveynebi da cxovrebis wesi sakmarisad mimzidveli ar aris
(ramdenic ar unda Rvaron diasaxlisebma cremli indur kinofilmebsa Tu braziliur
serialebze).
daaxloebiT aseve problematurad aRiqveba bevris mier inglisuri enis (misi amerikuli
variantis) gavrceleba msoflioSi, rogorc kulturaTaSorisi komunikaciis ZiriTadi
saSualebis. inglisuris gavlena msoflios ganviTarebaze aseve xasiaTdeba rogorc “lin-
gvistikuri imperializmi”. amave dros, inglisuri enis gavrceleba imdenad intensiuria,
rom British Council-s SefasebiT 2015 wlisaTvis msoflios mosaxleobis naxevari ilaparakebs
inglisurad, xolo or miliardamde adamiani daiwyebs am enis Seswavlas momavali aTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi.193
inglisuris aseTi gavrceleba isevdaisev ar unda iyos aRqmuli rogorc mizandasaxuli
eqspansia, es msoflios ganviTarebis sasicocxlo moTxovnilebaa. globalizebul deda-
miwaze aucileblad saWiroa urTierTobis erTiani ena. Tavis droze, meoce saukunis
pirvel naxevarSi, yvelasaTvis misaRebi xelovnuri enebis Seqmnis cdebic ki iyo, romelTa
Soris erT-erTi - “esperanto”, sakmaod cnobili iyo evropel inteleqtualebs Soris mainc.
is, rom, saboloo jamSi, inglisurma daikava msoflio sakomunikacio saSualebis adgili,
sruliad logikuria da gamomdinareobs im rolidan, romelsac obieqturad TamaSobs
SeerTebuli Statebi (plus sxva inglisurenovani qveynebi) dRevandeli msoflios
ganviTarebaSi.
aRmoCnda, rom dReisaTvis inglisuris roli imdenad didia, rom qveyana, romlis
mosaxleoba laparakobs inglisurad, bevrad ufro “Riaa” gare samyarosTan urTi-
erTobisaTvis, meti Sansi aqvs moizidos ucxouri investiciebi, da saerTod ganviTardes im
Tavis mezoblebTan SedarebiT, romlebic inglisurad ar laparakoben.194 magaliTad,
irlandiis arnaxuli progresi gasuli saukunis ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze, risTvisac
man kelturi vefxvis zedmeti saxelic ki daimsaxura, mniSvnelovan wilad imazec iyo
damokidebuli, rom misi samuSao Zala inglisurenovania.
amave dros, kulturuli difuziis globalurma procesma ara marto ar gamoiwvia
dedamiwaze mcxovrebi xalxebis daaxloeba, aramed isini ZiriTadad kulturulad ufro
107
 rebSi), am ZiriTad “kulturul dinebasTan” , SeuZliaT mxolod maT, vinc sakuTar
produqcias aSS-dan nasesxeb stereotipebis efeqturad “miusadagebs” (ixileT,
magaliTad, “bolivudis” — induri kinos fenomeni, romlis gavlenis qveS aziis didi
nawili imyofeba, laTinur amerikuli satelevizio serialebi, iaponuri multip-
likacia, evropuli popularuli musika, Haute Couture da a.S.). aseTi konkurenciis
yvelaze warmatebuli magaliTi etyoba arabuli satelevizio arxi aljaziraa,
romelic musulmanur samyaroSi igive rols TamaSobs, rogorsac CNN dasavleTSi.
miuxedavad amisa, am procesis, rogorc “kulturuli imperializmis” ganxilva araswori
iqneboda. situacia aq erTdroulad ufro martivicaa da grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi
etyoba ufro didi gardaqmnebis gamomwvevi, vidre “klasikuri” imperialisturi eqspansiis
procesSi.
nebismieri aqtiuri kulturuli difuziis procesis ukan dgas raRac idea, rwmena imisa,
rom faseulobaTa sistema Tu qcevis stereotipi, romelsac erTi sazogadoeba meores
sTavazobs (an Tavze axvevs) sxvaze ukeTesia da arsebobis meti ufleba aqvs.
amisgan gansxvavebiT, dRevamdeli globaluri kulturuli difuziis procesi
maqsimalurad depersonificirebuli da deideologizirebulia. is xorcieldeba
biznesmenTa SedarebiT mcire jgufis interesebSi, romelTaTvisac is normaluri “biznes-
proeqtia” warmoadgens — e.i. maT mier imarTeba da maT mogebaze muSaobs.
aq “kulturis” cneba saerTod ar aris dakavSirebuli araviTar ideasTan — is ubralod
saqonelia, romelic bazarze unda gaiyidos, msgavsad sxva nebismieris, pampersisa Tu
TviTmfrinavis. amitomac misi Seqmna da realizacia xdeba normaluri marketinguli
teqnologiebis safuZvelze.
xdeba potenciuri bazris Seswavla, momxmareblis “damuSaveba” intensiuri reklamis
saSualebiT — Semdgom saqonlis realizacia. imas, rom es saqoneli wesiT da rigiT, raime
kulturuli faseulobis matarebeli unda iyos, araviTari principuli mniSvneloba ara
aqvs. aseTi faseuloba SesaZlebelia Seiqmnas rogorc sawarmoo procesis Tanmxlebi
produqti, magram es aucilebeli ar aris.
is swored imitom aris iseTi efeqturi, rom, saboloo jamSi usaxoa da indiferentuli
produqtis momxmareblis mimarT, miT umetes am produqtis SigTavsis — mTavaria, momxmarebelma
masSi fuli gadaixados. Zalian uxeSad is mogvagonebs Zvel anekdots daqiravebul mkvleleze,
romelic bodiSs uxdis Tavis msxverpls, sanam TavSi tyvias daaxlides — “mapatie Zmao, piradad
Seni winaaRmdegi me araferi ara maqvs, ubralod saqmes vakeTeb”.190
ukanaskneli drois aseTi midgomis tipuri magaliTia, jurnali “pleibois” indoneziuri
variantis gamoSveba. msoflios udidesi musulmanuri qveynis mosaxleobis yvelaze
fundametalisturi nawils reaqcia mainc aseT qmedebaze sakmaod advili gasaTvleli iyo.
magram am proeqtis avtorebi imdenad miCveulebi arian mxolod sabazro koniunqturisa da
mogebis kategoriebiT azrovnebas, rom gulwrfelad gaukvirdaT, rodesac Jurnalis
pirveli nomris gamosvlis meore dRes misi ofisi daarbies.
nebismier sazogadoebaSi aseTi eqspansia iwvevs adgilobrivi kulturis transfor-
macias, zogjer stagnaciasa da degeneracias, “nabuSari”, erTdRiura kulturuli
hibridebis Seqmnas. uamravi adamiani, gansakuTrebiT mozardebi da axalgazrdebi, amis
Sedegad aRiqvamen msoflios friad damaxinjebuli saxiT, maTTvis realuri situacia
(gansakuTrebiT, im nawilSi, romelic aSS-s exeba) Canacvlebulia iluzoluriT, romelsac
marketingis specialistebi qmnian.
globalur doneze kulturebis difuziis procesebma gamoiwvia adaminebis friad
gamorCeuli jgufis Seqmna.
am jgufs miekuTvnian isini, vinc marTaven da uSualod emsaxurebian globalur qselebs -
ZiriTadad transnacionaluri korporaciebis menejerebi da kvalificirebuli specialis-
tebi. imis gamo, rom maTzea ZiriTadad damokidebuli am qselebis muSaobis organizacia da
marTva, maTi UuSualo gavlena msoflioSi mimdinare procesebze uaRresad didia. miuxedavad
maTi formaluri warmoSobisa da erovnebis, isini azrovneben da moqmedeben erTiani, univer-
saluri korporaciuli kulturis farglebSi, romelsac aqvs aSkarad gamokveTili qcevis
stereotipebi, Sefasebis kriteriumebi, faseulobebi, tradiciebi. faqtiurad SesaZlebelia
laparaki specifikuri globaluri korporaciuli [sub]kulturis Camoyalibebaze, Tumca
amerikuli sawyisebi am sistemaSi jer kidev SeimCneva.
es adamianebi arafrad agdeben dedamiwaze arsebul qveynebsa da regionebs Soris
arsebul sxvaobebs (cxovrebis wesis CaTvliT), ubralod zogjer ar ician, rom samxreTi
korea da honkongi ori gansxvavebuli qveyanaa (es mouvidaT, magaliTad, ukve am saukuneSi
106
laparakia imaze, rom romelime calke aRebul eTnoss SeuZlia Semoikribos Tavis garSemo
saxelmwifo, romlis farglebSi mas konkurenti eTnosi ar eyoleba, anda es ukanaskneli
imdenad susti da mcirericxovani iqneba, rom ver gauwevs SesamCnev konkurencias ZiriTad
eTnoss.
aseTi gziT Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifoebi dRes msoflioSi sul ramdenimea. mis yvelaze
tipur warmomadgenlebad moixsenieben islandiasa da iaponias, e.i. kunZulovan qveynebs,
romlebic saukuneebis manZilze viTardebodnen faqtiur izolaciaSi. umetes SemTxvevaSi
saxelmwifo xdeboda erovnulebi Camoyalibebis procesSi, rodesac xelisufleba
mizandasaxulad axdenda iq arsebuli yvela eTnosis gadakeTebas erT-erTi, misTvis
wamyvani eTnosis yaidaze, xSirad Zalismierad, urCebis gandevnisa da genocidis gziT. amis
tipuri magaliTia igive safrangeTi. 1789 wlis revoluciis momentisaTvis am qveynis
mosaxleobis mxolod daaxloebiT naxevari laparakobda ase Tu ise frangulad, m.S.
daaxloebiT erTi meaTedisaTvis is mSobliurs warmoadgenda. daaxloebiT erTi saukunis
Semdeg, xelisuflebis Zalisxmevis Sedegad, safrangeTi TiTqmis monoeTnikuri gaxda,
xolo franguli mSobliuri enaa yvela iq mcxovrebisaTvis (gamonaklisi mxolod kunZuli
korsikaa).
erovnuli saxelmwifos idea Zalze popularuli gaxda mecxramete saukunis evropaSi,
ris safuZvelSic sakmaod primitiuli, pragmatuli mosazrebebi unda veZioT.
polieTnikurTan SedarebiT, monoeTnikur saxelmwifoSi SedarebiT mcirdeba Sida
konfliqtebis SesaZlebloba; garedan Carevis Sansi iq mcxovrebi umciresobebis
interesebis dacvis sababiT; qveynis marTva ufro martivi, prognozirebadi, da iafi xdeba.
faqtiurad msoflios yvela ganviTarebuli saxelmwifo dReisaTvis erovnulobis
principebze aris awyobili.
amave dros, advilad gasagebi mizezebis gamo, aseTi tipis saxelmwifo mowyobas dRes
safrTxe emuqreba. nebismier erovnul saxelmwifos miRweuli status quo-s SesanarCuneblad
rogorc minumum esaWiroeba:
a/ qveyanaSi imigraciis maqsimaluri SesaZlebeli SezRudva;
b/ migrantebis mimarT mkacri, ZaldatanebiTi asimilaciuri politikis gatareba.
gasagebia, rom msoflios wamyvan saxelmwifoebs, uiSviaTesi gamonaklisis garda, aseTi
politikis gatareba praqtikulad ar SeuZliaT.71 mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis mkveTri
zrdisa da daberebis gamo maT sWirdebaT migrantebi imisaTvis, rom Seavson muSaxelis
Seqmnili deficiti, plus Seavson is samuSao vakansiebi, sadac adgilobrivi mosaxleoba
muSaobas aRar kadrulobs. am procesSi maT obieqturad ar SeuZliad asimilaciis iZuleba,
radganac es uSualo winaaRmdegobaSi modis demokratiisa da adamianis uflebebis
principebTan. globalizacia am process amwvavebs, ZiriTadad imis xarjze, rom uaRresad
intensiurs xdis globalur migraciul procesebs, zrdis ganviTarebuli qveynebis,
rogorc migraciis daniSnulebis adgilebis, mimzidvelobas.
rac yvelaze mTavaria, migrantTa udidesi umetesoba (gansakuTrebiT dasavleT
evropaSi), warmodgenilia iseTi religiis, kulturuli faseulobebisa, Tu qcevis
stereotipebis matarebeli adamianebiT, romlebic xSirad negatiurad arian ganwyobili
maTi mimRebi qveynebisa, Tu mTlianad dasavleTis mimarT, ewinaaRmdegebian asimilaciis
nebismier mcdelobas, m.S. ZaliTac. Sedegad, dasavleTi evropa mainc, SesaZlebelia sakmaod
male dadges sakmaod mZime arCevanis winaSe — eTnikuri, religiuri, kulturuli
TviTmyofadoba, Tu demokratia da adamianis uflebebi.
rogorc ar unda ganviTardnen movlenebi SemdgomSi, gasagebia, rom erovnuli
saxelmwifos idea Seesabameboda SedarebiT mokle etaps kacobriobis istoriaSi da
dRevandeli globalizebuli msoflios realobas naklebad asaxavs. amave dros, swored
erovnuli saxelmwifos ideis praqtikul realizaciasTan aris dakavSirebuli im
problemebisa da konfliqtebis udidesi nawili, romelsac ganicdis dRes ganviTarebadi
msoflios sakmaod didi nawili (gansakuTrebiT afrika), da romlebic jamSi, globaluri
problemis saxiT mogvevlineba.
rodesac evropelebi koloniebidan midiodnen, maT memkvidreobiT dautoves axal,
damoukidebel saxelmwifoebs erovnuli mowyobis forma, faqtiurad: eri da saxelmwifo
erTia, yovel eTnoss aqvs ufleba Seqmnas sakuTari saxelmwifo, nebismieri eTnosis
warmomadgenlebi erTi, erovnuli saxelmwifos farglebSi unda cxovrobdnen da
viTardebodnen.72
amave dros, maT miuCines am axal saxelmwifoebs teritoria da sazRvrebi ise, rogorc
gamouvidaT, im teritoriuli dayofis farglebSi, romelic Camoyalibda koloniebisaTvis
konkurenciis procesSi, ZiriTadad me-19 saukuneSi. Sedegad erTi saxelmwifos farglebSi
aRmoCnda erTmaneTis mimarT uaRresad mtrulad ganwyobili ori an meti eTnosi. es moxda,
47
magaliTad, ruandaSi, sadac britaneTma gaaerTiana erTmaneTis samkvdro-sasicocxlo
mtrebi — tutsi da hutu. amas saboloo jamSi mohyva 1994 wlis cnobili genocidi am
qveyanaSi. erTdroulad maT dayves erTi da igive eTnosebi or an met damoukidebel
qveynebs Soris. Sedegad ganviTarebadi msoflios udides nawilSi aTwleulebis manZilze
midis eTnosebis Zalismieri daSoriSorebisa Tu gaerTianebis procesi, romelic realurad
warmoadgens safrTxes pozitiuri globaluri ganviTarebisaTvis, da romelic Tavisi
mniSvnelobiT Tanamedrove msofliosaTvis aRemateba igive terorizmis muqaras.
demokratiis principebzea dRes formalurad awyobili msoflios damoukidebeli
qveynebis umetesoba. Riad gamoacxados Tavi arademokratiulad, dRes SeuZlia mxolod
navTobisa da bunebrivi gazis Zalian didi maragis mflobel, sakmaod mcirericxovan
qveynebs (magaliTad, saudis arabeTs, kuveiTs, bruneis, TurqmeneTs da a.S.), anda iseT
gariyul qveynebs, rogorebicaa Crdilo korea an birma. Tumca, me-20 saukunis nebismier
calke aRebul periodSi, dedamiwis mosaxleobis saSualod mxolod 31% cxovrobda
namdvil demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi.73
cnobili amerikeli mecnieri samuel hantingtoni gamoyofs dedamiwaze demokratiis
gavrcelebis sam “grZel talRas”. pirveli talRa daiwyo me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi,
rodesac aSS-s mamakacTa didma nawilma miiRi xmis ufleba, da gagrZelda me-20 saukunis
1920-ian wlebamde. am drois ganmavlobaSi Seiqmna 29 demokratiuli saxelmwifo. Semdeg es
trendi Sebrunda, moyolebuli 1922 wlidan, rodesac italiis saTaveSi musolini movida,
da gagrZelda 1942 wlamde, rodesac demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis raodenoba 12-mde
Semcirda. meore talRa daiwyo meore msoflio omis Semdeg da Tavis mwvervals miaRwia 1962
wels, rodesac 36 qveyana iyo demokratiuli. aqedan moyolebuli, vidre 1970-iani wlebis
Sua wlebamde, es raodenoba eqvsiT Semcirda. 1974 wlidan moyolebuli, mesame talRis
dros, msoflios daemata daaxloebiT 30 axali demokratiuli saxelmwifo, ramac namdvili
demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis ricxvi gaaormaga.74
Tumca 2006 wels gamoqveynebuli arasamTavrobo organizacia World Audit-is monacemebiT,
“namdvilad demokratiuli” msoflioSi mxolod 40 qveyanaa.75 es is qveynebia, romlebic
SeiZleba “udavod” Tavisuflebad CaiTvalos. maT ricxvSi Sedis msoflios yvela
ganviTarebuli qveyana, plus evrogaerTianebis is axali wevrebi, romlebic jer
formalurad ganviTarebulebad ar arian aRiarebuli, plus Cile, urugvai, kosta-rika,
panama laTinur amerikaSi, samxreTi afrika da gana afrikaSi (ix. danarTi 4.).76
demokratia dRevandel msoflioSi sazogadod aRiqmeba rogorc liberaluri
demokratia, e.i. warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis forma, romlis farglebSi “arCeuli
warmomadgenlebisa da umravlesobis neba, ganaxorcielon gadawyvetilebis miRebis
uflebis realizacia, xdeba kanonis farglebSi, da sazogadod gazomierdeba
konstituciiT, romelic xazs usvams pirovnebebisa da umciresobebis Tavisuflebisa da
uflebebis dacvas”.77
arsebobs ramdenime mizezi, ratom gaxda demokratia msoflioSi saxelmwifo mowyobis
ZiriTadi forma meore globalizaciis periodSi:
1. rogorc u. CerCili ambobda - “demokratia saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis yvelaze cudi
formaa, yvela im danarCenis garda, romelic adre ukve iyo nacadi”;78
2. ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetesobas mmarTvelobis aseTi sistema “memkvidreobiT
darCa” yofili metropoliebisagan;
3. demokratiis gavrceleba msoflio masStabiT warmoadgens aSS-s, iseve rogorc misi
uaxloesi mokavSireebis (magaliTad, evrogaerTainebis) globaluri politikis erT-
erT amosaval princips79;
4. demokratiuli institutebi, maTSi Sesabamisi legaluri koreqtivebis Setanis
Sedegad, ama Tu im qveynis SedarebiT Zlieri, uprincipo xelmZRvanelobis xelSi,
iqceva masebis manipulirebisa da eqspluataciis ufro efeqtur iaraRad, vidre Ria
avtoritaruli mmarTveloba.
ase rom, qveynebi formalurad demokratiuli xdebian an imitom, rom es maT rig, xilul
upiratesobas aniWebs wamyvan globalur moTamaSeebTan urTierTobaSi (politikurs,
ekonomikurs, finansurs da a.S.), anda sistemuri mimikriis procesSi (ixileT konkretuli
SemTxveva 1) — e.i. orive SemTxvevaSi es globalizaciuri procesebis moqmedebis Sedegia.
am dros, es situacia Riad tovebs sakiTxs — ramdenad arian mzad demokratiuli ideebis
aRsaqmelad da cxovrebaSi gasatareblad is qveynebi, romlebic Tavs demokratiulad
acxadeben? cxadia, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi dRevandel msoflioSi, demokratiuli
48
usafrTxoebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi elementi.
sainteresoa, rom es erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli da msxvilmasStabiani globaluri
procesi ganviTarda faqtiurad mTlianad kerZo biznesis iniciativiT, saxelmwifos
minimaluri mxardaWeriT. is, agreTve, aris imis klasikuri magaliTi, rom globaluri
procesebi winaswar ar igegmeba da lokaluri movlenebis globaluri gamovlinebaa.186
Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi yvelaze gamoCenili filosofosi, poloneli stanislav
lemi werda 2006 wlis martSi gardacvalebamde cota xniT adre micemul interviuSi: is, rac
daemarTa Cems futurologiur azrTwyobas sinamdvilesTan Sexebisas, cotaTi mogvagonebs
saavtomobilo katastrofas. is, rac Cven dRes gvaqvs, araa is, razec odesRac vocnebobdi.
ganxorcielda mxolod is, rac momgebiani gamodga, risi kargad gayidvac moxerxda. Cven
momavlidan aviReT ara yvelaze lamazi, yvelaze amaRlebuli, ara is, rac yovel CvenTagans
ukeTess gagvxdida, aramed is, rac, komerciuli TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze perspeqtuili
gamodga, rasTanac dakavSirebuli iyo didi sareklamo saagentoebis axalgazrda
specialistebis saukeTeso merketinguli gegmebi.187
5.2.2. individualuri saavtomobilo transportis globaluri gavrceleba amave dros ar
aRiqveba rogorc dasavluri (pirvel rigSi amerikuli) eqspansia, gansxvavebiT e.w.
masobrivi kulturis gavrcelebisa, romelic Zalian xSirad “kulturuli kolonializmis
(imperializmis)” saxeliT moixsenieba.
am process ZiriTadad ukavSireben masobrivi kulturis iseTi elementebis warmoebasa
da gavrcelebas, rogoricaa kinofilmebi, satelevizio gadacemebi, musika, kompiuteruli
TamaSebi - e.i. yvelaferi is, risi “moxmareba” mnaxvelisa Tu msmenelis kulturuli Tu
inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis dones absoluturad minimalur moTxovnilebebs uyenebs.188
igive WrilSi ganixileba yofiTi kulturis unifikaciac msoflio masStabiT (magaliTad,
masobrivi kvebis stereotipebis danergva — fast-food).
am procesis Sefaseba rogorc kolonializmis (Tu imperializmis), upirvelesad yovlisa,
metyvelebs mis uaRres efeqturobasa da gavlenaze msoflio mosaxleobis kulturuli da
qceviTi stereotipebis Camoyalibebaze. gansakuTrebiT internetis, satelituri
televiziis, informaciis kompaqturi matareblebis (CD) epoqaSi, praqtikulad aRar
arsebobs adgili dedamiwaze, romelsac is ar faravdes — e.i. es procesi mainc teqnologiis
transferzea damokidebuli da mis gareSe SeuZlebelia. dRes Zalian Znelia imis Tqma,
romelia aq “kvercxi” da romelia “qaTami” — axali teqnologiebis gamogoneba iwvevs
kulturuli difuziis procesis intensifikacias, Tu kulturis difuziis intensifikaciis
moTxovnebi iwvevs Sesabamisi teqnologiebis damuSavebas.
am procesis aSkara xiluli Sedegia misi gavlenis qveS moxvedrili praqtikulad
nebismieri kulturis transformacia. faqtiurad adgili aqvs msoflio kulturebis
unificirebis tendencias garedan mosuli kulturuli stereotipebis gavleniT.189
principulad es procesi arafer axals ar warmoadgens — isev da isev nebismieri ori
kulturis Sexebis arealSi xdeba maT urTierTgavlena. am dros xdeba arsebuli
tradiciebis, faseulobaTa sistemebis, qcevis stereotipebis, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
wesis transformacia, an saerTod axliT Canacvleba, TaobaTa Soris urTierTobis
gamwvaveba. gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulia aseTi transformaciebi spontanuri, “revolu-
ciuri” procesebis Sedegad, romlebic axali ideologiebis danergvas mosdevs (mniS-
vneloba ara aqvs, is religiuria Tu saero). vTqvaT qristianobisa Tu islamis gavrceleba,
komunisturi ideologiis danergva yofil ruseTis imperiaSi, anda misi ngreviT
gamowveuli “kulturuli vakuumi”.
dRevandeli [masobrivi] kulturuli difuziis globaluri procesi saukuneebis
manZilze mimdinare procesisagan rigi mniSvnelovani parametrebiT gansxvavdeba:
• gasuli saukunis ormocdaaTiani wlebidan moyolebuli is faqtobrivad erTi
centridan momdinareobs (aSS) da mis stereotipebzea damyarebuli. faqtiurad saqme
gvaqvs erTgvar kulturul monopoliasTan;
• misi intensivoba da “masa” (igive kinofilmebis, musikaluri klipebis da a.S.) imdenad
didia, rom msoflio masStabiT Trgunavs nebismier konkurencias (85% im
kinofilmebisa, romlebsac uCveneben dedamiwaze — amerikulia);
• warmatebuli konkurencia (Tanac adgilobriv Tu regionul doneze, zogierT seqto-
105
 5.2. kulturuli difuzia.
5.2.1. kulturebis urTierTgavlena (da konkurencia) spontanuri procesia, romelic
avtomaturad xdeba nebismieri ori gansxvavebuli eTnosis Sexebis arealSi. faqtiurad
nebismieri eTnosis sicocxlisunarianoba da warmateba, rigorc aseTi, SeiZleba
ganisazRvros imis Sesabamisad, ramdenad SeuZlia mas ucxo kulturis elementebis
asimilacia da amis xarjze sakuTari kulturis gamdidreba. meoce saukunis meore
naxevridan es procesi uaRresad intensiuri gaxda imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom kulturulma
faseulobebma (m.S. yofiTi kulturis) - a/uaRresad swrafi, maRalefeqturi materialuri
“gadamtani” SeiZines teqnologiebis saxiT. ufro metic, teqnologia ara marto kultu-
ruli faseulobebis gadamtani, aramed maTi damoukidebeli matarebeli gaxda, TviTon
gadaiqca kulturis elementad;Dda b/kultura (pirvel rigSi misi is nawili, romelic
maskulturis saxeliTaa cnobili) saqonlad gadaiqca da misi udidesi nawilis formireba
da gavrceleba sabazro urTierTobis kanonebiT regulirdeba.
kulturis universaluri, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli ganmarteba bunebrivia ar arsebobs,
Tumca aseTTan yvelaze axlos dgas etyoba gaeros ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis
organizaciis (iunesko) Semdegi formulireba — [kultura] warmoadgens sazogadoebisa Tu
socialuri jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebel gamokveTil sulier, materialur, inteleq-
tualur da emociul Taviseburebebs, romelic xelovnebasa da literaturasTan erTad
moicavs cxovrebis wesebs, Tanacxovrebis saSualebebs, faseulobaTa sistemebs,
tradiciebsa da rwmenas.184
yvelaze did STabeWdilebas, am TvalsazrisiT, tovebs procesi, romelic daiwyo gasuli
saukunis 1930-ian wlebSi dasawyisSi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. am dros msoflios erT-
erTma yvelaze didma da warmatebulma kompaniam, jeneral motorsma (General Motors) -
navTobis, metalurgiuli da avtosaburavebis warmoebis dargebis sxva wamyvan
moTamaSeebTan erTad, xelSi Caigdo asze meti tramvais qseli aSS-s 45 wamyvan qalaqSi da
moSala isini. 1950-iani bolosaTvis tramvais sistemis daaxloebiT 9/10 da Sida saqalaqo
sazogadoebrivi transportis sxva saxeebis didi nawili gauqmda. imave dros saxelmwifom
daabanda saavtomobilo gzebis mSeneblobaSi iqamde arnaxuli Tanxebi (ZiriTadad, rogorc
Cans imisaTvis, rom didi raodenobiT im droisaTvis dausaqmebeli muSaxeli Caeba
saxelmwifo dasaqmebis programebSi). jamSi, amas mohyva qveyanaSi miwiszeda sazogadoebrivi
transportis (rkinigzis CaTvliT) Canacvleba avtomanqaniT.
yvelaferTan erTad, aman gamoiwvia, sruliad axali cxovrebis wesis formireba,
romelic faqtiurad gulisxmobs, rom mxolod avtomanqanis mflobelia sazogadoebis
srulfasovani wevri. aSS-Si, sadac es cxovrebis wesi Camoyalibda, saqme iqamdea misuli,
rom adamiani, romelsac manqana ara hyavs, calsaxad rogorc warumatebeli ganixileba, rac
am qveyanaSi miutevebeli codvaa. faqtiurad avtomanqana ara imdenad samomxmareblo
Rirebulebis matareblis, Tu satransporto saSualebis funqcias asrulebs, ramdenadac
kulturul stasus simbolod (status-symbol) gadaiqca.
ormocdaaTiani wlebisaTvis piradi msubuqi avtomanqana iyo dasavluri kulturis
yvelaze xiluli, da amave dros, yvelaze momxibvleli nawili (grZel, did frTebian
amerikul manqanaze mTeli msoflios mamakacebs abodebda). dReisaTvis aseTi midgoma
avtomanqanisadmi globalizebulia. avtomanqana universaluri status simboloa nebismier
sazogadoebaSi, miuxedavad misi ganviTarebis donisa Tu kulturis tipisa.
faqtiurad, 1950-1960-ian wlebSi msoflioSi adgili hqonda teqnologiis transferisa
da Sesabamisi kulturuli difuziis praqtikulad spontanur process, romelsac Tavisi
gamovlenis masStabebiTa da dedamiwaze warmatebis universaluri kriteriumebis
Camoyalibebis TvalsazrisiT, dReisaTvis badali ara hyavs.
am process meore, aranakleb mniSvnelovani mxarec aqvs. saavtomobilo transporti
dedamiwaze navTobisa da foladis yvelaze did momxmarebelia, Sesabamisad, haeris yvelaze
didi damabinZurebelia, m.S. naxSirorJangidac.185 avtomanqanebis dizaini, warmoeba,
realizacia, teqnikuri momsaxureba, iseve rogorc misi sawvaviT uzrunvelyofa (navTobis
mopoveba, transportireba, gadamuSaveba, realizacia), gzebis mSenebloba da momsaxureba,
moZraobis marTva, dazRveva, plus amasTan dakavSirebuli finansuri nakadebi — erTad
etyoba warmoadgenen yvelaze did, unificirebul, warmatebul globalur sistemas
(miuxedavad imisa, romel qveyanaSi, gzis romel mxares, dadian avtomanqanebi).
garda amisa, swored avtomanqanebis sawvaviT uzrunvelyofis aucilebloba gaxda
globaluri politikuri procesebisa da praqtikulad nebismieri qveynis erovnuli
104
mmarTvelobis principebis adaptacia ama Tu im qveynis konkretuli pirobebisadmi, xdeba
ZiriTadad ara am qveynis ganviTarebis logikidan gamomdinare, aramed gareSe faqtorebis
moqmedebis Sedegad da/an adgilobrivi mmarTveli elitis kerZo interesebidan
gamomdinare.
Tavisi klasikuri gagebiT, demokratia agvirgvinebs uzrunvelyofil, stabilur,
istoriulad Camoyalibebul saxelmwifoebriobas, magram ar Cndeba revoluciis momdevno
dilas. is faqti, rom eraySi ucxouri okupaciis pirobebSi 2005 wels arCevnebi gaimarTa, ar
niSnavs imas, rom am qveyanaSi demokratiam gaimarjva. f.zaqarias mohyavs bosniis magaliTi,
sadac miuxedavad evropelebis mravalwliani mizandasaxuli (Zvirad Rirebuli)
mcdelobisa, realurma demokratiam mainc da mainc mtkiced ver moikida fexi. xolo bosnia
evropis SuagulSi mdebareobs da faqtiurad pirdapiri ucxouri mmarTvelobis pirobebSi
viTardeba.80
garda amisa, Tavisufali da demokratiuli, saboloo jamSi, mxolod maZRari da
SeZlebuli adamiani xdeba. amis Taobaze arsebobs sakmaod saintereso monacemebi — gasuli
saukunis bolosaTvis, im qveynebSi, sadac erT mosaxleze wliuri Semosavali 1500 amerikul
dolarze naklebi iyo, demokratia saSualod 8 wels Zlebda, 1500-3000 dolari — 18 wels.
SedarebiT mdgradi xdeboda demokratia mxolod maSin, rodesac es Semosavali 6000
dolars aRemateboda. amave dros, 69 qveynidan demokratiuli reJimebiT, sadac erT
mosaxleze Semosavali 6000-9000 dolari iyo, diqtaturas miubrunda 39. Tu qveyanam es
barieri gadalaxa — demokratia garantirebulia. aseTi demokratiuli qveyana dedamiwaze
32 iyo. amave dros Semosavlis sidide TavisTavad demokratiisa da Tavisuflebis garantias
ar iZleva — msoflioSi 51 qveyanas gaaCnda 9000 dolarze maRali Semosavali, magram maT
Soris kuveiTicaa, saudis arabeTic, gaerTianebuli arabTa emiratebic.
aqedan SeiZleba daskvnis gamotana, rom demokratiis danergva ama Tu im qveyanaSi Tan
unda sdevdes iq ekonomikur ganviTarebas, an es procesebi minimum paralelurad unda
midiodes. demokratiuli ganviTareba Tanmxlebi, Tu winmswrebi warmatebuli ekonomikuri
transformaciis gareSe ganviTarebul msoflioSi, saboloo jamSi ganwirulia
warumateblobisaTvis.
igive hantingtoni ambobs — “warsulis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, arsebobs ori
gadamwyveti faqtori, romelic gavlenas axdens demokratiis momaval konsolidaciasa da
gavrcelebaze — ekonomikuri ganviTareba da politikuri xelmZRvaneloba. . . ekonomikuri
ganviTareba xdis demokratias SesaZleblad, politikuri xelmZRvaneloba aqcevs mas
realobad”.81
ase rom, msoflio masStabiT Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis swrafi, saboloo
gavrcelebis perspeqtivebi sakmaod frTxil midgomas moiTxovs. es ar aris moklevadiani
masStaburi kampaniis sagani, aramed mizandasaxul, frTxil mravalwlian Sromas moiTxovs.
iseTi saxiT, rogorc dRes maTi propaganda xdeba wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis mier,
aman SesaZloa gamoiwvios Careva damoukidebeli qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi
aragarantirebuli SedegebiT.
daaxloebiT aseTive mdgomareobaa adamianis uflebebTan dakavSirebiT. adamianis
uflebebi da demokratia erTmaneTisagan ganuyofeli ori cnebaa, faqtiurad medlis ori
mxare. SeuZlebelia iyos demokratiuli iseTi saxelmwifo, sadac ar xdeba adamianis
uflebebis dacva, da piriqiT, arademokratiul saxelmwifoSi adamianis uflebebis dacvaze
laparaki zedmetia. formalurad adamianis uflebebi Camoyalibebulia “adamianis
uflebebis sayovelTao deklaraciaSi”, romelic gaerom miiRo 1948 wels.
amave dros, adamianis uflebebis maqsimaluri realizacia SesaZlebelia mxolod,
isevdaisev, mdidari, stabiluri sazogadoebis pirobebSi. am uflebebis aRiareba da
praqtikuli realizacia warmoadgens sakmaod mZime, grZelvadiani procesis Sedegs. umetes
SemTxvevaSi, msoflios yvelaze ganviTarebul qveynebSic ki, Tavisi dRevandeli saxiT
adamianis uflebebis Camoyalibeba moxda ukve civi omis bolo etapze. igive amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi, jer kidev gasuli saukunis 1960-iani wlebis bolos, sruliad
legalurad moqmedebda rasobrivi diskriminaciisa da segregaciis principebi.
afroamerikelebis Tanasworuflebianobis praqtikuli realizacia moxerxda mxolod 1980-
ian wlebSi, didi da mZime brZolis Semdeg.
Sesabamisad, dRevandel msoflioSi, yvelaze demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi, yvelaze
ganviTarebuli adamianis uflebebis faqtiuri sistemiT, arian igive skandinaviis qveynebi,
rogorc yvelaze stabilurebi, mdidari da efeqturad marTulebi. am situacias aq friad
aadvilebs is garemoebac, rom isini ZiriTadad monoeTnikurebi arian.
sazogadod, nebismieri arastabiluroba qveyanaSi, aris es ekonomikuri krizisi,
socialuri daZabuloba, Tu gansakuTrebiT eTnikuri uTanxmoeba, friad negatiurad
moqmedebs rogorc demokratiis, aseve gansakuTrebiT adamianis uflebebis principebis
49
realizaciaze. magaliTad aSS-ma (me-14 adgili msoflios demokratiul saxelmwifoebs
Soris), msoflio terorizmTan brZolis procesSi (da am brZolis sababiT), ukve dauSva
adamianis uflebebis mTeli rigi darRvevebi. aSS-s xelmZRvanelobas, magaliTad,
adanaSauleben (m.S. evropelebic da gaeroc) sakuTari moqalaqeebis satelefono saubrebis
masobriv, arasamarTlebriv monitoringSi, guantanamos (kuba) samxedro bazaze mravali
adamianis arasamarTlebriv, uvado patimrobaSi, rig evropis qveynebSi saidumlo cixeebis
daarsebaSi da iq patimrebis wamebaSi, rigi patimrebis, igive wamebis mizniT, iseT
arademokratiul qveynebze gadacemaSi, rogoric siriaa, misi mokavSire qveynebis
teritoriidan (italia) adamianebis gatacebaSi. es xdeba im pirobebSi, rodesac
terorizmTan omi aSS-s teritoriaze ar mimdinareobs, da saerTod sakmaod dabali
intensivobisaa.
globalizaciisadmi miZRvnil literaturaSi, globalizaciis axal moTamaSeebad
ZiriTadad ganixilebian (sakmaod paradoqsulad) — saerTaSoriso organizaciebi,
regionaluri organizaciebi, transnacionaluri korporaciebi, instituciuri
investorebi (sapensio da sainvesticio fondebi, sadazRvevo kompaniebi), qalaqebi,
gamoCenili pirovnebebi, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi.
am dros, aseTi CamonaTvali, rogorc minimum arakoreqtulia. ganvixiloT aseTi axali
moTamaSeebis ori tipuri magaliTi.
damoukidebeli evropuli qalaqebi warmoadgendnen [dasavleT] evropuli eqspansiis
ZiriTad agentebs jer kidev Sua saukuneebSi, rodesac ganuviTarebuli, susti
saxelmwifoebi, am funqcias efeqturad ver asrulebdnen. rogorc am misiis
Semsruleblebma, qalaqebma (gansakuTrebiT didma qalaqebma), raRac istoriuli periodis
manZilze ukana planze gadaiwies, magram isev daiwyes aqtiuri TamaSi meore globalizaciis
Tanamedrove etapze, globaluri procesebis intensifikaciasTan dakavSirebiT. Tumca
damoukidebel moTamaSeebaT isini naklebad mogvevlinebian, radganac moqmedeben ama Tu im
saxelmwifos formalur samarTlebriv sivrceSi.
igives Tqma SeiZleba msxvil korporaciebzec. didi britaneTis globaluri koloniuri
eqspansiis mniSvnelovani nawili xorcieldeboda ara saxelmwifos, aramed swored kerZo
kompaniebis mier. indoeTze pirveladi kontroli daamyara britanulma “aRmosavleT
indoeTis kompaniam”, romelic saxelmwifom Caanacvla mxolod mas Semdeg, rac is am
uzarmazari koloniis marTvas ubralod ver moeria. amave dros, korporaciebis realuri
roli Tanamedrove msoflioSi friad sainteresod Seicvala. rogorc Cans, dawyebuli
gasuli saukunis 1950-iani wlebidan, moxda wamyvani Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis
transformacia, romelsac Sedegad mohyva raRaca saxis simbioturi urTierTobebis
Camoyalibeba saxelmwifo xelisuflebasa da did bizness Soris. aseTi saxis urTierToba
yvelaze adre, da yvelaze naTlad, iaponiaSi gamovlinda.
es imas ar niSnavs, rom monopoliebi aiZuleben mTavrobas, miiRos maTTvis saWiro
gadawyvetilebebi, da uSualod imoqmedos maT interesebSi; aramed imas, rom xelisufleba
da didi biznesi qmnian axali tipis erTobas, romelic iRwvis erToblivi miznebis
misaRwevad. am tandemSi xelisufleba TamaSobs “Subis wveris” rols — is gakvalavs gzebs,
uZrunvelyofs korporaciebis moqmedebis xelsayrel pirobebsa da usafrTxoebas.
korporaciebi, Tavis mxriv, iReben aqtiur (zogjer gadamwyvet) monawileobas saxelmwifo
politikis SemuSavebaSi da a.S., magram sapasuxod uxdian xelisuflebas ara marto didZal
Tanxebs, aramed, rac ufro mniSvnelovania — sTavazoben loialobas da mzadyofnas
imoqmedon Tavisi qveynis interesebSi, iyvnen am interesebis gamtareblebi msoflioSi.
magram, amis Sedegad, isini damoukidebeli globaluri moTamaSeebi naklebad arian. 82
axali, Tanamedrove globaluri moTamaSeebis saxiT dRes faqtiurad gvevlinebian
mxolod arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. isini warmoadgenen formaluri politikuri
struqturebis gareT moqmed organizaciebs, romlebic ZiriTadad arakomerciuli
saqmianobiT arian dakavebulebi. aseTi organizaciebis raodenoba msoflioSi Zalze didia.
mxolod aSS-sa da indoeTSi, cal-calke, maTi raodenoba 2-2 milions udris. saerTaSoriso
asparezze moqmedi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis raodenoba aTeul aTasobiT
ganisazRvreba.
Tavisi arsiT, es organizaciebi [dasavleT] evropuli tradiciidan momdinareobs. iq
dResac arseboben absoluturad damoukidebeli, mravalricxovani moqalaqeTa
nebayoflobiTi gaerTianebebi, romlebic ZiriTadad emsaxurebian adgilobrivi Temebis
SesaZleblobebis gaZlierebas, asruleben iseT funqciebs (socialurs, humanitaruls,
kulturuls, garemosdacviTs), romelsac formaluri xelisufleba cudad asrulebs.
ase rom, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, miuxedavad imisa, sad arian Camoyalibebulebi,
Tu ra masStabis, ra saxis saqmianobaSi arian CarTulebi, mainc, farTo gagebiT, evropuli
sazogadoebis idealebis, urTierTobaTa kulturis, organizaciuli formebis
50
sabWoTa kavSirma gamomdinare nawilobriv ideologiuri mosazrebebidan, umetiswilad
ki qveynis breJnevisdroindeli xelmZRvanelobis umecrobis gamo, SeaCera informaciuli
teqnologiebis ganviTareba. amas Sedegad mohyva qveynis mTliani teqnologiuri CamorCena,
romelmac erT-erTi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa mis saboloo daSlaSi.
yvela danarCen maRalganviTarebul qveynebs, igive safrangeTis, didi britaneTis,
germaniis, iaponiis CaTvliT, SeeZloT fundamentaluri mecnierebebis speqtris mxolod
garkveuli nawilebis ganviTareba, xolo sxvagan is mxolod kerovan xasiaTs atarebda (da
atarebs). dRes ruseTs sabWoTa fundamentaluri samecniero memkvidreobis mxolod nawili
SerCa, magram mis adgils sul ufro aqtiurad ikavebs CineTi (gansakuTriT maTemaTikasa da
fizikaSi) da indoeTi.
globalizaciis TvalsazrisiT zemoT moyvanili analizis arsi isaa, rom ragind ar unda
iyos ganviTarebuli esa Tu is qveyana teqnologiurad, misi miRwevebi yovelTvis iqneba
damokidebuli imaze, vinc misi teqnologiuri ganviTarebis Teoriul, fundamentarul
safuZvels uzrunvelyofs. faqtiurad dRevandel msoflioSi samecniero-teqnologiuri
ierarqiis ara sam, aramed oTx iarusiani sistema arsebobs — mis mwvervalze yovelTvis is
qveynebi iqneba, romelTac Seswevs unari teqnologiis ganviTarebis Teoriuli safuZvlebi
Seqmnan.
5.1.2. rac Seexeba teqnologiebis transfers ganviTarebad qveynebSi, rac principulad
msoflio ganviTarebis procesis erT-erT mTavar dasayrdens warmoadgens, is or nawilad
unda daiyos:
pirveli exeba ZiriTadad iseTi saxis teqnologiebs, romelzec damokidebulia am
qveynebSi sawarmoo Zalebisa da, saboloo jamSi, mTlianad ekonomikis ganviTareba. yvela es
teqnologia bazarzea gamotanili da yvela msurvelisTvisaa xelmisawvdomi.182 yvelaze
CamorCenil qveyanasac ki SeuZlia sawarmoo teqnologiebis Semoatana pirdapiri ucxouri
daxmarebisa Tu kreditebis farglebSi. am fulis ZiriTadi nawili, bolos da bolos, aseTi
tipis programebisaTvis gamoiyofa.
problemebi am teqnologiebis danergvis etapze iwyeba. upirveles yovlisa, is moiTxovs
qveynaSi teqnologiuri gadaiaraRebis aucileblobisa da misi prioritetebis zust, swore
gansazRvras; realistur, miRwevad miznebze dafuZnebuli programis arsebobas; qveyanaSi
arsebuli resursebis swore Sefasebas, pirvel rigSi, socialuri kapitalis (SromiTi
resursebis, maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli kvalifikaciiT, SromisunarianobiT da a.S.);
teqnologiebis danergvis instituciuri da saorganizacio garemos Seqmnas.
aseTi tipis gadaiaraRebis procesSi mTavrobis roli gadamwyvetia. pirvel etapze mainc,
rodesac bazars ubralod ar SeuZlia strategiuli amocanebis dasaxva da maTi efeqturad
marTva, mTavroba unda uSualod xelmZRvanelobdes teqnologiis transferis process.
amitom swored mTavrobis efeqturoba ganapirobebs ZiriTadad mis warmatebas.
damatebiT, zogjer gadamwyvet siZneles, warmoadgens qveyanaSi arsebuli samuSao Zalis
xarisxi, m.S. Sromismoyvareoba, disciplina, warmatebisadmi ltolva, fizikuri
Sromisunarianoba. e.i. mTeli rigi wminda kulturuli faqtorebisa, romelTa Soris
udides rols TamaSobs tradiciaSi arsebuli pativiscema ganaTlebisadmi da ganaTlebis
miRebisadmi ltolva.183
ase rom, teqnologiuri transferi ganviTarebis mizniT isevdaisev (ixileT, Tavi 3)
damokidebulia ara imdenad teqnologiebze, rogorc aseTze, aramed imaze, Tu ramdenad
arian mzad amisaTvis mimRebi qveyana.
rogorc cnobilia, yvelaze warmatebiT teqnologiuri gadaiaraReba gaiares
aRmosavleTi aziis qveynebma. yvela am qveynebSi es procesi saxelmwifos mier imarTeboda,
xolo adgilobrivi muSaxelis msoflios nebismier qveyanas SeiZleba SeSurdes.
meore SemTxvevaSi laparakia “farTo moxmarebis teqnologiebze”, romlebic principSi
xelmisawvdomia nebismieri moqalaqisaTvis, romelsac maTi SeZenis finansuri saSualeba
aqvs. aseT teqnologiebSi, pirvel rigSi, igulisxmeba adamianis sicocxlisunarianobis
uzrunvelyofis, transportisa da komunikaciebis teqnologiebi — gansakuTrebiT radio,
televizia, telefoni, msubuqi avtomanqana, kompiuteri, sayofacxovrebo teqnika da a.S.
maTi umetesobis moxmareba minimalurad ganaTlebul, xSirad ubralod gaunaTlebel
adamiansac ki SeuZlia. Tumca ZiriTadad ganviTarebad qveyanaSi maTi koncentracia xdeba
ganviTarebis centrebSi, romelTac gare samyarosTan intensiuri kontaqtebi gaaCniaT.
aseTi teqnologiebis transferi mTlianad bazarzea damokidebuli, xolo misi
avkargianoba ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba ara adamianis realuri moTxovnilebiT masze,
aramed warmatebuli marketingiT. misi transferis ZiriTadi Sedegi, ara imdenad misi
momxmareblis cxovrebis xarisxis zrdaa, ramdenadac kulturis difuziaa.
103
qveynebs, dRes isini sazogadod sam did kategoriad iyofian: teqnologiuri inovatorebi, matareblebi arian. ukve es faqti aqcevs maT ZiriTadad dasavleTidan momdinare
teqnologiis amTviseblebi da teqnologiurad “gaTiSulebi”. pirvel kategorias ekuTvnian globalizaciuri procesebis efeqtur instrumentebad.
aSS da is qveynebi, romelTa yovel milion mosaxleze weliwadSi aSS-Si daculi aTi patenti arasamTavrobo organizaciebis kulturisa da tradiciis danergva (ZiriTadad, garedan)
mainc modis. rogorc cxrili 5.1-dan Cans, am kategoriaSi Sedian mxolod dasavleTi qveyanebis umetesobaSi SedarebiT advilia, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom maTze ZiriTadad ar
evropisa da misi gamonayofi qveynebi, plus aRmosavleTi aziis 5 qveyana. meore kategorias vrceldeba is idiosinkrazia, romelic ganviTarebad qveynebSi arsebobs dasavluri
ekuTvnis yvela is danarCeni qveyana, romelTa eqsportSic maRalteqnologiuri saxelisuflebo, Tu biznes-organizaciebis mimarT.
produqciis wili minimum 2%-ia (yvela danarCeni ganviTarebuli qveyana da globalizaciis Tanamedrove etapze mravalricxovani saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo
ganviTarebulebis yvelaze mowinave nawili — brazilia, argentina, malaizia, indonezia, da organizaciebi, agreTve xSirad anacvleben ganviTarebuli qveynebis mTavrobebs ganviTarebad
a.S.), xolo mTeli danarCeni msoflio, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris CaTvliT, “gaTiSulebis” msoflioSi humanitaruli, ganviTarebis daxmarebisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis xelSewyobis
ricxvSi xvdeba e.i. es is qveynebia, romelTac warmatebuli ganviTarebis naklebi Sansi aqvT. misiis SesrulebaSi. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom praqtikulad yvela aseTi organizacia
msoflios wamyvan ganviTarebul qveynebs warmoadgens, iq aris dafuZnebuli da didwilad
cxrili 5.1 aSS patentebis saerTo raodenoba da erT milion mosaxleze, 2001 mainc am qveynebisa mTavrobebisa da wamyvani korporaciebis mier aris dafinansebuli, isini,
nebiT Tu uneblied, mainc am qveynebis globaluri agentebis rols asruleben. maSinac ki,
qveyana patentebi patentebi/ rodesac es organizaciebi maqsimalurad cdiloben distancirebas dasavleTis globaluri
milion mosaxleze politikisagan, isini mainc arseboben dasavluri [evropuli] civilizaciis faseulobebis
1 taivani 6 545 299 CarCoebSi da saboloo jamSi mis interesebSi moqmedeben.
2 iaponia 34 891 275 arsebobs agreTve saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebis friad sayuradRebo
3 SvedeTi 1 935 217 jgufi, romelic Tavis Tavze iRebs msoflios mTavrobebis mier demokratiisa da adamianis
4 Sveicaria 1 557 216 uflebebis principebis praqtikuli realizaciis monitoringis funqcias. aseTebia
5 israeli 1 031 161 magaliTad Transparency International, Human Rights Watch, Freedom House, Amnesty International da
6 fineTi 769 148 mravali sxva. isini faqtiurad axorcieleben msoflios mTavrobebis qcevis monitorings,
7 germania 11 895 145 raRac gagebiT “niSnebs usvamen” maT maTi konkretuli qcevis Sesabamisad. maTi avtoriteti
Tanamedrove msoflioSi imdenad didia, rom wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebisa, Tu
8 kanada 4 063 131
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis damokidebuleba ama Tu im qveynis mimarT, didwiladaa
9 luqsemburgi 48 120
damokidebuli maT Sefasebaze.
10 dania 556 103
amave dros, isevdaisev, isini atareben Tavis monitoringsa da Sefasebas iseT
11 niderlandebi 1 494 93
kriteriumebze dayrdnobiT, romelic Camoyalibebulia dasavleTis samecniero,
12 honkongi 620 93 politikuri, socialuri sistemebisa da tradiciebis farglebSi, da saboloo jamSi,
13 samxreTi korea 3 763 80 wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis interesebSi moqmedeben, dasavluri globalizaciis
15 avstria 632 78 mZlavr agentebs warmoadgenen. rasakvirvelia, isini asruleben imave funqcias, rodesac
16 belgia 796 77 akritikeben msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebis mTavrobebs, miuTiTeben maT daSvebul
17 safrangeTi 4 456 75 Secdomebsa da moqmedebis xarvezebs.
18 singapuri 304 74
19 gaerTianebuli 4 356 74 konkretuli SemTxveva (Case-Study) 2 – amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi — “uxaliso imperia”
samefo
20 islandia 21 70 imperia — warmoadgens regionebis nakrebs, romlebTac adgilze imperatoris saxeliT
21 norvegia 283 63 marTaven gubernatorebi, vicemefeebi an kleinti mefeebi. es termini SeiZleba gavrceldes
22 avstralia 1 031 53 nebismier did, mravalerovan saxelmwifoze, romelic erTi centridan imarTeba. sxva
saxelmwifoebis msgavsad imperia sakuTar politikur struqturas nawilobriv mainc
23 irlandia 166 44
daZalebis saSualebiT inarCunebs. saxmeleTo imperiebi (iseTebi rogorc ruseTi an
24 axali zelandia 160 42
sabWoTa kavSiri) miiswrafian mimdebare teritoriebze gavrcelebisaken; sazRvao imperiebi
25 italia 1 978 34
(magaliTad, britaneTis) xasiaTdebian naklebad xisti struqturiTa da gabneuli
teritoriebiT.
wyaro: aSS-is sapatento ofisi, 2002
istoriulad, imperiaTa umetesoba warmoiSveboda Zlieri saxelmwifos mier sxva
saxelmwifoebis dapyrobisa da ufro did politikur erTobaSi maTi gaerTianebis xarjze.83
rasakvirvelia, aseTi dayofa xarvezebs ar aris moklebuli, magram principul suraTs is imperializmi — ucxo teritoriul erTeulebze kontrolisa an Zalauflebis
mainc iZleva. misi ZiriTadi nakli isaa, rom is dafuZnebulia teqnologiur inovaciebze da gavrcelebis politika, maTi miTvisebisa da/an imperiis SenarCunebis mizniT. xdeba ucxo
saerTod ar iTvaliswinebs fundamentaluri mecnierebis miRwevebs. amave dros, qveynebis politikasa da ekonomikaze rogorc uSualo teritoriuli, aseve arapirdapiri
daaxloebiT mecxramete saukunis bolodan moyolebuli, teqnologiis ganviTareba kontrolis damyarebis gziT. zogjer ixmareba ama Tu im qveynis mier koloniebis
mTlianad fundamentaluri mecnieris winmswreb miRwevebzea damokidebuli. xolo dapyrobisa da daSorebul teritoriebze dominirebis politikis gansasazRvrad,
fundamentaluri mecniereba, Tavis mxriv, Zalian naklebadaa dakavSirebuli dRevandeli miuxedavad imisa, aRiarebs Tu ara aseTi qveyana sakuTar Tavs imperiad Tu ara.84
ganviTarebis mTavar mamoZravebel ZalasTan — bazarTan.
fundamentul mecnierebas aviTarebes ZiriTadad is qveynebi, romlebsac amis finansuri
jorj buS umcrosis sainauguracio sityva, warmoTqmuli mis xelmeored
da teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebi, Sesabamisi ganaTlebis infrastruqtura aqvs; romlebic
gaprezidentebasTan dakavSirebiT 2005 wlis ianvarSi, sayovelTao aRiarebiT erT-erTi
(da es etyoba yvelaze mniSvnelovania) Tavs msoflio an minimum regionaluri liderebis
rolSi xedavs.180 aseTi samecniero sistemis awyoba ZiriTadad mTavrobis iniciativebze,
yvelaze Zlieria aSS-s istoriaSi. “niu-iork Taimsi”, romelic, rbilad rom vTqvad, am
prezidents simpatiiT ar epyroba, is saerTod meore sainauguracio sityvebis pirvel
dafinansebasa da organizaciazea damokidebuli. 181
xuTeulSi Seyavs. masze win is aSkarad mxolod a. linkolnis gamosvlas ayenebs.85
meore msoflio omis Semdeg 1990-ian wlebamde msoflioSi arsebobda faqtiurad
buSis am gamosvlaSi faqtiurad Camoyalibda aSS sagareo politikis axali doqtrina,
oradori qveyana, romelTac saSualeba gaaCndaT ganeviTarebinaT fundamentaruli
romelsac minimum ramdenime wlis manZilze Seswevda unari seriozul gavlena moexdina
mecnierebebis TiTqmis mTeli speqtri — aSS da sabWoTa kavSiri.
rogorc saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis globalur sistemaze, aseve globalizaciis
102 51
procesebze mTlianad.86
am doqtrinis centraluri gzavnilia — “Tavisuflebis gadarCena Cvens miwa-wyalze
mzardadaa damokidebuli Tavisuflebis warmatebaze sxva qveynebSi” da kidev — “yvelaze
didi imedi imisa, rom mSvidoba damyardeba CvenTan, mdgomareobs Tavisuflebis
gavrcelebaSi mTels msoflioSi”.87 imaze, Tu ramdenad Zlieria aqcenti Tavisuflebasa da
adamianebis uflebaTa universalur faseulobebze metyvelebs is faqti, rom sityvebi
Tavisufleba (freedom and liberty) da demokratia moxsenebaSi 49-jer iyo naxsenebi.
faqtiurad aSS-s prezidenti atarebda ideas imis Sesaxeb, rom mSvidoba da samSvidobo
procesi aRar warmoadgenen qveynis sagareo politikis centralur prioritetebs. misi
warmodgeniT, Tavisuflebas aqvs aSkara prioriteti mSvidobasTan SedarebiT, is
msoflioSi mSvidobis winapirobad gvevlineba, xolo [aSS-s politikis] “saboloo mizania
msoflioSi tiraniisaTvis bolos moReba”, Tumca aSS-s mier reformebis waxaliseba
“ZiriTadad iaraRis gamoyenebiT ar unda xorcieldebodes”.88
amerikis senatis gavleniani wevrebi umalve Seecadnen am principebis sarealizacio
sakanonmdeblo safuZveli CamoeyalibebinaT. kerZod, 2005 wlis martis dasawyisSi
respublikelma senatorma jon makeinma da demokratma jo libermanma Seitanes senatSi
erTobrivi kanonproeqti “ demokratiis gavrcelebis (promotion) Sesaxeb”, romelic
iTvaliswinebda aSS mTavrobisaTvis farTo uflebebis miniWebas demokratiuli
principebisa da faseulobebis gasavrceleblad qveynis farglebs gareT.
rogorc senatorma makeinma ganacxada Tavis moxsenebaSi -“demokratiisa da
Tavisuflebis gavrceleba sazRvargareT ubralod ganuyofelia SeerTebuli Statebis
erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebisagan. Tu niu-iorkis, vaSingtonisa an kaliforniis
usafrTxoeba damokidebulia Tavisuflebis doneze er-riadSi, baRdaTsa Tu kairoSi, Cven
unda gavavrceloT demokratiis, kanonis uzenaesobisa da socialuri modernizaciis
ideebi iseve, rogorc vaxdenT Cveni iaraRis srulyofasa da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
modernizacias”.
senator libermanis TqmiT, moyolebuli ukve meoce saukunis dasawyisidan “amerikis
prezidentebs esmodaT, rom amerikis sasicocxlo interesebi yvelaze ukeT maSinaa
uzrunvelyofili, rodesac Cven sxvebs vexmarebiT Tavisuflebis xmis mopovebaSi”. garda
amisa, amerikas gaaCnia demokratiis ideeebis gavrcelebis “moraluri mandati”.
senatorebis TqmiT: “ukanasknelma movlenebma saqarTveloSi, avRaneTSi, eraysa da
palestinaSi gviCvenes, rom adamianTa survili icxovron Tavisuflad, universaluria”.89
Tu ra Sedegs moitanen j. buSis mier Camoyalibebuli principebi, didaTaa damokidebuli
imaze, Tu ra saxiT da ramdenad efeqturad SesZlebs aSS maT praqtikul realizacias.
rogorc prezident j.karteris mrCeveli erovnuli uSiSroebis dargSi zbignev bzeJinski
2004 wels gamoqveynebul wignSi “arCevani” (The Choice) werda — “amerikul Zalasa da
amerikul socialur dinamikas, Tu erTad imoqmedeben, SeuZliaT gamoiwvion saerTo
interesebze dafuZnebuli globaluri erTobis TandaTanobiTi Camoyalibeba. im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini araswored iqnebian gamoyenebuli da erTmaneTTan winaaRmdegobaSi
movlen, isini ubiZgeben msoflios qaosisaken, xolo amerikas alyaSemortymul
cixesimagred gadaaqceven”.90 faqtiurad, igive bzeJinskis sityvebiT, saqme gvaqvs
arCevanTan — aSS iRwvis globaluri dominirebisa Tu globaluri liderobisaTvis? ufro
martivad — qveyana Seecdeba uCvenos danarCen msoflios umetesobasaTvis misaRebi
ganviTarebis alternativa, Tu aiZulebs sxvebs iaron im gziT, romelic mas awyobs.
madlen olbraiTi, prezident klintonis saxelmwifo mdivani- swored SeiZleba
CaiTvalos iseTi politika, romelic saSualebas aZlevs amerikis SeerTebul Statebs
gauwios mxardaWera demokratiasa da Tavisuflebas. Cven gansakuTrebuli qveyana varT.
demokratia sayovelTao faseulobaa, magram dRes mas amerikuli iersaxe dahkravs...
SeuZlebelia misi Tavze moxveva. Cven is unda davicvaT da mxari dauWiroT. kiTxva unda
davusvaT sakuTar Tavs, rogor SeiZleba moubrundes aSS-s daZalebuli demokratia.91
saboloo jamSi, problema dadis kiTxvamde - aris Tu ara aSS imperia da atarebs Tu ara is
imperialistur politikas?
sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom imperiuli idea dRevandel msoflioSi (gansakuTrebiT
samxreTSi), popularobiT namdvilad ar sargeblobs. amaSi damsaxureba ara marto
memarcxene sazogadoebriv moRvaweebs miuZRviT, v. leninis meTaurobiT. igive memarjvene
dasavleli moRvaweebic am termins uxvad iyenebdnen antisabWour propagandaSi civi omis
dros. gavixsenoT Tugind r. reiganis cnobili “borotebis imperia”. sinamdvileSi imperia
52
krizisebisagan, rom rodesac bazari amoicnobs aseTi globaluri sistemuri krizisis
niSnebs, mis gankargulebaSi arsebuli meqanizmebi da resursebi ar iqneba sakmarisi mis
mosagvareblad.
yovelwliurad organuli sawvavis dawvis Sedegad atmosferoSi xvdeba 5.8 miliardi
tona naxSirbadi, rac 20 miliard tona naxSirorJangs Seesabameba. aseTi raodenobis
naxSirbadis dasagroveblad fotosinTezis procesSi misi atmosferodan STanTqvis dros
bunebas sWirdeba TiTqmis milioni weli. weliwadSi msoflioSi moipoveba 120 miliardi
tona madani, sawvavi wiaRiseuli da saSeni masala, gamoidnoba 800 milioni tona sxvadasxva
metali.
metalurgiuli warmoeba iZleva daWuWyianebis 34%-mde, Tboeleqtrosadgurebi-27%,
navTobis mrewveloba-12%, qimiuri-9%-s, gazis-7%. kacobriobis istoriis manZilze
gadagvarebuli niadagebis farTobi Seadgens 20 milion kvadratul kilometrs, rac imaze
metia, dRes msoflioSi rom gamoiyeneba. kacobrioba, romelic Tavisi biomasiT Seadgens
dedamiwis cocxali nivTierebis procentis meaTasedebs, qmnis aTasjer met narCenebs,
vidre mTeli biosfero. maTi raodenoba yovel TxuTmet weliwadSi erTxel ormagdeba.
dedamiwis hidrosferoSi yovelwliurad Caedineba 600 miliard tonamde samrewvelo
Camdinare wylebi, romlebic Seicavs 300 milon tonamde rkinas, 2.3 milion tona tyvias, 7000
tona vercxliswyals, 6000 tona fosfors da sxva mavne nivTierebebs, rac mniSvnelovnad
abinZurebs msoflio okeanes, amcirebs mis biomravalferovnebas, saxes ucvlis adamianis
sakveb resursebs da amcirebs kidec maT.
sawarmoo narCeni airebi (m.S. avtomanqanebis gamonabolqvi) iwveven atmosferoSi
gogirdisa da azotis Jangebis moxvedras. isini ubrundebian dedamiwas mJave wvimebis saxiT,
romlebic amJaveben da gadaagvareben niadags, wyalsacavebs, mcenareul safars. xdeba
niadagebis degradacia.
gaudabnoebis procesiT moculia teritoria, romelic farTobiT aRemateba Crdilo da
samxreT amerikas, erTad aRebuls. mxolod adamianis mier daSrobili aralis zRvis
Semogarenidan qars yovelwliurad miaqvs 150 milion tonaze meti miwa. planetaze tyeebis
gaCexvis siCqare weliwadSi maTi saerTo farTobis daaxloebiT 0.2%-s udris. avstraliam,
magaliTad, ukve dakarga Tavisi tyeebis 3/4, amerikam 2/5, afrikam — 1/5. es procesi
gansakuTrebiT Seexo tropikul tyeebs (amazonia, kongo, samxreT-aRmosavleTi azia),
romlebic atmosferoSi naleqis cirkulaciis regulatorebis rols TamaSobs.
Tavi 5. zogierTi globaluri problema.
globaluri teqnologiebi, kultura msoflio urTierTobebSi.
5.1. globaluri teqnologiebis transferi
5.1.1. globalizaciis erT-erTi mTavari Sedegi isaa, rom dedamiwa ubralod Zalian
patara gaxda. isevdaisev, principulad aRar arsebobs manZilis daZlevis problema, xolo
nebismieri informaciis miReba, gadamuSaveba, gavrceleba anda urTierToba calkeul
individebs Soris SesaZlebelia realur droSi.
gasagebia, rom amis SesaZlebloba mxolod imaT gaaCniaT, vinc sakmarisad SeZlebulia
amisaTvis. magram, mas Semdeg, rac reiganisa da tetCeris administraciebma aSS-sa da did
britaneTSi miaRwies komunikaciebis bazrebis deregulirebasa da demonopolizacias 1980-
ian wlebSi, komunikaciisa da informaciis gavrcelebis eleqtronuli saSualebebi
(televizia, interneti, eleqtronuli fosta, mobiluri telefoni) xelmisawvdomi gaxda
nebismieri ganviTarebadi qveynis nebismieri moqalaqisaTvis, vinc siRaribis zRvars
gadacdenilia, Tu romeliRaca adgilobrivi diqtatori xist izolacionalistur
politikas ar eweva (magaliTad, Crdilo korea).179
globaluri komunikaciebis saSualebebis ganviTareba amave dros mxolod SedarebiT mcire
nawilia im uzarmazari gavlenisa, romelsac Tanamedrove mecnirebis miRwevebi, teqnika da
teqnologia axdenen globalizaciis procesebze. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic, damokidebuleba
sworxazovani ar aris. teqnologia globaluri procesebis mZlavri matarebelia; imave dros,
teqnologiebis umetesobis danergva da farTo gavrceleba SesaZlebelia mxolod im
xelsayreli pirobebis farglebSi, romelTac maT globalizacia uqmnis.
imis Sesabamisad, Tu teqnologiis Seqmnisa da aTvisebis ra unari gaaCniaT sxvadasxva
101
(ukanasknelma 150 qveyanas Soris) evrogaerTianebis daufaravi zewolis Sedegad, romelic
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ewinaaRmdegeboda ruseTis gawevrianebas msoflio savaWro
organizaciaSi. kiotos oqmi didwilad etyoba gadaiqca evrogaerTianebis Sida politikur
proeqtad, romelic rogorc warmoebis teqnikuri gadaiaraRebis, aseve marTvis
meqanizmebisa da sazogadoebrivi azris Camoyalibebis TvalsazrisiT, globalur
daTbobasTan brZolis aseTi tipis meqanizmis danergvasTan mimarTebaSi, bevrad uswrebs
mTel danarCen msoflios. Tumca 2006 wlis dasawyisisaTvis aqac 15 “Zveli” wevridan
mxolod 5 axerxebda ase Tu ise am oqmis moTxovnilebebis Sesrulebas.
e.i. kiotos oqmi iseTi tipisaa, rogorc zemoT iyo aRwerili — aradamajerebeli da
Sesasrulebelad rTuli. amave dros, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, man SeiZleba Seasrulos
mniSvnelovani roli Tugind im TvalsazrisiT, rom mis realizaciaze gamoCndeba, Tu
ramdenad aris mzad msoflio mis winaSe mdgari realuri globaluri problemis
gadasaWrelad (bolos da bolos raime sxva alternatiuli meqanizmi ubralod ar arsebobs).
4.2.4. samwuxarod globaluri ekologiuri krizisis mogvarebis ideebis aSkara nakleboba
SeimCneva. faqtiurad erTaderTia gaeros garemosa da ganviTarebis msoflio komisiis mier
(bruntlandis komisia), 1987 wels gamoaqveynebul moxsenebaSi wamoyenebuli e.w. mdgradi
ganviTarebis idea. dResdReobiT is formalurad aRiarebulia rogorc saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis, aseve erovnuli mTavrobebis mier, rogorc zogadi samoqmedo orientiri.
mokled rom vTqvaT, mdgradia iseTi ganviTareba, romelic saSualebas iZleva
dakmayofildes sazogadoebis dRevandeli moTxovnilebebi ise, rom A momaval Taobebs ar
moespoT saSualeba daikmayofilon TavianTi sakuTari moTxovnilebebi. momdevno wlebis
manZilze es termini (Tu ara ideis arsi, rogorc aseTi) gaxda nebismieri iseTi politikuri
dokumentis ganuyofeli nawili, romelic ganviTarebas eZRvneba. farTo gagebiT, es
koncefcia, aRiqveba rogorc saSualeba iseTi strategiebis SemuSavebisa da danergvis,
romlebic daexmarebian kacobriobas miaRwios ekonomikur da socialur ganviTarebas
bunebrivi garemos degradaciis, resursebis zedmeti eqspluataciisa da dabinZurebis
gareSe. im faqts, rom kacobriobis dRevandeli ganviTarebis etapze, es ori midgoma
ubralod erTmaneTis gamomricxavia, koncefciis avtorebma delikaturad gverdi auares.
sazogadod mdgradi ganviTarebis principebis praqtikuli realizacia niSnavs
sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis axali etapis dadgomas. magram adamianis sazogadoeba, maT
Soris misi dReisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani qvesistema — bazari, principulad
axorcielebs Zirfesvian gardaqmnebs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sistemur kriziss
gadaeyreba. amis magaliTia, 1929 wlis msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi, romlis Sedegad
moxda sabazro urTierTobebis sistemis safuZvliani gadasinjva.
aseTi krizisis SesaZlo mizezebi cnobilia — globaluri ekosistemis asimilaciuri da
reproduqciis unaris Semcireba. aseve cnobilia misi gadaWris saSualebebic — globalur
ekosistemaze adamianis datvirTvis Semcireba iqamde, sanam es datvirTva ar moeqceva
ekosistemis aRwarmoebis SesaZleblobis farglebSi.
praqtikulad es niSnavs, materialuri moxmarebis (mTlianis da erT mosaxleze)
radikalur Semcirebas, misi Tanmxlebi warmoebisa da ganawilebis efeqturobis zrdiT, da
rac mTavaria — Tanamedrove sazogadoebis faseulobaTa sistemis sruli gadasinjviT,
romelic gadamwyvet upiratesobas aniWebs materialuri moxmarebis ganuwyvetliv zrdas
ganviTarebis sxva prioritebTan SedarebiT.
problema isaa, rom sistemuri krizisi ar xdeba cvlilebebis aucileblobis Segnebis,
ganaTlebisa da propagandis safuZvelze. is xdeba, rodesac xdeba, da misi dadgoma ar aris
damokidebuli adamianis neba-survilze.
garda amisa, globaluri sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis tendenciebs ganapirobeben
wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebi, romlebic cal-calke Tu erTad, namdvilad ar ganicdian
araviTar sistemur kriziss, romelic SesaZlebelia bunebrivi garemos degradaciiT iyos
gamowveuli. es imas ar niSnavs, rom aseTi krizisi ar xdeba — ubralod es qveynebi axerxeben
maTi problemebis mniSvneloveni nawilis gatanas sakuTari teritoriebis farglebs gareT
(igive WuWyiani warmoebebi).
es moTamaSeebi, agreTve, swored ver afaseben maTi Sesabamisi sazogadoebrivi sistemebis
mdgomareobas. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi warmatebisa Tu Cavardnis Sefasebis mTavari
kriteriumi bazris mdgomareobaa. xolo bazari, misi aSkara Rirsebebis miuxedavad, sakmaod
primitiuli meqanizmia. is afasebs nebismier processa Tu situacias diax/ara — TeTri/Savi
— mogeba/wagebis logikis safuZvelze. am TvalsazrisiT, dRes msoflioSi ar arsebobs
bunebrivi garemos degradaciiT gamowveuli araviTari krizisi, romelic moiTxovs
sabazro urTierTobebis sistemis Zirfesvian gadasinjvas, an bazari ubralod ver cnobs
mis niSnebs.
am dros ekologiuri krizisi imiT gansxvavdeba sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis sxva
100
warmoadgens nebismieri warmatebuli eqspansiis Sedegebis organizaciisa da marTvis
meqanizms. etyoba imperiad gadaqcevis Sansi aqvs nebismier did warmatebul saxelmwifos,
misi mmarTvelobis formis miuxedavad. dRes imazec ki laparakoben, rom adre Tu gvian
imperiuli Tvisebebi SesaZloa evrogaerTianebamac ki SeiZinos.92
imavdroulad ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze dasavleTSi aSkarad SeimCneva imperiuli
nostalgiis niSnebi. es gansakuTrebiT gamoixateba britaneTis imperiis moRvaweobis
Sedegebis dadebiT gadafasebaSi, rogorc amas akeTebs cnobili britaneli mecnieri
n.Ffergiusoni, romelic wers — “is, rac britaneTis imperiam daamtkica, iyo rom imperia
warmoadgens saerTaSoriso mTavrobis nairsaxeobas, romelsac muSaobis unari Seswevs, da
ara marto mmarTveli Zalis interesebSi”. da Semdgom — “britaneTis imperia, Tumca is
unaklo ar iyo, SesaZlebelia warmoadgenda misi qveSevrdomebisaTvis yvelaze nakleb
sisxilian gzas Tanamedroveobisaken”.93
Sesabamisad gaismis xmebi, romlebic mxars uWers amerikuli imperiis ideas, gansakuTrebiT
iq, sadac saWiroa arSemdgari saxelmwifoebis xalxebis gadarCena im ukiduresad mZime
situaciidan, romelSic isini imyofebian; anda saerTaSoriso terorizmTan brZola. gasagebia,
rom mobruneba amerikuli imperiis ideisaken gamowveulia ZiriTadad imiT, rom arsebuli
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis maregulirebeli formaluri struqturebi sakmaod
araefeqturia. es gansakuTrebiT exeba iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac misaRebia swrafi,
gadamWreli, magram arapopularuli gadawyvetilebebi (magaliTad, dafuZnebuli
damoukidebeli qveynebis Sinagan saqmeebSi uSualo samxedro Carevaze).
igive n. fergiusoni wers — “imis nacvlad, rom uzarmazari lokokinasaviT amoefaros
eleqtronul javSans, SeerTebulma Statebma Tavisi uzarmazari resursebis sul ufro didi
nawili unda mimarTon imisaken, rom gadaaqcion msoflio usafrTxo adgilad kapitalizmisa da
demokratiisaTvis. “istoriis dasasrulis” ideis miamiti triumfalizmis sawinaaRmdegod, es
TavisTavad ki ar xdeba, aramed moiTxovs kanonisa da wesrigis mZlav instituciur dasayrdens.
imperiuli aSS-s namdvili roli isaa, rom daafuZnos es institutebi iq, sadac isini ar
arseboben, Tu saWiroa. samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiTac. aseTi politikis sawinaaRmdego
araviTari ekonomikuri argumenti ar arsebobs, radganac is autanelad Zviri ar dajdeba.
Ddemokratiis danergva msoflios yvela gariyul saxelmwifoSi (rogue states) ar gazrdis aSS
Tavdacvis biujets qveynis mSp-s 5%-ze bevrad zeviT. amasTanave arsebobs ekonomikuri
argumenti am ideis mxardasaWerad, radganac aseT qveynebSi kanonis uzenaesobis Setana
moitans grZelvadian dividentebs maTi vaWrobis aRorZinebisa da ganviTarebis Sedegad.”94
amerikuli imperiis idea jer kidev sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivia imisaTvis, rom aSS
administraciam is ama Tu im saxiT aRiaros. prezidenti j. buSi ambobda, magaliTad — “Cven
ar viRwviT imperiisaken. Cveni eri erTgulia sakuTari da sxvebis Tavisuflebisa”.95 amave
dros, aSS yvela Sesadari parametrebiT aSkarad Sors scildeba kacobriobis istoriaSi
yvelaze cnobil (da warmatebul) britaneTis imperias.
obieqturad, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, is dedamiwaze darCenili erTaderTi
zesaxelmwifoa. igive ekonomikuri parametrebiT is Sors, ukan itovebs nebismier realur
Tu potenciur konkurents. 2003 wels masze modioda msoflio Sida produqtis 29.5% — 10
948.5 miliardi dolari (21.4% dolaris msyidvelobiTi unaris gaTvaliswinebiT), rac metia
vidre momdevno oTxi yvelaze ganviTarebuli qveynis (iaponia, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi,
germania) mSp erTad aRebuli (10256.6 miliardi dolari). CineTic ki, romelic momavalSi
misi realuri ekonomikuri konkurenti SeiZleba gaxdes (savaraudod 2018 wlisaTvis), misi
mSp-s mxolod 12.9%-s awarmoebs (59.0%-s msyidvelobiTi unaris gaTvaliswinebiT).96 es
monacemebi orjer da metad aRemateba britaneTis imperiis analogiur monacemebs, rodesac
es ukanaskneli Tavisi siZlieris pikze imyofeboda.
garda amisa, amerikas gaaCnia uSualo ekonomikuri gavlenis iseTi mZlavri meqanizmebi,
rogoricaa transnacionaluri (multinacionaluri) korporaciebi. britaneTis imperiis
globaluri dominirebis dros aseTebi praqtikulad saerTod ar arsebobda (formalurad
iTvleba, rom pirveli aseTi korporacia mxolod 1932 wels Seiqmna, rodesac Lever Brothers
gaerTianda Margarine Unie-Tan da Seqmna Unilever). dResdReobiT (2006 wlis dasawyisisaTvis)
aseTi msoflioSi aTasobiTaa, xolo maT Soris amerikuli minimum naxevaria. msoflios 20
yvelaze did kompanias Soris 10 amerikulia, xolo maT Soris ori yvelaze didis - Wall Mart-
sa da Exxon Mobil-s Semosavalebi 2003 wels cal-calke aRemateboda msoflios yvela qveynis
mSp-s, 15 yvelaze mdidris garda. maTi Semosavlebi, magaliTad sWarbobda iseTi qveynebis
mSp-sac rogoricaa norvegia, SvedeTi, fineTi, avstria Tu dania.97 igive Exxon Mobil
dedamiwis 200 qveyanasa Tu teritoriaze moqmedebs.
aSS imperiuli dominirebis erT-erTi friad Taviseburi gamoxatuleba isaa, rom mas
praqtikulad msoflios yvela wamyvani saxelmwifosi didZali Tanxebi marTebs. rwmena amerikis
53
saimedobaSi aTeulobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi imdenad didi iyo, rom nebismieri qveyana, romelsac
zedmeti fuli uCndeboda, mas aSS-s fasian qaRaldebSi abandebda. dResac ki, rodesac am rwmenam
Seryeva daiwyo, es praqtika mainc grZeldeba. igive ruseTi, romelic didZal damatebiT Tanxebs
iRebs msoflio navTobis fasebis mkveTri zrdis Sedegad, am fuls sakuTari qveynis ganviTarebaSi
ki ar abandebs, aramed aSS-s fasian qaRaldebSi. aseTi gziT mTeli msoflio aTwleulebis manZilze
faqtiurad afinansebs dedamiwis yvelaze mdidari qveynis ganviTarebas.
amerikis xazinis monacemebiT 2005 wlis 31 dekembris mdgomareobiT aSS-s sagareo valis
saerTo moculoba Seadgenda 9,560,623 milion dolars.98 aseT situaciaSi ara aSS-a imdenad
damokidebuli Tavis kreditorebze, ramdenadac es Uukanasknelebi arian masze
damokidebuli. RmerTma daifaros, aSS-i defolti moxdes (amis saSiSroeba, magaliTad,
arsebobda 2006 wlis martSi) da msoflios bevri wamyvani ekonomika (igive Cinuri) ubralod
CaiSleba. zogi eqsperti saerTod miiCnevs, rom aSS-m sakuTari valutis gaufasureba Tu
defolti (finansur valdebulebebze uaris Tqma) SeuZlia gamoiyenos rogorc sagareo
politikis iaraRi. rasakvirvelia, TviT Statebsac es bevr sikeTes ar moutans, magram mis
konkurentebs ubralod musrs gaavlebs.
aSS-s SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, agreTve, Sors itoveben nebismier konkurentsa Tu
konkurentebis jgufs. qveyanam kargad Seiswavla warumatebeli vietnamis omis
gamocdileba da Seqmna principulad axali tipis armia, romelsac Seswevs unari realur
droSi moaxdinos reagireba nebismier safrTxeze globalur masStabSi. sabWoTa kavSirsac
ki, misi siZlieris maqsimumze, ar gaaCnda araferi Sesadari da is konkurencias SeerTebul
Statebs mxolod masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis xarjze uwevda.
faqtiurad aSS-s SeiaraRebuli Zalebi warmoadgens qveynis politikuri interesebis
realizaciis garants msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi. isini uSualod warmodgenilia dedamiwis
qveynebis 2/3-Si. am Zalebis xuTi regionaluri samxedro marTvis centrebis pasuxismgeblobis
arealebi mTel dedamiwas faraven. zRvaze aSS-s interesebs icavs cxra “super aviamzidi”
sabrZolo jgufi, romelTaganac TiToeuli calke aRebuli aSkarad sWarbobs yvelafers, rac
nebismier sxva qveyanas SeiZleba gaaCndes. haerSi mas gaaCnia sami sxvadasxva tipis “stelsis”
radarebisTvis SeumCneveli TviTmfrinavi, romelTac analogi ar gaaCniaT msoflioSi. igive
CineTi, romelic mizandasaxulad iRwvis aSS-gan CamorCenis dasaZlevad samxedro sferoSi,
ZiriTad sabrZolo komponentebSi mas minimum 10-15 da meti wliT CamorCeba.
qveyanaze modis msoflios Tavdacvis xarjebis TiTqmis naxevari. es xarjebi metia, vidre
20 momdevno qveynis gaerTianebuli samxedro biujetebi. isini, magaliTad, eqvsjer
aRemateba ruseTis samxedro biujets. amave dros aSS axerxebs amis gakeTebas mSp-sTan
SedarebiT sakmaod mcire danaxarjebiT — 2003 wels Tavdacvis biujeti mis daaxloebiT
3.5%-s Seadgenda.
aSS-s principulad marto SeuZlia nebismieri ramdenime sabrZolo amocanis gadaWra,
nebismieri mowinaaRmdegis winaaRmdeg, dedamiwis nebismier kuTxeSi. isevdaisev britaneTis
imperias aseTi samxedro upiratesoba arasodes gaaCnda. Tu zRvaze is ase Tu ise sjobnida
Tavis ZiriTad konkurentebs, misi saxmeleTo jarebi sazogadod CamorCeboda nebismieri
saxmeleTo imperiis jarebs rogorc raodenobiT, aseve momzadebis xarisxiT, rac
TvalnaTliv gamoikveTa orive msoflio omSi.
faqtiurad britaneTis imperia iyo pirveli tolebs Soris, maSin rodesac aSS ubralod —
pirvelia. yvela zeviT moyvanili faqtis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom aSS-s Seswevs
unari Seqmnas pirveli realuri globaluri imperia, sakiTxia, ramdenad aris qveyana
amisaTvis mzad da sWirdeba mas es saerTod?
faqtia, rom aSS-s damfuZnebeli mamebi Tavidanve moizarebdnen mas rogorc imperias,
Tumca “Tavisuflebis imperias” (empire of liberty), Tomas jefersonis sityvebiT. misi
ideologia efuZneboda, da efuZneba e.w. “cxadi mowodebis” (manifest destiny) ideas, romelic
ganisazRvreba rogorc “aSkara da gardauvali bedi”. am ideis Sesabamisad amerikas evaleba
demokratiis gavrceleba, rogorc mmarTvelobis erTaderTi Rirseuli formis, saRvTo
misia. faqtiurad es idea emTxveva britanelebis “TeTri adamianis tvirTs”, Tu frangebis
“macivilizebel misias”, xolo dRevandeli laparaki Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis
gavrcelebaze misi uaxlesi interpretaciaa.
etyoba, raRaca saxiT, aSS Tavidanve rogorc imperia yalibdeboda, rodesac mecxramete
saukuneSi pretenzia ganacxada Crdilo amerikis kontinentis did nawilze. teritoriis raRac
nawili man SeiZina. magaliTad, alaska ruseTisagan, Tu luiziana da misisipisa da kldovan
mTebs (Rockies) Soris mdebare teritoria — safrangeTisagan. Tumca orive SemTxvevaSi, rogorc
winaT sabWoTa kavSirSi ambobdnen, garigeba gamyidvlebisaTvis “nebayoflobiT-iZulebiTi”
iyo. qveynis samxreTi teritoriebis udidesi nawili ki mis xelSi tradiciuli imperialisturi
dapyrobebis Sedegad gadavida. esenia — kalifornia, nevada, iuta, niu meqsiko da arizona;
54
4.2.3. globalur doneze aseTi tipis kompromisebis Sedegia is saerTaSoriso reJimi,
romelic dRes garemosTan da resursebTan urTierTobis sferoSi arsebobs. am reJimis
Seqmnis pirveli etapi jer kidev mecxramete saukunis bolos daiwyo, magram realurad
globaluri 1972 wlidan gaxda, rodesac Sedga gaeros konferencia “adamianis garemoze”
stokholmSi. am konferenciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sedegi etyoba isaa, rom mas mohyva
globaluri da regionuli garemos monitoringis qselebis Seqmna, gaeros garemos
programis daarseba (UNEP), agreTve, farTo politikuri da instituciuri cvlilebebi
lokalur doneze, romelsac mohyva bevri mTavrobis mier garemos dacvis saministroebisa
da erovnuli garemosdacviTi da maregulirebeli saagentoebis Seqmna. man, agreTve, misca
biZgi garemosdacviTi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis globaluri qselis Seqmnas.
momdevno wlebSi saerTaSoriso interesi garemos problemebisadmi sul ufro
izrdeboda. Sedegad, am saukunis dasawyisisaTvis arsebobda 130-ze meti mravalmxrivi da
aseulobiT ormxrivi saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba. samwuxarod, realuri pozitiuri
Sedegebi, xmamaRali ritorikis miuxedavad, am xelSekrulebebis mxolod Zalian mcire
nawilma gamoiRo.
amis mizezi ZiriTadad isevdaisev isaa, rom Tanamedrove mecniereba, romelic
dakavebulia adamianisa da bunebrivi garemos urTierTobebis kvleviT, ver iZleva am
procesebis analizis saboloo, damajerebel daskvnebs, romlebic aseTi urTierTobebis
realur Sedegebs, SesaZlebel safrTxeebs Tu problemebis mogvarebis efeqtur
RonisZiebebs exeba. Sedegad, nebismieri globaluri movlena SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc
dadebiTi, uaryofiTi Tu ararsebuli, monacemTa erTi da igive nakrebis safuZvelze. ase
rom, nebismieri politikuri gadawyvetileba dafuZnebulia ara imdenad damajerebel
mtkicebebze, ramdenad dainteresebuli mxareebis konkretul kerZo interesebze,
romelTac ZiriTadad konkretul problemasTan naklebi kavSiri aqvT. aseTi situacia,
agreTve, iwvevs an Zalze zogadi da aradamajerebeli sabuTebis Seqmnas, an iseTebis,
romlebic zedmetad detaluria, rTuli da Sesasruleblad Zneli, zogjer ubralod
Seusrulebeli.
ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetesoba agreTve ubralod ver aZlevs Tavs fufunebas
daicvas bunebrivi garemo da resursebi. situacia daaxloebiT iseTivea, rogorc adamianis
uflebebisa an demokratiuli sazogadoebis mSeneblobis saqmeSi. sazogadoeba sakmarisad
SeZlebuli unda iyos imisaTvis, rom daicvas sakuTari bunebrivi resursebi da garemo, ar
gadaaqcios isini umowyalo eqspluataciis sagnad.
bunebriv garemosTan mimarTebaSi erTaderTi realurad momqmedi meqanizmi, romelic
kacobriobas dReisaTvis aqvs, e.w. “kiotos oqmia”, romelic faqtiurad, CarCo dokumentia
im RonisZiebebisaTvis, romlebic mimarTulia atmosferoSi adamianis moqmedebis Sedegad
moxvedrili naxSirorJangis moculobis stabilizaciaze da Semcirebaze. am xelSekrulebis
farglebSi yvelaze didi valdebulebebi Tavis Tavze aiRo evrogaerTianebam — Seamciros
e.w. “saTburis gazis” emisia 2008-12 wlebisaTvis 8%-T 1990 wlis donesTan SedarebiT, aSS-m
7, xolo iaponiam 6%-T. ruseTma, ukrainam da axalma zelandiam ikisra valdebulebebi
moaxdinos Tavisi emisiebis stabilizacia 1990 wlis doneze. saboloo jamSi, am oqmis
realizaciis Sedegad naxSirorJangis emisia sul 5%-T unda Semcirdes.
ganviTarebad qveynebs es valdebulebebi saerTod ar exebaT, m.S. CineTs, romelic aSS-s
Semdeg naxSirorJangis yvelaze did “mwarmoebelia” dedamiwaze da indoeTs, romelic mas
didad ar CamorCeba. saboloo jamSi, es ori qveyana etyoba mravaljer gadaWarbebs
naxSirorJangis emisiis im Semcirebas, romelsac ganviTarebuli qveynebi didi jafis
Sedegad miaRweven.
mTavari, rac am oqmis realizacias mohyveba, aris yoveli saxelmwifosaTvis emisiebis
kvotebis SemoReba, romliTac maT vaWroba SeuZliaT. Tu, magaliTad, viRacam moaxdina
axali teqnologiebis danergva da Tavis kvotaze nakleb emisias awarmoebs, mas SeuZlia is
iseT qveyanas miyidos, romelic sakuTar kvotaSi ver eteva. faqtiurad laparakia sabazro
urTierTobebis Setanaze globaluri ekologiuri problemis gadawyvetaSi, Tumca rogorc
kvotebis moculobebi, iseve maTi faswarmoqmnis konkretuli meqanizmebi friad
spekulatiur xasiaTs atarebs.
am oqms Tavidanve uamravi mowinaaRmdege hyavda. magaliTad, misi pirobebis dacvaze
kategoriuli uari ganacxada aSS-is prezident j.u. buSis administraciam. ruseTic didxans
ewinaaRmdegeboda mis ratifikacias im sababiT, rom, jer es erTi, emisiis 5%-iani Semcireba
veraviTar sagrZnob gavlenas ver moaxdens globaluri daTbobis procesis dinamikaze (da
amaSi is etyoba savsebiT marTlia) da, meorec, misi SezRudvebi realur negatiur gavlenas
moaxdens mis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze (igives amboben amerikelebic).
saboloo jamSi, ruseTma moaxdina am oqmis ratifikacia 2004 wlis dekemberSi
99
afeTqeba, adgilobrivi mosaxleoba bunebrivad agrZelebda ekosistemebis eqspluatacias koloradosa da vaiomingis nawilebi. es miwebi aSS-m xelSi Caigdo 1846-48 wlebis omis Semdeg,
tradiciuli, uaRresad araefeqturi meTodebiT, ubralod erTi adamianis adgils minimum romelSic meqsika prezidentma jeims polkma CaiTria.
sami_oTxi ikavebda. Sedegad, ukve gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebisaTvis gaudaburebam am is, rasac zogierTi mkvlevari “meore imperiuli fazis” saxeliT moixseniebs, 1898 wlis
teritoriebze iseT masStabebs miaRwia, rom sahara samxreTisaken zogjer weliwadSi amerikul-espanuri omis Semdeg daiwyo. am omis Sedegad aSS-s xelSi gadavida puerto riko,
aTeulobiT kilometriT izrdeboda. guami da filipinebi. igive politika gaagrZela prezidentma Teodor ruzveltma,
ganviTarebadi qveynebi (iseTi warmatebulebic ki, rogoricaa CineTi) globaluri romelmac monros doqtrinis safuZvelze gamoacxada aSS-s ufleba Careuliyo laTinuri
masStabiT adamianisa da bunebis urTierTobis mowesrigebaze mimarTul sabuTebs an amerikis nebismieri qveynis Sinagan saqmeebSi imisaTvis, rom ar daeSva iq evropelebis
formalurad aweren xels, an saerTod uars amboben globalur RonisZiebeSi Careva. manve moaxdina havaebis aneqsia im sababiT, rom am teritoriidan vinmes SeeZlo
monawileobaze im sababiT, rom bunebis dacvaze mimarTuli RonisZiebebi maTi ganviTarebis damuqreboda aSS dasavleT sanapiros (e.w. winmswrebi moqmedeba).99
interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba.
garda amisa, ZiriTadad Raribi qveynebis mTavrobebi mzad arian intensiurad, nebismier cxrili 1. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier ucxo teritoriebis okupaciis yvelaze
pirobebze aiTvison adgilobrivi resursebi moklevadiani socialur-ekonomikuri mniSvnelovani magaliTebi
stabilurobis misaRwevad. maT ar da ver ainteresebT rogorc sakuTari xalxis momavali
Taobebis interesebi, iseve rogorc SesaZlo globaluri katastrofa, maSin rodesac isini teritoria daipyres datoves xangrZlivo- statusi
yoveldRe “TvalSi ucqeren” masobriv SimSilsa Tu samoqalaqo dapirispirebas. ba (weli)
isev klasikuri magaliTi braziliaa, sadac aTeulobiT wlebis manZilze erTmaneTis havai 1893 ara 112 aSS Stati
Semcvlel mTavrobebs gahyavdaT gzebi amazoniis junglebSi da ufasod urigebdnen iq miwis puerto riko 1898 ara 107 Tanamegobroba aSS-sTan
nakveTebs umiwawylo glexebs, oRond ki Tavidan aeridebinaT socialuri daZabuloba da guami 1898 ara 107 aSS-s sakuTreba
SeenarCunebinaT msxvil latifundiebze dafuZnebuli tradiciuli soflis meurneobis filipinebi 1898 1946 48 damoukidebeli
sistema. is faqti, rom am teritoriebze niadagi Zalian aranayofieri da advilad amerikuli samoa 1899 ara 106 aSS-s sakuTreba
degradirebadia, ris Sedegadac ramdenime wlis Semdeg es glexebi miagdeben xolme panama (arxis zona) 1903 1979 76 damoukidebeli
erodirebul nakveTs, aravis adardebda. miT umetes, ar adardebda braziliis virginiis kunZulebi 1916 ara 89 aSS-s sakuTreba
xelmZRvanelobas is faqti, rom amazoniis tyeebzea damokidebuli didwilad atmosferuli dominikis respublika 1916 1924 8 damoukidebeli
cirkulacia planetaze.177 haiti 1915 1934 19 damoukidebeli
• damatebiT arTulebs situacias sazogadoebisa da bunebrivi garemos funqcionirebis dasavleTi germania 1945 1955 10 damoukidebeli
droiTi CarCoebis SeuTavsebloba. rac ufro ganviTarebulia da formalizebulia iaponia 1945 1952 7 damoukidebeli
sazogadoeba, miT ufro naklebad emTxveva misi funqcionirebis dro bunebrivi Crdilo marianis kunZulebi 1947 ara 58 Tanamegobroba aSS-sTan
sistemebisas.178 globaluri cvlilebebi bunebriv garemoSi, iseve rogorc adamianis palau 1947 1994 47 Tavisuflad asocirebuli
moqmedebis dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi Sedegebi, gamosavlenad moiTxovs dros, romelic AaSS-sTan
adamianis aqtiurobasTan SedarebiT grZelvadiania. laparakia minimum aTeulobiT wlebze, mikronezia 1947 1986 39 Tavisuflad asocirebuli
rodesac adamianis realuri aqtiuroba sazogadod erTi wlis farglebSi mimdinareobs, AaSS-sTan
xolo SedarebiT efeqturad igegmeba maqsimum xuTi wlis farglebSi. igive sabazro marSalis kunZulebi 1947 1986 39 Tavisuflad asocirebuli
koniunqtura imdenad swrafad icvleba, rom raime grZelvadiani, winmswrebi RonisZiebebis AaSS-sTan
dagegmva da gatareba sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi Znelad warmosadgenia. samxreTi korea 1950 ara 55 damoukidebeli
aq “movlenaTa jaWvebi” isea daxlarTuli, rom maTi wyaros mikvleva TiTqmis samxreTi vietnami 1965 1972 7 aneqsirebulia Crdilo
SeuZlebelia. Sesabamisad aSkaraa adamianisa da bunebis urTierTobis problemebis aRqmis, vietnamis mier100
maTi gadawyvetis efeqturi saSualebebis gamoZebinsa da maTi uaryofiTi moqmedebis avRaneTi 2002 ? 2 damoukidebeli?
Serbilebis sirTuleebi. amas emateba sirTuleebi problemebis gadaWris dagegmvasa da erayi 2003 ? 2 damoukidebeli?
gatarebaSi, rac sazogadod iwvevs winmswrebi RonisZiebebis ararsebobas; moqmedeba xdeba
faqtis moxdenis Semdeg da Seefardeba xilul Sedegebs bunebriv garemoSi, nacvlad wyaro: Nial Ferguson, Colossus, The Rise and Fall of American Empire, Allen Lane an imprint of Penguin
problemis mizezebisa adamianis sazogadoebaSi (rac sazogadod minimalur dadebiT Sedegs Books, 2004, Statistical Appendix.
iZleva). xSirad maSinac ki, rodesac aseTi mizezebi cnobilia, maTze gavlena SeuZlebelia
gamomdinare arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri Tu politikuri realobidan. Sesabamisad, dRidan daarsebisa aSS gaurboda kavSirebis Seqmnas ucxo qveynebTan, gansakuTrebiT,
miRebuli zomebi paliatiur xasiaTs atareben, mimarTulia ZiriTadad problemis efeqturi evropulTan, imis SiSiT, rom qveyana gaebmeboda “Zveli samyaros” intrigebSi da SebRalavda
mogvarebis gadadebaze an kritikis dasawynareblad. Tavis gansakuTrebuli qveynis statuss. damoukideblad moqmedeba ki SesaZleblobas
ase, magaliTad, afrikaSi cocxali bunebrivi garemos ganadgureba, gansakuTrebiT misi miscemda qveyanas ukeT daecva Tavisi erovnuli interesebi. es tradicia odnav Serbilda
cxoveluri komponentis (spiloebi, martorqebi da a.S), gamowveulia am kontinentis civi omis dros, rodesac qveyanas sWirdeboda mokavSireebi komunistur sistemasTan
sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis problemebis mougvareblobiT. uamravi Warbi sasoflo sabrZolvelad, Tumca mas arasodes uTqvams uari calmxriv moqmedebaze. garda amisa,
mosaxle Tavis gadasarCenad misdevs bunebrivi garemos zedmet (da ZiriTadad uazro) SeerTebuli Statebi yovelTvis aniWebdnen upiratesobas winmswreb qmedebas realurad
eqspluatacias, romlis procesSic nebismieri cocxali arsebis (sakuTari Tavis CaTvliT) arsebuli Tu warmodgeniTi safrTxis SemTxvevaSi. es tendencia gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda
saarsebo garemos ubralod anadgurebs. ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg da xSirad gamoixateba aSS-s mier saerTaSoriso normebisa da
gasagebia, rom afrikis problemebis mogvareba Tvalsawier momavalSi principulad xelSekrulebebis ugulvebelyofaSi. qveynis politikas safuZvlad ucvlelad sami
SeuZlebelia. amave dros, dasavleTis mTavrobebze (sruliad gamarTlebulad) zewolas principi udevs — Tavisufleba, TviTgamorkveva da Tavisufali vaWroba.
awarmoebs sakuTari samoqalaqo sazogadoeba afrikis bunebrivi garemos gadarCenis
moTxovniT. Sedegad aTeulobiT wlebis manZilze gamoiyofa uzarmazari Tanxebi afrikaSi amiT praqtikulad CamTavrda aSS-is teritoriis formireba da qveyanam faqtiurad ukan
nakrZalebis Seqmnaze da sxva Tanmxlebi RonisZiebebis gatarebaze minimaluri SedegiT. daxevac ki daiwyo (ix. cxrili 1). man, magaliTad 1946 wels daubruna damoukidebloba
nebismieri nakrZali (ukeTes SemTxvevaSi) moqmedebs iqamde, sanam morigi omi, genocidi Tu filipinebs, romelsac is 48 weli flobda. manve gadasca panamas arxis zona 1979 wels,
stiqiuri ubedureba (gvalva magaliTad) ar ayris adgilidan adamianebs da ar aiZulebs maT Tumca TviT es qveyana, rogorc aseTi, Tavis droze aSS-s Seqmnili iyo misi interesebis
eZebon TavSesafari da ukeTesi miwebi nakrZalis teritoriaze. ase moxda, magaliTad uzrunvelsayofad.
ruandaSi 1994 wlis genocidis Semdeg. is teritoriebi, romlebic man ama Tu im saxiT SemoierTa, ZiriTadad moicavs wynari

98 55
okeanis mcire kunZulebis jgufebs. maTi teritoria da mosaxleoba imdenad mcirea, rom
qveynis gafarToebaze maT xarjze laparakic ki zedmetia.
amave dros, meore msoflio omis Semdeg dRemde SeerTebuli Statebi minimum oTxmocjer
Caerivnen sxva qveynebis saqmeebSi Zalis gamoyenebiT (Ria Tu farulis). xSirad am Carevas
okupacia mosdevda. am SemTxvevebidan ori — germaniisa da iaponiis okupacia da aRmSeneb-
lobaEmeore msoflio omis Semdeg warmoadgens ucxouri Carevis erT-erT yvelaze warmatebul,
gamarTlebul da dadebiT magaliTebs, iseve rogorc marSalis gegmis ganxorcieleba.
garda zemoT moyvanilisa, im oTxmocidan, mxolod or SemTxvevaSi aSS moqmedebda gaeros
rezoluciebis safuZvelze da realuri didi saerTaSoriso koaliciebis CarCoebSi. es
moxda 1950-53 wlebis koreis omis da 1991 wlis sparseTis yuris omis dros (amas SeiZleba
daematos, agreTve, 1991-2003 wlis gaeros sanqciebi erayis winaaRmdeg). yvela danarCen
SemTxvevaSi, igive vietnamSi 1965-72 wlebSi, Tu eraySi 2003 wlidan, aSS moqmedebda
yovelgvari saerTaSoriso sanqciebis gareSe, maqsimum natos mokavSireebTan erTad
(serbiis dabombva 1999 wels).
xSirad, gansakuTrebiT laTinur amerikaSi, aSS uwevda daxmarebas Zalebs, romlebic
rbilad rom iTqvas, arademokratiulebi iyvnen — Tugind igive nikaraguasa da salvadorSi
1990-ian wlebSi. aseTi Carevebi aSkara imperialistur xasiaTs atarebs da maTi margi
qmedebis koeficienti sazogadod Zalian dabalia. igive haitiSi gasuli saukunis meore
naxevridan moyolebuli aSS imdenjer Caeria adgilobrivi reJimebis gamosacvlelad, rom
situacia SesaZlebelia anekdoturad gamoiyurebodes, mas adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
realuri tanjva-wameba rom ar mosdevdes.
principSi, saqme gvaqvs sakmaod paradoqsul situaciasTan — msoflios wamyvani saxelmwifo
faqtiurad qmnis globaluri ganviTarebis axal trendebs dedamiwis yvela kuTxeSi
Tavisuflebis, demokratiisa da sabazro ekonomikis ideebis gavrcelebis (xSirad Zalismieris)
xarjze. amave dros, es qveyana ar qmnis imperiuli xasiaTis ierarqiul struqturas ucxo
teritoriebis miTvisebisa da marTvis xarjze. piriqiT, is jiutad Tavs aridebs raime saxis
grZelvadiani proeqtebis ganxorcielebas, romelTac SeiZleba moyves swored im principebis
warmatebuli realizacia, romlebic zemoT iyo CamoTvlili. faqtiurad aSS-s surs Zireuli
politikuri, socialuri Tu ekonomikuri transformaciebis moxdena ama Tu im qveyanaSi,
magram aRar surs maTze pasuxismgebloba sawyisi etapis Semdeg.
rogorc istoriuli gamocdileba gviCvenebs, transformacia dakavSirebuli ucxour
CarevasTan, dafuZnebulia grZelvadiani proeqtebis realizaciaze. inglisuri
ekonomistic ki, romelic Zalze frTxil da konservatul Jurnalad iTvleba, aRiarebs,
rom ubralod sadme demokratiis danergvas erTi Taoba da meti sWirdeba.101 amave dros,
maSinac ki, rodesac aSS Tavis Tavze iRebs udides pasuxismgeblobas did damoukidebel
qveyanaSi intervenciis dros (vietnami, erayi), laparaki iqidan wamosvlaze iwyeba lamis
aria ufro adre, vidre realuri samxedro operaciebi iwyeba. Tumca, faqtiurad
erTaderTi realurad warmatebuli Sedegi aSS Carevisa sxva qveynis transformaciaSi —
samxreTi korea, warmoadgens swored grZelvadiani imperiuli proeqtis klasikur
magaliTs. romelime qveyanaSi mdgradi mSvidobis, kanonis uzenaesobis, demokratiuli
institutebis dafuZneba ar xdeba mokle warmatebuli omisa, Tu demokratiuli
revoluciis Sedegad — es moiTxovs did dros, finansebs, Sromasa da moTminebas. amis
uaxlesi magaliTebia bosnia, kosovo da sxvaTa Soris, Crdilo irlandiac.
saWiroa imis swori warmodgena, rom imperia, rogorc aseTi, warmoadgens metropoliaSi
arsebuli Siga sistemuri winaaRmdegobebis warmatebuli gadaWris Sedegs. es
winaaRmdegobebi gamomdinareobs ZiriTadad mosaxleobis mzardi moTxovnolebebisa da
maTi dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobebis SeuTavseblobidan. zedapirze es winaaRmdegobebi
mogvevlinebian Warbi mosaxleobis, resursebis (m.S. teritoriis) naklebobis, adgilobrivi
bazrebis SezRudulobis da a.S. saxiT.102 am winaaRmdegobebis daZleva meoce saukunis meore
naxevramde moiTxovda mosaxleobis moTxovnilebesa da resursebs Soris axali balansis
Seqmnas damatebiTi teritoriebis (rogorc resursebis wyaros) SemoerTebisa da
eqspluataciis xarjze.103
warmatebuli imperiuli mSenebloba tradiciulad moiTxovda rogorc minimum, Semdegi
aucilebili komponentebis arsebobas:
a/mosaxleobis iseTi aqtiuri Sris arsebobas, romelic ver akmayofilebs Tavis
ambiciebs metropoliis farglebSi da Tavs gariyulad grZnobs. es xalxi mzad unda iyos
datovos samSoblo da Caebas grZelvadiani proeqtebis realizaciaSi ucxo garemoSi;
56
• faqtiurad nebismieri gadawyvetileba, romelic miiReba cocxal garemosTan
mimarTebaSi (dabinZurebis kvotebis, dasaSvebi normebis, sameurneo saqmianobis
SezRudvebis, ekologiuri zaralis Sefasebis da a.S.) Taobaze, sakanonmdeblo aqtebis
CaTvliT, warmoadgens ZiriTadad politikuri kompromisis Sedegs da Tavidanve naklebad
qmediTunariania.
am kompromisis aqtiuri mxareebia — biznesi, romelsac surs maqsimaluri mogeba miiRos
bunebis eqspluataciidan, mis dacvaze minimaluri danaxarjebiT, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba
(adgilobrivi, Tu aseTi saerTod arsebobs, da/an saerTaSoriso), romelsac surs ar
dauSvas ama Tu im konkretuli resursis degradacia, xelisufleba, romelsac surs
SeinarCunos socialuri stabiluroba, moigos orive mxaris guli da gaixangrZlivos
mandati. dResdReobiT, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad qveynebSi, am procesSi aqtiurad
erevian sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebi.175
formalurad, erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani moTamaSe am procesSi mecnier-eqspertia,
romelmac unda Seafasos mTeli procesis avkargianoba. problema isaa, rom swored aseTi
samecniero daskvnebi yvelaze naklebad saimedoa, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu saqme
msxvilmasStabian, grZelvadian procesebs exeba. Cveni codna am procesebis Sesaxeb
ubralod arasakmarisia, rom mis safuZvelze SeiZlebodes mmarTveli organosa, Tu
calkeuli gadawyvetilebis mimRebi piris mier koreqtuli samarTavi gadawyvetilebis
miReba.
ase, magaliTad, 2001 wels iseTma gavleniama organizaciam, rogoricaa gaeros
globaluri daTbobis mTavrobaTaSorisi komisia, SeimuSava da msoflios mTavrobebs
warudgina 2100 wlamde globaluri daTbobis ganviTarebis 20 scenari(!). gasagebia, rom
amdeni scenariT xelmZRvaneloba gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi ubralod
ararealuria.176 es ki imas niSnavs, rom maTze an ubralod xels Caiqneven (SemTxvevaTa
umetesobaSi) anda amoirCeven formalurad saxelmZRvanelod iseT scenars, romelic ama
Tu im qveynis xelisuflebas mimdinare politikuri koniunqturis gaTvaliswinebiT awyobs.
mecnierebs, agreTve, xSirad adanaSauleben imaSi, rom isini specialurad azviadeben
situacias Tavisi merkantiluri interesebidan gamomdinare, rac zogjer mainc etyoba
Sors ar dgas sinamdvilisagan. arsebobs naxevradanekdoturi ambavi imis Taobaze, Tu
rogor mosTxoves amerikelma biologebma mTavrobas mravalmilioniani granti amazoniaSi
(brazilia) unikaluri adgilobrivi mwerebis saxeobebis gadasarCenad. “keTili — iyo
pasuxi, oRond mogvawodeT am saxeobebis sia”. “ar SegviZlia — miuges mecnierebma — Cven
isini jer ar aRmogviCenia”.
• pasuxismgeblobas adamianisa da bunebis urTierTobis globaluri masStabiT
cvlilebebze Tavis Tavze ZiriTadad iReben mxolod ganviTarebuli qveynebi (Tan zogjer
yvela ara), romlebic sakmarisad mdidrebi arian imisaTvis, rom am RonisZiebebiT
gamowveuli SezRudvebi advilad aitanon, plus gaaCniaT efeqturi marTvis meqanizmebi am
sferoSi miRebuli xelSekrulebebis cxovrebaSi efeqturad gasatareblad. yvelaze did
warmatebas sakuTari resursebisa da garemos dacvaSi dRes dasavleTma evropam da iaponiam
miaRwia, magram maTi warmatebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi elementi, garda maTi simdidris,
efeqturi marTvis, Zlieri samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arsebobisa isaa, rom maT gaaCniaT
saSualeba daicvan sakuTari garemo sxva (ZiriTadad ganviTarebadi) qveynebis garemos
eqspluataciis xarjze.
saerTod globalur doneze garemosa da resursebTan dakavSirebuli erT-erTi mTavari
problema isaa, rom mdidrebs (qveynebsa da individumebs) uzomod meti saSualeba aqvT
Tavisi gamorCenisaTvis gamoiyenon ukeTesi xarisxisa da mdidari bunebrivi resursebi,
vidre Raribebs. saerTod, kargad movlili da marTuli ekosistemebi warmoadgenen
riskebisa da adamianebis daucvelobis Semcirebis garantias igive bunebrivi
katastrofebis SemTxvevaSi.
Rarib mosaxleobas (gansakuTrebiT soflad) ubralod ar gaaCnia teqnikuri, finansuri,
menejeruli, inteleqtualuri resursebi maT gankargulebaSi myofi resursebis
efeqturad marTvisa da gamoyenebisaTvis. isini xSirad fizikurad “gariyulebi” arian
naklebad produqtiul da advilad degradirebad teritoriebze. gansakuTrebiT iq, sadac
demografiuli dawola didia, aseTi xalxi ubralod “Wams” im ekosistemebs, romlebzec
damokidebulia. Sedegad aseTi ekosistemebi ufro advilad eqvemdebareba degradacias
SimSilis, gvalvisa an wyaldidobis Sedegad. es, Tavis mxriv, ufro zrdis adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis daucvelobas.
aseTi situaciis klasikuri magaliTia isevdaisev afrika saharis samxreTiT
(gansakuTrebiT iseTi qveynebi, rogorebicaa centraluri afrikis respublika, Cadi, mali,
nigeri). rodesac saharasTan uSualod mosazRvre teritoriebze moxda demografiuli
97
 globaluri ekologiuri krizisi SesaZlebelia gavigoT rogorc globaluri
ekologiuri sistemis degradacia im donemde, rodesac mas aRar Seswevs unari
uzrunvelyos mTlianad adamianis sazogadoebis, rogorc aseTis, ganviTareba da TviT
arsebobac ki.
es krizisi namdvilad unda ganvixiloT rogorc globalizaciis gauTvaliswinebeli
Sedegi. is ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia imiT, rom Tanamedrove adamianis sazogadoebaSi
naklebadaa gaazrebuli bunebrivi ekosistemebis (globaluris CaTvliT) funqcionirebis
kanonebi, saTanadod verSefasebulia maTi roli sazogadoebis ganviTarebasa da
arsebobaSi, arsebobs Seusabamoba sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis moTxovnilebebs Soris,
romelic uzrunvelyofilia mis gankargulebaSi arsebuli teqnologiebiT da bunebrivi
ekosistemebis SesaZleblobebs Soris daakmayofilos es moTxovnilebebi (gansakuTrebiT
sazogadoebis cxovelqmedebis narCenebis asimilaciis TvalsazrisiT).
4.2.2. dResdReobiT adamianis sazogadoebis bunebasTan urTierTobis globaluri
sistema Semdeg faqtorebzea awyobili:
• sabazro ekonomika ubralod “ver aRiqvams” adamianisa da bunebrivi garemos
urTierTobis problemebs da Sesabamisad ver gamoimuSavebs maTi gadaWris efeqtur
meqanizmebs. bazari uaRresad moqnili meqanizmia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqme aqvs saqonelTan,
romlis Rirebulebis dadgena principulad SeiZleba, xolo Rirebuleba im Sromis
raodenobis funqciaa, romelic ixarjeba mis warmoebaze.
es principi ukve sakmaod cudad muSaobs wiaRiseul resursebTan mimarTebaSi, romelTa
ganfaseba iwyeba mxolod ama Tu im resursis mopovebis momentidan. is iTvaliswinebs mis
mopovebaze, gadamuSavebaze da transportirebaze daxarjul Sromas, magram ver afasebs,
Tu ra Rirs, magaliTad, igive navTobi, rogorc aseTi. wiaRiseulis fasze Zlier moqmedebs
iseTi subieqturi faqtorebi, rogoricaa sabados geografiuli mdebareoba, mopovebis
pirobebi, politikuri koniunqtura, sabazro spekulacia da a.S. Sedegad ori sxvadasxva
sabadodan mopovebuli wiaRiseuli, romelTa fasic SeiZleba zogjer erTmaneTisagan
orjer da metjer gansxvavdebodes, momgebianad iyideba bazarze, xolo maTi fasis ryeva
drois Zalian mcire monakveTis manZilze SeiZleba sawyisidan aTeulobiT procents
aRwevdes (magaliTad, msoflio navTobis fasebis zrda 2004 wlis Semdeg).
is, rac uSualod adamianis Sromis Sedegs ar warmoadgens, sazogadod aRiqveba rogorc
raRac “RvTisagan naboZebi”, romlis moxmarebac SeiZleba iqamde, sanam is mogebis momtania
(yvelaze xSirad mis gamolevamde) da romelsac mainc da mainc ar ufrTxildebian. ase
eqcevian wiaRiseul simdidres yvelaze maRalganviTarebuli qveynebic ki (ix. wina TavSi
ganxiluli “holandiuri seni”), magram aseTi midgoma faqtiurad absurdamde midis cocxal
bunebasTan mimarTebaSi.
ra Rirs sufTa haeri, sufTa wyali, gadaugvarebeli tye, Tevzis sarewi okeaneSi?
ekonomikurad Sefasebad ra zarals ganicdis landSafti, romelSic mavne sawarmoo
narCenebi xvdeba? am kiTxvebze pasuxi arsebuli ekonomikuri sistemis pirobebSi ar
arsebobs. am situacias kidev ufro arTulebs is garemoeba, rom aseTi resursebi aravis ar
ekuTvnis (isini kerZo sakuTrebis obieqtebs ar warmoadgenen) da rogorc aseTi saerTod
bazris moqmedebis sferoSia ar xvdeba. bazari cocxal garemosTan dakavSirebul yvela
problemas aRiqvams faqtiurad rogorc fors maJors, raRacas stiqiuri ubedurebis
magvars.
es, Tavis mxriv, imas niSnavs, rom sazogadod ekonomikuri saqmianobis gavlena cocxal
garemoze ver miiReba mxedvelobaSi misi ganfasebis procesSi — es movlena “gareSe”
faqtoris saxeliTaa cnobili (externality). misi yvelaze cnobili magaliTia e.w. “Temis
tragedia”, romelsac adgili aqvs sazogadoebriv sakuTrebasTan mimarTebaSi.
aseTis magaliTia, vTqvaT, Tevzis sarewi okeaneSi, romelsac formaluri patroni ara
hyavs. amitom xSirad ramdenime qveyana mas moixmars iqamde, sanam Tevzis maragi ar
gamoileva. im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac erTi an ramdenime qveyana gadawyvets Sewyvitos
rewva da SeinarCunos maragi, moiZebneba erTi qveyana mainc, romelic aseT situacias Tavisi
mogebisaTvis gamoiyenebs da damatebiT gamdidrdeba sxvis xarjze.
globalizaciis pirobebSi aseTi ram xdeba, magaliTad, maSin, rodesac bazris erT-erT
moTamaSes aqvs saSualeba ar miiRos mxedvelobaSi biomravalferovnebis gadagvarebasTan
dakavSirebuli problemebi. Sedegad mas Seswevs unari ufro iafad gayidos Tavisi saqoneli
an momsaxureba, vidre imas, visac aseTi problemebi awuxebs, Ziri gamouTxaros arsebul
maregulirebel meqanizmebsa da konservaciis mcdelobas. faqtiurad biznesis urTierToba
garemosTan erTi ganuwyveteli “bazris Cavardnis” (market failure) magaliTia.
96
xSirad faqtiurad kulturuli misionerebis saxiT (Tugind cecxliTa da maxviliT);
b/metropoliis mier mzadyofnasa da Segnebas, rom is ereva sadme imisaTvis, rom iq
samudamod darCes. rogorc adam smiti ambobda, “yoveli imperia iRwvis ukvdavebisaken”;
g/metropoliis mzadyofnas ganaxorcielos dapyrobili teritoriebis transformacia,
rac ganuyofelia erovnul, saxelmwifos mSeneblobisagan (nation, state building). es ki
faqtiurad imperiis ZiriTadi funqciaa;
d/imperiis, rogorc ierarqiuli sistemis Camoyalibebas, sadac mTeli Zalaufleba
centrSia Tavmoyrili da es faqti nebismier koloniebs, klient-saxelmwifoebsa da a.S.
kargad unda hqondeT gaTavisebuli.
yvela es komponenti warmodgenili iyo nebismier warmatebul imperiaSi, magram aSkara
winaaRmdegobaSia aSS-s realobasTan.
pirveli - aq namdvilad ar arsebobs winaaRmdegoba mosaxleobis moTxovnilebebsa da
maTi dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobebs Soris.
aSS-s teritoria, sanapiroebis garda, SedarebiT naklebad aTvisebulia da iseTi didi
teritoriis Statebi rogoricaa magaliTad, montana Tu oregoni, faqtiurad carielia.
aSS-s geografiuli mdebareoba axlosaa idealurTan, xolo misi sazRvrebis arc erTi
kilometri (Zalian hipoTezurad beringis srutis garda) ar aris saSiSi.
meore - ar arsebobs resursebis deficiti, erTi gamonaklisis garda — es navTobia,
romlis daaxloebiT naxevari garedan SemoaqvT. magram am deficitis udidesi nawili
xelovnuradaa Seqmnili saavtomobilo da navTobis kompaniebis mier da federaluri
administraciis mxridan Sesabamisi politikis gatarebis Sedegad advilad SeiZleba
minimumze davides.104
mesame — adgilobriv mosaxleobas namdvilad ara gaaCnia aucilebloba gaiumjobesos
sasicocxlo pirobebi emigraciis xarjze. mxolod misi Zalian mcire nawili tovebs qveyanas
diplomatiur misiebSi, samxedro nawilebsa Tu amerikuli firmebis sazRvargareTis
filialebSi droebiT dasasaqmeblad. piriqiT, aSS yvelaze mimzidveli daniSnulebis
adgilia mTeli msoflios migrantebisaTvis. is erTaderTi qveyanaa, sadac migrantebi
samuSao Zalis erT meaTedze mets Seadgenen.
meoTxe — qveyana isea morgebuli oTxwlian saarCevno ciklze, rom mTeli
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi meqanizmebi am drois intervalSi funqcionireben da nebismieri
administracia Tavs aridebs grZelvadian proeqtebze pasuxismgeblobis aRebas, Tu isini
qveynis gareT unda ganxorcieldes.
mexuTe — aSS imdenad Zlieria da efeqturia, rom axerxebs tradiciuli imperiebis winaSe
mdgomi yvela strategiuli amocanis warmatebiT gadaWras e.w. rbili Zalis (soft power)
gamoyenebiT — politikuri, ekonomikuri berketebi, Zalis gamoyenebis muqara da a.S.
yvelaze mTavari winaaRmdegoba ki isaa, rom imperializmi da demokratia principulad
SeuTavsebeli kategoriebia. pirveli gulisxmobs ierarqiasa da damorCilebas, meore -
Tanasworobasa da arCevanis Tavisuflebas. Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis gavrceleba
imperiis mSeneblobis xarjze cota ar iyos ucnaurad JRers. naklebad moiZebneba xalxi,
vinc dRevandel msoflioSi aseTi TamaSis wesebs winaaRmdegobis gareSe daTanxmdeba.
bolos, klasikuri imperiuli da Tanamedrove amerikuli sazogadoebis organizaciis
modelebi sistemurad SeuTavsebelia. amerikelebisaTvis imperiis SesaZleblobis aRiareba
niSnavs im fuZemdebel principze uaris Tqmas, romelic maT faqtiurad aqcevs
amerikelebad — Tavisuflebis konstituciur rwmenaze. bolos da bolos amerikelebi
pirveli Segnebuli antiimperialistebi iyvnen da am antiimperialisturma rwmenam
aaSenebina maT britanuli imperiisagan damoukidebeli qveyana.
yvelaferi CamoTvlili imis maCvenebelia, rom aSS-s ama Tu im saxiT transformacia
tradiciul imperiad principulad ararealuria. mas SesaZlebelia gauCndes imperiis
sistemuri maxasiaTeblebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is Tavis amosaval principebze xels
aiRebs. amave dros es ar gamoricxavs mis mier aqtiuri imperialisturi politikis
gatarebas. faqtiurad, aSS-s unikaluroba, romelic mkveTrad ganasxvavebs mas msoflios
sxva warmatebuli qveynebisagan isaa, rom mas SeuZlia gaataros imperialisturi politika
imperiad gadaqcevis gareSe.
rogorc Cans, aSS-ma Tavisi ganviTarebis procesSi ukve gauswro tradiciuli imperiuli
sistemuri organizaciis models. rarig paradoqsulad ar unda JRerdes — koloniuri
imperiebis Seqmna, gansakuTrebis “okeanes gadaRma” (overseas) teritoriebis didi masivebis
dapyroba metyvelebs metropoliebis sisusteze da ara maT siZliereze. es xdeba, pirvel
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rigSi, imitom, rom dampyrobels, jer es erTi, ar gaaCnia saSualeba moipovos saimedo
informacia misTvis saWiro resursebis Sesaxeb, meore - ar gaaCnia marTvis instrumentebi
am resursebis asaTviseblad ucxo teritoriaze uSualo samxedro-politikuri kontrolis
damyarebis gareSe, mesame — ar gaaCnia instrumentebi formalurad damoukidebel
saxelmwifoebze efeqturi gavlenis mosaxdenaT sakuTari interesebis miRwevis mizniT.
rogorc zeviT iyo naCvenebi, aSS-s dResdReobiT es problemebi ar gaaCnia. is aRwevs
praqtikulad nebismier dasaxul mizans qveynis gareT sakuTari interesebis gatarebis
procesSi, ZiriTadad rbil Zalaze (soft power) dayrdnobiT. aqedan gamomdinare, savaraudoa,
rom ama Tu im qveyanaSi Tavisufali, demokratiuli sazogadoebis mSeneblobis iniciireba
am procesisaTvis mdgradi, grZelvadiani saxis micemis gareSe is maqsimumia, romelzec
qveyana Tanaxmaa wavides sakuTari interebidan gamomdinare. aseTi midgoma, rogorc Cans,
akmayofilebs amerikeli amomrCevlebis interess qveynis xelmZRvanelobis mier msoflioSi
Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis gavrcelebis mimarT. es SedarebiT iafia, moiTxovs
realuri adamianuri Tu materialuri resursebis minimalur danaxarjebs, iZleva xilul
Sedegebs mokle droSi. garda amisa, is mkveTrad amcirebs uSualo aSS-is pasuxismgeblobas
maT mierve iniciirebul procesebze.105
grZelvadian tradiciul imperiul proeqtebSi Cabma aSS-sTvis ara marto ukan
gadadgmuli nabiji iqneba, aramed misi dasustebis maCvenebelic. rasakvirvelia, arsebobs
gamonaklisi SemTxvevebic, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, arSemdgari saxelmwifoebis gardaqmna
da modernizacia, rodesac grZelvadiani transformaciuli proeqtebis realizacia
ubralod gardauvalia da aucilebeli (magaliTad, avRaneTi). magram aseTi proeqtebis
realizacia unda etyoba farTo saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas efuZnebodes. mcdeloba
imisa, rom es ZiriTadad aSS-s xeliT moxdes, ufro waagavs imas, rom es qveyana sxvis gamo
cecxlSi Cavardes, rac mis interesebs aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba.
imavdroulad amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da maTTan erTad msoflio dRes dilemis
winaSe dgas.
erTi mxriv, aSS-s swored aqvs gaazrebuli Tavisi istoriuli misia da gaaCnia saSualeba
misi realizaciisa globalur masStabiT. dRevandel msoflioSi saWiroa realuri
maorganizebeli Zala, romelsac SeuZlia Tavis Tavze aiRos iseTi procesebis organizacia
da marTva, romlebic saboloo jamSi sikeTis momtania mTeli msofliosaTvis (masobrivi
mospobis iaraRis gavrcelebasTan brZola, gariyuli reJimebis alagmva, saerTaSoriso
vaWroba da a.S.). erTaderTi Zala, romelsac amis gakeTeba SeuZlia dRes — SeerTebuli
Statebia.106 faqtiurad, aSS Tavis Tavze iRebs “msoflio policielis” rols, romelsac
msoflios wamyvani qveynebis umetesoba mas siamovnebiT uTmobs. miuxedavad amis aSkara
saWiroebisa, es amerikas popularobas msoflioSi namdvilad ar matebs. antiamerikuli
tendenciebi, romelic yovelTvis ase Tu ise arsebobda (didebi da warmatebulebi
sazogadod naklebad popularulebi arian), ukanasknel wlebSi aSS-s uaxloes mokavSireebsa
da megobrebzec ki gavrcelda.107
meore mxriv, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg aRar arsebobs Zala, romelsac Seswevs
unari saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi TviT aSS-s ambiciebi SezRudos. evropa, romelsac principSi
SeuZlia amis gakeTeba, politikurad imdenad dayofilia, rom verc srulfasovan
partniorad, verc oponentad aSS-s ver gamoadgeba. CineTi, romelic perspeqtivaSi
SesaZlebelia gaxdes amerikis konkurenti saerTaSoriso asparezze, dResdReobiT am
rolisaTvis aSkarad mzad ar aris.
Sedegad, aSS xSirad zogjer moqmedebs ara imitom, rom amis obieqturi, gamarTlebuli
moTxovnileba arsebobs, aramed imitom, rom mas amis gakeTeba SeuZlia. aseTi moqmedebis
klasikuri magaliTia 2003 wlis erayis intervencia.
gasagebia, rom sadam huseini iyo Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi yvelaze sisxliani tirani,
romlis arseboba damoukidebeli qveynis saTaveSi saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisaTvis
naklebad mosaTmeni iyo. amave dros is iyo erT-erTi im sakmaod mravalricxovan tiranebs
Soris, romlebic dRevandel msoflioSi arseboben. uiSviaTesi gamonaklisis garda (didi
britaneTi), msoflios yvela wamyvani saxelmwifo, aSS-s uaxloesi mokavSireebis CaTvliT,
agreTve, gaero, rogorc aseTi, winaaRmdegi iyo am nabijisa.
amerika mainc SeiWra eraySi yvela aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebisa da normis
gverdis avliT. sababi, romelic man gamoiyena amis gasamarTleblad — eraySi masobrivi
ganadgurebis iaraRis arseboba da misi kavSiri alqaedasTan, yvelasaTvis naklebad
sarwmuno da misaRebi iyo. amasTan dakavSirebuli informaciis siyalbe 2005 wlis
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kontrols eqvemdebareba.
rac Seexeba globalur ekologiur problemas, aq sazogadoebis kontrols
eqvemdebareba mxolod procesebis is nawili, romelic uSualod mis farglebSi iqna
inicirebuli. mas Semdeg, rodesac isini xvdebian bunebriv garemoSi, maTze uSualo
kontroli faqtiurad SeuZlebelia.
ufro farTo gagebiT, bunebasTan urTierToba ar qmnis axal problemebs, is ubralod
aaSkaravebs (Tumca friad damaxinjebuli formiT) im problemebs, romlebic ukve arseboben
adamianis sazogadoebis SigniT. problema SeiZleba “Cacxres” sakmao drois manZilze,
mogvianebiT aRmocendes saxecvlili, gazviadebuli, Tavisi Casaxvis adgilidan sakmaod
moSorebiT, raTa Tavze daatydes imaT, visac is ar Seuqmnia.
magaliTisaTvis, msoflioSi arsebuli erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani problemaa
atmosferos ozonis SreebSi xvrelebis arseboba dedamiwis Crdilo da samxreTi polusebis
Tavze. mavne nivTierebebi (freoni, winaT masobrivad gamoiyeneboda samacivro
danadgarebsa da aerozolebSi), romlebic 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi moqmedeben am xvrelebis
ganviTarebaze, warmoiqmnen adamianis cxovelqmedebis Sedegad gasuli saukunis 60-ian
wlebSi ZiriTadad ganviTarebad msoflioSi. e.i. laparakia rRvevaze problemis realur
Casaxvasa da mis warmoCenas Soris, romelic moiTvlis ramdenime aTeul weliwadsa da
aTasobiT (samxreTi polusis SemTxvevaSi aTiaTasobiT) kilometrs.
mxolod SedarebiT mcire, lokaluri procesebis Sedegebi uSualod moqmedebs maTze,
visac maT SeqmnaSi brali miuZRviT (magaliTad, glexi, romelic sakuTari saxlis Tavze
ferdobze xeebs Wris, imisTvisac unda iyos mzad, rom adre Tu gvian es ferdobi am saxlze
Camowveba). isini ki, vinc did, xSirad regionaluri masStabis procesebis warmoqmnaze
ageben pasuxs, sazogadod did mogebas Souloben (magaliTad, im kompaniebis aqciebis
mflobelebi, romlebic tropikuli tyeebis eqspluatacias ewevian).
amitom, im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis krizisebi erTi SexedviT
SesaZloa bunebrivi faqtorebiT iyos ganpirobebuli, maTi realuri mamoZravebeli Zala
socialur-ekonomikuria. Sesabamisad adamianisa da bunebis urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT
yvelaze mniSvnelovania ara sazogadoebis bunebaze zegavlenis moklevadiani xiluli
Sedegebi, aramed bunebrivi garemos saSualo da grZelvadiani reaqcia adamianis qmedebaze.
globaluri ekologiuri problemis mizezebi sakmaod kargadaa cnobili (Tu gaazrebuli
ara) — sazogadod aRiarebuli (da dReisaTvis yvelaze warmatebuli) sazogadoebrivi
ganviTarebis modeli dafuZnebulia rogorc mTliani, aseve erT mosaxleze materialuri
moxmarebis uwyvet zrdaze. es is modelia, romelmac warmateba moutana dRevandel wamyvan
globalur moTamaSeebs. dRes is moiazreba rogorc globalizaciis winapiroba da xdeba
misi SeTavazeba (Tu Tavze moxveva) ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis.
naTelia, rom aseTi tipis ganviTareba SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemxvevaSi, Tu is
dafuZnebulia bunebrivi resursebis (cocxali bunebis resursebis CaTvliT) moxmarebis
Sesabamis zrdaze. dRemde es procesi SeizRudeboda mxolod adamianis gankargulebaSi
arsebuli am resursebis mopovebis teqnikuri saSualebebis SesaZleblobebiT.
amave dros, adamianis sazogadoebis resursuli margi qmedebis koeficienti uaRresad
dabalia — mopovebuli bunebrivi resursebis 95-97% ikargeba iqamde, sanam aRwevs saboloo
momxmarebels. es danakargi, romelic xvdeba bunebriv garemoSi, iwvevs materialuri,
energetikuli, informaciuli nakadebis daTrgunvas globaluri ekosistemis farglebSi,
iwvevs mis degradacias. saboloo jamSi, kacobrioba awydeba sasrul fizikur sivrceSi
(planeta dedamiwa) arsebul sasrul resursul bazaze dafuZnebuli ganuwyveteli
materialuri zrdis logikurad gadauWrel amocanas.
ukve dResdReobiT kacobriobis aramdgradi ganviTarebis moTxovnilebebi aRemateba
globaluri ekosistemis potencials. ukanaskneli saukune naxevris manZilze mosaxleobis
raodenoba dedamiwaze gaizarda daaxloebiT oTxjer, xolo dawola bunebriv garemoze
100-jer.
adamianis qmedeba amcirebs bunebrivi garemos asimilaciur da regeneraciul unars im
donemde, rodesac es ukanaskneli kargavs adamianis sazogadoebis sasicocxlo
moTxovnilebebis uzrunvelmyofelis Tvisebebs.
ufro martivad — adamianis sazogadoebis funqcionirebis Sedegad bunebriv garemoSi
imdeni narCeni xvdeba, rom iq TviT adamianis adgili aRar rCeba.
sxvaTa Soris, zemod moyvanili argumenti imaze metyvelebs, rom sazogadod aRiarebuli
principuli mizani — saboloo jamSi yvelam dedamiwaze icxovros daaxloebiT ise, rogorc
ganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleoba cxovrobs dRes, principulad miuRwevelia. dedamiwis
biosferos “wyalwyva” — anu misi unari gauwios winaaRmdegoba gare dawolas gadagvarebis
gareSe, gadailaxeba iqamde, vidre es procesi ramdenadme Sors wava.174
95
 amave dros, warmoadgens ra biosferos Semadgenel nawils, adamiani Zlieraa
damokidebuli garemo pirobebze. Aase magaliTad, uhaerod adamians SeuZlia iarsebos
mxolod 3 wuTi, uwylod — 3 dRe, uWmelad — 30 dRe. arsebobs wylis, haerisa da sakvebis
dasaSvebi pirobebis friad SezRuduli diapazoni. igive SeiZleba iTqvas garemos
parametrebze: temperaturaze, wnevaze, sinotiveze, dasxivebaze da sxvadasxva fizikuri
velebis mniSvnelobebze.
sazogadoebis ganviTareba uSualod dafuZnebulia misTvis xelmisawvdom bunebriv
resursebze. nebismieri ganviTareba SesaZlebelia mxolod im konkretuli “ekologiuri” da
resursuli SezRudvebis farglebSi, romelTac buneba uwesebs sazogadoebas. faqtiurad
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis etapebi emTxveva axali bunebrivi resursebis aTvisebisa da
garemoze zegavlenis ekonomikuri da teqnikuri meqanizmebis SemuSavebisa da danergvis
etapebs.
4.2.1. 2005 wlis 25 ianvars msoflio havis cvlilebebis samuSao jgufma gamoaqveyna
moxseneba/rekomendacia “havis cvlilebis gamowvevis miReba”.172 am mokle moxsenebis arsi,
romelic Seadgina msoflios wamyvani politikosebis, biznesmenebisa da mecnierebis
jgufma, SemdegSia: 10 weliwadSi, SeiZleba ufro nakleb droSi, kacobrioba miaRwevs im
zRurbls, romlis Semdegac globaluri daTbobis procesebi Seuqcevadi gaxdeba.
globaluri daTbobis arsi mdgomareobs dedamiwis atmosferosa da okeaneebis saSualo
temperaturebis zrdis tendenciaSi, romelic aRiniSneba ukanaskneli aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi. iTvleba, rom saSualo globaluri temperatura mecxramete saukunis
bolodan gaizarda 0.6 + 0.20C. iTvleba agreTve, rom 2005 wlis winamdebare 50 wlis
ganmavlobaSi am daTbobis udidesi nawili iyo ganpirobebuli adamianis saqmianobiT.
naxSirorJangisa da sxva saTburi gazebis mzardi raodenoba wiaRiseuli sawvavis wvis
Sedegad, iseve rogorc soflis meurneoba, miwis zedapiris gaSiSvleba da adamianis sxva
qmedeba ganixileba rogorc daTbobis ZiriTadi komponentebi.
samuSao jgufi uaRresad TavSekavebulia Tavis daskvnebSi. am daskvnebis Sesabamisad —
“am saSiSroebis winaSe mobilizaciis SeuZleblobis fasi SesaZlebelia uaRresad maRali
iyos. mxolod ekonomikuri zarali Zalze didi iqneba — rac ufro da ufro damangreveli da
xSiri gaxdeba amindis iseTi eqstremaluri movlenebi rogorebicaa wyaldidoba, gvalva —
mTeli Temebi, qalaqebi, kunZulovani saxelmwifoebi dazaraldebian an daitborebian zRvis
donis awevasTan erTad; sasoflo-sameurneo warmoeba Seferxdeba. [am procesis] socialuri
da adamianuri Rirebuleba etyoba ufro maRali iqneba da moicavs masobriv
sikvdilianobas, daavadebebis gavrcelebasa da uaRresad gaZlierebas, mosaxleobis
iZulebiT gadaadgilebas da cxovrebis xarisxis mkafiod gamoxatul dacemas. gavlena
ekosistemebsa da biomravalferovnebaze, agreTve, gamanadgurebeli iqneba”.173 moxsenebis
avtorebi aseve dasZenen, rom havis saSiSi cvlilebis Tavidan acileba unda ganixilebodes
sazogadoebis keTildReobis iseTsave wanamZRvrad, rogorc erovnuli usafrTxoebaa.
rasakvirvelia adamianis sazogadoebisa da bunebrivi garemos urTierToba arasodes ar
yofila maincdamainc mowesrigebuli. kacobriobis istoriis manZilze mis moSlas
gamouwvevia mravali civilizaciis daRupva da dResac es faqtori gadaSenebis safrTxis
winaSe ayenebs, magaliTad, sub-saharis regionis zogierT qveyanas.
amave dros es pirveli SemTxvevaa, rodesac am urTierTobis mougvarebloba ganixileba
rogorc kacobriobis keTildReobisa da TviT arsebobis uSualo safrTxe. faqtiurad
laparaki imazea, rom adamianisa da bunebis urTierTobis mougvarebloba gadaiqca
globalur ekologiur problemad, romlis gavlena civilizaciiis stabilur
ganviTarebaze daaxloebiT iseTivea, rogorc birTvuli omis saSiSroeba. e.i. gamoCnda
kidev erTi faqtori, romelic aerTianebs kacobriobas gadaSenebis SiSis safuZvelze.
ekologiuri problema — nebismieri movlenebi, romelic ukavSirdeba adamianis SesamCnev
gavlenas bunebriv garemoze da bunebis ukureaqcias am qmedebaze, sazogadoebisaTvis
sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis Sesabamisi SedegebiT, romelic ganpirobebulia bunebrivi
faqtorebiT (stiqiuri ubedureba, havis anomaliebi, cocxali organizmebis masobrivi
araregulirebuli migraciebi, infeqciuri daavadebebis pandemiebi da a.S.).
birTvuli omis saSiSroebam, miuxedavad misi realobisa, ver moaxerxa gadamwyveti
koreqtivebis Setana globaluri politikuri urTierTobis sistemaSi. dRes is iseve
aqtualuria, rogorc civi omis dros, Tumca rogorc aseTi, naklebad aRiqmeba. amave dros,
am problemis arseboba da gadaWra, aseTuise adamianis neba-survilzea damokidebuli da mis
94
dasawyisSi oficialurad TviT aSS-ma aRiara.
Aerayis intervenciis realuri mizezi — kontroli msoflioSi erT-erT yvelaze did
navTobis sabadoebze, kargad axsna Tomas fridmanma jer kidev 2003 wlis dasawyisSi “niu-
iork TaimsSi” gamoqveynebul statiaSi.108 Eerayis okupaciis istoria am Sexedulebas sul
ufro sarwmunos xdis. yvelafers Tavi rom davaneboT, arsebobs erTi naklebad
gaxmaurebuli faqti — erayis formalurad arCeuli axali xelisuflebis kontroli
navTobis seqtorze ar vrceldeba.
2006 wlis gazafxulze, erayis omis sami wlis Tavze jer kidev naklebad gasagebi iyo, Tu
realurad risi miRweva surdaT SeerTebul Statebs am qveyanaSi. gasagebia, rom namdvili
demokratiuli sazogadoebis mSenebloba am qveyanaSi, miT umetes, moklevadian perspeqtivaSi,
ararealuria. maqsimum, risi gakeTebac SesaZlebelia aq dRevandel etapze — Tavidan iqnes
aridebuli qveynis ganviTareba iranis scenariT da Seiqmnas mdgradi, SedarebiT adamianuri
saxelmwifo sistema, romelic formalurad mainc aRiarebs demokratiis principebs da aSS-s
mokavSireobas gauwevs. e.i. qveyanam unda gaiaros is gza, romelic arabuli qveynebis didma
umetesobam ukve gaiara minimaluri pozitiuri SedegebiT.
es ki Tavis mxriv badebs kiTxvas — saWiro ki iyo amisaTvis srulmasStabiani samxedro
intervencia da grZelvadiani okupacia Tanmxlebi negatiuri SedegebiT (rogorc
erayisaTvis, aseve TviT SeerTebuli StatebisTvisac)? ufro metic — aSS-ma ar gamoiyena
misTvis ufro Cveuli da warmatebuli “rbili Zala” erayis SemTxvevaSi imitom, rom es Zala
am konkretuli situaciis mogvarebas ver gaswvda, Tu es prezident j.buSis administraciam
mizandasaxulad ar gaakeTa?
rogoric ar unda iyos amis mizezi, aSS aRmoCnda situaciaSi, romelic TviT amerikelebma
zedmiweviT swored aRweres cnobili gamoTqmiT — violence is the last refuge of incompetent
(Zaladoba uunaros ukanaskneli TavSesafaria).
iTvleba, rom erayis kampaniis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi pozitiuri Sedegi isaa, rom man
uSualod aSS-s Camoacila saerTaSoriso teroristebis yuradReba. am xalxs urCevniaT
uSualod eraySi ebrZolon “dasavlel agresorebs”, rasac maTTvis meti prestiJi da
popularoba moaqvs. amave dros, aq maT gaaCniaT unikaluri saSualeba realur sabrZolo
pirobebSi gawvrTnan didi raodenobiT axali mebrZoli, romelTa instruqtorebad amerikeli
samxedroebi gamodian. saboloo jamSi, yvela es teroristi isev aSS-sa da mis mokavSireebs
SeebrZoleba, mxolod ufro efeqturad da intensiurad, vidre es aqamde xdeboda.
Cinuri gazeTi “Caina niusi” werda 2005 wlis dasawyisSi — “is, rom SeerTebuli Statebi
erTaderTi qveyanaa dedamiwaze, romelsac unari Seswevs moaxdinos gavlena movlenaTa
ganviTarebaze Tavisi samxedro Zalis meSveobiT, rasakvirvelia sinamdviles Seesabameba. . .
sxva didi saxelmwifoebi ar ewinaaRmdegebian imas, rom aSS-ma uazrod Rvaron sisxli da
gaflangon Tavisi erovnuli simdidre axlo aRmosavleTSi iseTi erTobis Sesaqmnelad,
romelic waagavs britaneTis gavlenis sferos, romelic pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg
Camoyalibda. bedis ironiiT, aSS-ma, gaimarjva ra civ omSi, SeiaraRebaze aiRo is strategia,
romelmac sabWoTa kavSiri am omSi damarcxebamde miiyvana. aSS - sabWoTa kavSiris msgavsad,
imeds imaze amyarebda, rom uxeSi samxedro Zala sakmarisi iqneba, raTa daaSinos msoflio
asparezze arsebuli sxva didi moTamaSeebi, romelTac aSinebT vaSingtonis
agresiuloba”.109
59
Tavi 3. ekonomikuri ganviTareba da msoflio politikis
globalizacia
3.1. globalizaciis meore etapis problematika ZiriTadad daiyvaneba Semdeg kiTxvamde —
vin marTavs msoflio ekonomikas da vis interesebSi? is, rom politika da Zalaufleba
dRevandel msoflioSi didwilad ekonomikazea damokidebuli, sakmaod martiv axsnas
povebs — gavlenis ekonomikuri instrumentebis gamoyeneba wamyvani globaluri
moTamaSeebisaTvis saboloo jamSi ufro efeqturia da momgebiani, vidre nebismieri sxvis.
garda amisa, am qveynebs gareT arsebuli resursebis eqspluataciac ekonomikuri
meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT, ufro momgebiania, vidre teritoriis uSualo okupaciaze
dafuZnebuli. aseTi midgoma, agreTve, saSualebas aZlevs msoflios wamyvan mTavrobebs
distancireba moaxdinon bevri usiamovno procesebisgan, romlebic danarCen msoflioSi
mimdinareobs.110
koloniur sistemaze agebuli resursebis eqspluatacia (da es meoce saukunis
koloniuri sistemebis istoriam gviCvena) adre Tu gvian qmnis situacias, rodesac masTan
dakavSirebuli negatiuri faqtorebis fasi (m.S. am teritoriebis usafrTxoebis,
ekonomikuri, socialuri, marTvis sistemebis organizacia da uzrunvelyofa, adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis winaaRmdegobis daZleva da a.S.) ufro maRali xdeba, vidre am teritoriebidan
miRebuli uSualo mogeba.
amave dros, globalizaciis am etapze msoflio aRmoCnda gayofili or friad
gansxvavebul nawilad, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT — ZiriTadad yofili
wamyvani koloniuri saxelmwifoebi, maTi uSualo gamonayofebi da mezoblebi, romlebic
ganixilebian rogorc ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi da mTeli danarCeni msoflio.
ganviTarebulad aRiarebulia is saxelmwifoebi, romlebmac (istoriulad an
ganviTarebis dRevandel etapze), miaRwies industrializaciis maRal dones, gaaCniaT
mosaxleobis cxovrebis imdenad maRali standarti, ramdenis miRwevac SesaZlebelia
arsebuli simdidrisa da teqnologiebis pirobebSi. arsebobs Zlieri korelacia am
statussa da am qveynebSi arsebul myar, ganviTarebul demokratiul institutebs Soris.
amis sinonimebia — industriuli saxelmwifoebi, ekonomikurad ufro ganviTarebuli
saxelmwifoebi. dRes, agreTve ixmareba terminebi, romlebic dafuZnebulia msoflios
dayofaze am qveynebTan mimarTebaSi — pirveli msoflio/ mesame msoflio,
CrdiloeTi/samxreTi.
sxvadasxva organizaciebi sxvadasxva qveynebs miakuTvneben ganviTarebulebs, amitom
maTi raodenoba icvleba, damokidebulad imaze, Tu vis informacias viyenebT. magram
arsebobs 24 qveyana, romlebic nebismier klasifikaciaSi xvdeba. esenia — avstria, belgia,
dania, fineTi, safrangeTi, germania, saberZneTi, islandia, irlandia, italia, luqsemburgi,
niderlandebi, norvegia, portugalia, espaneTi, Sveicaria, gaerTianebuli samefo, aSS,
kanada, avstralia, axali zelandia, iaponia, israeli. igive saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi
maT umatebs singapurs, taivans, honkongs da samxreT koreas.
es 24 qveyana faqtiurad warmoadgens msoflios maRalSemosavlian qveynebs, minus
israeli, plus samxreTi korea. saerTo jamSi aseTi qveynebis raodenoba SeiZleba 34-s
aRwevdes.111
ganviTarebuli qveynebis upiratesoba danarCen msofliosTan mimarT, isaa, rom isini
viTardebian momuSave, efeqturi, sabazro ekonomikuri sistemis farglebSi. es sistema
sakuTar xarvezebs Seicavs, magram Tavisi aSkara efeqturoba daamtkica e.w. socialistur
ekonomikur sistemasTan WidilSi. globalizaciis erT-erTi wamyvani aspeqti isaa, Tu
ramdenad warmatebiT SeZlebs danarCeni msoflio SeuerTdes sabazro ekonomikur sistemas
— Tavisi neba-survilisa da/an ganviTarebuli qveynebis waqezebiT (zogjer daZalebiT).
faqtiurad, 1950-iani wlebis meore naxevridan (e.i. msoflio koloniuri sistemis daSlis
yvelaze aqtiuri stadiidan moyolebuli) mdidari qveynebi mantrasaviT umeoreben
Raribebs - “akeTe rogorc Cven, akeTe CvenTan erTad, akeTe Cvenze ukeT”.
zogadad sakiTxi Semdegnairad dgas — ginda SeuerTde globalur ekonomikas, ginda
mdidari da stabiluri gaxde? - gaatare sabazro reformebi im modeliTa da pirobebiT,
romlebTac Cven gTavazobT.
faqtiurad am Tezisis sawinaaRmdegod meore msoflio omis Semdgomi globaluri
ekonomikuri integraciis sakmaod intensiur process mohyva msoflios yvelaze mdidar da
yvelaze Rarib qveynebis Semosavlebis mkveTri rRveva — Tu 1960 wels msoflios
60
naxevar saukunes moiTvlis. principSi is ori mimarTulebiT viTardeba. pirveli —
globaluri masStabis “ganviTarebis” politikis farglebSi (meti ganviTareba, ufro
maRali cxovrebis done, naklebi Sobadoba, siRaribe da a.S.), meore — uSualod siRaribis
daZlevasa da mosaxleobis zrdis kontrolze mimarTuli saerTaSoriso programebis
farglebSi. gaero am procesSi formalurad CarTulia 1960 wlidan, rodesac daiwyo
programebis realizacia e.w. “ganviTarebis aTwleulebis” farglebSi. am dros gaero
gansakuTrebiT yuradRebas aqcevda iseTi miznebis miRwevas, romlebic ukavSirdeba wera-
kiTxvis ucodinarobis daZlevas, saskolo sistemis ganviTarebas, jandacvas (m.S. ojaxis
dagegmvas), sayofacxovrebo infrastruqturis ganviTarebas (wyalmomarageba, kanalizacia)
da a.S.
sainteresoa, rom gaeros es RonisZiebebi namdvilad erTiani globaluri politikis
farglebSi ewereba. isini im gagebis Sedegia, romelsac aRweven rogorc yvela
ganviTarebuli, aseve ganviTarebadi qveynebi. gaerosa (agreTve, masTan dakavSirebuli
saagentoebisa da wamyvani saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebis —OOxfam, Care, Save
the Children da a.S.) aqtiuroba zemoT aRweril sferoebSi imitom aris mniSvnelovani, rom
isini faqtiurad warmoadgenen msoflio politikis globalizaciis erT-erT iSviaT
warmatebul magaliTs, romelic globalur konsensuszea agebuli da romlis moqmedebis
areali da Sedegebi globaluri masStabisaa.170
maTi miznebi ZiriTadad advilad aRsaqmelia, TvalnaTlivi da konkretul Sedegebzea
orientirebuli. isini politikurad maqsimalurad neitraluria da (ukanasknel dromde
mainc) faqtiurad ar uyeneben im qveynebis mTavrobebs, sadac isini xorcieldeba, araviTar
winaswar pirobebs, msgavsad imisa, rogorc amas akeTebs msoflio banki an savaluto fondi.
umeteswilad es programebi adgilze rogorc humanitaruli xasiaTis matareblebi
aRiqveba. faqtiurad, uaRresad antagonisturad ganwyobili diqtatorebis garda, maT
aravin ganixilavs rogorc romelime qveynis Sinagan saqmeebSi Carevas.171
rasakvirvelia, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, ra masStabisa da sirTulisaa am programebis
winaSe mdgari amocanebi, maTi umetesobis sruli realizacia ver xerxdeba, Tumca bevri
Sedegi namdvilad STambeWdavia, ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleobis keTildReobaze
gavlenis TvalsazrisiT (xSirad ganviTarebulebisac).
gaeros programebis farglebSi:
- mTlianad aRmoifxvra (1997 wlisaTvis) iseTi daavadeba, rogoricaa yvavili;
- 1990-ian wlebSi ganaxevrda diareiT gamowveuli bavSvTa sikvdilianoba;
- yvelgan, 12 qveynis garda, 2000 wlisaTvis axalSobilTa sikvdilianobis done daeca 120-
ze qvemoT yovel 1 000 cocxal mSobiarobaze;
- msoflios 175 qveyanaSi aRar gvxvdeba poliomieliti, romelic 1950-1960-ian wlebis
dasawyisSi epidemiuri xasiaTisa iyo msoflios wamyvan qveynebSic ki;
- kanqveSa WiiT (riStaTi) daavadebebis raodenoba Semcirda 97%-T 2000 wlisaTvis, is
gvxvdeba mxolod 14 qveyanaSi;
- Tavidan iqna acilebuli 1 milioni bavSvis gardacvaleba vitamin A-s ukmarisobis gamo;
- 90 milioni axalSobili daculi iqna iodis deficitiT gamowveuli swavlis unaris
dakargvisagan.
bevri programis Sedegi ar SeiZleba iqnes Sefasebuli rogorc saboloo warmateba,
Tumca isini mainc mniSvnelovania.
- 1990-ian wlebSi bavSvTa sikvdilianobis done Semcirda daaxloebiT 1/3-T 63 qveyanaSi,
xolo 20%-T 100-Si;
- 1990 wlisaTvis moxerxda erT wlamde asakis bavSvebis 80%-iani imunizaciis donis
miRweva (Tumca tropikul afrikasa da samxreT aziaSi es miRweva SenarCunebuli ar iqna);
- 2000 wlisaTvis sicocxlis saSualo mosalodnelma xangrZlivobam miaRwia da
gadaaWarba 60 wels 124 qveyanaSi 173-dan, sadac is am zRvarze dabali iyo;
- Tumca gaerom ver miaRwia yvela adamianis uzrunvelyofas usafrTxo sasmeli wyliT
jer 1990, Semdeg 2000 wlisaTvis, im adamianebis raodenoba, romlebTac dRes amis saSualeba
gaaCniaT, daaxloebiT oci wlis manZilze 4.1 miliardiT gaizarda da 5 miliards miaRwia.
4.2 globaluri ekologiuri problemebi.
nebismier cocxal arsebas SeuZlia arseboba da ganviTareba mxolod im SezRudvebis
farglebSi, romelsac mas misi saarsebo bunebrivi garemo uwesebs. Sesabamisad evoluciis
procesSi cocxali organizmebi cdiloben maqsimalurad moergon garemo pirobebs.
adamiani sxva cocxali arsebebisagan ZiriTadad imiT gansxvavdeba, rom cdilobs moargos
garemos pirobebi sakuTar moTxovnilebebs.
93
 - yoveli meoTxe bavSvi ar aicreba.
- yoveli mesame ver miiRebs sakmaris kvebas sicocxlis pirveli 5 wlis manZilze.
- yoveli meoTxe ver miaRwevs skolis meoTxe klass. yoveli meeqvse saerTod ver wava
skolaSi.
- 300 000 bavSvi monawileobs saomar moqmedebebSi rogorc jariskaci.
wyalmomarageba da sanitaruli pirobebi, 2004 w.
- yovel 14 wamSi erTxel iRupeba bavSvi diareiT gamowveuli gauwylulobis gamo; 6000
bavSvi iRupeba yoveldRiurad cudi wylisa da sanitaruli pirobebis mizeziT.
- msoflios saavodmyofoebis sawolebis naxevari ukaviaT wyalTan dakavSirebuli
sneulebebiT daavadebul adamianebs.
- yovel mexuTe adamians msoflioSi ar miuwvdeba xeli sufTa wyalze, xolo 40%-s ar
gaaCnia minimaluri sanitaruli pirobebi.168
dRes mxolod im adamianebis raodenoba, romlebic kmayofildebian dReSi 1.08 dolariT,
faqtiurad emTxveva msoflios yvelaze ganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleobis raodenobas,
an rva yvelaze didi ganviTarebadi qveynis 1950 wlis mosaxleobis raodenobas, erTad
aRebuls.169 es ki is adamianebi arian, romlebic yovel dRe fizikuri gadarCenisaTvis
ibrZvian.
garda amisa, aseTi situacia araproporciulad sjis qalebs, bavSvebs, moxucebsa da
xeibrebs, mTlianad soflisa da qalaqis “jurRmulebis” mosaxleobas. am xalxs “xafangSi”
moxvedris Zalian didi Sansi aqvT.
dRes msoflioSi siRaribisa da masTan dakavSirebuli sxva uaryofiTi procesebis
ganviTareba sakmaod primitiuli sqemiT mimdinareobs —
procesis sawyis etapze - demografiuli dawola + ekonomikuri CamorCena ganviTarebul
qveynebTan SedarebiT + araswori ganviTarebis modelis arCeva = procesis dRevandel
etapze — masiuri siRaribe + SimSili + gaunaTlebloba + kulturuli CamorCena +
ekonomikuri CamorCena rRvevaSi gadadis + [xSirad, gansakuTebiT afrikaSi, Sida da gare
konfliqtebi, saxelmwifo meqanizmebis sruli moSla].
es procesi faqtiurad cikluria, radganac yvela zemoT moyvanili faqtori erTmaneTs
“kvebavs” da azviadebs. aseT wreSi moxvedrili qveynebisaTvis misi garRveva uaRresad
mZimea da saboloo jamSi mxolod sakuTari Zalisxmevisa da Sida resursebis mobilizaciis
xarjze SeiZleba moxdes. ucxouri daxmareba am situaciaSi mxolod damatebiT rols
SeiZleba TamaSobdes.
amis ilustracia kargad SeiZleba igive Sidsis problemis magaliTze afrikaSi. gasagebia,
rom dasavleTis TvalTaxedviT ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier am daavadebis mkurnalobaze
gamoyofili Tanxebi sakmarisi ar aris, magram afrikis romelime CamorCenili qveynebis
gadmosaxedidan es situacia sxvanairad gamoiyureba. isini garedan mosuli Tanxebis mcire
nawilsac ki ver iTviseben. amisaTvis maT ar gaaCniaT sakmarisi kvalificirebuli
samedicino personali, mTlianad jandacvis, sakomunikacio, satransporto
infrastruqtura. amasTan erTad bevr afrikul qveyanaSi Sidsma ubralod musri gaavlo
jandacvis, ganaTlebisa da sxva socialuri samsaxurebis muSakebs, romlebic gadamwyvet
rols TamaSoben misive Tavidan acilebaSi.
xSirad Sidsis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebi konfliqtSi modis adgilobriv
tradiciebTan da kulturul unar-CvevebTan. bolos da bolos — Sidsi aq ZiriTadad
Raribebis (umeteswilad Raribi qalebis) daavadebaa. Raribi adamianisaTvis inficirebis
Sansi 20-jer ufro maRalia, vidre SeZlebulis. qalebi da gogonebi imdenad
araproporciulad daucvelebi arian Sidsisagan, rom gaero saerTod fiqrobs maT
dasacavad specialuri fondis Seqmnas.
mkurnaloba ver gaamdidrebs am xalxs da, miT umetes, ver Secvlis qalis statuss
adgilobriv sazogadoebaSi. axalgazrda qalebi da gogonebi isev iZulebulebi iqnebian
imeZavon, radganac sxvanairad maTi ojaxebi ver gadarCebian, xolo SidsiT daavadebuli
SeZlebuli moxucebi isev iyidian axalgazrda colebs. ganurCevlad sqesisa da asakisa
SidsiT daavadebulebi sazogadoebidan gariyulebi arian, xolo maT gardacvalebis
cnobebSi umeteswilad weria — “mizezi ucnobia”.
Sidsis mkurnalobis masobrivi kampania, plus misi profilaqtikis propaganda
SesaZlebelia gaaumjobesebs dReisaTvis usaSvelo situacias, magram ver SeaCerebs
epidemias rogorc aseTs. amisaTvis saWiroa mTlianad im socialur-ekonomikuri garemos
Secvla, romelSic es adamianebi cxovroben — e.i. is, rasac ver miaRwia afrikam minimum
ukanaskneli naxevari saukunis manZilze. wre Seikra.
4.1.4. demografiuli problemis gadaWris mcdeloba msoflio masStabiT ukve faqtiurad
92
mosaxleobis 20%, romelic yvelaze mdidar qveynebSi cxovrobda iRebda 30-jer met
Semosavals, vidre yvelaze Rarib qveynebSi mcxovrebi igive 20%, 1990 wlisaTvis es sxvaoba
60-mde, xolo 1997 wlisaTvis 74-mde (sic!) gaizarda.112
sxva monacemebi am rRvevas ufro TvalSi sacems xdis. magaliTad, 2002 wels msoflio
mosaxleobis yvelaze mdidari 5%-s Semosavali aRemateboda yvelaze Raribi 5%-s
Semosavals 114-jer. yvelaze mdidari 1% iRebda imden Semosavals, ramdensac iRebda
uRaribesi 57%. xolo 2 milioni yvelaze mdidari amerikelebis Semosavali udrida
msoflios 2 miliardi yvelaze Raribi mosaxlis Semosavals. metic — magaliTad, 1920 wels
dasavleTi evropis erTi mosaxlis saSualo Semosavali aRemateboda afrikelisas 2.9-jer,
xolo 1992 wels ki 13.2-jer.113
e.i. koloniuri UuRlisagan gaTavisuflebam, ganviTarebis sabazro modelze gadasvlam,
mravalgzis optimisturma reformirebam sagrZnobi dadebiTi Sedegi jerjerobiT
qveynebis mxolod SedarebiT SezRuduli jgufisaTvis gamoiRo.
meoce saukuneSi, mxolod oTxi saxelmwifo — iaponia, kanada, avstralia da axali
zelandia sabolood iqnen aRiarebuli rogorc ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi. Tan arc
erTi am saxelmwifos ganviTareba am statusamde ar momxdara meore msoflio omis Semdeg
mimdinare globaluri ekonomikuri sistemis Camoyalibebis farglebSi. kidev ori qveyana,
samxreTi korea da taivani, axlos arian am zRurblis gadasalaxavad, magram formalurad
mainc amas ver axerxeben.114
msoflios asi qveyana dRes formaluri ekonomikuri monacemebiT uaresad cxovrobs,
vidre kolonializmis dros. bevri maTganis cxovrebis done 30 da meti procentiT daeca.
dResac yvelaze mdidar saxelmwifoebis wilze msoflios mTliani Sida produqtis 80%-ze
meti modis.
bevris mier es ganixileba rogorc globalizaciis procesis Cavardna. maTi
warmodgeniT, globalizacia, gagebuli rogorc msoflio bazarSi integraciis procesi,
minimum arademokratiulia, emsaxureba viwro korporatiul interesebs, sjis Rarib
qveynebs, da sazogadod, Rarib mosaxleobas. ufro pragmatulebi piriqiT Tvlian, rom
saboloo jamSi sabazro reformebi gadafaraven im usiamovnebas, romelic maT sawyis
etapze RaribebisaTvis moaqvT, magram maTi meqanizmebis potenciali dResdReobiT
naklebadaa aTvisebuli.
mTlianobaSi, globalur sabazro sistemaSi msoflio yvela qveynis integraciis
pozitiur Sedegebze dafuZnebuli molodini gadaWarbebuli iyo, rogorc am procesis
iniciatori CrdiloeTis, agreTve samxreTis qveynebis mxridan. arsebobs sakmaod martivi
bunebrivi sistemebis araTanabari ganviTarebis kanoni, romelic ambobs, rom ierarqiis
erTi da imave donis sistemebi sazogadod sinqronulad ar viTardebian: im dros rodesac
maTi nawili aRwevs ganviTarebis ufro maRal dones, sxvebi ganviTarebis ufro dabal
doneze rCebian. absoluturi “erTferovneba” ubralod SeuZlebelia. am kanonis sruliad
gamarTlebulad miyeneba SeiZleba socialur sistemebTanac.
maqsimum, risi miRwevac SeiZleba ekonomikuri globalizaciis procesSi, aris
Semosavlebis saSualo donis zrda rogorc globalur doneze, agreTve calke aRebul
nebismier qveyanaSi, rac, saboloo jamSi, moitans socialur da ekonomikur stabilurobas,
minimumamde daswevs siRaribes.
e.i. faqtiurad, laparakia daaxloebiT iseTsave tipis procesze, rac moxda jer
SeerTebul StatebSi ruzveltis reformebis Sedegad, xolo Semdeg dasavleT evropasa da
iaponiaSi. unda Seiqmnas qveynebis mZlavri “saSualo fena”, romelic maT umetesobas
moicavs, xolo darCenili SedarebiT Raribebi jer es erTi umniSvnelo umciresobas unda
warmoadgendnen, meoredac, maTi saSualo cxovrebis done unda sagrZnoblad aRematebodes
dRevandels.115
3.2. is, rom zemoT aRwerili midgoma ekonomikuri globalizaciis mimarT dRes
maincdamainc ar muSaobs, rigi faqtorebiTaa gamowveuli, romelTaganac wamyvani
isevdaisev politikuria. arsebobs farTod gavrcelebuli gaugebroba imis Sesaxeb, rom
ganviTarebuli qveynebi valdebulebi arian moaxdinon sakuTari ganviTarebis gadatana
(transferi) ganviTarebad msoflioSi, daxmareba gauwion iq mimdinare reformebs da
pasuxic ki agon am reformebis warmatebaze. bevrisaTvis es moraluri imperativis donezea
ayvanili (cnobili “TeTri adamianis tvirTis” idea). nebismieri ganviTarebuli qveynis
MmTavroba moyolilia sakuTari samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebis
(gansakuTrebiT arasamTavrobo seqtoris) wnexis qveS, romlebic Tvlian, rom
ganviTarebuli qveynebi pasuxs ageben ganviTarebulebis winaSe, maTi siRatakisa da
CamorCenis Taobaze.
rasakvirvelia zemoT moyvanili mosazrebebi gansazRvrul gamoxmaurebas pouloben
61
oficialur politikur dokumentebsa da daxmarebis programebSi. sinamdvileSi ki
nebismieri ganviTarebuli qveyana moqmedebs ganviTarebad msoflioSi ZiriTadad sakuTari
egoisturi interesebidan gamomdinare, romlebic moiTxoven misgan — a/Seuqmnas
xelSemwyobi garemo sakuTar bizness ukve arsebuli bazrebis farglebSi warmatebuli
saqmianobisaTvis, daexmaros mas axali bazrebis Seqmnasa da maTSi SesaRwevad da b/
uzrunvelyos politikuri da ekonomikuri stabiluroba im qveynebSi/regionebSi,
romlebic mniSvnelovania a/ amocanis gadasaWrelad.
globaluri ekonomikuri integraciis procesis dasawyisSi mainc, rogorc
“kapitalisturi”, aseve “socialisturi” blokis qveynebi ubralod cdilobdnen
erTmaneTisaTvis daeswroT yofili koloniebisaTvis ekonomikuri daxmarebis gaweva imis
SiSiT, rom es mowinaaRmdeges ar gaekeTebina. aseTi daxmarebis mimRebi qveynebis realuri
interesebi, maTi SesaZleblobebi gaetarebinaT SeTavazebuli reformebi, bolos sakuTriv
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis konkretuli modelebis avkargianoba ubralod gansjis sagani ar
iyo. orive bloki iRvwoda sakuTari interesebis dasacavad, xolo ganviTarebadi qveynebi am
“TamaSSi” damxmare rolebs asrulebdnen.
sawyis etapze aseTi modgomac ki sakmaod efeqturi gamodga. iqamde, sanam dadgeboda
realuri struqturuli reformebisa da instituciuri cvlilebebis etapi, wminda
teqnikuri RonisZiebebic ki xilul dadebiT Sedegebs iZleoda (magaliTad, igive “mwvane
revolucia” soflis meurneobaSi). 1970-iani wlebis meore naxevramde samrewvelo
warmoebis zrdis tempi mTlianad ganviTarebad qveynebSi ufro maRali iyo, vidre mTlianad
kapitalistur qveynebSi. amasTanave bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi izrdeboda Semosavali
erT mosaxlezec.
1970-ian wlebSi, 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, erTmaneTs daemTxva rigi faqtorebisa,
romlebmac, saboloo jamSi es tendencia Seabrunes da ganviTarebad qveynebSi mTlianad
erT mosaxleze mSp-s 10%-iani vardna gamoiwvies.
pirveli faqtori, romelsac sazogadod nakleb yuradRebas aqceven, isaa, rom sabWoTa
kavSirs am droisaTvis aRar Seswevda unari ekonomikuri konkurencia gaewia
dasavleTisaTvis ganviTarebad qveynebSi. Sedegad am ukanasknelebs ubralod moespoT
ganviTarebis alternativa da isini, uiSviaTesi gamonaklisis garda, dasavluri
neoliberaluri ekonomikuri politikis gavlenis sferoSi aRmoCndnen.
meore, navTobis fasebis ori (1973 da 1979 wlebis) msoflio krizisis Sedegebis daZleva
ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis SeuZlebeli gaxda Zirfesviani reformebis gareSe, romlebic
e.w. struqturuli gardaqmnebis politikis farglebSi ganviTarda. es politika ZiriTadad
moiTxovda ganviTarebadi qveynebidan gaetarebinaT bazarze orientirebuli strategiebi,
romelic efuZneboda ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevis mkveTr SezRudvas da maT gaxsnas
dasavluri investiciebisadmi. ekonomika efuZneboda eqsports, am qveynebSi dagrovebuli
valebis gasastumreblad saWiro Tanxebis mosazidad. garda amisa, aseTi gardaqmnebi
moiTxovdnen saxelmwifo finansebis mkacr ekonomias, rac SemTxvevaTa umetesobaSi isedac
sust adgilobriv socialur programebs ubralod Zirs uTxrida.
amas daemata “mcuravi” (floating) sabanko procentebi, ramac mkveTrad gazarda am qveynebis
valebi, gamoiwvia nedleulze fasebis mkveTri dacema, vaWrobis pirobebis gauareseba,
rodesac ganviTarebuli qveynebi mimarTavdnen proteqcionistur politikas, magram
kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegebodnen ganviTarebadi qveynebis mcdelobas maTTvis miebaZaT.
ramdenime saintereso faqti.
ganviTarebadi qveynebis eqsporti ganviTarebul qveynebSi, ZiriTadad “pikur tarifs”
(15% da meti) eqvemdebareba. magaliTad, bangladeSi yovelwliurad awvdis aSS-s 2.4
miliardi dolaris produqcias da ixdis 14% tarifs, xolo safrangeTi awvdis 30
miliardze met produqcias da ixdis 1% tarifs.
evrokavSiris wliuri subsidia erT Zroxaze rZis warmoebaSi 913 dolaria, im dros
rodesac sub-saharis afrikaSi erT mosaxleze wliuri Semosavali 490 dolaria, xolo igive
evrokavSiris daxmareba erTi afrikelisaTvis 8 dolaria. iaponiis SemTxvevaSi erT Zroxaze
subsidia 2 700 dolaria (!), xolo erT afrikelze daxmareba 1.5 dolari.116
msoflio bankis prezidentis pol vulfovicis 2005 wlis dekembris monacemebiT,
mdidari qveynebi TavianT fermerebs subsidiebis saxiT yovelwliurad uxdian 280 miliard
amerikul dolars. aqedan evrogaerTianebaze modis TiTqmis naxevari — 133 miliardi, xolo
iaponiasa da aSS-ze 49 da 47 miliardi, Sesabamisad. vulfovicis azriT, es niSnavs, rom aSS
da evrogaerTianeba yovel erT dolar daxmarebaze xarjaven 3 dolars sakuTari
fermerebis subsidiebze, iaponia — 5 dolars.117
laparaki da formaluri molaparakebebi msoflioSi savaWro-ekonomikuri gacvlebis
62
daavadebebiT. am konfliqtSi monawile mxareebi, ZiriTadad uganda da ruanda,
aiaraRebdnen adgilobriv tomebs da iyenebdnen maT mineralebiT mdidar teritoriebze
kontrolis dasamyareblad. saboloo jamSi konfliqtis yvela es monawile erTmaneTs
daeria.
4.1.3. formalurad ganviTarebadi msoflios mosaxleobis dRevandeli mdgomareoba
sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda 1990 welTan SedarebiT. 1990-2002 wlebSi saSualo Semosavlebi
aq 22%-T gaizarda, ukiduresad Raribi adamianebis ricxvi daaxloebiT 130 milioniT
Semcirda, cxovrebis saSualo mosalodneli xangrZlivoba 2 wliT gaizarda da a.S.
faqtiurad ki situaciis es gaumjobeseba msoflios SedarebiT viwro arealis
mosaxleobis mcire nawils Seexo. aSkarad gaumjobesda mdgomareoba aziaSi, gansakuTrebiT
aRmosavleT aziaSi. ukiduresad Raribi adamianebis klebam aq 201 milioni Seadgina, xolo am
kategoriis adamianebis wili mTlian mosaxleobaSi orjer daeca (30%-dan 1990 w. 15%-mde
2001 w.). magram es progresi faqtiurad mTlianad erTi qveynis _ CineTis xarjzea miRweuli.
Sesabamisad, mTel danarCen msoflioSi uRaribesi adamianebis ricxvi 71 milioniT
gaizarda. krizisis epicentri tropikul afrikaSia, sadac ukiduresad Raribi, mSieri da
SidsiT daavadebul adamianTa yvelaze didi koncentraciaa msoflioSi. daaxloebiT igive
situaciaa samxreT aziaSi, ZiriTadad indoeTis sasoflo raionebSi da qalaqis
“jurRmulebSi”. marTalia Sidsi aq ise ar aris gavrcelebuli, rogorc afrikaSi, magram
ukve farTomasStabiani epidemiis xasiaTi miiRo. yvela danarCen ganviTarebad regionSi
aSkarad gamokveTili tendenciebi ar SeimCneva, garda yofili sabWoTa kavSiris
respublikebis didi umetesobisa, sadac siRaribis donis mkveTri naxtomis Semdeg is an ar
mcirdeba, an agrZelebs zrdas.164
globaluri gaWirvebis zogierTi indikatori
siRaribe, 2001
- 1 090 milioni adamiani kmayofildeba 1.08 amerikul dolarze naklebiT dReSi, e.i.
msoflios mosaxleobis 18%. m.S. 313 milioni tropikul afrikaSi (regionis mosaxleobis
46%), 271 milioni aRmosavleT aziaSi (15%), 431 milioni samxreT aziaSi (41%). 2 736 milioni
adamiani kmayofildeboda dReSi 2.15 dolarze naklebiT, m.S. tropikuli afrikis
mosaxleobis 77%, aRmosavleTi aziis 47%, samxreTi aziis 77%.165
kvebis nakleboba, 2000
- 831 milioni adamiani, anu msoflios mosaxleobis 14% ar ikvebeboda minimaluri
fiziologiuri moTxovnilebis doneze, m.S. 185 milioni tropikul afrikaSi, 212 milioni
aRmosavleT aziaSi, 312 milioni samxreT aziaSi. es aris ganviTarebadi qveynebis
mosaxleobis 18%, naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis 38%, samxreTi aziis — 24%, tropikuli
afrikis — 33%. 1980-1995 wlebSi tropikul afrikaSi sakvebi produqtebis warmoeba
Semcirda 8%-T.
janmrTeloba, 2001-2002
- SidsiT daavadebulTa raodenoba gaizarda 15 milionidan 1990 wels 38 milonamde.
aqedan ganviTarebad qveynebSi 18 milioni qali da 2.9 milioni bavSvia. am adamianebis
daaxloebiT 70% tropikul afrikaSi cxovrobs. 13 milion bavSvs SidsiT daeRupa deda an
orive mSobeli. 22 milioni adamiani ukve gardaicvala am daavadebiT, m.S. 3.1 milioni marto
2002 wels. svazilendSi 25-29 wlis asakis orsuli qalebis 56% SidisTaa daavadebuli.166
- yovelwliurad 500 000 qali iRupeba orsulobisa da mSobiarobis dros — TiTo qali
wuTSi.
- mSobiarobis wili, romelsac eswreboda kvalificirebuli samedicino personali -
ganviTarebad qveynebSi — 56%-ia, naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi ki — 31 %.
- sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba, 2000-2005 ww. - saSualod dedamiwaze 67 weli,
mdidar qveynebSi — 79 weli, ganviTarebad qveynebSi — 64.9 weli, naklebad ganviTarebul
qveynebSi — 52.0 weli.167 sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba botsvanaSi 1970 wlis Semdeg
daeca 20 wliT 36 wlamde. zambiaSi mcxovreb adamians naklebi Sansi gaaCnia miaRwios 30 wlis
asaks, vidre inglisels 1840 wels.
ganaTleba, 2001
- ganviTarebad qveynebSi wera-kiTxvis ucodinarTa wili TxuTmet welze zemoT asakis
mosaxleobis 25.5%-s, anu 836 milioni adamians Seadgens. wera-kiTxvis ucodinari qalebis
wili 32.9%-ia, m.S. naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi — 56.2%.
bavSvebi, 2002
- yovel dRe 30 000 bavSvi iRupeba SimSiliT, daavadebiT, gauwyloebiT, e.i. iseTi
mizezebiT, romelTa Tavidan arideba SeiZleboda.
- yoveli meoTxe bavSvi msoflioSi moixmars dReSi 1.08 dolarze naklebs.
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imave principiT, rac mdidar qveynebSi — e.i. adamianebi ufro gvian qorwildebian da naklebi
bavSvi hyavT. saSualod ganviTarebad qveynebSi erT qalze fertilur asakSi dRes 2.9 bavSvi
modis, xolo oc qveyanaSi Sobadoba veRar faravs sikvdilianobas.
imis gamo, rom am procesis inercia Zalze didia (erT qalze mosuli bavSvebis raodenoba
naklebia, vidre wina TaobaSi, magram TviT dedebis raodenoba bevrad metia) — dedamiwis
mosaxleobis yovelwliuri mateba jer kidev Zalian maRalia da gaeros gaTvlebiT 1950-iani
wlebis dones zustad 100 wlis Tavze, 2050-iani wlebisaTvis daubrundeba. dedamiwis
mosaxleobis stabilizacia moxdeba etyoba daaxloebiT 10 miliardi adamianis doneze am
saukunis meore naxevarSi.
gaeros rwmeniT, gardatexa mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis procesSi mohyva mis mier mravali
wlis manZilze ojaxis dagegmvis RonisZiebaTa propagandas (da RonisZiebebs am sferoSi).
192 qveynis mTavrobebis 72% uSualod monawileobs aseTi programebis realizaciaSi, xolo
kidev 17% arasamTavrobo organizaciebis SuamavlobiT.159
sinamdvileSi, rogorc Cans, ganviTarebad qveynebSi Sobadobis kleba moitana ara ojaxis
dagegmvam rogorc aseTma, iseve rogorc cxovrebis donis zrdam (is umetesad Zalian
mokrZalebuli iyo, Tu saerTod hqonda adgili), aramed qalTa emansipaciam. es emansipacia
ar unda gavigoT ise, rogorc fenomeni, romelsac adgili hqonda dasavleTis
ganviTarebul qveynebsa da sabWoTa kavSirSi gasul saukuneSi. laparakia xSirad Zalian
mokrZalebul procesze, romelic ZiriTadad qalTa ganaTlebas exeba.
sakmarisia etyoba, musulmanur qveynebSic ki, qalma miiRos sul ramdenime wliani
dawyebiTi saskolo ganaTleba, raTa misi ara marto demografiuli, aramed saerTod
socialuri qceva sagrZnobad Seicvalos. aseTi tendencia sakmaod kargad gamoxatulia,
magaliTad, iranSi. aq islamur wesebze awyobili saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sistemis
miuxedavad, erT qalze mosuli bavSvebis raodenoba Semcirda 2.8-jer daaxloebiT 1970-iani
wlebis dasawyisidan 21-e saukunis dasawyisisaTvis — 2.3-mde. es ufro dabalia, vidre
laTinuri amerikis qveynebis umetesobaSi.160 1990-ian wlebSi qalebis naxevarze meti am
qveyanaSi iyenebda Tanamedrove kontracepciis meTodebs.161 mozrdil qalTa wera-kiTxvis
codnis done 2002 wels aq mamakacebis donis 84%-s udrida, xolo dawyebiT skolaSi vaJebisa
da qalebis daswrebis done faqtiurad erTmaneTs gautolda.162
uamravi qveyana msoflioSi dRes moxvedrilia e.w. “siRatakis maxeSi” — maSinac ki, Tu maT
gaaCniaT SedarebiT efeqturi, naklebad korumpirebuli xelmZRvaneloba, isini ver erevian
maT winaSe mdgom problemebs imis gamo, rom ubralod Zalian Raribebi arian. maSinac ki,
rodesac mTavrobebs Ggulwrfelad surT maT winaSe mdgomi problemebis mogvareba, maT
akliaT sagadasaxado Semosavali infrastruqturaSi, socialur seqtorSi, garemos
dacvaSi, TviT sajaro administraciaSi dasabandebladac ki. praqtikulad nebismieri aseTi
qveyana, agreTve, yovelwliurad istumrebs uzarmazar Tanxebs sagareo valebis
momsaxurebaSi. xolo sabazo infrastruqturis, socialuri kapitalis, da marTvis sistemis
gareSe SeuZlebelia kerZo investiciebis mozidva da ekonomikuri ganviTareba. gzebis,
sasuqebis, eleqtroenergiis, iafi, efeqturi sawvavis, skolebis, saavadmyofoebis,
xelmisawvdomi sacxovreblis, wyalmomaragebis gareSe adamianebi qronikulad mSivrebi da
avadmyofebi rCebian.
Zalian xSirad (SeiZleba iTqvas ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetesobaSi) am situacias
uaRresad amwvavebs araefeqturi marTva, korufcia, ekonomikuri politikis araswori
arCevani.
ufro metic — aseT qveynebSi faqtiurad SeuZlebelia adamianis uflebebis dacva. didia
imis Sansi, rom rogorc sxvadasxva moqiSpe politikur Tu eTnikur dajgufebebs Soris
erTi qveynis SigniT, aseve or an met aseTi tipis qveyanas Sorisac, moxdes konfliqti imis
Taobaze, Tu vin gaakontrolebs iseT bunebriv resursebs, romelTa eqspluataciasac
swrafi mogebis motana SeuZlia. aseTi qveynebis mTavrobebi xSirad ara marto ver
akontroleben iseT kriminals, romelsac saerTaSoriso gavlena gaaCnia, TviTonve
mfarveloben mas.
garda amisa, gaeros SefasebebiT, arsebobs aSkara mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri siRaribesa
da Semosavlebis mkveTr “Sokur” dacemas Soris, erTi mxriv, da SeiaraRebul konfliqtebs
Soris, meore mxriv. siRaribe maT biZgs aZlevs da dasayrdens uqmnis. saSualod
Semosavlebis 5%-iani Sokuri dacema zrdis konfliqtis albaTobas 50%-T.163
ruandis cnobili genocidis dros, 1994 wels, ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi daiRupa ara
nakleb 800 aTasi adamiani. 1998-2000 wlis oms kongoSi, romelSic eqvsi afrikuli
saxelmwifo monawileobda, gadahyva TiTqmis 4 milioni adamiani, ZiriTadad SimSiliTa da
90
sruli liberalizaciis Sesaxeb faqtiurad meore msoflio omis Semdgomi aTwleulebi
mimdinareobs. maT SedarebiT naklebi iseTi xiluli Sedegi mohyva, romelic saSualebas
miscemda ganviTarebad qveynebs ganviTarebulebTan gaTanabrebuli pirobebiT emoqmedaT
globalur bazrebze. msoflio savaWro organizaciis 2003 wlis kankunis (meqsika) Sexvedra
am sakiTxebze ubralod CaiSala. 2005 wlis honkongis 149 qveynis ministrebis Sexvedris
mTavari Sedegi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom is CaSlas gadaurCa. misi ufro konkretuli
Sedegebi ki, isaa, rom msoflios uRaribes qveynebs dapirdnen maTi produqciis 97%-s
kvoTebisa da sabaJo gadasaxadebis gareSe daSvebas msoflio bazarze 2008 wlisaTvis,
Tumca raime konkretuli sabuTi (xelSekruleba) amis Taobaze gaformebuli ar yofila.
ganviTarebad qveynebs, agreTve dahpirdnen ganviTarebuli qveynebis sasoflo-sameurneo
subsidiebis TandaTanobiT gauqmebas. magram am SemTxvevaSic raime konkretuli sabuTi,
romelic am dapirebas legalur sarCuls daudeba, ar gaformebula. e.i. moklevadian
perspeqtivaSi mainc ganviTarebadi qveynebi formaluradac ki ver gaxdebian
ganviTarebuli qveynebis tolfasi konkurentebi globalur bazrebze (Tavi davaneboT imas,
rom isini, upirvelesad yovlisa, faqtiuradac eseTebi ar arian).
Sedegad ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetesobam aseT dawolas ver gauZlo da 1990-ian wlebs
bevrad uares mdgomareobaSi Sexvda, vidre igive 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi iyo.
mesame — im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ganviTarebadi qveynebi uerTdebian msoflio bazarze
mimdinare procesebs, maTze avtomaturad iwyebs moqmedebas am bazrisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli igive cikluri ekonomikuri krizisebi da maTi Tanmxlebi recesiebi da
finansuri “Sokebi”. aseT SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, raoden warmatebul da swor
sabazro politikas atarebdnen esa Tu is qveynebi — isini awydebian bazris “Cavardnis”
klasikur gamovlinebas, romelsac am SemTxvevaSi asimetruli xasiaTi aqvs.118 ganviTarebad
sabazro meurneobebs ubralod naklebi saSualeba aqvT gadaitanon esa Tu is globaluri
finansuri krizisi, vidre mdidar qveynebs (ixileT, aRmosavleTi aziis 1997 wlis krizisi).
aq aseTi krizisis gamowveva ubralod kerZo kompaniebisa Tu calkeuli pirebis
spekulaciuri moqmedebiTaa SesaZlebeli. aseT SemTxvevaSi am qveynebs naklebi
SesaZlebloba aqvT saSinao valebis aRebisa, radganac maTi sakuTari finansuri bazrebi
sakmaod SezRudulia. isini metad arian damokidebuli ucxour valutaSi aRebul valebze,
rac bazarze iwvevs eWvs maT SesaZleblobebSi gaistumron isini. Sedegad, iZulebulebi
arian mimarTon mkacr fiskalur da monetarul politikas im mizniT, rom bazris es “rwmena”
aRadginon, maSin rodesac recesiasTan mimarTebaSi maT wesiT unda moaxdinon ekonomikis
mastimulirebeli makroekonomikuri RonosZiebebi. aseTi qmedeba, romelic iwvevs minimum
sabanko sesxebis procentebisa da umuSevrobis donis zrdas, socialuri programebis
Semcirebas, diametralurad sawinaaRmdegoa imisa, rasac aseT SemTxvevebSi mdidari
qveynebi mimarTaven. aseT SemTxvevebSi krizisis Sedegebi ufro metad SedarebiT Rarib
qveynebs atydeba, xolo am qveynebis SigniT ufro Rarib mosaxleobas. garkveuli gagebiT,
aseTi krizisis gastumrebis fasis nawili mainc ganviTarebul qveynebs ganviTarebad
qveynebsa da am qveynebis Rarib mosaxleobaze gadaaqvT.
meoTxe — im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac bazari gamarTulad muSobs, SedarebiT sustebi da
naklebad ganviTarebulebi mainc isjebian. bazari TavisTavad ganviTarebis Tanabar
SesaZleblobebs ar qmnis. is aSkara upiratesobas aniWebs imaT, visac ukve gaaCniaT
produqtiuli kapitali — finansebi, miwa, sxva fizikuri kapitali, da rac yvelaze mTavaria
dRevandel, teqnologiaze dafuZnebul globalur ekonomikaSi — adamianuri kapitali. im
qveynebs, romlebic ukve uswreben sxvebs — romelTac gaaCniaT stabiluri politikuri
sistemebi, kerZo sakuTrebis garantirebuli uflebebi, saimedo sabanko sistemebi,
ganviTarebuli socialuri momsaxurebis sistemebi — bevrad meti Sansi aqvT Tavis
sasargeblod gamoiyenon is SesaZleblobebi, romelTac maT erTiani globaluri bazari
sTavazobs. qveynebi, romelTac aseTi instituciuri kapitali ar gaaCniaT, eqcevian e.w.
“instituciur siRaribis xafangSi” — magram aseTebis ricxvs ganviTarebuli qveynebis (m.S.
yofili sabWoTa respublikebis) udidesi umetesoba miekuTvneba. aseTi “xafangis”
arsebobis erT-erTi tipuri maCvenebelia is, rom globaluri kapitali sinamdvileSi
miemarTeba iq, sadac is ukve uxvadaa warmodgenili da ara iq, sadac is naklebia. pirvel
SemTxvevaSi, meti mogeba garantirebulia. aseTi qveynebis ricxvs ki isini miekuTvnebian,
sadac mmarTveloba da masTan dakavSirebuli sxva institutebi SedarebiT efeqturia da
Cadebul kapitalze misaRebi mogebis garantias iZleva. aseT SemTxvevaSi arc mmarTvelobis
formas, arc mis konkretul gamovlinebas (demokratia Tu diqtatura), arc amasTan
dakavSirebul damatebiT faqtorebs (samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arseboba, adamianis
uflebebis dacva, presis Tavisufleba da a.S.) mniSvneloba ara aqvs — mTavaria kapitalis
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warmatebuli brunva stabiluri ekonomikuri da socialuri garemos pirobebSi.
mexuTe — miuxedavad ekonomikuri globalizaciis procesis naklebi efeqturobisa, dRes
yvelaze uazro diqtatoruli reJimebis gamoklebiT (Crdilo korea, birma, kuba),
praqtikulad yvela ganviTarebadi qveyana viTardeba globaluri bazris gavleniT, xolo
yvelaze warmatebuli ganviTarebadi qveynebi (CineTi) sul ufro did gavlenas axdens
globalur ekonomikur procesebze. xolo, rogorc globalizaciis Tanamedrove kvlevebi
gviCvenebs, rac ufro metad arian CarTuli esa Tu is qveynebi globalizaciis procesebSi
(metad globalizebulni arian), miT ufro aqtiurad misdeven isini iseT politikas,
romelsac mosdevs ekonomikis ufro swrafi zrda, inflaciis ufro dabali done, ufro
maRali Semosavlebis done da ufro didi ekonomikuri Tavisufleba. aseTi qveynebi
inarCuneben Tavisufali vaWrobisa da kapitalis moZraobis SemzRudavi barierebis
minimums, maTi kanonmdebloba sazogadod ufro mowesrigebulia, samewarmeo gadasaxadebi
naklebi. politika teqnologiebis dargSi xels uwyobs inovaciebs. aseTi qveynebi aseve
ufro mizandasaxulad icaven kanonis uzenaesobisa da sakuTrebis dacvis principebs, maTi
politikuri stabilurobis done, agreTve sxvebze bevrad ufro maRalia. meore mxriv,
naklebad globalizebuli qveynebi iCenen midrekilebas iseTi politikis mimarT, romelic
dafuZnebulia bazrebis funqcionirebaSi uSualo Carevaze da iwvevs inflacias,
stagnacias da mkveTrad amcirebs maT konkurentunarianobas.119
msoflios im 60 qveyanas Soris, romelTaTvisac 2004 wels gamoTvlili iyo globaluri
integraciis xarisxi, 20 yvelaze globalizebulebs Soris iyo mxolod 2 ganviTarebadi
qveyana — singapuri (pirveli! yvelaze globalizebuli qveyana msoflioSi) da malaizia
(mecxramete). ocdameoTxe adgili ekava sakmaod moulodnelad panamas. yvela danarCeni
wamyvani ganviTarebadi qveynebi naklebad globalizebulTa ricxvs ekuTvnodnen, magram
aseTebs Soris ar iyo arc erTi ganviTarebuli qveyana.120
sazogadod qveynis globalizebulobis xarisxi sakmaod TvalnaTliv emTxveva aq
politikuri Tavisuflebis dones. korufciis donec miT ufro dabalia, rac ufro maRalia
ama Tu im qveynis monawileobis done globalur procesebSi. zogadi Tezisis saxiT
SesaZlebelia imis mtkiceba, rom qveynis integracia globalur procesebSi exmareba iq
politikuri uflebebisa da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis gavrcelebas. aseTi integracia,
agreTve iwvevs qveyanaSi gamWirvalobis ufro maRali saerTaSoriso standartebis
damkvidrebas, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs korufciasTan brZolas da zrdis saxelmwifo
marTvis efeqturobas. Tumca rogorc yovelTvis, aseTi mtkiceba absoluturi ar SeiZleba
iyos. igive yvelaze globalizebuli singapuri gamoirCeva [rbilad rom vTqvaT] mkacri
saxelmwifo kontroliT presaze da SezRuduli pirovnuli TavisuflebebiT. meore mxriv,
samxreTi afrika, romelic gamoirCeva politikuri Tavisuflebis sakmaod maRali doniT
(gansakuTrebiT danarCeni afrikis fonze), erT-erTi yvelaze naklebad globalizebulia.
isevdaisev, globalizacia ar iZleva ganviTarebis garantiebs, is mxolod qmnis
SesaZleblobebs, xolo am SesaZleblobebis gamoyeneba yovel konkretul qveyanazea
damokidebuli.
3.3. dReisaTvis iTvleba, rom yvelaze saimedo garantia qveynis warmatebiT
ganviTarebisa e.w. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebia, e.i. iseTi investiciebi, romlebic
qveyanaSi Semosvlisas gamoiyeneba sakuTrebis SesaZenad misi marTvis mizniT. es ki imis
garantias iZleva, rom investori didi xniT aris mosuli qveyanaSi da igive “portfolio”
investiciebisagan gansxvavebiT raRaca spekulaciuri Worebis gaCenisTanave ar aikravs
Ggudanabads da ar gaiqceva. magram aseTi investiciebisaTvis gadamwyvetia, rom mimRebma
qveyanam uzrunvelyos kapitalis cirkulacia stabilur ekonomikur da socialur
garemoSi.
globaluri kapitali maqsimalurad Tavs aridebs riskebs. erTaderTi sfero, sadac is
dRes mzad aris Cados fuli nebismier pirobebze — Txevadi da gazisebri saTbobis
mopovebaa — es ki erT muWa qveynebs exeba. yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi kapitalis mimRebma
qveyanam unda faqtiurad daamtkicos, rom is Rirsia wamyvani globaluri ekonomikuri
moTamaSeebis yuradRebis, moipovos am yuradRebis ufleba sxva qveynebTan mZafr
konkurentul brZolaSi. aseTi tipis kapitalis moZraoba sruliad obieqturi procesia da
xorcieldeba e.w. Sromis saerTaSoriso ganawilebis (dResdReobiT etyoba upriania
vilaparakoT Sromis globalur ganawilebaze) principis Sesabamisad.
erTaderTi, rac globalur kapitals ainteresebs, esaa warmoebis optimizacia da
mogebis maqsimizacia. es xdeba im upiratesobebis gamoyenebis safuZvelaze, romlebsac
qmnian dedamiwis sxvadasxva qveynebsa da regionebs Soris obieqturad arsebuli
64
mxolod SedarebiT mcire nawils Seexo (dRevandeli ganviTarebuli qveynebi — e.w. “oqros
miliardi”). mTlianobaSi man dadebiTi roli Seasrula globalur ganviTarebaSi.
es procesi demografiuli modernizaciis saxeliTaa cnobili da sazogadod gulisxmobs
uaxlesi ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri miRwevebis gamoyenebas adamianis dasacavad
bunebrivi da socialuri garemos uaryofiTi gavlenisagan. es miRwevebi xdian SesaZlebels
adamianis ufro komfortul sacxovrebel Tu sanitarul-higienuri pirobebs, ufro
srulfasovan kvebas, naklebad damqancvel fizikur Sromas, efeqtur samedicino
profilaqtikas, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi — gadaudebel samedicino daxmarebas da a.S.
ganviTarebad qveynebSic mosaxleobis “afeTqeba” gamowveuli iyo sikvdilianobis
mkveTri SemcirebiT Sobadobis tradiciulad maRal fonze. problema isaa, rom
ganviTarebul qveynebSi sikvdilianobis Semcireba mohyva cxovrebis donisa da cxovrebis
pirobebis TandaTanobiT gaumjobesebas, rac erTdroulad Sobadobazec moqmedebda,
Tumca SedarebiT ufro CamorCeniT (ramdenime aTeuli wliT).
ganviTarebad qveynebSi (romelTa umetesobac am etapis dasawyisSi jer kidev koloniebi
iyvnen) sikvdilianobis Semcireba moxda praqtikulad Tvalis daxamxamebaSi — ramdenime
weliwadSi. mizezi — garedan Semosuli (zogjer mizandasaxulad, zogjer SemTxveviT)
minimaluri inovaciebi — axali wamlebi (aspirini, penicilini), mavne mwerebis sawinaaRmdego
qimiuri saSualebebi (DDT da sxva), elementaruli warmodgenebi pirad higienaze. daiwyo
(met-naklebad) vaqcinacia da epidemiebTan brZola, gaumjobesda mosaxleobis sakvebi
produqtebiT momarageba.
yvelaferi es imitom gaxda SesaZlebeli, rom qveynebi da teritoriebi, romlebTac
demografiuli afeTqeba Seexo, ukve iyvnen CarTuli globaluri urTierTobebis sistemaSi,
romelmac gaxada SesaZlebeli am inovaciebis SedarebiT Seuferxebeli gadacema.
faqtiurad maT miiRes ganviTarebuli qveynebidan pirveli ganviTarebis tranSi orive
monawile mxaris minimaluri Zalisxmevis xarjze. meore mxriv, meore tranSi, romelSic
unda Sesuliyo am qveynebis modernizacia, struqturuli transformacia da a.S., romelsac
saboloo jamSi unda mohyoloda maTi ekonomikuri ganviTareba misi Tanmxlebi
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donisa da xarisxis zrdiT, iseve rogorc misi kvlavwarmoebis
trendebis SecvliT, Zlieri dagvianebiT iyo miwodebuli, xolo misi Sedegebi friad
araeTgvaroveni gamodga.
ganviTarebad qveynebSi sikvdilianoba imdenad ar dacemula, rom ganviTarebuli
qveynebis dones miaxloveboda, magram 1950-1980 wlebSi is 2.3-jer Semcirda, m.S. 1960-80
wlebSi — orjer. es sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom gamoewvia demografiuli afeTqeba.
1950-55 wlebSi ganviTarebad qveynebSi fertilur asakSi myof erT qalze saSualod 6.2
bavSvi modioda.
es yvelaferi Seexo qveynebs, romelTa saxelmwifoebrioba umeteswilad jer kidev
Camoyalibebis stadiaSi imyofeboda, xolo ganviTarebis doniT yofil metropoliebs isini
xSirad ramdenime aseuli wliT CamorCebodnen. maT es procesi ar sWirdebodaT, isini mas ar
gegmavdnen da ver akontrolebdnen. faqtiurad aq demografiuli modernizaciis procesi
(ufro swored misi zogierTi elementi) warmoadgenda ara am qveynebisa Tu regionebis
ganviTarebis logikur Sedegs, aramed msoflios ufro ganviTarebuli nawilis
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis wesis garkveuli elementebis danergvas, romelTa transferi
(mizandasaxuli Tu uneblie) globalizaciuri procesebis farglebSi advili iyo.
imis gamo, rom demografiuli afeTqebis procesi ZiriTadad (dasawyisSi mainc)
faqtiurad “meqanikuri” iyo, is naklebad iyo damokidebuli konkretuli qveynis
civilizaciis tipze, mosaxleobis kulturaze, sarwmunoebaze da a.S. mmarTvelobis
efeqturobac ki am SemTxvevaSi Zalian nakleb rols TamaSobda — SedarebiT kargad da
cudad marTuli qveynebi am dros “erT navSi” aRmoCndnen.157
demografiulma dawolam am qveynebis umetesobas ar misca saSualeba fexze damdgariyo,
am problemam ZiriTadi roli iTamaSa maTi mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis mkveTrad
SeamcirebaSi (zogjer 30 da meti procentiT) koloniur periodTan SedarebiT
(gansakuTrebiT afrikaSi) da miliardi adamiani mSier Ratakad aqcia158.
4.1.2. demografiuli afeTqebis tendencia msoflioSi faqtiurad jer kidev gasuli
saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi Sesustda, xolo ukve am saukunis dasawyisSi sabolood gatyda.
dRes mTlianobaSi ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleobis aRwarmoeba xdeba daaxloebiT
89
wesiT da rigiT, nebismierma gareSe Zalam unda moaxdinos maqsimaluri distancireba iseTi gansxvavebebi, ganpirobebuli maTi ekonomikuri, socialuri, bunebrivi, nacionalur-
masStabisa da sirTulis spontanuri procesidan, rogoricaa msoflio religiis sistemuri istoriuli TaviseburebebiT, geografiuli mdebareobiT.
krizisi. aseTi tipis krizisis gamoyeneba sakuTar interesebSi, miT umetes misi marTva, es procesi maqsimalurad apolitikuria da erTsa da imave Tanabar pirobebSi ar
nebismier qveynisa Tu qveyanaTa jgufisaTvis, rarig Zlierebic ar unda iyvnen isini, asxvavebs ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebs, ar aqcevs yuradRebas kapitaldabandebis
principulad SeuZlebelia. adgilSi arsebul ekonomikur Tu politikur sistemebs, Tu sxva damatebiT faqtorebs.
maqsimumi, risi gakeTebac SeuZlia ganviTarebul msoflios aseT krizisTan mimarTebaSi, dRes sakmaod xSiria imaze laparaki, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis warmoebaSi
Seecados frTxilad Seabrunos procesebi orive mxarisaTvis (musulmanebisa da danarCeni ganviTarebuli qveynebis pirdapiri investiciebi am ukanasknelebs sakmao zarals ayeneben
msofliosaTvis) momgebiani mimarTulebiT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi (da es ukve xdeba) is ZiriTadad didi raodenobiT samuSao adgilebis gadinebis xarjze (outsourcing).
iZens gantevebis vacis rols, romelsac braldeba aseTi krizisis obieqturad Tanmxlebi es situacia imdenad seriozulia, rom evrogerTianeba iZulebuli gaxda Seeqmna
yvela negatiuri procesebi. specialuri fondi, romlis erTaderTi daniSnulebaa gaaneitralos is zarali, romelsac
evropis Sromis bazari ganicdis samuSao adgilebis ganviTarebadi qveynebis sasargeblod
dakargvis Sedegad. ganviTarebuli qveynebis (gansakuTrebiT evropis) SromiTi resursebi,
agreTve zaraldeba imis xarjze, rom mzardi konkurencia ganviTarebadi qveynebis iafi
Tavi 4. zogierTi globaluri problema. demografiuli da muSaxelis mxridan Zirs uTxris maTi socialuri dacvis garantiebs. bevri eqsperti
ekologiuri problemebi. saerTod imasac ki Tvlis, rom aseTi procesis Sedegad xdeba ganviTarebuli qveynebis
deindustrializacia, faqtiurad es qveynebi arseboben ara postindustriul ganviTarebis
stadiaze, aramed deindustriul.
4.1. globaluri mosaxleobis problema. dRes globaluri kapitali moiTxovs nebismieri ganviTarebadi qveynisagan, romelsac
4.1.1. es problema faqtiurad erT-erT uiSviaTes gamonakliss warmoadgens, rodesac surs misi yuradRebis mopyroba, iaf, Sromismoyvare, disciplinirebul, magram uuflebo
kavSiri globalizaciasa da TviT problemis warmoqmnas Soris uSualo da aSkaraa. misi muSaxels. rogorc erT-erTma rusulma internet-gverdma dawera rusul biznesTan
yvelaze TvalnaTlivi Sedegia msoflio mosaxleobis arnaxuli tempebiT zrda meore mimarTebaSi — daqiravebul muSaks unda uyvardes Tavisi damqiravebeli ukve imisaTvis, rom
msoflio omis Semdeg (ix. cxrili 4.1.1). es procesi imdenad intensiurad warimarTa, rom man mas samuSao misca, miT umetes, imisaTvis, rom am samuSaoSi saerTod gasamrjelos uxdis.
“demografiuli afeTqebis” saxeliT gaxda cnobili. aseTi midgoma rogorc Cans universaluria da ufro metadaa gamoxatuli sxva ganviTarebad
qveynebSi, vidre ruseTSi, sadac socialuri dacvis raRac meqanizmebi jer kidev
cxrili 4.1.1 dedamiwis mosaxleobis raodenobis zrda SemorCenilia.
ama Tu im qveynis mimzidvelobis mZlavri faqtoria, agreTve misi mzadyofna ganaTavsos
weli mosaxleobis raodenoba saSualo wliuri mosaxleobis saSualowliuri Tavis Teritoriaze e.w. WuWyiani warmoebebi (Savi da feradi metalurgia, qimia da a.S.),
(milioni adamiani) zrdis tempi (%) mateba romelTa ganlagebac ganviTarebul qveynebSi naklebad misaRebia am qveynebis
(milioni adamiani) mosaxleobisaTvis.
1800 952 - 1.611 nebismierma ganviTarebadma qveyanam, agreTve, unda uzrunvelyos globaluri biznesis
1900 1656 - 7.04 funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro minimaluri teqnikuri infrastruqtura.
1950 2 519 - 17.26 Tu aseTi pirobebis Sesrulebis Semdeg ama Tu im qveyanaSi moxda pirdapiri ucxouri
1960 3 021 1.821 50.20 investiciebi, es ar niSnavs kapitaldabandebas qveynis ganviTarebaSi. kapitali faqtiurad
1970 3 692 2.10 74.30 qmnis ama Tu im qveyanaSi globaluri qselebis dasayrden punqtebs, romelTac SeuZliaT
1980 4 435 1.82 92.90 warmatebuli funqcionireba mimRebi qveynisagan faqtiur izolaciaSic (magaliTad,
1990 5 264 1.71 82.90 Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis farglebSi), rogorc am qselebis integralur nawilebs.
2000 6 071 1.43 70.70 gadaiqcevian Tu ara globalur kapitalze dafuZnebuli sawarmoebi im ConCxad, romlic
2010 6 830 1.18 75.90 garSemoc moxdeba ama Tu im qveynis ganviTareba, am kapitals naklebad ainteresebs. es ukve
2050 8 912 0.67 52.05 kapitalis mimRebi qveynebis pasuxismgebloba da problemaa.
rogorc qvemoT moyvanili cxrili 3.1-dan Cans, im ganviTarebadi qveynebis raodenoba,
1
exeba wina periods romlebiTac globaluri kapitali realurad iyo dainteresebuli, sakmaod SezRudulia.
wyaro: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, 2003 wels gaeros vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis konferenciis monacemebiT mTlianad
World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2001 msoflioSi Semovida daaxloebiT 650 miliardi dolaris investiciebi, m.S. ganviTarebul
Revision, http://esa.un.org/unpp, 27 January 2005; qveynebSi moxvda maTi daaxloebiT 2/3. ganviTarebad qveynebSi investiciebis 26% Sevida
Максаковский В.П. Географическая картина мира. Ч.1. Общая характеристика мира. Ярославль: Верх.- uSualod CineTSi, xolo damatebiT 15% - honkongSi e.i. 160-ze meti qveynidan erTma miiRo
Волж. кн. изд-во, 1996. mTeli investiciebis 2/5, xolo darCenili qveynebidan 6-Si kapitaldabandebebi aSkarad
gaxorcielda ZiriTadad maT saTbobis mompovebel seqtorSi.
mosaxleobis zrdis udidesi nawili am periodSi movida ganviTarebad qveynebze, ris
Sedegadac maTi wili msoflio mosaxleobaSi gaizarda 67.7%-dan 1950 w. 80.7%-mde 2000 w.
mTlianad am qveynebSi mosaxleoba 2.9-jer gaizarda, kerZod, pakistansa da nigeriaSi 3.9-
jer, meqsikaSi 3.6-jer da a.S.

8 yvelaze did ganviTarebad qveynebSi (CineTi, indoeTi, indonezia, brazilia,

bangladeSi, pakistani, nigeria, meqsika) msoflios mosaxleobis 52% cxovrobs (47% 1950 w.),
m.S. or yvelaze didSi — CineTsa da indoeTSi — 38%.

TavisTavad mosaxleobis raodenobis aseTi zrda arafer aratipurs ar warmoadgens —

daaxloebiT aseTive etapi gaiares dRevandelma ganviTarebulma qveynebma samrewvelo
revoluciis dawyebis Semdeg. maSin es procesi socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
obieqturi faqtorebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, Tan sdevda maT, dedamiwis mosaxleobis

88 65
 cxrili 3.1 pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis ganawileba rCeuli qveynebis reJimi mravali wlis manZilze xels uwyobda qveyanaSi fundamentalisturi,
mixedviT, milion aSS dolarebSi, 2004 w. antidasavluri islamuri Sexedulebebis propagandas (m.S. formaluri
saganmanaTleblo sistemis farglebSi). is agreTve didZal Tanxebs abandebda aseTi
1985-1995 (saSualo wliuri) 2001 2002 2003 2004 ideebis propagandaSi qveynis gareT. faqtiurad saudelebi mizandasaxulad axdendnen
eqstremistuli islamuri Sexedulebebisa da teroristuli azrovnebis inkubacias
msoflio 182438 825925 716128 632599 648146 msoflios sakmaod did nawilSi, m.S. wamyvan dasavlur qveynebSi.
2. avRaneTSi 1979 wlis sabWoTa agresiis Semdeg aSS-ma didZali finansebi daabanda
ganviTarebadi qveynebi, m.S. 49868 217845 155528 166337 233227 adgilobriv winaaRmdegobis moZraobaSi, gauwia mas msxvilmasStabiani teqnikuri
1. CineTi 11715 46878 52743 53505 60630 daxmareba. am daxmarebis sakmaod didi nawili xvdeboda adgilobrivi musulmani
eqstremistebis xelSi, romelTac aSS aranakleb sZuldaT, vidre ssrk. aSS-s
2. honkongi 4093 23777 9682 13627 34035
maSindelma umaRlesma politikurma xelmZRvanelobam (piradad prezidentma reiganma)
3. singapuri 4529 14122 5822 9331 16060 amaze Tvali daxuWa moklevadiani pilitikuri interesebidan gamomdinare. Sedegad
4. taivani 1009 4109 1445 453 1898 amas mohyva igive alqaedas Seqmna e.w. “avRaneli arabebis” saZmos safuZvelze. am
procesSi udidesi roli iTamaSa, agreTve, saudis arabeTis sagareo dazvervam princ
5. samxreTi korea 697 3692 2975 3785 7687 Turqi alfaisalis xelmZRvanelobiT da pakistanis uwyebaTaSoriso dazvervam,
6. malaizia 2 994 554 3 203 2 473 4 624 romelsac generali hamid guli meTaurobda. maSinve am pakistanulma uwyebam Seqmna da
7. tailandi 1 428 886 947 1 952 1 064 mogvianebiT avRaneTis saTaveSi moiyvana Talibanis moZraoba.
3. dasavleT evropis qveynebis mTavrobebma ar moindomes an ver moaxerxes daaxloebiT
8. indonezia 1 364 -2 978 145 -597 1 023 1960-iani wlebidan regionSi Casaxlebuli milionobiT musulmanis asimilacia,
9. indoeTi 452 3 403 3 449 4 269 5 335 Sesabamisi qveynebis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ZiriTad nakadSi maTi CarTva.156 maTi
udidesi umetesoba gariyuli aRmoCnda, xolo ukve evropaSi dabadebuli
10. azerbaijani 176 227 1 392 3 285 4 769
axalgazrdebis sakmaod did nawils damcirebulebis, Seuracxyofilebis mdgradi
11. ruseTi 207 792 693 1 424 1 715 sindromi gauCnda. aseTi adamianebi advilad xvdebian fundamentalisturi islamuri
12. yazaxeTi 749 2 835 2 590 2 088 4 269 propagandis gavlenis qveS, xdebian radikaluri ideebis matareblebi da aqtiuri
propagandistebi, teroristuli jgufebis organizatorebi da boevikebi. isini
13. saudis arabeTi -201 504 453 778 1 868 arseboben fundamentalisturi propagandis sivrceSi. maTze mudmiv gavlenas axdenen
14. siria 350 947 1 030 1 084 1 206 mravalricxovan meCeTebSi moRvawe mqadageblebi, romelTa nawili imdenad
15. TurqeTi 522 3 266 1 063 1 753 2 733 radikaluria, rom musulmanur qveynebSic ki devnilebi arian. islamisturi
propagandis meore — eleqtronuli nakadi (interneti, Tanamgzavruli televizia)
16. angola 208 2 146 1 672 3 505 2 048 sayovelTao aRiarebiT, agreTve, imdenad efeqturia, rom igiveE aSS-s kontrpropaganda
17. nigeria 1 004 1 277 2 040 2 171 2 127 aSkarad dajabnilia maT mier. Sesabamisad dasavleT evropaSi obieqturad Seqmnilia
radikaluri islamis matareblebis sakmaod mZlavri fena, romlebic iq adre Tu gvian
18. meqsika 4 532 27 635 15 129 11 373 16 602
saerTaSoriso teroris mexuTe kolonis rols Seasruleben.
19. venesuela 617 3 683 782 2 659 1 518 amave dros, TavisTavad saerTaSoriso [islamur] terorizms ar SeuZlia globaluri
20. peru 611 1 144 2 156 1 335 1 816 politikuri urTierTobebis ganpirobeba. Tumca, rasakvirvelia, is SeiZleba uqmnides
zogierTi qveynis saxelmwifo uSiSroebas taqtikur, xolo potenciurad, momavalSi,
21. brazilia 1 757 22 457 16 590 10 144 18 166 strategiul safrTxesac.
22. argentina 2 196 2 166 2 149 1 887 4 257 terorizmis realuri gavlena globalizaciis procesebze didwiladaa damokidebuli im
23. Cile 1 081 4 200 2 550 4 385 7 603 konkretuli globaluri Tu regionaluri moTamaSeebis (ZiriTadad saxelmwifoebis)
qmedebaze, romelTac SeswevT unari moaxdinon am procesis gamoyeneba (zogjer marTva)
sakuTar interesebSi, moklevadiani politikuri mogebis misaRwevad.
wyaro: UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT es kvlavindeburad amerikis SeerTebul Statebs exeba, radganac 9/11-s movlenebis
Division on Investment, Technology and Enterprise Development Semdeg “terorTan globaluri omi” gaxda maTi globaluri politikuri aqtiurobis erT-
World Investment Report 2005 erTi ZiriTadi amosavali principi. am omis farglebSi aSS-ma gadadga mTeli rigi
http://www.unctad.org/wir nabijebisa, romelTa mokle, da gansakuTrebiT, saSualo da grZelvadianma Sedegebma
http://www.unctad.org/fdistatistics SesaZlebelia globaluri masStabis cvlilebebi gamoiwvios (rogorc minimum es erayis
okupaciis Sedegebs exeba).
es cxrili agreTve migvaniSnebs erT friad sayuradRebo faqts. igive 1970-ian wlebSi amave dros, terorizmis globalur moTamaSed gadaqcevis TvalsazrisiT, principulad
ori socialur-ekonomikuri sistemis mZlavri konkurenciis pirobebSi wamyvani globaluri naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs, ra konkretuli nabijebi gadadga aSS-m maTTan brZolis sababiT,
kompaniebi iZulebulebi iyvnen ebrZolaT ganviTarebadi qveynebis bazrebisaTvis am anda ra konkretuli Sedegebi moitanes am nabijebma. is, rom wamyvanma globalurma
qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi uSualo Zalismieri Carevis doneze. ase magaliTad, 1973 wels moTamaSem saerTaSoriso terorizmi mis mTavar globalur mowinaaRmdeged gamoacxada,
CileSi saxelmwifo gadatrialebis ukan aSkarad idga udidesi amerikuli satelefono avtomaturad aamaRla terorizmis statusi globaluri moTamaSis donemde.
kompania AT&T, romlis interesebsac prezident salvador aliendes memarcxene aqedan gamomdinare, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teraqtis organizatorebma strategiul
xelisufleba emuqreboda. dRes moTxovnileba ganviTarebadi qveynebis mxridan pirdapir mizans miaRwies — islamuri fundamentalisturi moZraoba gadaiqca globaluri masStabis
ucxour investiciebze aSkarad sWarbobs maT SemoTavazebas. amitom globalur kompaniebs movlenad, xolo misi Tanmxlebi terorizmi — globalur moTamaSed.
aqvs saSualeba airCion maTTvis maqsimalurad momgebiani pirobebi da moaxdinon teroristebma agreTve, (Tugind uneblied) gadaWres fundamentalistebisaTvis friad
investiciebis gadanawileba sxva mimarTulebiT, rogorc ki am pirobebis gauaresebis mniSvnelovani damatebiTi strategiuli amocana — Caabes gareSe Zalebi (minimum aSS da misi
odnavi miniSneba xdeba. igive CineTSi jer kidev 2004 wels daiwyo laparaki imis Taobaze, is mokavSireebi, romlebic erayis okupaciaSi monawileoben) Sida-islamur sistemur
rom adgilobrivi muSaxeli zedmetad momTxovni da Zvirad Rirebuli gaxda, da saWiroa krizisSi, gadaaqcies isini am krizisis Tanmxlebi procesebis aqtiur monawileebad
rigi warmoebebis gadatana vietnamSi. Sesabamisad, SedarebiT Semcirda ganviTarebadi (SesaZlebelia mZevlebadac).
qveynebis SesaZleblobebi daicvan Tavisi interesebi globalur kapitalTan es sruliad sawinaaRmdegoa imisa, rasac es Zalebi aseT situaciaSi unda akeTebdnen.
66 87
terorizmi iqneba msoflios politikuri peizaJis ganuyofeli nawili Tvalsawier
momavalSi.
islamis, rogorc religiis, da masze dafuZnebuli civilizaciis gardaqmna, warmoadgens
erT-erT uiSviaTes gamonakliss, rodesac SeiZleba damajereblad iTqvas, rom is uSualod
gamowveulia globalizaciuri procesebiT. Tumca saqme gvaqvs e.w. globalizaciis
gauTvaliswinebel SedegebTan. Tu is yvelaze arasasurveli, sisxliani scenariT
ganviTarda, arsebobs Sansi imisa, rom man globalizaciis procesebi ukan Seabrunos;
faqtiurad iTamaSos igive roli, rac pirvelma msoflio omma iTamaSa pirveli
globalizaciis mimarT.
es procesi spontanuria da naklebad aris damokidebuli im adamianebis neba-survilze,
romlebic masSi uSualod arian CaTreulebi, an visac es uSualod exeba islamuri samyaros
gareT. misi gamovlena avtomaturad xdeba nebismier adgilas, sadac ki arsebobs islamuri
da nebismieri sxva faseulobebis sistemebs Soris winaaRmdegobis winapirobebi (realuri
Tu moCvenebiTi).
aucilebeli ar aris es faseulobaTa sistemebi qristianuli iyos — friad daZabuli da
konfliqturia urTierToba musulmanebsa da induistebs Soris igive indoeTSi.
konfliqturia urTierToba ,radikaluri islamis mimdevrebsa da umetesoba musulmanuri
qveynebis saero mTavrobebs Soris, islamis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebis mimdevrebs Soris.
is, rac dRes warmodgenilia rogorc [islamuri] saerTaSoriso terorizmi (ZiriTadad
ganviTarebuli qveynebis mTavrobebisa da masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis mier),
mxolod SedarebiT mcire, Tumca friad gaxmaurebuli nawilia im ganuwyveteli
winaaRmdegobis, rac xdeba TviT musulmanur samyaroSi am religiis sxvadasxva
mimarTulebis mimdevrebs, fundamentalistebsa da zomier musulmanebs Soris.
sruliad ar aris aucilebeli islamur terorizms saorganizacio centri, Tu centrebi
gaaCndes. is aRmocendeba yvelgan, sadac ki arseboben daCagrulebi musulmanebi (an iseTebi,
vinc Tavis Tavs daCagrulebad miiCneven), miT umetes, Tu aqve arseboben politikosebi,
visac maTi marTva SeuZliaT sakuTari merkantiluri miznebis misaRwevad. amitomacaa, rom
zogierTi specialisti islamur terorizmTan brZolas amebis mokvlis mcdelobas adarebs.
am arsebas Tavi saerTod ar gaaCnia da ramden nawiladac ar unda daWra is, yoveli
calkeuli nawili sakuTari cxovrebiT iwyebs cxovrebas.
londonSi 2005 wlis ivnisSi moxda teroristuli aqtebi, romlebSic 52 adamiani daiRupa.
iq oTxma axalgazrda ingliselma musulmanma eqstremistuli islamisturi propagandis
gavleniT CaTvales Tavi valdebulad SebrZolebodnen urjuloebs. romelime islamur
dajgufebasTan yovelgvari kavSiris gareSe, internetidan mopovebuli informaciis
safuZvelze maT gaakeTes asafeTqebeli mowyobilobebi, dagegmes da moawyes teraqti.
yvelaferi es sul 500 girvanqa sterlingi dajda. saiteresoa, rom daaxloebiT imave dros
aseTive teroristuli aqtebis mowyobas apirebda axalgazrdebis meore jgufic,
romlebmac Tavis mizans ver miaRwies rogorc Cans imis gamo, rom maT mier igive internetSi
mopovebuli informacia asafeTwebeli mowyobilobebis damzadebis Taobaze naklebad
sando gamodga.
pirveli zari, romelic islamTan dakavSirebuli [globaluri] krizisis dawyebas
moaswavebda, gaisma 1979 wels iranSi. maSin aravin mixvda, Tu ram gamoiwvia radikaluri
islamuri revolucia, Tumca misi forma, intensivoba da Sinaarsi aSkarad ar Seesabameboda
im obieqturad arsebul daZabulobas, romelic Seqmna am qveyanaSi Sahis reJimma. mohamed
reza fexlevi, nebismieri TvalsazrisiT, sakmaod rbili mmarTveli iyo, xolo qveynis
modernizaciis miseuli mcdeloba — sakmaod mokrZalebuli.
es faqti Tavis droze Sesabamisad Sefasebuli ar iyo da iranis gakveTilebidan swori
daskvnebi ar iyo gakeTebuli. amas win uswrebda, Tu daemTxva, minimum sami sxvadasxva
masStabis procesi, romlebmac saboloo jamSi moitanes saerTaSoriso terorizmis iseTi
saxiT Camoyalibeba, romliTac is dRes arsebobs:
1. saudis arabeTi, romelsac gaaCnia msoflioSi udidesi navTobis rezervebi, amave dros
xasiaTdeba dedamiwaze erT-erTi yvelaze arqauli, arademokratiuli da represiuli
mmarTveli reJimiT. im mizniT, rom ucvlelad SeenarCunebina qveyanaSi arsebuli
mmaTvelobis da, upirvelesad yovlisa, navTobis Semosavlebis ganawilebis sistema,
gadaetana sakuTari mosaxleobis yuradReba amasTan dakavSirebul problemebidan, es
86
urTierTobaSi.
3.4. zemoT aRwerili procesis paralelurad xdeba ganviTarebadi qveynebis globalur
ekonomikaSi integraciis procesis marTvis mcdeloba, e.w. globaluri ganviTarebis
politikis farglebSi. rasakvirvelia, Znelia warmovidginoT romeliRaca qveynis
mTavrobis analogi globalur dozene, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli maregulirebeli da
sagadasaxado ZalauflebiT. magram globaluri ekonomikuri kontroli raRaca saxiT
maincaa saWiro, Tugind imisaTvis, rom Seamciros msoflio bazris “Cavardnis” riskebi da
RaribebisaTvis mainc Seqmnas moqmedebis ufro Tanabari pirobebi, vidre maT dRes gaaCniaT.
gansxvavebiT pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebisagan, romelTac kerZo kapitali
axorcielebs, es procesi mTlianad wamyvani ganviTarebuli qveynebis mTavrobebis uSualo
Tu gasaSualebuli kontrolis qveS mimdinareobs da msoflio politikis globalizaciis
procesis ganuyofel (SesaZlebelia wamyvan) nawils warmoadgens.
dRes aseTi maregulirebeli meqanizmebis rols TamaSobs msoflios ori wamyvani
finansuri instituti — saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da rekonstruqciisa da
ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso banki, ufro cnobili rogorc msoflio banki. maTze
mniSvnelovan wiladaa damokidebuli ganviTarebad qveynebSi mimdinare globaluri
integraciisa da sabazro reformebis umetesoba.
orive es dawesebuleba Seiqmna meore msoflio omis Semdeg rogorc urTierTdaxmarebis
meqanizmebi, romelTa gamoyenebac SeeZlo nebismier wevr qveyanas omis Semdgomi
rekonstruqciis procesSi. dResdReobiT isini emsaxurebian mxolod ganviTarebad da
gardamavali ekonomikis (yofil socialistur) qveynebs, magram rac dro gadis, maTi
qmedebis kanonierebisa da efeqturobis sakiTxi sul ufro met kiTxvas badebs.
mTavari braldeba, romelsac am organizaciebs uyeneben, isaa, rom isini zedmetad
erevian msesxebeli qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi da zedmet Zalauflebas floben,
gansakuTrebiT SedarebiT patara qveynebTan mimarTebaSi.121 upirvelesad es exeba im
pirobebis raodenobasa da moculobas, romelsac es organizaciebi uyeneben ama Tu im
qveyanas sesxebis gacemis dros.
Tu 1980-ian wlebSi aseTi pirobebis raodenoba daaxloebiT 6-dan 10-mde meryeobda, 1990-
iani wlebidan moyolebuli is 25-mde gaizarda. Sesabamisaad gaizarda saxelmwifo marTvis
im sferoebis raodenobac, romelTa gardaqmnas, gaZlirebas Tu ganaxlebas moiTxoven es
organizaciebi. Sedegad Zalian xSirad xdeba ama Tu im qveynisaTvis iseTi reformebis Tavze
moxveva, romlebic politikurad naklebad “mdgradia” da Sesabamisad araefeqturi.
orive organizacia Tavis qmedebiT mTlianad damokidebulia anglosaqsonur
neoliberalur ekonomikur ideebze da aZalebs ganviTarebad qveynebs gaataron Sesabamisi
ekonomikuri politika, miuxedavad imisa, imuSavebs Tu ara is micemuli qveynis konteqstSi.
es situacia, agreTve, ukavSirdeba im faqts, rom arsebobs friad SezRuduli nakrebi im
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis modelebisa, romlebic maT SeuZliaT sesxebis mimReb qveynebs
SesTavazon. msoflio bankma Tavis droze aseTi modelebis raodenoba saerTod xuTamde
daiyvana, im dros, rodesac naklebad gasagebia, romelma strategiam Tu politikam
SesaZloa principulad uzRunvelyos ama Tu im qveynis warmatebuli ganviTareba. garda
amisa, miukerZoebel damkvirvebels xSirad rCeba warmodgena, rom es organizaciebi Tavze
axveven maTi daxmarebis mimReb qveynebs ganviTarebis variantebsa Tu konkretul
meqanizmebs, romlebic cudad muSaoben TviT maTi SemuSavebis adgilebSi ganviTarebul
qveynebSi, anda es qveynebi maT realizaciaze saerTod uars amboben.
arc erTi es organizacia ar aris neitraluri, miukerZoebeli, miT umetes, apolitikuri.
saboloo jamSi orive emsaxureba im qveynebis interesebs, romlebic ZiriTadad afinanseben
maT saqmianobas e.i. SeerTebuli Statebisa da dasavleTi evropis. yvelafers Tavi rom
davaneboT, msoflio bankis xelmZRvaneli mxolod aSS-s moqalaqe SeiZleba iyos, xolo
savaluto fondis — evropeli. Tavis droze msoflio bankis xelmZRvanelad avstralieli
jeims vulfersoni rom daeniSnaT, saWiro gaxda misTvis saswrafod aSS-s moqalaqeobis
miniWeba.
“erT mSvenier dRes marsis mcxovreblebi rom estumron dedamiwas, isini, albaT mivlen
im daskvnamde, rom Cven giJebi varT. Cven vxarjavT 900 miliard amerikul dolars
Tavdacvaze da 268 miliards sxvadasxva saxis sasoflo-sameurneo subsidiebze. amave dros,
ganviTarebis daxmareba mxolod 68 miliards aRwevs. Cven gvWirdeba daaxloebiT 30 dolari
erT bavSvze wliurad imisaTvis, rom mivceT ganaTleba yvela im bavSvs, romlebic dRes
skolaSi ar dadian. magram fuli ar aris. amis nacvlad Cven yovelwliurad gamovyofT 150
dolars erT adamianze Tavdacvis xarjebis saxiT”.
msoflio bankis prezidenti jeims vulfersoni. 28 oqtomberi, 2004 weli.122
67
 Sedegad, arsebobs farTod gavrcelebuli warmodgena imis Taobaze, rom orive es
organizacia, daxmarebis nacvlad, realurad msesxebel qveynebs zians ayenebs, magaliTad
iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac aZalebs privatizaciis programebis gatarebas, romlebic
saboloo jamSi amdidreben erT muWa yaCaRebs, anda atarebinebs kapitalebis bazris
liberalizacias iqamde, sanam maTi finansuri seqtori daiwyebdes efeqturad
funqcionirebas.123
aseTi zianis momtani politikis tipur magaliTad SesaZlebelia moviyvanoT igive
bolivia, sadac aSS da saerTaSoriso finansuri institutebis dawolis Sedegad 1990-ian
wlebSi gatarda yovlismomcveli neoliberaluri reformebi. qveyanaSi privatizebuli iqna
praqtikulad yvela met-naklebad faseuli aqtivi, m.S. mTlianad gazisa da navTobis, samTo-
mompovebeli, energetikuli, satransporo da sakomunikacio seqtorebi. Sedegi —
mosaxleobis masobrivi gaRatakeba, qveynidan kapitalis masobrivi gadineba. qveynis
saSualo klasi misi mosaxleobis 27%-dan 7%-mde daeca. bolivia gadaiqca samxreTi
amerikis uRaribes qveyanad da es maSin, rodesac mas ekuTvnis kontinentis gazis sididiT
meore maragi, kalis pirveli, xolo cinkis — mesame. 2003 wlis TebervalSi qveyanaSi daiwyo
is, rasac iq “muSur-glexur revolucias” uwodeben. am moZraobis yvelaze cnobili
punqtebi iyo — gazis mrewvelobis nacionalizacia imisaTvis, rom misi Semosavlebi
gadanawildes mosaxleobis Raribi da saSualo fenebis sasargeblod da aSS-s mier
iniciirebuli programis — “bananebi kokis magivrad” daxurva. kokis, narkotikuri
nivTierebis kokainis nedleulis, moyvana uzrunvelyofs adgilobrivi glexuri
meurneobis minimalur Semosavals mainc, maSin rodesac xilisa da bostneulis warmoeba
uzrunvelyofs saarsebo minimumis mxolod 10-20%-s. pirveli 1200 glexuri ojaxi,
romelmac miiRo monawileoba am programaSi, ubralod gadaSenda da yvela danarCens auwya,
Tu ra elodebodaT tradiciul kulturaze xelis aRebis SemTxvevaSi.
ori wlis areulobis Semdeg, 2005 wlis dekemberSi, sayovelTao arCevnebis Sedegad
qveyanis saTaveSi movida memarcxene prezidenti, romelmac Riad gamoacxada kursi
ekonomikis nacionalizaciasa da kokis warmoebis legalizaciaze. amasTan dakavSirebiT
yuradsaRebia is garemoeba, rom 21-e saukunis dasawyisidan laTinuri amerika sagrZnoblad
memarcxene gaxda. boliviamde memarcxene reJimebi movidnen saTaveSi venesuelaSi,
braziliaSi, argentinaSi, urugvaiSi. boliviis analogiurma masobrivma moZraobam daamxo
neoliberaluri reJimi ekvadorSi. yvela am SemTxvevaSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
imedgacrueba saerTaSoriso finansuri institutebis mier marTuli neoliberaluri
ekonomikuri reformebiT gamarcxenebis procesis erT-erTi wamyvani, Tu ara gadamwyveti
faqtori iyo.
amave dros, orive organizacia saocar ususurobas iCens im qveynebTan mimarTebaSi,
romlebic ver arsuleben sesxis pirobebs. aseTi SemTxvebi uamravia da yovelTvis xdeba
xelSekrulebis pirobebis gadaxedva da Tanxebis Caricxvis gagrZeleba. es gansakuTrebiT
exeba uRaribes qveynebs, romelTac didZali vali aqvT dagrovebuli — maT ubralod
isevdaisev aZleven sesxs, miuxedavad imisa, rogor asruleben isini xelSekrulebis
pirobebs.
2006 wlis martSi msoflio banki principulad daTanxmda Camoewera 37 miliardi aSS
dolaris odenobis vali romelic misTvis msoflios 17 uRaribes qveyanas mmarTebda. es
qveynebia — benini, bolivia, burkina faso, eTiopia, gana, gaiana, hondurasi, madagaskari,
mozambiki, nikaragua, nigeri, mali, ruanda, senegali, tanzania, uganda da zambia.124
rasakvirvelia, ama Tu im qveyanam SeiZleba ver Seasrulos xelSekruleba imis gamo, rom
misi funqcionirebis pirobebi Seicvala anda imitom, rom mTavrobaSi sxvadasxva fraqciebia
warmodgenili da “reformatorebi” SesaZloa marTvas CamoaSoron. magram, rogorc sCans,
ZiriTadad adgili aqvs Tavisebur “TamaSs” msesxebel mTavrobasa da donorebs Soris,
rodesac orive mxarem Tavidanve icis, rom daTqmuli pirobebi ar Sesruldeba, magram
ixtibars ar itexen da Tavi ise moaqvT, viTom yvelaferi Tavisi gziT midis.
faqtiurad, bevri qveynis korumpirebul mTavrobebs awyobT am institutebTan aseTi
tipis urTierToba — rac metia da Seusrulebelia sesxis is pirobebi, romlebzec isini
Tanxmdebian, miT metia maTi SesaZlebloba am sababiT, ise gadaanawilos resursebi, rom maTi
gamoyenebis efeqturoba Semcirdes sazogadoebisaTvis, magram gaizardos mTavrobis
wevrebis piradi gamorCenis TvalsazrisiT.
68
masze agebuli civilizaciis sistemur krizisTan, romlis erT-erTi, Tanac ara mTavari
gamoxatuleba, terorizmia. sayuradReboa, rom islami, igive qristianobisagan
gansxvavebiT, ufro guldasmiT akontrolebs misi mimdevrebis socialur cxovrebas
dawyebuli ojaxidan, damTavrebuli mTlianad sazogadoebiT. Tavis droze aman
mniSvnelovani da dadebiTi roli iTamaSa Tanamedrove islamuri civilizaciis
CamoyalibebaSi.
islamis sistemuri krizisi daemTxva musulmanur qveynebSi demografiul afeTqebas,
tradiciuli agraruli sazogadoebis moSlas, mosaxleobis masobriv migracias qalaqad, am
masebis mier moqmedebis tradiciuli orientirebis dakargvas, mis marginalizaciasa da
lumpenizacias. tradiciuli islami im uamrav problemas, romelsac es xalxi gadaeyara,
damajerebel pasuxs ver scems. amitom mis adgils ikavebs fundamentalizmi rogorc im
adamianebis guldaujeroblobis gamoxatva, romlebmac religiis dakargva daiwyes.153
fundamentalizmi erTaderTi ideologiaa, romlis aRqmac am lumpenebs SeuZliaT,
radganac is iZleva advilad aRsaqmel pasuxebs rTul kiTxvebze.154 ras eubneba islamuri
fundamentalizmi Tavis mimdevrebs? — gavyaroT urjuloebi, CamovagdoT dasavleTis
laqia xelisuflebi, CavacvaT qalebs hijabi, davsvaT saxlSi — aCinon bavSvebi, gaviyoT
navTobis fuli; Cven, namdvilma musulmanebma, vmarToT Cveni qveynebi da yvelaferi kargad
iqneba. amas tradiciulad emateba konteqstidan amoglejili ramdenime gamoTqma
yuranidan. esaa da es. magram dabneuli, marginalizirebuli, xSirad gaunaTlebeli
adamianisaTvis es sakmarisia. igive bolSevikebma Tavisi mimdevrebi (ZiriTadad aseTive
lumpenebi) aseTive donis demagogiiT aiyolies.
problema isaa, rom meSvide saukunis Semdeg, rodesac islami daarsda, misi reformireba
ar momxdara. amis Sedegad mravalricxovani qveynebi, sadac islami oficialuri religiaa,
da misi aseul milionobiT mimdevari, xSirad cdiloben yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi sityva-
sityviT mibaZon imas, rac yuranSi Caiwera 14 saukunis win. yuranis im mcnebaTa didi
umetesoba, romlebic aregulirebs musulmanis yoveldRiur cxovrebas, e.w. ganviTarebul
msoflios mainc barbarosulad miaCnia. magaliTad, xelis mtevnis mokveTa qurdobisaTvis
an sajarod qvebiT Caqolva ojaxuri RalatisaTvis, an sajarod Tavis mokveTa da Aa.S. bolos
da bolos, islami arTmevs adamianis statuss da gamoTiSavs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebidan
mosaxleobis naxevars — qalebs.155
dRevandel globalizebul msoflioSi meSvide saukunis adaTebiT cxovrebis mcdeloba
ubralod ar aZlevs islamur qveynebs modernizaciis saSualebas — gansakuTrebiT
socialur da kulturul sferoebSi, Tavi rom davaneboT ekonomikas. faqtiurad arsebobs
orad-ori gamonaklisi SedarebiT warmatebuli modernizaciisa islamur samyaroSi —
TurqeTi da malaizia. TiTqmis yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi islamuri saxelmwifoebi sakmaod
Sors CamorCebian Tavis mezoblebs globalur konkurenciaSi.
dRes islami dgas gardauvali reformebis winaSe, raTa warmatebiT Seagebos Tavisi
mrevli globalizaciis epoqis gamowvevebs. TavisTavad amaSi araferi arnaxuli an
miuRwevadi ar aris. igive procesi gaiara qristianobam reformaciis procesSi. gansxvaveba
isaa, rom qristianuli (am SemTxvevaSi protestantul-qristianuli) reforma gamowveuli
iyo maSindeli sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis Sinagani logikiT. islamis SemTxvevaSi, man
unda ganicados reforma, raTa Seewyos TamaSis wesebs, romlebic misma konkurentma
religiebma — qristianobam da iudaizmma daaweses, an dajabnos isini, Tu SesZlebs. amasTan
erTad qristianobas SeeZlo daeTmo reformisaTvis imdeni dro, ramdenic sWirdeboda,
islams es dro ubralod ar gaaCnia.
zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, saqme gvaqvs srulfasovan civilizaciaTa konfliqtTan,
romelSic islamuri mxare iZulebiT aqtiuri moTamaSis rolSi gamodis. es ki ukve
TavisTavad globaluri masStabis da potenciurad SesaZlebelia globalizaciuri
movlenaa.
is, rom islamuri samyaros reaqcia am gardauval cvlilebebze, pirvel rigSi, masobrivi
fanatizmisa da terorizmis saxiT gamoixateba, gasakviri ar aris. es sistemis TavdacviTi
meqanizmis amoqmedebis konkretuli gamovlinebaa. bolos da bolos kaTolikur evropaSi
reformis wina krizisi masobriv religiur isteriebsa da saRvTo inkviziciis SeqmnaSi
gamoixata.
damatebiTi problema isaa, rom qristianuli reformacia uaRresad sisxliani iyo.
danakargi, romelic ganicada evropam religiuri omebis dros, procentulad bevrad
aRemateba imas, rac man msoflio omebis dros ganicada. Tu islamuri reformacia (is
gardauvalia da faqtiurad ukve midis) daaxloebiT igive scenariT ganviTarda, islamuri
85
Semdeg. sinamdvileSi es ar iyo arc pirveli teroristuli aqti, ganxorcielebuli aSS-s
teritoriaze islamistebis mier, arc pirveli mizanmimarTuli aqti uSualod amerikuli
interesebis winaaRmdeg msoflioSi.
amerikelebma sakmaod bevri gaakeTes imisaTvis, rom gamoewviaT eqstremisti
islamistebis siZulvili. mxolod is, rom aSS aTwleulebis manZilze faqtiurad gamodis
israelis usafrTxoebisa da arsebobis garantad, iyo iranis Sahis reJimis yvelaze aqtiuri
mokavSire, daafuZna samxedro bazebi arabuli qveynebis teritoriaze, sakmaris sababs
iZleoda imisaTvis, rom eqstremistebs maT winaaRmdeg emoqmedaT.
n. fergusonis azriT, teroristebis Semobruneba amerikis, rogorc maTi aqtiurobis
obieqtisaken, moxda 1983 wlis aprilSi, rodesac ganxorcielda Tavdasxma aSS-is saelCoze
beiruTSi (libani) — msxverpli 63 adamiani.148 am teroristul aqts mohyva amerikeli
sazRvao fexosnebis yazarmebis afeTqeba imave wels iqve beiruTSi (241 daRupuli). amis
Semdgomi mxolod msxvili teroristuli aqtebi amerikelebis winaaRmdeg moiTvlis — igive
msoflio savaWro centris afeTqebas 1993 wels, yazarmebis afeTqebas saudis arabeTSi 1996
wels, aSS-is saelCoebze Tavdasxmebs keniasa da tanzaniaSi 1998 wels da bolos — Tavdasxmas
saeskadro naRmosan “koulze” adenSi (iemeni) 2000 wels.
sakvirveli am situaciaSi aris ara is, rom 9/11-s saerTod moxda, aramed is, rom aSS
administracia faqtiurad ar reagirebda maTi interesebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul yvela
zemoT CamoTvlil teroristul aqtze. isic ki, rom teroristebs advilad SeeZloT
samgzavro TviTmfrinavis iaraRad gamoyeneba, mravali wlis win mxatvrul literaturaSi
iyo aRwerili.149 sakvirvelia, agreTve, rom amerikis specsamsaxurebs saerTod gamorCaT am
teroristuli aqtis momzadeba, Tumca axalgazrda saudelebi, romlebic SeerTebul
StatebSi safren skolebSi reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavis mxolod uSualod frenis dros
marTvas swavlobdnen, magram ara mis daSvebas, aSkarad maTi TvalTaxedvis areSi unda
moxvedriliyvnen.
garda amisa, amerikelebi, da maTi mibaZviT mTeli msoflio, saerTaSoriso terorizmis
organizaciasa da ganxorcielebas abraleben e.w. alqaedas teroristul dajgufebas,
romelsac xelmZRvanelobs usama bin ladeni Tavisi samalavidan avRaneT-pakistanis
sazRvarze. Sesabamisad isini am tipis terorizmTan brZolas udgebian standartuli,
mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi nacadi meTodebiT.150
sinamdvileSi saxeli alqaeda moigona aSS-s gamoZiebis federalurma biurom 1998 wels
aRmosavleT afrikaSi amerikis saelCoebis afeTqebis mokvlevis procesSi. man is Searqva
teroristebis sakmaod sustad organizebul jgufs, romlebic usama bin ladenis garSemo
ikribebodnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom raRaca saxiT es organizacia mainc Sedga, is arasodes
ar yofila saerTaSoriso teroristuli qseli, rogorc es sazogadod aris miCneuli.
principSi, is ufro Soulobda dafinansebas mravalricxovani ukve arsebuli,
damoukidebeli teroristuli organizaciebisaTvis, amyarebda kontaqtebs maT Soris,
uwevda konsultaciebs da a.S.151
aSS-s mier avRaneTSi Catarebulma kontrteroristulma operaciebma principSi Ziri
gamouTxara alqaedas iqaur struqturebs, magram saerTaSoriso islamuri teroristuli
moZraoba mas Semdeg ara mxolod ar Cacxra, piriqiT, bevrad ufro aqtiuri gaxda. aq
faqtiurad saqme gvaqvs radikalur saerTaSoriso ideologiasTan, romelsac iziareben
mravalricxovani organizaciebi da pirovnebebi islamur samyaroSi (gansakuTrebiT arabul
qveynebSi). isini naklebad arian dakavSirebuli bin ladenTan, magram iziareben mis ideebsa
da brZolis meTodebs. israelis dazverva maT amitom “saerTaSoriso jihads” uwodebs
alqaedas nacvlad.152
yvelaze problemuri am teroristul moZraobasTan mimarTebaSi isaa, rom misi arsebobis
mizezebi sakmaod arasworadaa gaazrebuli, rogorc samTavrobo, ise eqspertebis doneze.
iTleba, rom islamistebi ZiriTadad cdiloben moigerion dasavleTis is agresia, romelic
daiwyo jer kidev jvarosnuli laSqrobebisa da kolonializmis dros da romelic
mimarTulia islamis danawevrebisa da damcirebisken.
aseTi midgoma sakmaod amartivebs situacias da damajereblad ver xsnis imas, ratom
swiravs aTasobiT adamiani Tavs yoveldRiur daundobel brZolaSi. sionistebis, amerikeli
imperialistebisa Tu mTlianad antiislamuri dasavleTisadmi siZulvili ar warmoadgens
sakmaris motivacias im winaaRmdegobisa, romelsac ganviTarebuli msoflio islamur
samyaroSi gadaeyara.
sinamdvile bevrad ufro rTulia. saqme gvaqvs islamis, rogorc religiuri sistemis, da
84
bevri qveynisaTvis zemoT aRwerili tipis urTierTobas friad negatiuri, damatebiTi
Sedegi moaqvs. laparakia procesze, romelic principSi analogiuria cnobili holandiuri
senisa. es “seni” warmoadgens ekonomikur fenomens, dakavSirebuls romelime qveyanaSi didi
raodenobiT iseTi bunebrivi resursis aRmoCenasTan, romelic Zalian fasobs msoflio
bazarze (dRes es gansakuTrebiT navTobi da bunebrivi airia). es ubralod ukargavs aseT
qveyanas ganviTarebis stimuls da msoflios wamyvan ekonomikebSic ki
deindustrializacias iwvevs. aseTi ram daemarTa holandis 1960-ian wlebSi, rodesac iq
didi raodenobiT bunebrivi airi aRmoaCines, iseTive procesi mimdinareobs Cvens Tvalwin
ruseTSi.
Zalian bevri ganviTarebadi, gansakuTrebiT uRaribesi qveynebisaTvis, miT umetes, Tu
maT susti, korumpirebuli mTavrobebi hyavT, ucxouri sesxebi Tu grantebi faqtiurad
igive rols asruleben, rogorc bunebrivi resursebi. ra saWiroa am fulis realurad
Cadeba sabazro ekonomikur gardaqmnebsa da demokratizaciaSi, Tu daxmareba mainc
gagrZeldeba, miuxedavad yvelafrisa. rasakvirvelia, es fuli imaTTan, visTvisac es wesiT
da rigiT gamoiyofa — Rarib mosaxleobasTan, TiTqmis ar midis, samagierod korumpirebul
elitas amdidrebs.
aseTi situacia advilad asaxsnelia orive dawesebulebis funqcionirebis politikuri
motivirebulobis TvalsazrisiT. rasakvirvelia, rogorc msoflio bankisa da savaluto
fondis, aseve wamyvani ganviTarebuli qveynebis xelmZRvanelobas mSvenivrad esmis, rom
iseTi rTuli procesis marTva, rogorc dedamiwis saxelmwifoTa daaxloebiT 5/6-s
mierTebaa im ekonomikur sivrcesTan, romelic darCenilma 1/6-ma Tavisi interesebidan
gamomdinare Seqmna, praqtikulad SeuZlebelia.
maT aseve mSvenivrad esmiT, rom Zalian bevri ganviTarebadi (gansakuTrebiT afrikuli)
saxelmwifoebisaTvis realuri sabazro reformebis gatareba principulad gadauWreli
amocanaa. aq es daaxloebiT iseTive procesis Tanafardia, romelsac cxonebul sabWoTa
kavSirSi uwodebdnen “строительство социализма минуя стадию капиталистического развития”.
formalurad ganviTarebadi ekonomikebis dafinansebis erT-erT mTavar wyaros
warmoadgens e.w. oficialuri ganviTarebis daxmareba. mas gaiRebs msoflios 22 yvelaze
mdidari qveyana, romlebic ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis
ganviTarebis daxmarebis komitetSi arian gaerTianebulebi.125
Tavis maqsimums am daxmarebam etyoba Soreul 1960-65 wlebSi miaRwia, rodesac is donori
qveynebis mTliani Sida Semosavlis (mSS) 0.48%-s aRwevda. miuxedavad imisa, rom jer kidev
1970 wels am qveynebma ikisres valdebuleba aseTi daxmarebis saxiT gamoeyoT maTi mSS
aranaklebi 0.7%-sa, is ganuwyvetliv mcirdeboda. 1990 wels is Seadgenda 0.34%. amis Semdeg,
savaraudod sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT gamowveuli eiforiis fonze, es daxmareba mkveTrad
daeca 0.22%-mde 2001 wels. montereiSi Semdgar ganviTarebis dafinasebisadmi miZRvnil
gaeros konfrenciaze 2002 wels CaiTvala, rom es moculoba arasakmarisia ganviTarebadi
qveynebisadmi efeqturi daxmarebis gasawevad. amitom komitetis wevrebma aiRes
valdebuleba 2006 wlisaTvis daxmarebaze mimarTuli mSS-s wili 0.29%-mde gaezardaT.
2005 wels aseTi daxmarebis saxiT gaica 106.5 miliardi dolari, rac Tavisi absoluturi
moculobiT yvelaze didi daxmarebaa, odesme gacemuli. magram am daxmarebis sakmaod didi
nawili movida erayisa da nigeriis — potenciurad msoflios erT-erTi umdidresi qveynebis
(navTobis xarjze) valebis Camoweraze (erays Camoewera 14 miliardi, xolo nigerias 5
miliardi dolari). amave dros, msoflios 17 uRaribes qveyanas mxolod upirebdnen 37
miliardis Camoweras, Tanac mravalwliani molaparakebis Semdeg. garda amisa damatebiTi
2.2 miliardi dolari gamoiyo 2004 wlis dekembris indoeTis okeanes cunamiT
dazaralebuli qveynebis dasaxmareblad, rac wesiT da rigiT rogorc ganviTarebis
daxmareba saerTod ar unda aRricxuliyo.126
imis gamo, rom es daxmareba politikurad Zlieraa motivirebuli, yvelaze didi
raodenobiT is miemarTa eraySi — 2.3 miliardi dolari, pakistanSi — 2-dan 3 miliardamde da
avRaneTSi — 1.5 miliardi. Zalian didi raodenobiT miemarTeba es daxmareba, agreTve sub-
saharis afrikis qveynebSi, romlebzec 2003 wels misi saerTo moculobis TiTqmis mesamedi
modioda. fulis es raodenoba am regionisaTvis udris misi mTliani kapitalis formirebis
32%-s, maSin rodesac mTlianad ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis is mxolod 4.4%-ia, anda mSp-s
TiTqmis mexuTeds udris. uzarmazari daxmareba miemarTeboda, agreTve, palestinis
avtonomiaSi, romelsac rogorc sCans aseTi daxmarebis gareSe funqcionireba saerTod ar
SeuZlia.
69
 bevri qveyanis mSp-Si oficialuri ucxouri daxmarebis wili imdenad didia, rom raRac
ekonomikur (Tu humanitarul) simaxinjes ufro waagavs. 2003 wels kongos demokratiuli
respublikis mSp-s 95%! formirdeboda daxmarebis xarjze — gasagebia qveyana jer kidev
faqtiurad mravalwliani omis pirobebSi arsebobda, magram mainc.
imave wels msoflios kidev 33 qveyanaSi daxmarebis wili mSp-s 10%-s aRemateboda, m.S.
monRoleTSi, nikaraguaSi, eTiopiaSi, mavritaniasa da ruandaSi daaxloebiT mexuTeds,
palestinis avtonomiaSi 29%-s, aRmosavleT timorSi, eriTreaSi, burundiSi, siera leoneSi
daaxloebiT 2/5.
2005 wels iseTma avtoritetulma globalurma arasamTavrobo organizaciebma,
rogorebicaa Action Aid da Oxfam gamoaqveynes specialuri moxseneba, romelSic
mouwodebdnen politikurad saxelgatexili saerTaSoriso daxmarebis sistemis
reformisaken.127 isini amtkicebdnen, rom saerTaSoriso daxmarebis 40% miemarTeboda
donori qveynebis zedmetad Zvirad Rirebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SesaZenad. aSS da
italia mainc yvelaze xSirad mimarTavdnen fondebis e.w. ukusvlas (round-tripping) da
xarjavdnen gamoyofili Tanxebis aranakleb 70%-sa sakuTar kompaniebsa da
konsultantebze. Sedegad mTlianad msoflioSi Tanxebis mxolod 1/5 aRwevda im
adamianebamde, romelTaTvisac is formalurad iyo gamoyofili. Action Aid-s damoukidebeli
Sefasebis Tanaxmad aSS-sa da safrangeTis SemTxvevaSi daxmarebis 90% “moCvenebiTia”.
mTlianad ki mdidari qveynebi aseTi “moCvenebiTi daxmarebis” formalurad gaRebuli
Tanxidan daqviTvis Semdeg ganviTarebadi qveynebis daxmarebaze xarjavdnen maTi mSS-s
mxolod 0.1%, xolo G-7-s qveynebi mxolod 0.07%-s nacvlad deklarirebuli 0.25%-sa.128
am daxmarebis procedurebi da pirobebi iseTia, rom isini xSirad Zirs uTxrian im mwir
adgilobriv SesaZleblobebsac ki, romlebic daxmarebis mimReb qveynebSi arsebobs anda
saerTaSoriso donorebi Tavis saqmianobaSi saerTod gverds uvlian am qveynebSi arsebul
ganawilebis qselebsa Tu sawarmoo simZlavreebs. aSkaraa, rom donorebs ufro adardebT
sakuTari warmateba da Tavis warmoCena, vidre daxmarebis mimRebi qveynebis realuri
ganviTarebis problemebi.
agreTve, yuraTsaRebia saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis daxmarebis sistemaSi korufciis
problemac. mis seriozulobaze metyvelebs Tugind is faqti, rom 2005 wels aSS-s senatma
miiRo specialuri sakanonmdeblo aqti, romelic mimarTulia saerTaSoriso donor
organizaciebSi korufciis monitoringze. igive azrs iziarebda 2004 wlis bolos
evrogaerTainebis antikorufciuli organizacia OLAF-i, romelic Tavis wliur angariSSi
werda, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis daxmareba gaxda “kompleqsuri da kargad organizebuli
TaRliTobis msxverpli”, rodesac daxmarebisaTvis gamoyofili fondebis didi (calkeul
SemTxvevebSi udidesi) nawili miemarTeba kerZo anda danaSaulebrivi gamorCenisaTvis.129
magaliTisaTvis moyvanilia evrogaerTianebis mier dafinansebuli 50 adgilobrivi wylis
momaragebis sistemis gaumjobesebis proeqti paragvaiSi, sadac fondebis 90% iyo
mimarTuli fondSi, romelsac am proeqtTan araferi saerTo ar gaaCnda.
Sedegad raime mkafiod gamoxatuli urTierTdamokidebuleba ganviTarebis daxmarebis
saxeobasa da moculobas, erTi mxriv, da ama Tu im konkretuli qveynis ganviTarebis
procesis warmatebas Soris Zneli SesamCnevia. bevri specialisti miiCnevs, rom aseTi
damokidebuleba saerTod ar arsebobs. ase rom ar iyos, igive nikaragua Tu palestinis
avtonomia, romlebic erT-erT yvelaze did daxmarebas iReben (rogorc sesxebis, aseve
grantebis saxiT) msoflioSi, yvelaze warmatebul ganviTarebis transferis magaliTebs
unda gviCvenebdnen, im dros rodesac realuri situacia sruliad sawinaaRmdegoa.
palestinis avtonomia saerTod uaRresad korumpirebuli, araqmediTunariani
warmonaqmnia, romlic saxelmwifo meqanizmis funqcionireba mTlianad ucxour
daxmarebazea damokidebuli, xolo nikaragua im 17 uRaribesi qveynis ricxvSia, romlis
valebis Camowerasac msoflio finansuri organizaciebi apireben.
gansakuTrebiT SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis, ganviTarebadi qveynebis daxmareba, ama Tu im
saxiT (uSualod Tu saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebis meSveobiT), ZiriTadad sagareo
politikis gagrZelebaa, mxolod sxva meTodebiT. ramdenad moitans maT mier gacemuli
fuli realur ekonomikur cvlilebas ama Tu im qveyanaSi, principuli mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
mTavaria aseTi qveynebis mmarTveli reJimebi loialurebi iyvnen aSS-s mimarT. es
gansakuTrebiT exeba iseT “sust” qveynebs, romlebic potenciurad SesaZlebelia aSS-s
erovnuli usafrTxoebisaTvis saSiSroebas warmoadgendnen, Tugind imitom, rom maTi
teritoria da resursebi sxvadasxva juris teroristebma SesaZlebelia TavianTi
miznebisaTvis gamoiyenon.130
70
amoiwura.
cnobili ebraeli moRvawe, “niu-iork Taimsis” mimomxilveli Tomas fridmani jer kidev
2002 wels werda — “daSoriSorebis gareSe 2010 wlisaTvis israelsa da okupirebul
teritoriebze icxovrebs meti arabi, vidre ebraeli. aseT pirobebSi israels eqneba sami
arCevani: israelelebi gaakontroleben mTel am teritorias afarTeidis saSualebiT, an
gaakontroleben mas palestinelebis gandevniT, an mianiWeben palestinelebs xmis uflebas,
ris Semdegac ebrauli saxelmwifo aRar iarsebebs. rogorc ar unda ganviTardes movlenebi,
es niSnavs israelis, rogorc ebrauli demokratiis aRsasruls”.145
aqedan gamomdinare, grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi am konfliqtis gagrZeleba awyobT
palestinel arabebs. etyoba amitom maTi xelmZRvaneloba mravali wlis manZilze axerxebs
israelTan realur dialogze uaris Tqmas. mas mSvenivrad esmis, rom dro palestinelebze
muSaobs.
rogorc Cans, palestinis xelmZRvanelebisaTvis misaRebia is msxverpli, romelsac
ganicdis adgilobrivi mosaxleoba teraqtebis sapasuxod israelis mier Catarebuli
sadamsjelo operaciebis Sedegad (yvelaze warmatebuli teroristuli aqtiurobis
periodis drosac ki erT daRupul ebraelze daaxloebiT sami arabi modis). samagierod es
msxverpli uzomod zrdis arabebis siZulvils israelis mimarT da axdens maT
konsolidacias sxvadasxva juris adgilobrivi teroristuli organizaciebis garSemo.
saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba, romelic dRes aq aSS-s, evrogaerTianebis, ruseTisa da
gaeros saxiTaa warmodgenili, am konfliqtis mogvarebaSi veraviTar konstruqciul rols
ver TamaSobs. mis Carevas ar mohyva konfliqtis mogvarebis raime realisturi gegma,
romelic SesaZlebelia israels awyobdes, man ver/an ar moaxdina raime efeqturi dawola
mowinaaRmdege mxareebze im mizniT, rom moegvarebinaT konfliqti im pirobebiT, romelic
SesaZlebelia am sazogadoebas awyobdes.146
amave dros, realurad, mxolod israels SeuZlia (da saswrafod sWirdeba), Tugind
Zalismieri gziT, am konfliqtis sabolood mogvareba Tu ara, sxva, “ufro mosaTmen”
xarisxSi misi gadayvana (miT umetes Tu mas mxars aSS aubams). Tumca ukanasknel dromde, arc
palestinelebTan daSoriSorebis realuri gegma, arc mainc da mainc amis survili, arc
aseTi nabijis aucileblobis Segneba TviT israels gaaCnda.
mxolod 2005 wels israelis maSindelma premier-ministrma ariel Saronma, miuxedavad
udidesi winaaRmdegobisa, moaxdina ebraelTa dasaxlebebis Zalismieri evakuacia Razis
seqtoridan, sadac 1 300 aTasi arabiT garSemortymuli, cxovrobda 8.5 aTasi ebraeli, da
md. iordanis dasavleTi napiris nawilidan. 2006 wlis dasawyisSi premier-ministrma equd
olmertma, agreTve, dagegma aseTi dasaxlebebis umetesi nawilis gayvana iudeidan da
samariidan. Tumca Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad Sors wava israeli am mimarTulebiT.
2005 wels, 2006 wlis dasawyisSi, israelisa da palestinelebis urTierTobaSi stra-
tegiuli gardatexa moxda. rogorc ar unda ganviTardes movlenebi SemdgomSi, israeli
iZulebuli gaxda calmxriv daTmobebze wasuliyo, gamoecxadebina palestinelebTan
uSualo Sexebis zonis mkveTri Semcirebis, misTvis perspeqtivaSi ufro usafrTxo
teritoriuli konfiguraciis Ziebis survili.
israeli am nabijis gadadgmaze aiZula faqtorebis mTelma kompleqsma, romelTa nawilic
zemoT iyo aRwerili. am faqtorebSi terorizms erT-erTi, Tumca mniSvnelovani adgili
ukavia. amave dros palestinelebis gadmosaxedidan swored terorizmia is argumenti,
romelsac maTTvis warmateba moaqvs israelTan urTierTobaSi. aman maT (da ara marto maT)
SeiZleba Seuqmnas iluzia, rom terorizmis gamoyeneba politikur urTierTobebSi
(lokalur doneze mainc) gamarTlebulia misi efeqturobis TvalsazrisiT. miT umetes, rom
konkretul SemTxveva 1-Si aRwerili piramiduli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis modelidan
gamomdinare, es winaaRmdegobaSi ar modis am urTierTobebis organizaciis moTxov-
nilebebTan.
saerTaSoriso terorizmi. sazogadod, e.w. saerTaSoriso terorizmis gamoCenas ukav-
Sireben 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris cnobil movlenebs, rodesac arabi (ZiriTadad saudis
arabeli) fanqris saTleli gamosawev piriani danebiT SeiaraRebulma teroristebis mcire
jgufma moaxerxa sami samgzavro TviTmfrinavis motaceba da maTi mimarTva niu-iorkis
yvelaze maRal, msoflio savaWro centris “tyup” caTambjenebsa da pentagonis Senobaze
vaSingtonSi.147 am dros mxolod niu-iorkSi 3173 adamiani daiRupa.
am teraqtis uSualo gavlena saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaze mTlianad, da amerikulze
pirvel rigSi, imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom xSirad laparakoben msoflioze 9/11-mde da mis
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agreTve mohyva, Tavis droze sakmaod mravalricxovani da gavleniani adgilobrivi
qristiani arabebis marginalizacia da maTi SesamCnevi nawilis palestinidan gandevna.
es konfliqti imiTicaa friad gamwvavebuli, rom israelma airCia 1967 wlis eqvsdRiani
omis Sedegad dapyrobili palestinuri teritoriebis marTvis misTvis aSkarad yvelaze
wamgebiani scenari. man aq naxevrad koloniuri, okupaciuri mmarTvelobis reJimi daawesa,
romelic ukve TiTqmis oTxi aTeuli welia xorcieldeba mdinare iordanis dasavleT
sanapirosa da e.w. Razas seqtorSi.
1970-iani wlebidan mimdinareobs am teritoriebis saukeTeso nawilebis miTviseba da iq
ebrauli dasaxlebebis mSenebloba. ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis manZilze amas daemata
arabebisa da ebraelebis gamyofi 6 metris simaRlis kedlis mSenebloba. is formalurad
aRiarebul 1967 wlis israelis sazRvars ar emTxveva da sakmaod dasabuTebulad
palestinuri teritoriis nawilis aneqsiis mcdelobad aRiqmeba (m.S. gaerosa da haagis
saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mier).
2006 wlis dasawyisisaTvis daaxloebiT 250 aTasi ebraeli cxovrobda md. iordanis
dasavleT sanapiroze mdebare 125 oficialurad aRiarebul dasaxlebaSi (arsebobs agreTve
uamravi araoficialuri dasaxleba). damatebiT 180 aTasi cxovrobda aRmosavleTi ierusa-
limis aneqsirebul ubnebSi da daaxloebiT 16 aTasi holanis simaRleebze.142
formalurad am teritoriebze arsebobs e.w. palestinuri avtonomia (1994 wlidan) -
ganuviTarebeli ekonomikiT, susti socialuri infrastruqturiT, mZime demografiuli
situaciiT, mosaxleobis masobrivi siRaribiT da rac mTavaria, uaRresad araefeqturi da
korumpirebuli mmarTvelobiT, romlis funqcionireba mTlianad ucxour daxmarebazea
damokidebuli. faqtiurad palestinuri saxelmwifo Canacvlebulia ramdenime mowinaaR-
mdege, farulad an Riad teroristuli organizaciebis uxaliso gaerTianebiT, romelTac
erTmaneTTan Ria omisagan mxolod erTiani mtris arseboba akavebs.
aseT warmonaqms principulad ar SeuZlia uzrunvelyos raime saxis socialuri da
uSiSroebis garantiebi mosaxleobisaTvis, romelic yvelaferTan erTad ganicdis (rogorc
minimum) yoveldRiuR abuCad agdebasa da damcirebas, rac nebismieri okupaciuri reJimis
Tanmxlebi movlenaa. Sesabamisad, aq socialuri (da eTnikuri) daZabulobis done Zalze
maRalia — e.i. arsebobs is garemo, romelic masobrivad ubiZgebs adamianebs (gansakuTrebiT
axalgazrdebs) terorizmisaken.
ZalTa obieqturi uTanabroba israelsa da palestinas Soris imdenad didia, rom terori
palestinelebis erTaderTi politikuri argumentia, romelzec israelis mxare reagirebas
axdens. faqtobrivad, “rasac sionisti eqstremistebi akeTebdnen Tavis droze
britanelebis palestinidan gansadevnad, palestineli eqstremistebi Cadian ebraelebis
mimarT”.143
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom israelis jari da uSiSroebis samsaxurebi dResdReobiT
yvelaze efeqturia dedamiwaze, teraqtebi israels minimalur UuSualo zians ayeneben.
magram xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi teroristuli aqtiurobis mizanmimarTuli,
sistematuri gamoyeneba mkveTrad zrdis mis efeqturobas.
rac dro gadis, palestinuli terorizmi, okupirebuli teritoriebis Zalismieri
kontroli da amasTan dakavSirebuli msxverpli da socialuri daZabuloba israelisaTbis
sul ufro naklebad misaRebi da mosaTmeni xdeba.
Sedegad, daaxloebiT 1990-iani wlebis meore naxevridan, Tavi iCina movlenam, romelsac
SeiZleba “kolonializmis sindromi” davarqvaT.
palestinuri teritoriebis okupaciisa, da gansakuTrebiT iq arsebuli ebrauli
dasaxlebebis uSiSroebisa da sasicocxlo moTxovnilebebis uzrunvelsayofad gaweuli
xarjebi (pirvel rigSi socialuri), aRar baTildeba am teritoriebis kontrolidan miRe-
buli mogebiT, romlis gamarTlebac Tugind sionizmis poziciebidan iqneboda SesaZ-
lebeli.
faqtiurad israeli daRala am okupaciam, romelic ZiriTadad emsaxureba misi
mosaxleobis yvelaze eqstremistuli umciresobis miswrafebebs, romelic moiTxovs am
teritoriebis de iure Tu de faqto aneqsias.144
israels saswrafod sWirdeba arabebTan daSoriSoreba, agreTve, elementaruli demog-
rafiuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT. okupirebuli teritoriebis mosaxleobis zrdis
tempi 1.5-jer aRemateba israelisas, m.S. palestineli qalebis fertilurobis maCvenebeli
orjer ufro maRalia, vidre israelSi mcxovrebebis (sadac maRali fertilurobiT isev
adgilobrivi arabebi gamoirCevian). israelis ebrauli mosaxleoba ZiriTadad garedan
Camosaxlebuli migrantebis xarjze izrdeboda, magram aseTi migrantebis ukanaskneli
mniSvnelovani wyaro yofili sabWoTa respublikebis saxiT jer kidev 1990-ian wlebSi
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aSS saerTaSoriso daxmarebis naxevarze meti miemarTeba strategiuli mokavSireebis
ekonomikur Tu samxedro daxmarebaze. daaxloebiT 30 qveyana, romlebic gansakuTrebiT
aqtiurad uWeren mxars aSS-s brZolas teroris winaaRmdeg, iReben daxmarebas, ZiriTadad
imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelyon maTi mTavrobebis mier aSS-s politikis mxardaWera.131
uSualod ganviTarebaze mimarTul daxmarebaze modis Tanxebis mxolod 30%, romlis
udidesi nawili, Tavis mxriv, miemarTeba iseT proeqtebze, romlebic dakavSirebulia
ekonomikuri reformebis mxardaWeraze, demokratiis ganviTarebasa da efeqturi marTvis
sistemebis danergvaze, e.i. iseTebze, romelTa realuri efeqtis gazomva arc ise advilia,
miuxedavad maTi udidesi mniSvnelobisa.
aseTi midgomis klasikuri magaliTia avRaneTi, sadac imasTan erTad, rom qveyanaSi
uSualod abandeben didZali raodenobiT fulad Tanxebs, amerikelebma adgilze datoves
provinciebis praqtikulad yvela mmarTveli, romelTa umetesobac ubralod samxedro
damnaSavea, romelTa adgili obieqturad romelime saerTaSoriso tribunalis
braldebulTa skamzea. aseTia Tugind avRaneTis uzbekuri CrdiloeTis mmarTveli
generali dusTumi. garda amisa, aSS iZulebulia Tvali daxuWos am qveyanaSi narkotikebis
masobriv warmoebaze, romelmac 2005 wels absolutur rekords miaRwia da qveyana
narkotikebis yvelaze did mwarmoeblad aqcia msoflioSi.
aqedan gamomdinare, is, rac globaluri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daxmarebis (Tu
ganviTarebis transferis) sistemas warmoadgens, namdvilad ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT
rogorc warumatebeli. ganviTarebis transferi mxolod misi gamocxadebuli mizania, maSin
rodesac mis arss warmoadgens wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis politikuri miznebis
realizacia ekonomikuri instrumentebis gamoyenebiT. rasakvirvelia, dRevandeli
globaluri politikuri realiebidan gamomdinare, am sistemis margi qmedebis koeficienti
sakmaod dabalia. amasTan erTad is etyoba sruliad misaRebia am moTamaSeebisaTvis.
plus amas, amdeni aTeuli wlis manZilze, rogorc mTlianad globaluri ekonomikuri
integracia, aseve kerZo ekonomikuri daxmarebis procesebi imdenad “gajda” saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis globalur sistemaSi, rom maTi restruqturizaciis cda efeqturobis
gazrdis mizniT, Zalian mtkivneuli iqneba rogorc daxmarebis mimRebebisaTvis, aseve
donorebisTvisac.
3.4. globaluri ekonomikuri transferis mTlianad SedarebiT naklebad warmatebuli
procesis fonze, arsebobs rigi qveynebisa, romlebmac moaxerxes ganviTarebul msoflioze
ekonomikuri damokidebulebis daZleva da aSkarad umizneben msoflios wamyvani qveynebis
rigebs. es exeba pirvel rigSi, e.w. aziur vefxvebs (samxreTi korea, singapuri, taivani,
honkongi), gansakuTrebiT 1990-iani wlebidan moyolebili — CineTs, da agreTve malaizias.
faqtiurad, rogorc vxedavT, laparakia msoflios Zalian SezRudul regionze, xolo aq
CamoTvlili 6 qveynidan 3 ase Tu ise CineTia, singapuris mosaxleobis udidesi umetesoba
Cinelebi arian, xolo malaiziisa - yvelaze ganviTarebuli umciresoba.
yvelgan am qveynebSi (igive koreisa da musulmanuri malaiziis CaTvliT) mosaxleobaze
udides gavlenas axdens konfuciuri tradiciebi, romlebic moiTxovs yvelasagan
Sromismoyvareobas, disciplinas, swavlis pativiscemasa da xelisuflebisadmi upirobo
damorCilebas.
garda amisa, am qveynebis umetesoba mizandasaxulad atarebda da atarebs sakuTar
ekonomikur politikas, romelic Zalian naklebad emTxveva msoflio bankisa da savaluto
fondis rekomendaciebs, Tumca maTgan sesxebs didi siamovnebiT iRebs. miuxedavad imisa,
rom dasavleli ekonomistebis nawili naTlavs maT mier gatarebul reformebs rogorc
liberalurs, realurad saqme gvaqvs saxelmwifos mier marTuli kapitalizmis sxvadasxva
variaciebTan.
igive honkongis ekonomikuri aRorZineba praqtikulad britanuli koloniuri
administraciis “specialuri proeqtis” warmatebuli realizaciis Sedegia; samxreTi
koreis realuri ekonomikuri ganviTareba moxda im wlebSi, rodesac erTmaneTs cvlidnen
meoce saukunis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze ulmobeli diqtatoruli reJimebi; taivanze
1940-ian wlebSi jer kidev kontinentur CineTSi arCeuli parlamenti mxolod 1990-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi gadairCies, Tanac imitom, rom misi wevrebis umetesoba ubralod siberiT
gardaicvala.
rogorc Cans, globalizaciis dRevandel etapze ganviTarebis transferis yvelaze
warmatebul magaliTs mainc samxreTi korea gviCvenebs. aseve warmatebuli iaponiis
transformacia ZiriTadad pirvel msoflio omamde ganxorcielda, xolo taivanisa da
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honkongis ganviTareba mainc specialuri proeqtebis realizaciis Sedegs warmoadgenda
(iseve rogorc igive israelis) da sxvebisaTvis misabaZ magaliTad ver gamodgeba.
qveynis aRorZineba faqtiurad daiwyo 1962 wlis samxedro gadatrialebis Semdeg. is
mimdinareobda umkacresi politikuri represiebis pirobebSi, sanam diqtatura ar Seicvala
samoqalaqo demokratiuli mmarTvelobiT 1988 wels. magram am droisaTvis qveynis
ekonomikuri transformacia ukve faqtobrivad damTavrebuli iyo. swored am
transformaciis warmatebam, ekonomikis mZlavrma zrdam, misma Sesabamisma mosaxleobis
cxovrebis donis mkveTrma matebam da damoukidebeli interesebis matarebeli mosaxleobis
saSualo fenis Camoyalibebam, gamoiwvia demokratiuli transformacia qveyanaSi.
koreuli ganviTarebis modeli dafuZnebuli iyo zemodan-qvemoT midgomaze (top-down
approach), saxelmwifos uSualo Carevaze ekonomikur procesebSi da maT mkacr kontrolze.
ganviTarebis procesi efuZneboda xuTwlian saxelmwifo gegmebs da upirvelesad yovlisa
moiTxovda yuradRebis gadatanas ucxouri daxmarebidan sagareo vaWrobaze. mniSvnelovani
roli qveynis aRorZinebaSi iTamaSa, agreTve, urTierTobebis normalizaciam iaponiasTan
1965 wels da ucxouri investiciebis momdevno mkveTrma zrdam. amas mohyva jer msubuqi,
Semdeg ki mZime mrewvelobis swrafi aRmavloba 1960-70-ian wlebSi. am dros qveynis
ekonomikis saSualo wliuri zrdis done 8.6%-s Seadgenda.
ekonomikis aRorZineba samxreT koreaSi udides wilad efuZneboda e.w. Caibolebs, biznes
konglomeratebs. maTi nawili warmoadgens did erTian korporaciebs, xolo sxvebi dayofilebi
arian erTmaneTTan SedarebiT sustad dakavSirebul calkeul kompaniebad, romlebsac saerTo
saxelwodeba aqvT. orive SemTxvevaSi, TiTqmis yovelTvis aseTi Caibolebi ekuTvnis ama Tu im
saojaxo klanebs, romlebic maT akontroleben da/an marTaven. koreis ekonomika
tradiciulad SedarebiT mcire mrewvelobaze da sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaze
dafuZnebuli iyo. 1962 wlidan moyolebuli misma mmarTvelma samxedro reJimebma aiRes kursi
msxvil warmoebaze dafuZnebul industrializaciaze. mTavroba gansazRvravda axali
kapitaldabandebebis mimarTulebas, xolo Caibolebi mogvevlinebodnen samTavrobo
politikis realizaciis mTavar instrumentebad, risTvisac maT garantirebuli hqondaT
sabanko kreditebi. amgvarad Caibolebma iTamaSes wamyvani roli axali warmoebebis, bazrebis da
saeqsporto produqciis SeqmnaSi, qveynis gadaqcevaSi erT-erT aziur vefxvad. 2005 wels
amerikuli Jurnalis Fortune-s mier Sedgenil tradiciul msoflios 500 wamyvani kompaniis siaSi
11 samxreTkoreuli Caiboli Sedioda, m.S. ori Samsung Electronics da Hyundai Motors pirvel
aseulSi ganlagdnen, Sesabamisad 39-e da 92-e adgilebze.132
amave dros samxreTi koreis ekonomikas sakuTari susti mxareebic gaaCnda, rac
gamovlinda 1997 wlis aziis finansuri krizisis dros. aRmoCnda, rom qveynis ekonomika
daucveli iyo sagareo bazrebis krizisebisagan, ZiriTadad imis gamo, rom mTlianad
Caibolebze iyo dafuZnebuli. es konglomeratebi ki nakleb yuradRebas aqcevdnen saSinao
bazars, gaumarTleblad calmxrivad iyvnen orientirebulebi saeqsporto warmoebaze,
erTmaneTTan konkurenciis procesSi maT bevrad meti sawarmoo simZlavreebi Seqmnes, vidre
movla SeeZloT. eqspansiis procesSi maTma didma nawilma uzarmazari valebi daagrova,
romelTa momsaxureba Tu restruqturizacia finansuri krizisis pirobebSi SeuZlebeli
gaxda, ramac rigi gaxmaurebuli gakotreba gamoiwvia. magaliTad 1999 wels, Daewoo-s
kolapsis dros, am ukanasknels 80 miliardi dolari vali hqonda dagrovebuli. amave dros,
CaibolebSi gamovlinda farTod gavrcelebuli korufcia, gansakuTrebiT sabuRaltro
angariSgebis gayalbeba da meqrTameoba.
finansuri krizisisa da mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebuli finansuri da sawarmoo
restruqturizaciis ori raundis Sedegad, udidesi Caibolebis raodenoba TiTqmis
ganaxevrda 2003 wlisaTvis 30-dan 1995 wels. mTavroba Seecada aeZulebina es
konglomeratebi Tavidan moeSorebinaT ZiriTad biznesTan naklebad dakavSirebuli
sawarmoebi, moexdinaT marTvis decentralizacia da daeqiravebinaT profesionali
menejerebi. sainteresoa, rogor gamovlinda qveynis xelmZRvanelobis roli am procesebSi.
xSirad qveynis prezidenti ubralod ibarebda Caibolebis mepatroneebs da pirdapir
karnaxobda maT, rogor unda moexdinaT kompaniebis restuqturizacia, magaliTad, romel
Caibols, romeli sawarmo gadaeca Tavisi konkurentisaTvis da ra mieRo sanacvlod.
mTavrobis am mcdelobam calsaxad samxreTi koreis ekonomikuri struqtura ver
Secvala — is isev Caibolebzea dafuZnebuli. magram mTlianobaSi qveynis ganviTarebis
aseTi modeli — dafuZnebuli mTavrobis uSualo monawileobaze ekonomikis marTvaSi da
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi formalurad kerZo korporaciebis saqmianobaSi aqtiur Carevaze,
erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli gamodga Tanamedrove istoriaSi. 2003 wlis monacemebiT
samxreTi koreis ekonomika me-11 yvelaze didi iyo dedamiwaze, erT sul mosaxleze
Semosavlebi Tumca jer kidev sagrZnoblad CamorCeba yvelaze ganviTarebuli qveynebisas,
72
SeuZliaT, an ar awyobT efeqturi RonisZiebebis gatareba. es, magaliTad, Seexeba
terorizms qaSmirSi (indoeTi) an Sri-lankaze, alJirSi, TurqeTSi, ruseTSi - Crdilo
kankasiaSi.140
iq, sadac xelisuflebas undoda da unari Seswevda terorizmTan ebrZola, magaliTad,
evropaSi, man upasuxa teroristul gamowvevebs Zalismieri policiuri meTodebis,
antiteroristuli propagandis, molaparakebisa da mosyidvis kombinaciiT. Sedegad
marqsistuli terori evropaSi saerTod aRmoifxvra, xolo baskuri da Crdilo
irlandiuli teroristebi Cayenebulebi arian iseT mdgomareobaSi, rodesac isini
formalurad mainc uars amboben brZolis Zalismieri meTodebis gamoyenebaze.
miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi aseTi konfliqti aTwleulebs moiTvlis, maTi uSualo
gavlena iSviaTad scildeba im qveynebsa Tu regionebs, sadac isini viTardeba. Tu aseTebi
zogjer ganixileba rogorc globaluri teroris nawili, es imitom xdeba, rom zogierT
mTavrobebs, maTi viwro interesebidan gamomdinare, awyobT maTi am saxiT warmodgena. es
mosazreba SesaZlebelia gavrceldes iseT gZleladian da gaxmaurebul konfliqtze,
rogoricaa palestina-israelis.
es konfliqti Tavisi arsiT Zalian tipuria da Tanamedrove msoflioSi erT-erT yvelaze
gavrcelebul konfliqtTa ricxvs miekuTvneba.141 am dros is adgili, romelic mas ukavia
msoflio politikuri urTierTobebis sistemaSi, aSkarad ar Seesabameba mis realur
sirTulesa da gamovlinebis intensiurobas.
daaxloebiT sami aTeuli wlis manZilze mas erT-erTi centraluri adgili ekava
SeerTebuli Statebisa da sabWoTa kavSiris urTierTobaTa sistemaSi, romlebic mxars
uWerdnen konfliqtis mowinaaRmdege mxareebs — Sesabamisad israelsa da palestinel
arabebs (rogorc dRevandeli gadmosaxedidan Cans, ZiriTadad erTmaneTis jibriT).
dResac, ssrk-s wasvlis Semdeg msoflio asparezidan, am konfliqts daaxloebiT iseTive
adgili ukavia aSS-sa da mTlianad musulmanuri samyaros urTierTobebSi. es konfliqti,
agreTve, warmoadgens saerTaSoriso teroristuli moZraobis erT-erT mTavar winapirobas
da misi arsebobisa da ganviTarebis sababs.
Tanamedrove biznes-terminologiiT rom visargebloT, xdeba am konfliqtis reitingis
sakmaod xelovnuri gazrda lokalur/regionaluridan, vidre subglobaluramde, xolo
misi gamwvavebis periodebSi globalur donemdec.
Sesabamisad izrdeba mis mogvarebaSi monawileobis miRebis msurvel subieqtTa ricxvic,
romelTaganac yoveli piradi, egoisturi interesebidan gamomdinare moqmedebs. aseTi
daitereseba bunebrivia mkveTrad amcirebs konfliqtis mogvarebis Sansebs.
magaliTisaTvis, bevr arab xelisufals principSi awyobs am konfliqtis arseboba, Tugind
imitom, rom is uqmnis SesaZleblobas, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, gadaitanos sakuTari “quCis”
yuradReba mougvarebeli saSinao problemebidan.
ebraul-palestinulma konfliqtma ramdenime friad sayuradRebo Sedegi gamoiRo —
1. kacobriobis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli (uneblied) erovnuli
mSeneblobis proeqtis realizacia — palestinuri eris Camoyalibeba erTmaneTTan xSirad
naklebad dakavSirebul arabTa jgufebidan, romlebic ZiriTadad SromiTi migrante-
biTYiyvnen warmoadgenilebi. israelis saxelmwifos Casaxvis momentisaTvis maT izidavda am
regionSi SesaZleblobebi, romelTac qmnida palestinaSi ebraeli mosaxleebis mier
iniciirebuli ekonomikuri ganviTareba. 1947 wels arabuli palestina, palestineli
arabebi, mxolod gaeros vai-strategebis warmodgenaSi Tu arsebobdnen.
2. Semoiyvana adgilobriv politikaSi damatebiTi moTamaSe, romelic istoriulad aq ar
iyo warmodgenili da saerTo araferi hqonda arc regionTan da arc mimdinare
konfliqtTan. esaa irani, romlis interesebsac aq radikaluri SiiTuri moZraoba hizballa
warmoadgens. es moZraoba yvelaferTan erTad faqtiurad gansazRvravs formalurad
damoukidebeli libanis bed_iRbals (gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac aSS-m 2005 wels
aiZula sirielebi es qveyana daetovebinaT) da etyoba potenciurad meti destabilizaciis
Setana SeuZlia am regionSi, vidre nebismier radikalur palestinul moZraobas.
3. Semoitana palestinur winaaRmdegobis moZraobaSi islamuri faqtori, romelic
gasuli saukunis 1980-iani wlebis Sua wlebamde aq saerTod ar iyo warmodgenili.
Ppalestinuri organizaciebi an nacionalisturi, an memarcxene mimarTulebis iyvnen.
islamuri winaaRmdegobis moZraoba hamasi — dResdReobiT yvelaze gavleniani aseTi
dajgufeba — mxolod 1987 wels daarsda (rogorc Cans israelis uSiSroebis samsaxurebis
monawileobiT, romlebic islamistebSi nakleb saSiSroebas xedavdnen, vidre sabWoTa
kavSiris mfarvelobis qveS myof faThis moZraobaSi, romelsac iasir arafati edga
saTaveSi). daaxloebiT amave dros Seiqmna aseve Seurigebeli islamuri jihadic. amas,
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muxtis matarebelia. teroristul moZraobebs saTaveSi dasawyisSi xSirad udganan
idealistebi, romlebic an ganicdian “demoralizacias” (ubralod kargaven adamianur
Tvisebebs) an/da nadgurdebian ufro pragmatuli konkurentebis mier, romlebic saerTod
arafrad agdeben sazogadoebriv morals. saboloo jamSi, nebismieri teroristuli
moZraoba xdeba marginalebisa da damnaSaveebis TavSesafari, romelTac marTaven
amoraluri politikuri manipulatorebi. Aamave dros, aseTi mdgomareobis Seqmnaze xSirad
aranakleb pasuxismgeblebi arian isini, vinc aiZulebs politikur mowinaaRmdegeebs
brZolis aseT ukidures meTods mimarTon.137 nebismieri teroristuli organizacia
agreTve iyenebs kriminalur meTodebs rogorc moqmedebisaTvis saWiro finansebisa da
iaraRis mosapoveblad, ise mxardamWerebis mosazidad (SantaJi). amitom zRvari nebismier
teroristul organizaciasa da kriminalur samyaros Soris adre Tu gvian iSleba.
imis gamo, rom terorizmis mTavari mizania gamoiwvios maqsimaluri SiSi da aRSfoTeba
sazogadoebaSi, is xSirad misi samizne xelisuflebisa da sazogadoebis mier ganixileba
rogorc naklebad azriani, iracionaluri. moTxovnebi, romelsac teroristebi ayeneben,
xSirad principulad Seusrulebadia, maSinac ki, rodesac xelisufleba mzad aris isini
daakmayofilos. Sesabamisad konfliqtebis mogvarebis tradiciuli, racionaluri gzebi,
romelsac mimarTavs Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoeba, naklebad Wris terorizmTan
mimarTebaSi.
terorizmTan dakavSirebuli erT-erTi mTavari problema isaa, rom is sazogadod
ganixileba rogorc damoukidebeli movlena da Sesabamisad xdeba masTan brZolis
organizacia. sinamdvileSi terorizmi warmoadgens bevrad ufro farTo da rTuli
socialuri, ekonomikuri, ideologiuri Tu politikuri problemebis nakrebis gamovlenas,
SeiZleba iTqvas - warmoadgens am problemebis gadaWris eqstremalur saSualebas.
Tumca teroristebi iSviaTad aRweven Tavis gamocxadebul miznebs, maTi calkeuli
qmedebebis ganuzraxveli Sedegebic ki zogjer iwveven mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs
kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi. ase magaliTad, movlenaTa jaWvma, romelic mohyva Wleqiani
serbi studentis gavrila principis mier 1914 wlis zafxulSi q. saraevoSi (bosnia) avstria-
ungreTis ercgercogis mkvlelobas, saboloo jamSi, pirveli msoflio omi gamoiwvia.
teroristebi TviTon sakmaod iSviaTad modian xelisuflebaSi, magram xSirad xels
uwyoben xelisuflebaSi iseTi pirovnebebisa Tu organizaciebis mosvlas, romlebic
saboloo jamSi maTze met eqstremistebad gvevlinebian.138 ase magaliTad, teroristulma
organizaciam, romelic socialist-revolucionerebis (eserebis) saxeliT iyo cnobili,
gadamwyveti roli Seasrula 1917 wlis oqtomberSi ruseTSi xelisuflebaSi bolSevikebis
mosvlaSi, yvela Tanmxlebi SedegiT, romelic kacobriobam Tavis Tavze ganicada me-20
saukunis Svid aTeul welze metis ganmavlobaSi.139
zemoT aRweril orive SemTxvevaSi teroristul aqtiurobas mohyva globaluri
cvlilebebi, romlebic Tavisi masStabebiT aSkarad Seusabamo iyo konkretuli qmedebis
uSualo Sedegebisa. es upirveles yovlisa gviCvenebs terorizmis saSiSroebas im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu sazogadoeba mTlianad, da, upirveles yovlisa, marTvis organoebi,
adekvaturad ar aRiqvamen terorizmis saSiSroebas, ar gaaCniaT masTan brZolis efeqturi
meqanizmebi da rac yvelaze uaresia — cdiloben moklevadiani politikuri mogebis
misaRwevad gamoiyenon konkretuli teroristuli aqtebis Sedegebi (avstria-ungreTi 1914
wels).
Tanamedrove terorizmi SesaZlebelia daiyos or friad gansxvavebul nawilad. pirvelia
lokaluri terorizmi, romelic umetes SemTxvevaSi gamomdinareobs sxvadasxva saxis
erovnul ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraobebidan da warmoadgens am moZraobebis aralegalur
(da amoralur) nawils, Tumca es moZraobebi rogorc aseTi xSirad legalizebulia
Sesabamisi saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT. meore nawilia terorizmis is nairsaxeoba,
romelic dRes moixsenieba rogorc saerTaSoriso (zogjer globaluri) terorizmi da
sazogadod globaluri safrTxis matarebelad aRiqeba.
adgilobrivi terorizmi ama Tu im saxiT warmodgenilia praqtikulad yvelgan
dedamiwaze. is sakmaod farTod iyo gavrcelebuli dasavleT evropaSi 1960-1970-ian
wlebSi, ZiriTadad rogorc marqsistuli eqstremizmi (italiaSi, germaniasa da
saberZneTSi) da dResac latentur fazaSia warmodgenili espaneTsa da did britaneTSi
(Crdilo irlandia), sadac adgilobrivi erovnuli umciresobebis (Sesabamisad baskebisa da
irlandielebis) eqstremisti warmomadgenlebi aseTi gziT ibrZvian maTTvis misaRebi
TviTgamorkvevis modelis gansaxorcieleblad.
saerTod lokaluri terorizmis (Tugind Zalian aqtiuri) CaxSoba Tu ara, nawilobriv
ganeitraleba mainc Tanamedrove msoflioSi ver xerxdeba ZiriTadad imitom, rom imaT,
visac am sakiTxis mogvareba exeba (ZiriTadad Sesabamisi qveynebis mTavrobebi) an ar
80
aSkarad sWarbobs evrogerTianebis nebismieri axali wevrisas (sloveniis garda). qveyana
msoflios teqnologiuri ganviTarebis erT-erTi lideria. is mecnierebaze mSp-s iseTive
wils xarjavs, rogorc, magaliTad, germania, milion mosaxleze samecniero-kvleviT
saqmianobaSi dakavebulTa raodenobiT mas me-16 adgili ukavia dedamiwaze, eqsportSi
maRalteqnologiuri produqciis wiliT — me-5, xolo 100 mosaxleze internetis
momxmarebelTa raodenobiT mesame.
amave dros, Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad gamodgeba am qveynis ganviTarebis friad
specifikuri modeli sxvebisaTvis. etyoba nebismieri qveynis ganviTareba unikaluria.
gasaziareblad aq mxolod Secdomebi gamodgeba, xolo warmatebis miRwevis gzebi
nebismierma qveyanam sakuTari unda eZebos.
rogorc Cans, qveynis warmatebuli ekonomikuri ganviTareba da globalur ekonomikur
sivrceSi integracia, aRmosavleTi aziis regionSi mainc, naklebadaa damokidebuli imaze,
Tu ramdenad demokratiulia is. mTavaria, arsebobdes efeqturi mTavroba, romelsac
swored esmis Tavisi qveynis interesebi, SeuZlia am codnis safuZvelze konkretuli
moqmedebis gegmis SemuSaveba da mosaxleobis mobilizeba am gegmebis sarealizaciod.
ramdenad misabaZia es magaliTi am friad specifikuri regionis farglebs gareT, Zneli
saTqmelia. erTaderTi magaliTi, rodesac qveynis ekonomikuri aRorZineba moxda
diqtaturis pirobebSi, Cilea pinoCetis mmarTvelobis periodSi. magram aq saxelmwifo
TiTqmis mTlianad iyo gamoTiSuli ekonomikuri procesebidan da gardaqmnebi klasikuri
neoliberaluri modeliT midioda. garda amisa, Cilem gaatara mTeli rigi ekonomikuri
reformis RonisZiebebisa, romelTa didi nawilic saerTod arsad msoflioSi ar
gamoyenebula, m.S. TviT SeerTebul StatebSic. amasTan erTad, Ciles ekonomikuri
warmateba didwiladaa damokidebuli mis rogorc msoflioSi spilenZis erT-erTi wamyvani
mwarmoeblis rolze. ramdenad madgradi SeiZleba iyos misi ekonomika am nedleulze
msoflio bazris fasebis mkveTri dacemis SemTxvevaSi Zneli saTqmelia (aziur vefxvebs,
gansxvavebiT Cilesagan, sasargeblo wiaRiseuli saerTod ar gaaCniaT. maTi ZiriTadi
kapitali socialuria).
yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi, ekonomikuri reformebis mcdeloba diqtaturisa, da am
procesis saxelmwifos mier uSualod marTvis pirobebSi, adre Tu gvian katastrofiT
mTavrdeba, risi magaliTis gamonaxvac SesaZlebelia igive samxreTi amerikis nebismieri
qveynis meoce saukunis meore naxevris istoriaSi.
mTlianobaSi warmatebuli sabazro reformebis magaliTebi gviCveneben, rom farTod
gavrcelebuli cbieri dasavluri mevaxSeebis SiSi, romlebic sisxls swoven ubedur
ganviTarebad qveynebs, rbilad rom vTqvad, sakmaod gazviadebulia. praqtikulad nebismier
ganviTarebad qveyanas, romelsac gaaCnia efeqturi, Zlieri, motivirebuli mTavroba,
SeuZlia miuCinos saerTaSoriso donor organizaciebs is adgili, romelic maT wesiTa da
rigiT unda ekavoT — fulis gamsesxeblisa da damxmaris, da ara ganviTarebis mokarnaxis.
efeqturi mTavroba ar niSnavs maincdamainc, rom is gamWirvale da arakorumpirebuli
unda iyos — msoflio gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom es Tvisebebi naklebadaa dakavSirebuli
saxelmwifo marTvis efeqturobasTan. uaRresad sufTa da gamWirvale mTavroba
SesaZlebelia sakmaod araefeqturi gamodges, da, piriqiT — aragamWirvale da
korumpirebuli — efeqturi.
ganviTarebis transferi sazogadod ormxrivi moZraobis quCis saxiT gvevlineba. arc
erT ganviTarebul qveyanas da/an donor organizacias ar ZaluZs Tavze moaxvios nebismier
ganviTarebad qveyanas raRaca saxis pozitiuri gardaqmnebi, Tu es ukanaskneli mzad ar aris
gaiTavisos isini anda, Tu (da es ufro mniSvnelovania) adgilobrivi mmarTveli elita
aseTebSi an realurad dainteresebuli ar aris, an imdenad sustia, rom maTi marTva ar
SeuZlia.
wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebi aweseben ganviTarebis transferis wesebsa da pirobebs
gamomdinare sakuTari ganviTarebis prioritetebidan da arsebuli problemebis xedvidan.
bunebrivia maT surT, rom danarCenma msofliomac daafuZnos sakuTari ganviTareba am
wesebsa da pirobebze. meore mxriv, ganviTarebadi qveynebis mTavrobebis uSualo
pasuxismgeblobaa miiRon saRi gadawyvetilebebi maTi qveynebisaTvis Sesaferisi
ganviTarebis modelebis Taobaze, ganixilon, Seafason, gadaaxalison da danergon
arsebuli ganviTarebis modelebi, anda SeimuSavon sakuTari, originaluri modelebi.
arc erT globalur moTamaSes ar Seswevs unari miiRos gadawyvetilebebi am mTavrobebis
nacvlad, miT umetes, mas ar Seswevs unari gaakeTos es regionalur anda globalur doneze.
pirdapir ucxour kapitaldabandebasa Tu ganviTarebis daxmarebas SeuZlia, ukeTes
SemTxvevaSi, ganviTarebis winapirobebis Seqmna, mas ar SeuZlia, ganviTarebis procesis,
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rogorc aseTis, uzrunvelyofa. Tu ama Tu im qveyanas TviTon ar Seswevs unari danergos da
ganaxorcielos ganviTarebis politika, nebismieri gareSe daxmareba wyalSi Caiyreba.
rasakvirvelia, Tu ganviTarebul msoflios aucileblad esaWiroeba ama Tu im
ganviTarebadi qveyanis warmatebuli ekonomikuri transformacia rogorc gamonaklisi, mas
principSi SeuZlia amis gakeTeba. magram praqtikulad es niSnavs aseT qveyanaSi uSualo
koloniuri mmarTvelobis SemoRebas amasTan dakavSirebuli yvela naklebad saxarbielo
SedegiT. Tanac es procesi nebismier SemTxvevaSi moiTxovs am qveynis mosaxleobisagan
TanamSromlobis minimalur dones mainc (is am transformaciis process aqtiur
winaaRmdegobas mainc ar unda uwevdes) da sakmaod grZelvadiania. rogorc samxreTi koreis
magaliTi gviCvenebs, idealurTan miaxloebul pirobebSic ki mas aranaklebi saukunis
meoTxedisa esaWiroeba.
konkretuli SemTxveva (Case Study) 3 — terorizmi — msoflio politikis axali ZiriTadi
moTamaSe?
miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs terorizmis sazogadod aRiarebuli ganmarteba, is
SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc Zaladobrivi qmedeba, romelic mimarTulia sazogadoebis
nawilis, mTlianad sazogadoebisa Tu xelisuflebis dasaSineblad.133 Sesabamisad
teroristuli qmedeba isea gaTvlili droSi da iseTi saxiT igegmeba, rom gamoiwvios
maqsimaluri SiSi da aRSfoTeba sazogadoebaSi. misi mizani SeiZleba isicaa, rom gamoiwvios
xelisuflebis Seusabamo, gazviadebuli reaqcia. Sesabamisad terorizmis Zala
(gansakuTrebiT Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi) isaa, rom is yuradReba, romelsac mas uTmoben
SeSinebuli moqalaqeebi, xolo maTi dawoliT mTavrobebic, Seusabamoa im muqarisa,
romelsac is warmoadgens arsebuli politikuri da socialuri wes-wyobilebisadmi.
Zalze Znelia “namdvili” terorizmisa da magaliTad ucxouri saokupacio Zalisadmi
legaluri SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegobis garCeva. am ori saxis qmedeba xSirad erTmaneTis
sinonimebad gvevlineba, zogjer aseTi Canacvleba mizanmimarTulia. etyoba umjobesi
iqneboda gagvesazRvra rogorc teroristuli mxolod is qmedeba, romelic mSvidobiani
mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli da gverdze gadavdoT jarisa Tu policiis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli nebismieri qmedeba, romelic SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros rogorc
SearaRebuli winaaRmdegoba Tu ajanyeba. Sesabamisad 2004 wels beslanSi (ruseTi) skolaSi
CeCeni boevikebis mier mZevlebis ayvana rasakvirvelia ganisazRvreba rogorc terorizmi,
xolo adgilobrivi mosaxleobis nawilis SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma samarTaldamcav
organoebze nalCikSi 2005 terorizmis kvalifikaciaSi ukve aRar jdeba.
farTodaa gavrcelebuli warmodgena imis Taobaze, rom terorizmi aris tradiciuli
saSualeba, romelsac iyeneben sustebi, damcirebulebi da gariyulebi (an isini, vinc Tavis Tavs
aseTebad Tvlian) Tavisi damcirebisadmi sajaro yuradRebis mipyrobis mizniT. maTTvis, vinc
ebrZvis Tavisze Seudareblad ufro Zlier mowinaaRmdeges, terorizmi warmoadgens
Zaladobis iaraRs, romelsac SeuZlia ase Tu ise gaawonasworos mxareTa saSualebebi.
meore mxriv, ukmayofilebisa da marginalizaciis gansazRvruli pirobebi SeiZleba
arsebobdes nebismier sazogadoebaSi, rogori ganviTarebuli da stabiluric ar unda iyos
is. aqedan gamomdinare, terorizmi SeiZleba aRmocendes faqtiurad nebismier adgilas,
gansakuTrebiT, Tu arsebobs raime saxis ideologia (religiuri Tu saero) romlis
interpretaciac principlad SesaZlebelia ise, rom gaamarTlos terorizmi.
rogorc 1960-70-iani wlebis dasavleT evropuli gamocdileba gviCvenebs,
ganviTarebuli demokratiuli sazogadoebis arseboba, sadac nebismier moqalaqes SeuZlia
Tavisuflad gamoxatos misi protesti demokratiuli proceduris CarCoebSi, ar xdis aseT
sazogadoebas Seuvals terorizmisaTvis. nebismier sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba arsebobdnen
marginaluri pirovnebebi, an maTi jgufebi, romlebic legaluri saprotesto proceduris
farglebSi mainc ver gaxdebian sakmarisad cnobilebi, rom miipyroben sazogadoebis imdeni
yuradReba, romelic maT ambiciebs daakmayofilebs. amitom maT SeuZliaT mimarTon
terorizms sakuTari ideebis propagandis mizniT.
terorizmi farTod gamoiyeneba politikur brZolaSi uZvelesi droidan, Tumca sakmaod
mZlavr da efeqtur politikur iaraRad is me-19 saukunis meore naxevridan gadaiqca. es
gamowveuli iyo ramdenime mniSvnelovani faqtoris damTxveviT.
pirveli — Tanamedrove komunikaciebis saSualebebisa da mas mediis gaCenam uaRresad
gaaZliera terorizmis gavlena sazogadoebaze. erTi mxriv — teroristuli aqtebis
mimdinareobis Tu maTi Sedegebis operatiuli da TvalnaTlivi miwodebis xarjze, meore
mxriv -teroristebis ideebis (xSirad uneblie) propagandiT da teroristebisadmi
sazogadoebis yuradRebis mipyrobiT, e.i. teroristebis miznebis faqtiuri realizaciiT.134
74
meore — Tanamedrove sabrZolo saSualebebi, romlebsac teroristuli aqtebis
gansaxorcieleblad iyeneben, Zalian efeqturia da sakmaod mZlavri imisaTvis, rom
Seedaron Tanamedrove jaris SeiaraRebas. garda amisa, Tanamedrove samrewvelo Tu
infrastruqturul obieqtebs (gansakuTrebiT qimiur qarxnebs, atomur eleqtro-
sadgurebs da a.S.) “ubralo” avariis SemTxvevaSic ki SeuZliaT auracxeli ziani mioayenon
adamianebsa Tu bunebriv garemos. Sesabamisad, isini ganixileba rogorc mimzidveli
samizneebi teroristebisaTvis, rac, agreTve, frid azviadebs terorizmis potenciul
safrTxes. rogorc 2001 11 seqtembris cnobilma movlenebma gviCvena, Tanamedrove sahaero
satransporto saSualebebic SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli rogorc uaRresad damangreveli
teroristuli iaraRi.
samagaliToa is Sedegi, romelic gamoiRo 2004 wlis martSi espaneTSi, madridis oTx
rkinigzis sadgurSi aTi bombis afeTqebam. Aam teraqtis Sedegad, romelzec pasuxismgebloba
ikisra alqaedas teroristulma dajgufebam, daiRupa 191 da daSavda aranaklebi 1400
adamianisa. Mteraqtis mizezad dasaxelebuli iyo espaneTis mier aSS-s erayis okupaciis
mxardaWera da misi sajariso kontingentis monawileoba saomar moqmedebebSi am qveynis
teritoriaze. amas mohyva espanelebis masobrivi protestebi, aSS mxardamWeri premier-
ministr xose maria asnaris memarjvene-centristuli koaliciis damarcxeba sayovelTao
arCevnebze da 1300-kaciani espanuri sajariso kontingentis erayidan gayvana. garda amisa,
espaneTisa da aSS urTierToba “gacivda” im donemde, rom aSS prezidentma j. buSma sakmaod
demonstraciulad ver gamoZebna dro mieRo satelefono milocvebi espaneTis axali
premier-ministr xose luis rodrige sapaterosagan meore saprezidento vadiT arCevasTan
dakavSirebiT, Tumca misi moucleloba ar gavrcelda yofil premierze. am SemTxvevaSi
teroristebma miaRwies strategiul mizans, Tumca es absoluturi gamonaklisia da maTi
aqtiurobis Sedegebi sazogadod bevrad ufro mokrZalebulia.
mesame - terorizmi iafia, am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, tradiciul
kontrteroristul RonisZiebebTan SedarebiT (sabrZolo saSualebebi, jaris/policiis
momzadeba, samxedro da policiuri operaciebis warmarTva da a.S.). teroristebis mier
gamoyenebuli teqnologiebi SedarebiT martivia. vTqvaT asafeTqebeli nivTierebebis
dasamzadeblad saWiro masalis SeZena SeiZleba nebismier sasoflo maRaziaSi (sasuqebi),
saaTis meqanizmian bombSi gamoiyeneba Zveli sarecxis manqanebis taimerebi, distanciuri
marTvis meqanizmebad — mobiluri telefonebis nawilebi. yvelaferi amis damzadebisa Tu
gamoyenebis instruqciebi internetSia ganTavsebuli. teroristuli aqtebis Semsru-
leblebi saWiroeben minimalur momzadebas, an SesaZloa araviTari specialuri momzadeba
saerTod ar gaaCndeT. ubralod Seudarebelia is adamianuri resursebi, romelic ixarjeba
teroristuli aqtebis momzadebasa da realizaciaze, erTi mxriv, da terorizmTan
brZolaze, meore mxriv.
2004 wlis agvisto-seqtemberSi ruseTSi ganxorcielda teraqtebis seria, romelTa
Sedegad afeTqebuli iqna ori samgzavro TviTmfrinavi, moxda ori afeTqeba q.MmoskovSi da
bolos Crdilo oseTis q.Bbeslanis skolaSi mZevlebis (ZiriTadad bavSvebis) ayvana. am
ukanaskneli teraqtis Sedegad daiRupa 338 adamiani, maT Soris 171 bavSvi, 600-ze meti
daSavebuli miyvanili iyo saavadmyofoebSi, uSualod teraqtis Semdeg. cnobili CeCeni
teroristis Samil basaevis gancxadebiT, romelmac Tavis Tavze aiRo am teraqtebis seriis
organizacia — “TviTmfrinavebis afeTqeba damijda oTxi aTasi dolari, kaSirskaiaze da
metrosTan — Svidi aTasi dolari, xolo operacia “nord-vesti” (beslani — avtori) — rva
aTasi evro.135
damatebiTi Sedareba (es uSualod terorizms ar exeba, magram axlos dgas masTan) —
cnobili indoeli damnaSavis — vierrapanis winaaRmdeg Tamilnadus Statis mTavroba aTi
wlis manZilze atarebda specoperacias, romelSic regularuli policiuri danayofebis
garda monawileobda 500-kaciani specdaniSnulebis razmi, romelsac mxolod masze
nadiroba evaleboda da Tavidanve amisaTvis iyo Camoyalibebuli. misi likvidaciis
momentisaTvis 2004 wlis oqtomberSi am operaciaze pirdapirma danaxarjebma 10 milion
dolars miaRwia.136
terorizmi ryvnis. TviT aseTi moZraobis logika, romelic dafuZnebulia udanaSaulo
adamianebis ganadgurebasa da daSinebaze, ewinaaRmdegeba nebismier sazogadoebaSi
miRebuli moralis yvelaze elementarul normebs. is yovelTvis negatiuri moraluri
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rogorc aseTis, uzrunvelyofa. Tu ama Tu im qveyanas TviTon ar Seswevs unari danergos da
ganaxorcielos ganviTarebis politika, nebismieri gareSe daxmareba wyalSi Caiyreba.
rasakvirvelia, Tu ganviTarebul msoflios aucileblad esaWiroeba ama Tu im
ganviTarebadi qveyanis warmatebuli ekonomikuri transformacia rogorc gamonaklisi, mas
principSi SeuZlia amis gakeTeba. magram praqtikulad es niSnavs aseT qveyanaSi uSualo
koloniuri mmarTvelobis SemoRebas amasTan dakavSirebuli yvela naklebad saxarbielo
SedegiT. Tanac es procesi nebismier SemTxvevaSi moiTxovs am qveynis mosaxleobisagan
TanamSromlobis minimalur dones mainc (is am transformaciis process aqtiur
winaaRmdegobas mainc ar unda uwevdes) da sakmaod grZelvadiania. rogorc samxreTi koreis
magaliTi gviCvenebs, idealurTan miaxloebul pirobebSic ki mas aranaklebi saukunis
meoTxedisa esaWiroeba.
konkretuli SemTxveva (Case Study) 3 — terorizmi — msoflio politikis axali ZiriTadi
moTamaSe?
miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs terorizmis sazogadod aRiarebuli ganmarteba, is
SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc Zaladobrivi qmedeba, romelic mimarTulia sazogadoebis
nawilis, mTlianad sazogadoebisa Tu xelisuflebis dasaSineblad.133 Sesabamisad
teroristuli qmedeba isea gaTvlili droSi da iseTi saxiT igegmeba, rom gamoiwvios
maqsimaluri SiSi da aRSfoTeba sazogadoebaSi. misi mizani SeiZleba isicaa, rom gamoiwvios
xelisuflebis Seusabamo, gazviadebuli reaqcia. Sesabamisad terorizmis Zala
(gansakuTrebiT Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi) isaa, rom is yuradReba, romelsac mas uTmoben
SeSinebuli moqalaqeebi, xolo maTi dawoliT mTavrobebic, Seusabamoa im muqarisa,
romelsac is warmoadgens arsebuli politikuri da socialuri wes-wyobilebisadmi.
Zalze Znelia “namdvili” terorizmisa da magaliTad ucxouri saokupacio Zalisadmi
legaluri SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegobis garCeva. am ori saxis qmedeba xSirad erTmaneTis
sinonimebad gvevlineba, zogjer aseTi Canacvleba mizanmimarTulia. etyoba umjobesi
iqneboda gagvesazRvra rogorc teroristuli mxolod is qmedeba, romelic mSvidobiani
mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli da gverdze gadavdoT jarisa Tu policiis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli nebismieri qmedeba, romelic SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros rogorc
SearaRebuli winaaRmdegoba Tu ajanyeba. Sesabamisad 2004 wels beslanSi (ruseTi) skolaSi
CeCeni boevikebis mier mZevlebis ayvana rasakvirvelia ganisazRvreba rogorc terorizmi,
xolo adgilobrivi mosaxleobis nawilis SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma samarTaldamcav
organoebze nalCikSi 2005 terorizmis kvalifikaciaSi ukve aRar jdeba.
farTodaa gavrcelebuli warmodgena imis Taobaze, rom terorizmi aris tradiciuli
saSualeba, romelsac iyeneben sustebi, damcirebulebi da gariyulebi (an isini, vinc Tavis Tavs
aseTebad Tvlian) Tavisi damcirebisadmi sajaro yuradRebis mipyrobis mizniT. maTTvis, vinc
ebrZvis Tavisze Seudareblad ufro Zlier mowinaaRmdeges, terorizmi warmoadgens
Zaladobis iaraRs, romelsac SeuZlia ase Tu ise gaawonasworos mxareTa saSualebebi.
meore mxriv, ukmayofilebisa da marginalizaciis gansazRvruli pirobebi SeiZleba
arsebobdes nebismier sazogadoebaSi, rogori ganviTarebuli da stabiluric ar unda iyos
is. aqedan gamomdinare, terorizmi SeiZleba aRmocendes faqtiurad nebismier adgilas,
gansakuTrebiT, Tu arsebobs raime saxis ideologia (religiuri Tu saero) romlis
interpretaciac principlad SesaZlebelia ise, rom gaamarTlos terorizmi.
rogorc 1960-70-iani wlebis dasavleT evropuli gamocdileba gviCvenebs,
ganviTarebuli demokratiuli sazogadoebis arseboba, sadac nebismier moqalaqes SeuZlia
Tavisuflad gamoxatos misi protesti demokratiuli proceduris CarCoebSi, ar xdis aseT
sazogadoebas Seuvals terorizmisaTvis. nebismier sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba arsebobdnen
marginaluri pirovnebebi, an maTi jgufebi, romlebic legaluri saprotesto proceduris
farglebSi mainc ver gaxdebian sakmarisad cnobilebi, rom miipyroben sazogadoebis imdeni
yuradReba, romelic maT ambiciebs daakmayofilebs. amitom maT SeuZliaT mimarTon
terorizms sakuTari ideebis propagandis mizniT.
terorizmi farTod gamoiyeneba politikur brZolaSi uZvelesi droidan, Tumca sakmaod
mZlavr da efeqtur politikur iaraRad is me-19 saukunis meore naxevridan gadaiqca. es
gamowveuli iyo ramdenime mniSvnelovani faqtoris damTxveviT.
pirveli — Tanamedrove komunikaciebis saSualebebisa da mas mediis gaCenam uaRresad
gaaZliera terorizmis gavlena sazogadoebaze. erTi mxriv — teroristuli aqtebis
mimdinareobis Tu maTi Sedegebis operatiuli da TvalnaTlivi miwodebis xarjze, meore
mxriv -teroristebis ideebis (xSirad uneblie) propagandiT da teroristebisadmi
sazogadoebis yuradRebis mipyrobiT, e.i. teroristebis miznebis faqtiuri realizaciiT.134
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meore — Tanamedrove sabrZolo saSualebebi, romlebsac teroristuli aqtebis
gansaxorcieleblad iyeneben, Zalian efeqturia da sakmaod mZlavri imisaTvis, rom
Seedaron Tanamedrove jaris SeiaraRebas. garda amisa, Tanamedrove samrewvelo Tu
infrastruqturul obieqtebs (gansakuTrebiT qimiur qarxnebs, atomur eleqtro-
sadgurebs da a.S.) “ubralo” avariis SemTxvevaSic ki SeuZliaT auracxeli ziani mioayenon
adamianebsa Tu bunebriv garemos. Sesabamisad, isini ganixileba rogorc mimzidveli
samizneebi teroristebisaTvis, rac, agreTve, frid azviadebs terorizmis potenciul
safrTxes. rogorc 2001 11 seqtembris cnobilma movlenebma gviCvena, Tanamedrove sahaero
satransporto saSualebebic SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli rogorc uaRresad damangreveli
teroristuli iaraRi.
samagaliToa is Sedegi, romelic gamoiRo 2004 wlis martSi espaneTSi, madridis oTx
rkinigzis sadgurSi aTi bombis afeTqebam. Aam teraqtis Sedegad, romelzec pasuxismgebloba
ikisra alqaedas teroristulma dajgufebam, daiRupa 191 da daSavda aranaklebi 1400
adamianisa. Mteraqtis mizezad dasaxelebuli iyo espaneTis mier aSS-s erayis okupaciis
mxardaWera da misi sajariso kontingentis monawileoba saomar moqmedebebSi am qveynis
teritoriaze. amas mohyva espanelebis masobrivi protestebi, aSS mxardamWeri premier-
ministr xose maria asnaris memarjvene-centristuli koaliciis damarcxeba sayovelTao
arCevnebze da 1300-kaciani espanuri sajariso kontingentis erayidan gayvana. garda amisa,
espaneTisa da aSS urTierToba “gacivda” im donemde, rom aSS prezidentma j. buSma sakmaod
demonstraciulad ver gamoZebna dro mieRo satelefono milocvebi espaneTis axali
premier-ministr xose luis rodrige sapaterosagan meore saprezidento vadiT arCevasTan
dakavSirebiT, Tumca misi moucleloba ar gavrcelda yofil premierze. am SemTxvevaSi
teroristebma miaRwies strategiul mizans, Tumca es absoluturi gamonaklisia da maTi
aqtiurobis Sedegebi sazogadod bevrad ufro mokrZalebulia.
mesame - terorizmi iafia, am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, tradiciul
kontrteroristul RonisZiebebTan SedarebiT (sabrZolo saSualebebi, jaris/policiis
momzadeba, samxedro da policiuri operaciebis warmarTva da a.S.). teroristebis mier
gamoyenebuli teqnologiebi SedarebiT martivia. vTqvaT asafeTqebeli nivTierebebis
dasamzadeblad saWiro masalis SeZena SeiZleba nebismier sasoflo maRaziaSi (sasuqebi),
saaTis meqanizmian bombSi gamoiyeneba Zveli sarecxis manqanebis taimerebi, distanciuri
marTvis meqanizmebad — mobiluri telefonebis nawilebi. yvelaferi amis damzadebisa Tu
gamoyenebis instruqciebi internetSia ganTavsebuli. teroristuli aqtebis Semsru-
leblebi saWiroeben minimalur momzadebas, an SesaZloa araviTari specialuri momzadeba
saerTod ar gaaCndeT. ubralod Seudarebelia is adamianuri resursebi, romelic ixarjeba
teroristuli aqtebis momzadebasa da realizaciaze, erTi mxriv, da terorizmTan
brZolaze, meore mxriv.
2004 wlis agvisto-seqtemberSi ruseTSi ganxorcielda teraqtebis seria, romelTa
Sedegad afeTqebuli iqna ori samgzavro TviTmfrinavi, moxda ori afeTqeba q.MmoskovSi da
bolos Crdilo oseTis q.Bbeslanis skolaSi mZevlebis (ZiriTadad bavSvebis) ayvana. am
ukanaskneli teraqtis Sedegad daiRupa 338 adamiani, maT Soris 171 bavSvi, 600-ze meti
daSavebuli miyvanili iyo saavadmyofoebSi, uSualod teraqtis Semdeg. cnobili CeCeni
teroristis Samil basaevis gancxadebiT, romelmac Tavis Tavze aiRo am teraqtebis seriis
organizacia — “TviTmfrinavebis afeTqeba damijda oTxi aTasi dolari, kaSirskaiaze da
metrosTan — Svidi aTasi dolari, xolo operacia “nord-vesti” (beslani — avtori) — rva
aTasi evro.135
damatebiTi Sedareba (es uSualod terorizms ar exeba, magram axlos dgas masTan) —
cnobili indoeli damnaSavis — vierrapanis winaaRmdeg Tamilnadus Statis mTavroba aTi
wlis manZilze atarebda specoperacias, romelSic regularuli policiuri danayofebis
garda monawileobda 500-kaciani specdaniSnulebis razmi, romelsac mxolod masze
nadiroba evaleboda da Tavidanve amisaTvis iyo Camoyalibebuli. misi likvidaciis
momentisaTvis 2004 wlis oqtomberSi am operaciaze pirdapirma danaxarjebma 10 milion
dolars miaRwia.136
terorizmi ryvnis. TviT aseTi moZraobis logika, romelic dafuZnebulia udanaSaulo
adamianebis ganadgurebasa da daSinebaze, ewinaaRmdegeba nebismier sazogadoebaSi
miRebuli moralis yvelaze elementarul normebs. is yovelTvis negatiuri moraluri
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muxtis matarebelia. teroristul moZraobebs saTaveSi dasawyisSi xSirad udganan
idealistebi, romlebic an ganicdian “demoralizacias” (ubralod kargaven adamianur
Tvisebebs) an/da nadgurdebian ufro pragmatuli konkurentebis mier, romlebic saerTod
arafrad agdeben sazogadoebriv morals. saboloo jamSi, nebismieri teroristuli
moZraoba xdeba marginalebisa da damnaSaveebis TavSesafari, romelTac marTaven
amoraluri politikuri manipulatorebi. Aamave dros, aseTi mdgomareobis Seqmnaze xSirad
aranakleb pasuxismgeblebi arian isini, vinc aiZulebs politikur mowinaaRmdegeebs
brZolis aseT ukidures meTods mimarTon.137 nebismieri teroristuli organizacia
agreTve iyenebs kriminalur meTodebs rogorc moqmedebisaTvis saWiro finansebisa da
iaraRis mosapoveblad, ise mxardamWerebis mosazidad (SantaJi). amitom zRvari nebismier
teroristul organizaciasa da kriminalur samyaros Soris adre Tu gvian iSleba.
imis gamo, rom terorizmis mTavari mizania gamoiwvios maqsimaluri SiSi da aRSfoTeba
sazogadoebaSi, is xSirad misi samizne xelisuflebisa da sazogadoebis mier ganixileba
rogorc naklebad azriani, iracionaluri. moTxovnebi, romelsac teroristebi ayeneben,
xSirad principulad Seusrulebadia, maSinac ki, rodesac xelisufleba mzad aris isini
daakmayofilos. Sesabamisad konfliqtebis mogvarebis tradiciuli, racionaluri gzebi,
romelsac mimarTavs Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoeba, naklebad Wris terorizmTan
mimarTebaSi.
terorizmTan dakavSirebuli erT-erTi mTavari problema isaa, rom is sazogadod
ganixileba rogorc damoukidebeli movlena da Sesabamisad xdeba masTan brZolis
organizacia. sinamdvileSi terorizmi warmoadgens bevrad ufro farTo da rTuli
socialuri, ekonomikuri, ideologiuri Tu politikuri problemebis nakrebis gamovlenas,
SeiZleba iTqvas - warmoadgens am problemebis gadaWris eqstremalur saSualebas.
Tumca teroristebi iSviaTad aRweven Tavis gamocxadebul miznebs, maTi calkeuli
qmedebebis ganuzraxveli Sedegebic ki zogjer iwveven mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs
kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi. ase magaliTad, movlenaTa jaWvma, romelic mohyva Wleqiani
serbi studentis gavrila principis mier 1914 wlis zafxulSi q. saraevoSi (bosnia) avstria-
ungreTis ercgercogis mkvlelobas, saboloo jamSi, pirveli msoflio omi gamoiwvia.
teroristebi TviTon sakmaod iSviaTad modian xelisuflebaSi, magram xSirad xels
uwyoben xelisuflebaSi iseTi pirovnebebisa Tu organizaciebis mosvlas, romlebic
saboloo jamSi maTze met eqstremistebad gvevlinebian.138 ase magaliTad, teroristulma
organizaciam, romelic socialist-revolucionerebis (eserebis) saxeliT iyo cnobili,
gadamwyveti roli Seasrula 1917 wlis oqtomberSi ruseTSi xelisuflebaSi bolSevikebis
mosvlaSi, yvela Tanmxlebi SedegiT, romelic kacobriobam Tavis Tavze ganicada me-20
saukunis Svid aTeul welze metis ganmavlobaSi.139
zemoT aRweril orive SemTxvevaSi teroristul aqtiurobas mohyva globaluri
cvlilebebi, romlebic Tavisi masStabebiT aSkarad Seusabamo iyo konkretuli qmedebis
uSualo Sedegebisa. es upirveles yovlisa gviCvenebs terorizmis saSiSroebas im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu sazogadoeba mTlianad, da, upirveles yovlisa, marTvis organoebi,
adekvaturad ar aRiqvamen terorizmis saSiSroebas, ar gaaCniaT masTan brZolis efeqturi
meqanizmebi da rac yvelaze uaresia — cdiloben moklevadiani politikuri mogebis
misaRwevad gamoiyenon konkretuli teroristuli aqtebis Sedegebi (avstria-ungreTi 1914
wels).
Tanamedrove terorizmi SesaZlebelia daiyos or friad gansxvavebul nawilad. pirvelia
lokaluri terorizmi, romelic umetes SemTxvevaSi gamomdinareobs sxvadasxva saxis
erovnul ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraobebidan da warmoadgens am moZraobebis aralegalur
(da amoralur) nawils, Tumca es moZraobebi rogorc aseTi xSirad legalizebulia
Sesabamisi saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT. meore nawilia terorizmis is nairsaxeoba,
romelic dRes moixsenieba rogorc saerTaSoriso (zogjer globaluri) terorizmi da
sazogadod globaluri safrTxis matarebelad aRiqeba.
adgilobrivi terorizmi ama Tu im saxiT warmodgenilia praqtikulad yvelgan
dedamiwaze. is sakmaod farTod iyo gavrcelebuli dasavleT evropaSi 1960-1970-ian
wlebSi, ZiriTadad rogorc marqsistuli eqstremizmi (italiaSi, germaniasa da
saberZneTSi) da dResac latentur fazaSia warmodgenili espaneTsa da did britaneTSi
(Crdilo irlandia), sadac adgilobrivi erovnuli umciresobebis (Sesabamisad baskebisa da
irlandielebis) eqstremisti warmomadgenlebi aseTi gziT ibrZvian maTTvis misaRebi
TviTgamorkvevis modelis gansaxorcieleblad.
saerTod lokaluri terorizmis (Tugind Zalian aqtiuri) CaxSoba Tu ara, nawilobriv
ganeitraleba mainc Tanamedrove msoflioSi ver xerxdeba ZiriTadad imitom, rom imaT,
visac am sakiTxis mogvareba exeba (ZiriTadad Sesabamisi qveynebis mTavrobebi) an ar
80
aSkarad sWarbobs evrogerTianebis nebismieri axali wevrisas (sloveniis garda). qveyana
msoflios teqnologiuri ganviTarebis erT-erTi lideria. is mecnierebaze mSp-s iseTive
wils xarjavs, rogorc, magaliTad, germania, milion mosaxleze samecniero-kvleviT
saqmianobaSi dakavebulTa raodenobiT mas me-16 adgili ukavia dedamiwaze, eqsportSi
maRalteqnologiuri produqciis wiliT — me-5, xolo 100 mosaxleze internetis
momxmarebelTa raodenobiT mesame.
amave dros, Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad gamodgeba am qveynis ganviTarebis friad
specifikuri modeli sxvebisaTvis. etyoba nebismieri qveynis ganviTareba unikaluria.
gasaziareblad aq mxolod Secdomebi gamodgeba, xolo warmatebis miRwevis gzebi
nebismierma qveyanam sakuTari unda eZebos.
rogorc Cans, qveynis warmatebuli ekonomikuri ganviTareba da globalur ekonomikur
sivrceSi integracia, aRmosavleTi aziis regionSi mainc, naklebadaa damokidebuli imaze,
Tu ramdenad demokratiulia is. mTavaria, arsebobdes efeqturi mTavroba, romelsac
swored esmis Tavisi qveynis interesebi, SeuZlia am codnis safuZvelze konkretuli
moqmedebis gegmis SemuSaveba da mosaxleobis mobilizeba am gegmebis sarealizaciod.
ramdenad misabaZia es magaliTi am friad specifikuri regionis farglebs gareT, Zneli
saTqmelia. erTaderTi magaliTi, rodesac qveynis ekonomikuri aRorZineba moxda
diqtaturis pirobebSi, Cilea pinoCetis mmarTvelobis periodSi. magram aq saxelmwifo
TiTqmis mTlianad iyo gamoTiSuli ekonomikuri procesebidan da gardaqmnebi klasikuri
neoliberaluri modeliT midioda. garda amisa, Cilem gaatara mTeli rigi ekonomikuri
reformis RonisZiebebisa, romelTa didi nawilic saerTod arsad msoflioSi ar
gamoyenebula, m.S. TviT SeerTebul StatebSic. amasTan erTad, Ciles ekonomikuri
warmateba didwiladaa damokidebuli mis rogorc msoflioSi spilenZis erT-erTi wamyvani
mwarmoeblis rolze. ramdenad madgradi SeiZleba iyos misi ekonomika am nedleulze
msoflio bazris fasebis mkveTri dacemis SemTxvevaSi Zneli saTqmelia (aziur vefxvebs,
gansxvavebiT Cilesagan, sasargeblo wiaRiseuli saerTod ar gaaCniaT. maTi ZiriTadi
kapitali socialuria).
yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi, ekonomikuri reformebis mcdeloba diqtaturisa, da am
procesis saxelmwifos mier uSualod marTvis pirobebSi, adre Tu gvian katastrofiT
mTavrdeba, risi magaliTis gamonaxvac SesaZlebelia igive samxreTi amerikis nebismieri
qveynis meoce saukunis meore naxevris istoriaSi.
mTlianobaSi warmatebuli sabazro reformebis magaliTebi gviCveneben, rom farTod
gavrcelebuli cbieri dasavluri mevaxSeebis SiSi, romlebic sisxls swoven ubedur
ganviTarebad qveynebs, rbilad rom vTqvad, sakmaod gazviadebulia. praqtikulad nebismier
ganviTarebad qveyanas, romelsac gaaCnia efeqturi, Zlieri, motivirebuli mTavroba,
SeuZlia miuCinos saerTaSoriso donor organizaciebs is adgili, romelic maT wesiTa da
rigiT unda ekavoT — fulis gamsesxeblisa da damxmaris, da ara ganviTarebis mokarnaxis.
efeqturi mTavroba ar niSnavs maincdamainc, rom is gamWirvale da arakorumpirebuli
unda iyos — msoflio gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom es Tvisebebi naklebadaa dakavSirebuli
saxelmwifo marTvis efeqturobasTan. uaRresad sufTa da gamWirvale mTavroba
SesaZlebelia sakmaod araefeqturi gamodges, da, piriqiT — aragamWirvale da
korumpirebuli — efeqturi.
ganviTarebis transferi sazogadod ormxrivi moZraobis quCis saxiT gvevlineba. arc
erT ganviTarebul qveyanas da/an donor organizacias ar ZaluZs Tavze moaxvios nebismier
ganviTarebad qveyanas raRaca saxis pozitiuri gardaqmnebi, Tu es ukanaskneli mzad ar aris
gaiTavisos isini anda, Tu (da es ufro mniSvnelovania) adgilobrivi mmarTveli elita
aseTebSi an realurad dainteresebuli ar aris, an imdenad sustia, rom maTi marTva ar
SeuZlia.
wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebi aweseben ganviTarebis transferis wesebsa da pirobebs
gamomdinare sakuTari ganviTarebis prioritetebidan da arsebuli problemebis xedvidan.
bunebrivia maT surT, rom danarCenma msofliomac daafuZnos sakuTari ganviTareba am
wesebsa da pirobebze. meore mxriv, ganviTarebadi qveynebis mTavrobebis uSualo
pasuxismgeblobaa miiRon saRi gadawyvetilebebi maTi qveynebisaTvis Sesaferisi
ganviTarebis modelebis Taobaze, ganixilon, Seafason, gadaaxalison da danergon
arsebuli ganviTarebis modelebi, anda SeimuSavon sakuTari, originaluri modelebi.
arc erT globalur moTamaSes ar Seswevs unari miiRos gadawyvetilebebi am mTavrobebis
nacvlad, miT umetes, mas ar Seswevs unari gaakeTos es regionalur anda globalur doneze.
pirdapir ucxour kapitaldabandebasa Tu ganviTarebis daxmarebas SeuZlia, ukeTes
SemTxvevaSi, ganviTarebis winapirobebis Seqmna, mas ar SeuZlia, ganviTarebis procesis,
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honkongis ganviTareba mainc specialuri proeqtebis realizaciis Sedegs warmoadgenda
(iseve rogorc igive israelis) da sxvebisaTvis misabaZ magaliTad ver gamodgeba.
qveynis aRorZineba faqtiurad daiwyo 1962 wlis samxedro gadatrialebis Semdeg. is
mimdinareobda umkacresi politikuri represiebis pirobebSi, sanam diqtatura ar Seicvala
samoqalaqo demokratiuli mmarTvelobiT 1988 wels. magram am droisaTvis qveynis
ekonomikuri transformacia ukve faqtobrivad damTavrebuli iyo. swored am
transformaciis warmatebam, ekonomikis mZlavrma zrdam, misma Sesabamisma mosaxleobis
cxovrebis donis mkveTrma matebam da damoukidebeli interesebis matarebeli mosaxleobis
saSualo fenis Camoyalibebam, gamoiwvia demokratiuli transformacia qveyanaSi.
koreuli ganviTarebis modeli dafuZnebuli iyo zemodan-qvemoT midgomaze (top-down
approach), saxelmwifos uSualo Carevaze ekonomikur procesebSi da maT mkacr kontrolze.
ganviTarebis procesi efuZneboda xuTwlian saxelmwifo gegmebs da upirvelesad yovlisa
moiTxovda yuradRebis gadatanas ucxouri daxmarebidan sagareo vaWrobaze. mniSvnelovani
roli qveynis aRorZinebaSi iTamaSa, agreTve, urTierTobebis normalizaciam iaponiasTan
1965 wels da ucxouri investiciebis momdevno mkveTrma zrdam. amas mohyva jer msubuqi,
Semdeg ki mZime mrewvelobis swrafi aRmavloba 1960-70-ian wlebSi. am dros qveynis
ekonomikis saSualo wliuri zrdis done 8.6%-s Seadgenda.
ekonomikis aRorZineba samxreT koreaSi udides wilad efuZneboda e.w. Caibolebs, biznes
konglomeratebs. maTi nawili warmoadgens did erTian korporaciebs, xolo sxvebi dayofilebi
arian erTmaneTTan SedarebiT sustad dakavSirebul calkeul kompaniebad, romlebsac saerTo
saxelwodeba aqvT. orive SemTxvevaSi, TiTqmis yovelTvis aseTi Caibolebi ekuTvnis ama Tu im
saojaxo klanebs, romlebic maT akontroleben da/an marTaven. koreis ekonomika
tradiciulad SedarebiT mcire mrewvelobaze da sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaze
dafuZnebuli iyo. 1962 wlidan moyolebuli misma mmarTvelma samxedro reJimebma aiRes kursi
msxvil warmoebaze dafuZnebul industrializaciaze. mTavroba gansazRvravda axali
kapitaldabandebebis mimarTulebas, xolo Caibolebi mogvevlinebodnen samTavrobo
politikis realizaciis mTavar instrumentebad, risTvisac maT garantirebuli hqondaT
sabanko kreditebi. amgvarad Caibolebma iTamaSes wamyvani roli axali warmoebebis, bazrebis da
saeqsporto produqciis SeqmnaSi, qveynis gadaqcevaSi erT-erT aziur vefxvad. 2005 wels
amerikuli Jurnalis Fortune-s mier Sedgenil tradiciul msoflios 500 wamyvani kompaniis siaSi
11 samxreTkoreuli Caiboli Sedioda, m.S. ori Samsung Electronics da Hyundai Motors pirvel
aseulSi ganlagdnen, Sesabamisad 39-e da 92-e adgilebze.132
amave dros samxreTi koreis ekonomikas sakuTari susti mxareebic gaaCnda, rac
gamovlinda 1997 wlis aziis finansuri krizisis dros. aRmoCnda, rom qveynis ekonomika
daucveli iyo sagareo bazrebis krizisebisagan, ZiriTadad imis gamo, rom mTlianad
Caibolebze iyo dafuZnebuli. es konglomeratebi ki nakleb yuradRebas aqcevdnen saSinao
bazars, gaumarTleblad calmxrivad iyvnen orientirebulebi saeqsporto warmoebaze,
erTmaneTTan konkurenciis procesSi maT bevrad meti sawarmoo simZlavreebi Seqmnes, vidre
movla SeeZloT. eqspansiis procesSi maTma didma nawilma uzarmazari valebi daagrova,
romelTa momsaxureba Tu restruqturizacia finansuri krizisis pirobebSi SeuZlebeli
gaxda, ramac rigi gaxmaurebuli gakotreba gamoiwvia. magaliTad 1999 wels, Daewoo-s
kolapsis dros, am ukanasknels 80 miliardi dolari vali hqonda dagrovebuli. amave dros,
CaibolebSi gamovlinda farTod gavrcelebuli korufcia, gansakuTrebiT sabuRaltro
angariSgebis gayalbeba da meqrTameoba.
finansuri krizisisa da mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebuli finansuri da sawarmoo
restruqturizaciis ori raundis Sedegad, udidesi Caibolebis raodenoba TiTqmis
ganaxevrda 2003 wlisaTvis 30-dan 1995 wels. mTavroba Seecada aeZulebina es
konglomeratebi Tavidan moeSorebinaT ZiriTad biznesTan naklebad dakavSirebuli
sawarmoebi, moexdinaT marTvis decentralizacia da daeqiravebinaT profesionali
menejerebi. sainteresoa, rogor gamovlinda qveynis xelmZRvanelobis roli am procesebSi.
xSirad qveynis prezidenti ubralod ibarebda Caibolebis mepatroneebs da pirdapir
karnaxobda maT, rogor unda moexdinaT kompaniebis restuqturizacia, magaliTad, romel
Caibols, romeli sawarmo gadaeca Tavisi konkurentisaTvis da ra mieRo sanacvlod.
mTavrobis am mcdelobam calsaxad samxreTi koreis ekonomikuri struqtura ver
Secvala — is isev Caibolebzea dafuZnebuli. magram mTlianobaSi qveynis ganviTarebis
aseTi modeli — dafuZnebuli mTavrobis uSualo monawileobaze ekonomikis marTvaSi da
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi formalurad kerZo korporaciebis saqmianobaSi aqtiur Carevaze,
erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli gamodga Tanamedrove istoriaSi. 2003 wlis monacemebiT
samxreTi koreis ekonomika me-11 yvelaze didi iyo dedamiwaze, erT sul mosaxleze
Semosavlebi Tumca jer kidev sagrZnoblad CamorCeba yvelaze ganviTarebuli qveynebisas,
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SeuZliaT, an ar awyobT efeqturi RonisZiebebis gatareba. es, magaliTad, Seexeba
terorizms qaSmirSi (indoeTi) an Sri-lankaze, alJirSi, TurqeTSi, ruseTSi - Crdilo
kankasiaSi.140
iq, sadac xelisuflebas undoda da unari Seswevda terorizmTan ebrZola, magaliTad,
evropaSi, man upasuxa teroristul gamowvevebs Zalismieri policiuri meTodebis,
antiteroristuli propagandis, molaparakebisa da mosyidvis kombinaciiT. Sedegad
marqsistuli terori evropaSi saerTod aRmoifxvra, xolo baskuri da Crdilo
irlandiuli teroristebi Cayenebulebi arian iseT mdgomareobaSi, rodesac isini
formalurad mainc uars amboben brZolis Zalismieri meTodebis gamoyenebaze.
miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi aseTi konfliqti aTwleulebs moiTvlis, maTi uSualo
gavlena iSviaTad scildeba im qveynebsa Tu regionebs, sadac isini viTardeba. Tu aseTebi
zogjer ganixileba rogorc globaluri teroris nawili, es imitom xdeba, rom zogierT
mTavrobebs, maTi viwro interesebidan gamomdinare, awyobT maTi am saxiT warmodgena. es
mosazreba SesaZlebelia gavrceldes iseT gZleladian da gaxmaurebul konfliqtze,
rogoricaa palestina-israelis.
es konfliqti Tavisi arsiT Zalian tipuria da Tanamedrove msoflioSi erT-erT yvelaze
gavrcelebul konfliqtTa ricxvs miekuTvneba.141 am dros is adgili, romelic mas ukavia
msoflio politikuri urTierTobebis sistemaSi, aSkarad ar Seesabameba mis realur
sirTulesa da gamovlinebis intensiurobas.
daaxloebiT sami aTeuli wlis manZilze mas erT-erTi centraluri adgili ekava
SeerTebuli Statebisa da sabWoTa kavSiris urTierTobaTa sistemaSi, romlebic mxars
uWerdnen konfliqtis mowinaaRmdege mxareebs — Sesabamisad israelsa da palestinel
arabebs (rogorc dRevandeli gadmosaxedidan Cans, ZiriTadad erTmaneTis jibriT).
dResac, ssrk-s wasvlis Semdeg msoflio asparezidan, am konfliqts daaxloebiT iseTive
adgili ukavia aSS-sa da mTlianad musulmanuri samyaros urTierTobebSi. es konfliqti,
agreTve, warmoadgens saerTaSoriso teroristuli moZraobis erT-erT mTavar winapirobas
da misi arsebobisa da ganviTarebis sababs.
Tanamedrove biznes-terminologiiT rom visargebloT, xdeba am konfliqtis reitingis
sakmaod xelovnuri gazrda lokalur/regionaluridan, vidre subglobaluramde, xolo
misi gamwvavebis periodebSi globalur donemdec.
Sesabamisad izrdeba mis mogvarebaSi monawileobis miRebis msurvel subieqtTa ricxvic,
romelTaganac yoveli piradi, egoisturi interesebidan gamomdinare moqmedebs. aseTi
daitereseba bunebrivia mkveTrad amcirebs konfliqtis mogvarebis Sansebs.
magaliTisaTvis, bevr arab xelisufals principSi awyobs am konfliqtis arseboba, Tugind
imitom, rom is uqmnis SesaZleblobas, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, gadaitanos sakuTari “quCis”
yuradReba mougvarebeli saSinao problemebidan.
ebraul-palestinulma konfliqtma ramdenime friad sayuradRebo Sedegi gamoiRo —
1. kacobriobis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli (uneblied) erovnuli
mSeneblobis proeqtis realizacia — palestinuri eris Camoyalibeba erTmaneTTan xSirad
naklebad dakavSirebul arabTa jgufebidan, romlebic ZiriTadad SromiTi migrante-
biTYiyvnen warmoadgenilebi. israelis saxelmwifos Casaxvis momentisaTvis maT izidavda am
regionSi SesaZleblobebi, romelTac qmnida palestinaSi ebraeli mosaxleebis mier
iniciirebuli ekonomikuri ganviTareba. 1947 wels arabuli palestina, palestineli
arabebi, mxolod gaeros vai-strategebis warmodgenaSi Tu arsebobdnen.
2. Semoiyvana adgilobriv politikaSi damatebiTi moTamaSe, romelic istoriulad aq ar
iyo warmodgenili da saerTo araferi hqonda arc regionTan da arc mimdinare
konfliqtTan. esaa irani, romlis interesebsac aq radikaluri SiiTuri moZraoba hizballa
warmoadgens. es moZraoba yvelaferTan erTad faqtiurad gansazRvravs formalurad
damoukidebeli libanis bed_iRbals (gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac aSS-m 2005 wels
aiZula sirielebi es qveyana daetovebinaT) da etyoba potenciurad meti destabilizaciis
Setana SeuZlia am regionSi, vidre nebismier radikalur palestinul moZraobas.
3. Semoitana palestinur winaaRmdegobis moZraobaSi islamuri faqtori, romelic
gasuli saukunis 1980-iani wlebis Sua wlebamde aq saerTod ar iyo warmodgenili.
Ppalestinuri organizaciebi an nacionalisturi, an memarcxene mimarTulebis iyvnen.
islamuri winaaRmdegobis moZraoba hamasi — dResdReobiT yvelaze gavleniani aseTi
dajgufeba — mxolod 1987 wels daarsda (rogorc Cans israelis uSiSroebis samsaxurebis
monawileobiT, romlebic islamistebSi nakleb saSiSroebas xedavdnen, vidre sabWoTa
kavSiris mfarvelobis qveS myof faThis moZraobaSi, romelsac iasir arafati edga
saTaveSi). daaxloebiT amave dros Seiqmna aseve Seurigebeli islamuri jihadic. amas,
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agreTve mohyva, Tavis droze sakmaod mravalricxovani da gavleniani adgilobrivi
qristiani arabebis marginalizacia da maTi SesamCnevi nawilis palestinidan gandevna.
es konfliqti imiTicaa friad gamwvavebuli, rom israelma airCia 1967 wlis eqvsdRiani
omis Sedegad dapyrobili palestinuri teritoriebis marTvis misTvis aSkarad yvelaze
wamgebiani scenari. man aq naxevrad koloniuri, okupaciuri mmarTvelobis reJimi daawesa,
romelic ukve TiTqmis oTxi aTeuli welia xorcieldeba mdinare iordanis dasavleT
sanapirosa da e.w. Razas seqtorSi.
1970-iani wlebidan mimdinareobs am teritoriebis saukeTeso nawilebis miTviseba da iq
ebrauli dasaxlebebis mSenebloba. ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis manZilze amas daemata
arabebisa da ebraelebis gamyofi 6 metris simaRlis kedlis mSenebloba. is formalurad
aRiarebul 1967 wlis israelis sazRvars ar emTxveva da sakmaod dasabuTebulad
palestinuri teritoriis nawilis aneqsiis mcdelobad aRiqmeba (m.S. gaerosa da haagis
saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mier).
2006 wlis dasawyisisaTvis daaxloebiT 250 aTasi ebraeli cxovrobda md. iordanis
dasavleT sanapiroze mdebare 125 oficialurad aRiarebul dasaxlebaSi (arsebobs agreTve
uamravi araoficialuri dasaxleba). damatebiT 180 aTasi cxovrobda aRmosavleTi ierusa-
limis aneqsirebul ubnebSi da daaxloebiT 16 aTasi holanis simaRleebze.142
formalurad am teritoriebze arsebobs e.w. palestinuri avtonomia (1994 wlidan) -
ganuviTarebeli ekonomikiT, susti socialuri infrastruqturiT, mZime demografiuli
situaciiT, mosaxleobis masobrivi siRaribiT da rac mTavaria, uaRresad araefeqturi da
korumpirebuli mmarTvelobiT, romlis funqcionireba mTlianad ucxour daxmarebazea
damokidebuli. faqtiurad palestinuri saxelmwifo Canacvlebulia ramdenime mowinaaR-
mdege, farulad an Riad teroristuli organizaciebis uxaliso gaerTianebiT, romelTac
erTmaneTTan Ria omisagan mxolod erTiani mtris arseboba akavebs.
aseT warmonaqms principulad ar SeuZlia uzrunvelyos raime saxis socialuri da
uSiSroebis garantiebi mosaxleobisaTvis, romelic yvelaferTan erTad ganicdis (rogorc
minimum) yoveldRiuR abuCad agdebasa da damcirebas, rac nebismieri okupaciuri reJimis
Tanmxlebi movlenaa. Sesabamisad, aq socialuri (da eTnikuri) daZabulobis done Zalze
maRalia — e.i. arsebobs is garemo, romelic masobrivad ubiZgebs adamianebs (gansakuTrebiT
axalgazrdebs) terorizmisaken.
ZalTa obieqturi uTanabroba israelsa da palestinas Soris imdenad didia, rom terori
palestinelebis erTaderTi politikuri argumentia, romelzec israelis mxare reagirebas
axdens. faqtobrivad, “rasac sionisti eqstremistebi akeTebdnen Tavis droze
britanelebis palestinidan gansadevnad, palestineli eqstremistebi Cadian ebraelebis
mimarT”.143
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom israelis jari da uSiSroebis samsaxurebi dResdReobiT
yvelaze efeqturia dedamiwaze, teraqtebi israels minimalur UuSualo zians ayeneben.
magram xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi teroristuli aqtiurobis mizanmimarTuli,
sistematuri gamoyeneba mkveTrad zrdis mis efeqturobas.
rac dro gadis, palestinuli terorizmi, okupirebuli teritoriebis Zalismieri
kontroli da amasTan dakavSirebuli msxverpli da socialuri daZabuloba israelisaTbis
sul ufro naklebad misaRebi da mosaTmeni xdeba.
Sedegad, daaxloebiT 1990-iani wlebis meore naxevridan, Tavi iCina movlenam, romelsac
SeiZleba “kolonializmis sindromi” davarqvaT.
palestinuri teritoriebis okupaciisa, da gansakuTrebiT iq arsebuli ebrauli
dasaxlebebis uSiSroebisa da sasicocxlo moTxovnilebebis uzrunvelsayofad gaweuli
xarjebi (pirvel rigSi socialuri), aRar baTildeba am teritoriebis kontrolidan miRe-
buli mogebiT, romlis gamarTlebac Tugind sionizmis poziciebidan iqneboda SesaZ-
lebeli.
faqtiurad israeli daRala am okupaciam, romelic ZiriTadad emsaxureba misi
mosaxleobis yvelaze eqstremistuli umciresobis miswrafebebs, romelic moiTxovs am
teritoriebis de iure Tu de faqto aneqsias.144
israels saswrafod sWirdeba arabebTan daSoriSoreba, agreTve, elementaruli demog-
rafiuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT. okupirebuli teritoriebis mosaxleobis zrdis
tempi 1.5-jer aRemateba israelisas, m.S. palestineli qalebis fertilurobis maCvenebeli
orjer ufro maRalia, vidre israelSi mcxovrebebis (sadac maRali fertilurobiT isev
adgilobrivi arabebi gamoirCevian). israelis ebrauli mosaxleoba ZiriTadad garedan
Camosaxlebuli migrantebis xarjze izrdeboda, magram aseTi migrantebis ukanaskneli
mniSvnelovani wyaro yofili sabWoTa respublikebis saxiT jer kidev 1990-ian wlebSi
82
aSS saerTaSoriso daxmarebis naxevarze meti miemarTeba strategiuli mokavSireebis
ekonomikur Tu samxedro daxmarebaze. daaxloebiT 30 qveyana, romlebic gansakuTrebiT
aqtiurad uWeren mxars aSS-s brZolas teroris winaaRmdeg, iReben daxmarebas, ZiriTadad
imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelyon maTi mTavrobebis mier aSS-s politikis mxardaWera.131
uSualod ganviTarebaze mimarTul daxmarebaze modis Tanxebis mxolod 30%, romlis
udidesi nawili, Tavis mxriv, miemarTeba iseT proeqtebze, romlebic dakavSirebulia
ekonomikuri reformebis mxardaWeraze, demokratiis ganviTarebasa da efeqturi marTvis
sistemebis danergvaze, e.i. iseTebze, romelTa realuri efeqtis gazomva arc ise advilia,
miuxedavad maTi udidesi mniSvnelobisa.
aseTi midgomis klasikuri magaliTia avRaneTi, sadac imasTan erTad, rom qveyanaSi
uSualod abandeben didZali raodenobiT fulad Tanxebs, amerikelebma adgilze datoves
provinciebis praqtikulad yvela mmarTveli, romelTa umetesobac ubralod samxedro
damnaSavea, romelTa adgili obieqturad romelime saerTaSoriso tribunalis
braldebulTa skamzea. aseTia Tugind avRaneTis uzbekuri CrdiloeTis mmarTveli
generali dusTumi. garda amisa, aSS iZulebulia Tvali daxuWos am qveyanaSi narkotikebis
masobriv warmoebaze, romelmac 2005 wels absolutur rekords miaRwia da qveyana
narkotikebis yvelaze did mwarmoeblad aqcia msoflioSi.
aqedan gamomdinare, is, rac globaluri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daxmarebis (Tu
ganviTarebis transferis) sistemas warmoadgens, namdvilad ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT
rogorc warumatebeli. ganviTarebis transferi mxolod misi gamocxadebuli mizania, maSin
rodesac mis arss warmoadgens wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis politikuri miznebis
realizacia ekonomikuri instrumentebis gamoyenebiT. rasakvirvelia, dRevandeli
globaluri politikuri realiebidan gamomdinare, am sistemis margi qmedebis koeficienti
sakmaod dabalia. amasTan erTad is etyoba sruliad misaRebia am moTamaSeebisaTvis.
plus amas, amdeni aTeuli wlis manZilze, rogorc mTlianad globaluri ekonomikuri
integracia, aseve kerZo ekonomikuri daxmarebis procesebi imdenad “gajda” saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis globalur sistemaSi, rom maTi restruqturizaciis cda efeqturobis
gazrdis mizniT, Zalian mtkivneuli iqneba rogorc daxmarebis mimRebebisaTvis, aseve
donorebisTvisac.
3.4. globaluri ekonomikuri transferis mTlianad SedarebiT naklebad warmatebuli
procesis fonze, arsebobs rigi qveynebisa, romlebmac moaxerxes ganviTarebul msoflioze
ekonomikuri damokidebulebis daZleva da aSkarad umizneben msoflios wamyvani qveynebis
rigebs. es exeba pirvel rigSi, e.w. aziur vefxvebs (samxreTi korea, singapuri, taivani,
honkongi), gansakuTrebiT 1990-iani wlebidan moyolebili — CineTs, da agreTve malaizias.
faqtiurad, rogorc vxedavT, laparakia msoflios Zalian SezRudul regionze, xolo aq
CamoTvlili 6 qveynidan 3 ase Tu ise CineTia, singapuris mosaxleobis udidesi umetesoba
Cinelebi arian, xolo malaiziisa - yvelaze ganviTarebuli umciresoba.
yvelgan am qveynebSi (igive koreisa da musulmanuri malaiziis CaTvliT) mosaxleobaze
udides gavlenas axdens konfuciuri tradiciebi, romlebic moiTxovs yvelasagan
Sromismoyvareobas, disciplinas, swavlis pativiscemasa da xelisuflebisadmi upirobo
damorCilebas.
garda amisa, am qveynebis umetesoba mizandasaxulad atarebda da atarebs sakuTar
ekonomikur politikas, romelic Zalian naklebad emTxveva msoflio bankisa da savaluto
fondis rekomendaciebs, Tumca maTgan sesxebs didi siamovnebiT iRebs. miuxedavad imisa,
rom dasavleli ekonomistebis nawili naTlavs maT mier gatarebul reformebs rogorc
liberalurs, realurad saqme gvaqvs saxelmwifos mier marTuli kapitalizmis sxvadasxva
variaciebTan.
igive honkongis ekonomikuri aRorZineba praqtikulad britanuli koloniuri
administraciis “specialuri proeqtis” warmatebuli realizaciis Sedegia; samxreTi
koreis realuri ekonomikuri ganviTareba moxda im wlebSi, rodesac erTmaneTs cvlidnen
meoce saukunis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze ulmobeli diqtatoruli reJimebi; taivanze
1940-ian wlebSi jer kidev kontinentur CineTSi arCeuli parlamenti mxolod 1990-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi gadairCies, Tanac imitom, rom misi wevrebis umetesoba ubralod siberiT
gardaicvala.
rogorc Cans, globalizaciis dRevandel etapze ganviTarebis transferis yvelaze
warmatebul magaliTs mainc samxreTi korea gviCvenebs. aseve warmatebuli iaponiis
transformacia ZiriTadad pirvel msoflio omamde ganxorcielda, xolo taivanisa da
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 bevri qveyanis mSp-Si oficialuri ucxouri daxmarebis wili imdenad didia, rom raRac
ekonomikur (Tu humanitarul) simaxinjes ufro waagavs. 2003 wels kongos demokratiuli
respublikis mSp-s 95%! formirdeboda daxmarebis xarjze — gasagebia qveyana jer kidev
faqtiurad mravalwliani omis pirobebSi arsebobda, magram mainc.
imave wels msoflios kidev 33 qveyanaSi daxmarebis wili mSp-s 10%-s aRemateboda, m.S.
monRoleTSi, nikaraguaSi, eTiopiaSi, mavritaniasa da ruandaSi daaxloebiT mexuTeds,
palestinis avtonomiaSi 29%-s, aRmosavleT timorSi, eriTreaSi, burundiSi, siera leoneSi
daaxloebiT 2/5.
2005 wels iseTma avtoritetulma globalurma arasamTavrobo organizaciebma,
rogorebicaa Action Aid da Oxfam gamoaqveynes specialuri moxseneba, romelSic
mouwodebdnen politikurad saxelgatexili saerTaSoriso daxmarebis sistemis
reformisaken.127 isini amtkicebdnen, rom saerTaSoriso daxmarebis 40% miemarTeboda
donori qveynebis zedmetad Zvirad Rirebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SesaZenad. aSS da
italia mainc yvelaze xSirad mimarTavdnen fondebis e.w. ukusvlas (round-tripping) da
xarjavdnen gamoyofili Tanxebis aranakleb 70%-sa sakuTar kompaniebsa da
konsultantebze. Sedegad mTlianad msoflioSi Tanxebis mxolod 1/5 aRwevda im
adamianebamde, romelTaTvisac is formalurad iyo gamoyofili. Action Aid-s damoukidebeli
Sefasebis Tanaxmad aSS-sa da safrangeTis SemTxvevaSi daxmarebis 90% “moCvenebiTia”.
mTlianad ki mdidari qveynebi aseTi “moCvenebiTi daxmarebis” formalurad gaRebuli
Tanxidan daqviTvis Semdeg ganviTarebadi qveynebis daxmarebaze xarjavdnen maTi mSS-s
mxolod 0.1%, xolo G-7-s qveynebi mxolod 0.07%-s nacvlad deklarirebuli 0.25%-sa.128
am daxmarebis procedurebi da pirobebi iseTia, rom isini xSirad Zirs uTxrian im mwir
adgilobriv SesaZleblobebsac ki, romlebic daxmarebis mimReb qveynebSi arsebobs anda
saerTaSoriso donorebi Tavis saqmianobaSi saerTod gverds uvlian am qveynebSi arsebul
ganawilebis qselebsa Tu sawarmoo simZlavreebs. aSkaraa, rom donorebs ufro adardebT
sakuTari warmateba da Tavis warmoCena, vidre daxmarebis mimRebi qveynebis realuri
ganviTarebis problemebi.
agreTve, yuraTsaRebia saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis daxmarebis sistemaSi korufciis
problemac. mis seriozulobaze metyvelebs Tugind is faqti, rom 2005 wels aSS-s senatma
miiRo specialuri sakanonmdeblo aqti, romelic mimarTulia saerTaSoriso donor
organizaciebSi korufciis monitoringze. igive azrs iziarebda 2004 wlis bolos
evrogaerTainebis antikorufciuli organizacia OLAF-i, romelic Tavis wliur angariSSi
werda, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis daxmareba gaxda “kompleqsuri da kargad organizebuli
TaRliTobis msxverpli”, rodesac daxmarebisaTvis gamoyofili fondebis didi (calkeul
SemTxvevebSi udidesi) nawili miemarTeba kerZo anda danaSaulebrivi gamorCenisaTvis.129
magaliTisaTvis moyvanilia evrogaerTianebis mier dafinansebuli 50 adgilobrivi wylis
momaragebis sistemis gaumjobesebis proeqti paragvaiSi, sadac fondebis 90% iyo
mimarTuli fondSi, romelsac am proeqtTan araferi saerTo ar gaaCnda.
Sedegad raime mkafiod gamoxatuli urTierTdamokidebuleba ganviTarebis daxmarebis
saxeobasa da moculobas, erTi mxriv, da ama Tu im konkretuli qveynis ganviTarebis
procesis warmatebas Soris Zneli SesamCnevia. bevri specialisti miiCnevs, rom aseTi
damokidebuleba saerTod ar arsebobs. ase rom ar iyos, igive nikaragua Tu palestinis
avtonomia, romlebic erT-erT yvelaze did daxmarebas iReben (rogorc sesxebis, aseve
grantebis saxiT) msoflioSi, yvelaze warmatebul ganviTarebis transferis magaliTebs
unda gviCvenebdnen, im dros rodesac realuri situacia sruliad sawinaaRmdegoa.
palestinis avtonomia saerTod uaRresad korumpirebuli, araqmediTunariani
warmonaqmnia, romlic saxelmwifo meqanizmis funqcionireba mTlianad ucxour
daxmarebazea damokidebuli, xolo nikaragua im 17 uRaribesi qveynis ricxvSia, romlis
valebis Camowerasac msoflio finansuri organizaciebi apireben.
gansakuTrebiT SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis, ganviTarebadi qveynebis daxmareba, ama Tu im
saxiT (uSualod Tu saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebis meSveobiT), ZiriTadad sagareo
politikis gagrZelebaa, mxolod sxva meTodebiT. ramdenad moitans maT mier gacemuli
fuli realur ekonomikur cvlilebas ama Tu im qveyanaSi, principuli mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
mTavaria aseTi qveynebis mmarTveli reJimebi loialurebi iyvnen aSS-s mimarT. es
gansakuTrebiT exeba iseT “sust” qveynebs, romlebic potenciurad SesaZlebelia aSS-s
erovnuli usafrTxoebisaTvis saSiSroebas warmoadgendnen, Tugind imitom, rom maTi
teritoria da resursebi sxvadasxva juris teroristebma SesaZlebelia TavianTi
miznebisaTvis gamoiyenon.130
70
amoiwura.
cnobili ebraeli moRvawe, “niu-iork Taimsis” mimomxilveli Tomas fridmani jer kidev
2002 wels werda — “daSoriSorebis gareSe 2010 wlisaTvis israelsa da okupirebul
teritoriebze icxovrebs meti arabi, vidre ebraeli. aseT pirobebSi israels eqneba sami
arCevani: israelelebi gaakontroleben mTel am teritorias afarTeidis saSualebiT, an
gaakontroleben mas palestinelebis gandevniT, an mianiWeben palestinelebs xmis uflebas,
ris Semdegac ebrauli saxelmwifo aRar iarsebebs. rogorc ar unda ganviTardes movlenebi,
es niSnavs israelis, rogorc ebrauli demokratiis aRsasruls”.145
aqedan gamomdinare, grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi am konfliqtis gagrZeleba awyobT
palestinel arabebs. etyoba amitom maTi xelmZRvaneloba mravali wlis manZilze axerxebs
israelTan realur dialogze uaris Tqmas. mas mSvenivrad esmis, rom dro palestinelebze
muSaobs.
rogorc Cans, palestinis xelmZRvanelebisaTvis misaRebia is msxverpli, romelsac
ganicdis adgilobrivi mosaxleoba teraqtebis sapasuxod israelis mier Catarebuli
sadamsjelo operaciebis Sedegad (yvelaze warmatebuli teroristuli aqtiurobis
periodis drosac ki erT daRupul ebraelze daaxloebiT sami arabi modis). samagierod es
msxverpli uzomod zrdis arabebis siZulvils israelis mimarT da axdens maT
konsolidacias sxvadasxva juris adgilobrivi teroristuli organizaciebis garSemo.
saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba, romelic dRes aq aSS-s, evrogaerTianebis, ruseTisa da
gaeros saxiTaa warmodgenili, am konfliqtis mogvarebaSi veraviTar konstruqciul rols
ver TamaSobs. mis Carevas ar mohyva konfliqtis mogvarebis raime realisturi gegma,
romelic SesaZlebelia israels awyobdes, man ver/an ar moaxdina raime efeqturi dawola
mowinaaRmdege mxareebze im mizniT, rom moegvarebinaT konfliqti im pirobebiT, romelic
SesaZlebelia am sazogadoebas awyobdes.146
amave dros, realurad, mxolod israels SeuZlia (da saswrafod sWirdeba), Tugind
Zalismieri gziT, am konfliqtis sabolood mogvareba Tu ara, sxva, “ufro mosaTmen”
xarisxSi misi gadayvana (miT umetes Tu mas mxars aSS aubams). Tumca ukanasknel dromde, arc
palestinelebTan daSoriSorebis realuri gegma, arc mainc da mainc amis survili, arc
aseTi nabijis aucileblobis Segneba TviT israels gaaCnda.
mxolod 2005 wels israelis maSindelma premier-ministrma ariel Saronma, miuxedavad
udidesi winaaRmdegobisa, moaxdina ebraelTa dasaxlebebis Zalismieri evakuacia Razis
seqtoridan, sadac 1 300 aTasi arabiT garSemortymuli, cxovrobda 8.5 aTasi ebraeli, da
md. iordanis dasavleTi napiris nawilidan. 2006 wlis dasawyisSi premier-ministrma equd
olmertma, agreTve, dagegma aseTi dasaxlebebis umetesi nawilis gayvana iudeidan da
samariidan. Tumca Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad Sors wava israeli am mimarTulebiT.
2005 wels, 2006 wlis dasawyisSi, israelisa da palestinelebis urTierTobaSi stra-
tegiuli gardatexa moxda. rogorc ar unda ganviTardes movlenebi SemdgomSi, israeli
iZulebuli gaxda calmxriv daTmobebze wasuliyo, gamoecxadebina palestinelebTan
uSualo Sexebis zonis mkveTri Semcirebis, misTvis perspeqtivaSi ufro usafrTxo
teritoriuli konfiguraciis Ziebis survili.
israeli am nabijis gadadgmaze aiZula faqtorebis mTelma kompleqsma, romelTa nawilic
zemoT iyo aRwerili. am faqtorebSi terorizms erT-erTi, Tumca mniSvnelovani adgili
ukavia. amave dros palestinelebis gadmosaxedidan swored terorizmia is argumenti,
romelsac maTTvis warmateba moaqvs israelTan urTierTobaSi. aman maT (da ara marto maT)
SeiZleba Seuqmnas iluzia, rom terorizmis gamoyeneba politikur urTierTobebSi
(lokalur doneze mainc) gamarTlebulia misi efeqturobis TvalsazrisiT. miT umetes, rom
konkretul SemTxveva 1-Si aRwerili piramiduli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis modelidan
gamomdinare, es winaaRmdegobaSi ar modis am urTierTobebis organizaciis moTxov-
nilebebTan.
saerTaSoriso terorizmi. sazogadod, e.w. saerTaSoriso terorizmis gamoCenas ukav-
Sireben 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris cnobil movlenebs, rodesac arabi (ZiriTadad saudis
arabeli) fanqris saTleli gamosawev piriani danebiT SeiaraRebulma teroristebis mcire
jgufma moaxerxa sami samgzavro TviTmfrinavis motaceba da maTi mimarTva niu-iorkis
yvelaze maRal, msoflio savaWro centris “tyup” caTambjenebsa da pentagonis Senobaze
vaSingtonSi.147 am dros mxolod niu-iorkSi 3173 adamiani daiRupa.
am teraqtis uSualo gavlena saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaze mTlianad, da amerikulze
pirvel rigSi, imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom xSirad laparakoben msoflioze 9/11-mde da mis
83
Semdeg. sinamdvileSi es ar iyo arc pirveli teroristuli aqti, ganxorcielebuli aSS-s
teritoriaze islamistebis mier, arc pirveli mizanmimarTuli aqti uSualod amerikuli
interesebis winaaRmdeg msoflioSi.
amerikelebma sakmaod bevri gaakeTes imisaTvis, rom gamoewviaT eqstremisti
islamistebis siZulvili. mxolod is, rom aSS aTwleulebis manZilze faqtiurad gamodis
israelis usafrTxoebisa da arsebobis garantad, iyo iranis Sahis reJimis yvelaze aqtiuri
mokavSire, daafuZna samxedro bazebi arabuli qveynebis teritoriaze, sakmaris sababs
iZleoda imisaTvis, rom eqstremistebs maT winaaRmdeg emoqmedaT.
n. fergusonis azriT, teroristebis Semobruneba amerikis, rogorc maTi aqtiurobis
obieqtisaken, moxda 1983 wlis aprilSi, rodesac ganxorcielda Tavdasxma aSS-is saelCoze
beiruTSi (libani) — msxverpli 63 adamiani.148 am teroristul aqts mohyva amerikeli
sazRvao fexosnebis yazarmebis afeTqeba imave wels iqve beiruTSi (241 daRupuli). amis
Semdgomi mxolod msxvili teroristuli aqtebi amerikelebis winaaRmdeg moiTvlis — igive
msoflio savaWro centris afeTqebas 1993 wels, yazarmebis afeTqebas saudis arabeTSi 1996
wels, aSS-is saelCoebze Tavdasxmebs keniasa da tanzaniaSi 1998 wels da bolos — Tavdasxmas
saeskadro naRmosan “koulze” adenSi (iemeni) 2000 wels.
sakvirveli am situaciaSi aris ara is, rom 9/11-s saerTod moxda, aramed is, rom aSS
administracia faqtiurad ar reagirebda maTi interesebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul yvela
zemoT CamoTvlil teroristul aqtze. isic ki, rom teroristebs advilad SeeZloT
samgzavro TviTmfrinavis iaraRad gamoyeneba, mravali wlis win mxatvrul literaturaSi
iyo aRwerili.149 sakvirvelia, agreTve, rom amerikis specsamsaxurebs saerTod gamorCaT am
teroristuli aqtis momzadeba, Tumca axalgazrda saudelebi, romlebic SeerTebul
StatebSi safren skolebSi reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavis mxolod uSualod frenis dros
marTvas swavlobdnen, magram ara mis daSvebas, aSkarad maTi TvalTaxedvis areSi unda
moxvedriliyvnen.
garda amisa, amerikelebi, da maTi mibaZviT mTeli msoflio, saerTaSoriso terorizmis
organizaciasa da ganxorcielebas abraleben e.w. alqaedas teroristul dajgufebas,
romelsac xelmZRvanelobs usama bin ladeni Tavisi samalavidan avRaneT-pakistanis
sazRvarze. Sesabamisad isini am tipis terorizmTan brZolas udgebian standartuli,
mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi nacadi meTodebiT.150
sinamdvileSi saxeli alqaeda moigona aSS-s gamoZiebis federalurma biurom 1998 wels
aRmosavleT afrikaSi amerikis saelCoebis afeTqebis mokvlevis procesSi. man is Searqva
teroristebis sakmaod sustad organizebul jgufs, romlebic usama bin ladenis garSemo
ikribebodnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom raRaca saxiT es organizacia mainc Sedga, is arasodes
ar yofila saerTaSoriso teroristuli qseli, rogorc es sazogadod aris miCneuli.
principSi, is ufro Soulobda dafinansebas mravalricxovani ukve arsebuli,
damoukidebeli teroristuli organizaciebisaTvis, amyarebda kontaqtebs maT Soris,
uwevda konsultaciebs da a.S.151
aSS-s mier avRaneTSi Catarebulma kontrteroristulma operaciebma principSi Ziri
gamouTxara alqaedas iqaur struqturebs, magram saerTaSoriso islamuri teroristuli
moZraoba mas Semdeg ara mxolod ar Cacxra, piriqiT, bevrad ufro aqtiuri gaxda. aq
faqtiurad saqme gvaqvs radikalur saerTaSoriso ideologiasTan, romelsac iziareben
mravalricxovani organizaciebi da pirovnebebi islamur samyaroSi (gansakuTrebiT arabul
qveynebSi). isini naklebad arian dakavSirebuli bin ladenTan, magram iziareben mis ideebsa
da brZolis meTodebs. israelis dazverva maT amitom “saerTaSoriso jihads” uwodebs
alqaedas nacvlad.152
yvelaze problemuri am teroristul moZraobasTan mimarTebaSi isaa, rom misi arsebobis
mizezebi sakmaod arasworadaa gaazrebuli, rogorc samTavrobo, ise eqspertebis doneze.
iTleba, rom islamistebi ZiriTadad cdiloben moigerion dasavleTis is agresia, romelic
daiwyo jer kidev jvarosnuli laSqrobebisa da kolonializmis dros da romelic
mimarTulia islamis danawevrebisa da damcirebisken.
aseTi midgoma sakmaod amartivebs situacias da damajereblad ver xsnis imas, ratom
swiravs aTasobiT adamiani Tavs yoveldRiur daundobel brZolaSi. sionistebis, amerikeli
imperialistebisa Tu mTlianad antiislamuri dasavleTisadmi siZulvili ar warmoadgens
sakmaris motivacias im winaaRmdegobisa, romelsac ganviTarebuli msoflio islamur
samyaroSi gadaeyara.
sinamdvile bevrad ufro rTulia. saqme gvaqvs islamis, rogorc religiuri sistemis, da
84
bevri qveynisaTvis zemoT aRwerili tipis urTierTobas friad negatiuri, damatebiTi
Sedegi moaqvs. laparakia procesze, romelic principSi analogiuria cnobili holandiuri
senisa. es “seni” warmoadgens ekonomikur fenomens, dakavSirebuls romelime qveyanaSi didi
raodenobiT iseTi bunebrivi resursis aRmoCenasTan, romelic Zalian fasobs msoflio
bazarze (dRes es gansakuTrebiT navTobi da bunebrivi airia). es ubralod ukargavs aseT
qveyanas ganviTarebis stimuls da msoflios wamyvan ekonomikebSic ki
deindustrializacias iwvevs. aseTi ram daemarTa holandis 1960-ian wlebSi, rodesac iq
didi raodenobiT bunebrivi airi aRmoaCines, iseTive procesi mimdinareobs Cvens Tvalwin
ruseTSi.
Zalian bevri ganviTarebadi, gansakuTrebiT uRaribesi qveynebisaTvis, miT umetes, Tu
maT susti, korumpirebuli mTavrobebi hyavT, ucxouri sesxebi Tu grantebi faqtiurad
igive rols asruleben, rogorc bunebrivi resursebi. ra saWiroa am fulis realurad
Cadeba sabazro ekonomikur gardaqmnebsa da demokratizaciaSi, Tu daxmareba mainc
gagrZeldeba, miuxedavad yvelafrisa. rasakvirvelia, es fuli imaTTan, visTvisac es wesiT
da rigiT gamoiyofa — Rarib mosaxleobasTan, TiTqmis ar midis, samagierod korumpirebul
elitas amdidrebs.
aseTi situacia advilad asaxsnelia orive dawesebulebis funqcionirebis politikuri
motivirebulobis TvalsazrisiT. rasakvirvelia, rogorc msoflio bankisa da savaluto
fondis, aseve wamyvani ganviTarebuli qveynebis xelmZRvanelobas mSvenivrad esmis, rom
iseTi rTuli procesis marTva, rogorc dedamiwis saxelmwifoTa daaxloebiT 5/6-s
mierTebaa im ekonomikur sivrcesTan, romelic darCenilma 1/6-ma Tavisi interesebidan
gamomdinare Seqmna, praqtikulad SeuZlebelia.
maT aseve mSvenivrad esmiT, rom Zalian bevri ganviTarebadi (gansakuTrebiT afrikuli)
saxelmwifoebisaTvis realuri sabazro reformebis gatareba principulad gadauWreli
amocanaa. aq es daaxloebiT iseTive procesis Tanafardia, romelsac cxonebul sabWoTa
kavSirSi uwodebdnen “строительство социализма минуя стадию капиталистического развития”.
formalurad ganviTarebadi ekonomikebis dafinansebis erT-erT mTavar wyaros
warmoadgens e.w. oficialuri ganviTarebis daxmareba. mas gaiRebs msoflios 22 yvelaze
mdidari qveyana, romlebic ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis
ganviTarebis daxmarebis komitetSi arian gaerTianebulebi.125
Tavis maqsimums am daxmarebam etyoba Soreul 1960-65 wlebSi miaRwia, rodesac is donori
qveynebis mTliani Sida Semosavlis (mSS) 0.48%-s aRwevda. miuxedavad imisa, rom jer kidev
1970 wels am qveynebma ikisres valdebuleba aseTi daxmarebis saxiT gamoeyoT maTi mSS
aranaklebi 0.7%-sa, is ganuwyvetliv mcirdeboda. 1990 wels is Seadgenda 0.34%. amis Semdeg,
savaraudod sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT gamowveuli eiforiis fonze, es daxmareba mkveTrad
daeca 0.22%-mde 2001 wels. montereiSi Semdgar ganviTarebis dafinasebisadmi miZRvnil
gaeros konfrenciaze 2002 wels CaiTvala, rom es moculoba arasakmarisia ganviTarebadi
qveynebisadmi efeqturi daxmarebis gasawevad. amitom komitetis wevrebma aiRes
valdebuleba 2006 wlisaTvis daxmarebaze mimarTuli mSS-s wili 0.29%-mde gaezardaT.
2005 wels aseTi daxmarebis saxiT gaica 106.5 miliardi dolari, rac Tavisi absoluturi
moculobiT yvelaze didi daxmarebaa, odesme gacemuli. magram am daxmarebis sakmaod didi
nawili movida erayisa da nigeriis — potenciurad msoflios erT-erTi umdidresi qveynebis
(navTobis xarjze) valebis Camoweraze (erays Camoewera 14 miliardi, xolo nigerias 5
miliardi dolari). amave dros, msoflios 17 uRaribes qveyanas mxolod upirebdnen 37
miliardis Camoweras, Tanac mravalwliani molaparakebis Semdeg. garda amisa damatebiTi
2.2 miliardi dolari gamoiyo 2004 wlis dekembris indoeTis okeanes cunamiT
dazaralebuli qveynebis dasaxmareblad, rac wesiT da rigiT rogorc ganviTarebis
daxmareba saerTod ar unda aRricxuliyo.126
imis gamo, rom es daxmareba politikurad Zlieraa motivirebuli, yvelaze didi
raodenobiT is miemarTa eraySi — 2.3 miliardi dolari, pakistanSi — 2-dan 3 miliardamde da
avRaneTSi — 1.5 miliardi. Zalian didi raodenobiT miemarTeba es daxmareba, agreTve sub-
saharis afrikis qveynebSi, romlebzec 2003 wels misi saerTo moculobis TiTqmis mesamedi
modioda. fulis es raodenoba am regionisaTvis udris misi mTliani kapitalis formirebis
32%-s, maSin rodesac mTlianad ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis is mxolod 4.4%-ia, anda mSp-s
TiTqmis mexuTeds udris. uzarmazari daxmareba miemarTeboda, agreTve, palestinis
avtonomiaSi, romelsac rogorc sCans aseTi daxmarebis gareSe funqcionireba saerTod ar
SeuZlia.
69
 Sedegad, arsebobs farTod gavrcelebuli warmodgena imis Taobaze, rom orive es
organizacia, daxmarebis nacvlad, realurad msesxebel qveynebs zians ayenebs, magaliTad
iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac aZalebs privatizaciis programebis gatarebas, romlebic
saboloo jamSi amdidreben erT muWa yaCaRebs, anda atarebinebs kapitalebis bazris
liberalizacias iqamde, sanam maTi finansuri seqtori daiwyebdes efeqturad
funqcionirebas.123
aseTi zianis momtani politikis tipur magaliTad SesaZlebelia moviyvanoT igive
bolivia, sadac aSS da saerTaSoriso finansuri institutebis dawolis Sedegad 1990-ian
wlebSi gatarda yovlismomcveli neoliberaluri reformebi. qveyanaSi privatizebuli iqna
praqtikulad yvela met-naklebad faseuli aqtivi, m.S. mTlianad gazisa da navTobis, samTo-
mompovebeli, energetikuli, satransporo da sakomunikacio seqtorebi. Sedegi —
mosaxleobis masobrivi gaRatakeba, qveynidan kapitalis masobrivi gadineba. qveynis
saSualo klasi misi mosaxleobis 27%-dan 7%-mde daeca. bolivia gadaiqca samxreTi
amerikis uRaribes qveyanad da es maSin, rodesac mas ekuTvnis kontinentis gazis sididiT
meore maragi, kalis pirveli, xolo cinkis — mesame. 2003 wlis TebervalSi qveyanaSi daiwyo
is, rasac iq “muSur-glexur revolucias” uwodeben. am moZraobis yvelaze cnobili
punqtebi iyo — gazis mrewvelobis nacionalizacia imisaTvis, rom misi Semosavlebi
gadanawildes mosaxleobis Raribi da saSualo fenebis sasargeblod da aSS-s mier
iniciirebuli programis — “bananebi kokis magivrad” daxurva. kokis, narkotikuri
nivTierebis kokainis nedleulis, moyvana uzrunvelyofs adgilobrivi glexuri
meurneobis minimalur Semosavals mainc, maSin rodesac xilisa da bostneulis warmoeba
uzrunvelyofs saarsebo minimumis mxolod 10-20%-s. pirveli 1200 glexuri ojaxi,
romelmac miiRo monawileoba am programaSi, ubralod gadaSenda da yvela danarCens auwya,
Tu ra elodebodaT tradiciul kulturaze xelis aRebis SemTxvevaSi.
ori wlis areulobis Semdeg, 2005 wlis dekemberSi, sayovelTao arCevnebis Sedegad
qveyanis saTaveSi movida memarcxene prezidenti, romelmac Riad gamoacxada kursi
ekonomikis nacionalizaciasa da kokis warmoebis legalizaciaze. amasTan dakavSirebiT
yuradsaRebia is garemoeba, rom 21-e saukunis dasawyisidan laTinuri amerika sagrZnoblad
memarcxene gaxda. boliviamde memarcxene reJimebi movidnen saTaveSi venesuelaSi,
braziliaSi, argentinaSi, urugvaiSi. boliviis analogiurma masobrivma moZraobam daamxo
neoliberaluri reJimi ekvadorSi. yvela am SemTxvevaSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
imedgacrueba saerTaSoriso finansuri institutebis mier marTuli neoliberaluri
ekonomikuri reformebiT gamarcxenebis procesis erT-erTi wamyvani, Tu ara gadamwyveti
faqtori iyo.
amave dros, orive organizacia saocar ususurobas iCens im qveynebTan mimarTebaSi,
romlebic ver arsuleben sesxis pirobebs. aseTi SemTxvebi uamravia da yovelTvis xdeba
xelSekrulebis pirobebis gadaxedva da Tanxebis Caricxvis gagrZeleba. es gansakuTrebiT
exeba uRaribes qveynebs, romelTac didZali vali aqvT dagrovebuli — maT ubralod
isevdaisev aZleven sesxs, miuxedavad imisa, rogor asruleben isini xelSekrulebis
pirobebs.
2006 wlis martSi msoflio banki principulad daTanxmda Camoewera 37 miliardi aSS
dolaris odenobis vali romelic misTvis msoflios 17 uRaribes qveyanas mmarTebda. es
qveynebia — benini, bolivia, burkina faso, eTiopia, gana, gaiana, hondurasi, madagaskari,
mozambiki, nikaragua, nigeri, mali, ruanda, senegali, tanzania, uganda da zambia.124
rasakvirvelia, ama Tu im qveyanam SeiZleba ver Seasrulos xelSekruleba imis gamo, rom
misi funqcionirebis pirobebi Seicvala anda imitom, rom mTavrobaSi sxvadasxva fraqciebia
warmodgenili da “reformatorebi” SesaZloa marTvas CamoaSoron. magram, rogorc sCans,
ZiriTadad adgili aqvs Tavisebur “TamaSs” msesxebel mTavrobasa da donorebs Soris,
rodesac orive mxarem Tavidanve icis, rom daTqmuli pirobebi ar Sesruldeba, magram
ixtibars ar itexen da Tavi ise moaqvT, viTom yvelaferi Tavisi gziT midis.
faqtiurad, bevri qveynis korumpirebul mTavrobebs awyobT am institutebTan aseTi
tipis urTierToba — rac metia da Seusrulebelia sesxis is pirobebi, romlebzec isini
Tanxmdebian, miT metia maTi SesaZlebloba am sababiT, ise gadaanawilos resursebi, rom maTi
gamoyenebis efeqturoba Semcirdes sazogadoebisaTvis, magram gaizardos mTavrobis
wevrebis piradi gamorCenis TvalsazrisiT.
68
masze agebuli civilizaciis sistemur krizisTan, romlis erT-erTi, Tanac ara mTavari
gamoxatuleba, terorizmia. sayuradReboa, rom islami, igive qristianobisagan
gansxvavebiT, ufro guldasmiT akontrolebs misi mimdevrebis socialur cxovrebas
dawyebuli ojaxidan, damTavrebuli mTlianad sazogadoebiT. Tavis droze aman
mniSvnelovani da dadebiTi roli iTamaSa Tanamedrove islamuri civilizaciis
CamoyalibebaSi.
islamis sistemuri krizisi daemTxva musulmanur qveynebSi demografiul afeTqebas,
tradiciuli agraruli sazogadoebis moSlas, mosaxleobis masobriv migracias qalaqad, am
masebis mier moqmedebis tradiciuli orientirebis dakargvas, mis marginalizaciasa da
lumpenizacias. tradiciuli islami im uamrav problemas, romelsac es xalxi gadaeyara,
damajerebel pasuxs ver scems. amitom mis adgils ikavebs fundamentalizmi rogorc im
adamianebis guldaujeroblobis gamoxatva, romlebmac religiis dakargva daiwyes.153
fundamentalizmi erTaderTi ideologiaa, romlis aRqmac am lumpenebs SeuZliaT,
radganac is iZleva advilad aRsaqmel pasuxebs rTul kiTxvebze.154 ras eubneba islamuri
fundamentalizmi Tavis mimdevrebs? — gavyaroT urjuloebi, CamovagdoT dasavleTis
laqia xelisuflebi, CavacvaT qalebs hijabi, davsvaT saxlSi — aCinon bavSvebi, gaviyoT
navTobis fuli; Cven, namdvilma musulmanebma, vmarToT Cveni qveynebi da yvelaferi kargad
iqneba. amas tradiciulad emateba konteqstidan amoglejili ramdenime gamoTqma
yuranidan. esaa da es. magram dabneuli, marginalizirebuli, xSirad gaunaTlebeli
adamianisaTvis es sakmarisia. igive bolSevikebma Tavisi mimdevrebi (ZiriTadad aseTive
lumpenebi) aseTive donis demagogiiT aiyolies.
problema isaa, rom meSvide saukunis Semdeg, rodesac islami daarsda, misi reformireba
ar momxdara. amis Sedegad mravalricxovani qveynebi, sadac islami oficialuri religiaa,
da misi aseul milionobiT mimdevari, xSirad cdiloben yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi sityva-
sityviT mibaZon imas, rac yuranSi Caiwera 14 saukunis win. yuranis im mcnebaTa didi
umetesoba, romlebic aregulirebs musulmanis yoveldRiur cxovrebas, e.w. ganviTarebul
msoflios mainc barbarosulad miaCnia. magaliTad, xelis mtevnis mokveTa qurdobisaTvis
an sajarod qvebiT Caqolva ojaxuri RalatisaTvis, an sajarod Tavis mokveTa da Aa.S. bolos
da bolos, islami arTmevs adamianis statuss da gamoTiSavs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebidan
mosaxleobis naxevars — qalebs.155
dRevandel globalizebul msoflioSi meSvide saukunis adaTebiT cxovrebis mcdeloba
ubralod ar aZlevs islamur qveynebs modernizaciis saSualebas — gansakuTrebiT
socialur da kulturul sferoebSi, Tavi rom davaneboT ekonomikas. faqtiurad arsebobs
orad-ori gamonaklisi SedarebiT warmatebuli modernizaciisa islamur samyaroSi —
TurqeTi da malaizia. TiTqmis yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi islamuri saxelmwifoebi sakmaod
Sors CamorCebian Tavis mezoblebs globalur konkurenciaSi.
dRes islami dgas gardauvali reformebis winaSe, raTa warmatebiT Seagebos Tavisi
mrevli globalizaciis epoqis gamowvevebs. TavisTavad amaSi araferi arnaxuli an
miuRwevadi ar aris. igive procesi gaiara qristianobam reformaciis procesSi. gansxvaveba
isaa, rom qristianuli (am SemTxvevaSi protestantul-qristianuli) reforma gamowveuli
iyo maSindeli sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis Sinagani logikiT. islamis SemTxvevaSi, man
unda ganicados reforma, raTa Seewyos TamaSis wesebs, romlebic misma konkurentma
religiebma — qristianobam da iudaizmma daaweses, an dajabnos isini, Tu SesZlebs. amasTan
erTad qristianobas SeeZlo daeTmo reformisaTvis imdeni dro, ramdenic sWirdeboda,
islams es dro ubralod ar gaaCnia.
zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, saqme gvaqvs srulfasovan civilizaciaTa konfliqtTan,
romelSic islamuri mxare iZulebiT aqtiuri moTamaSis rolSi gamodis. es ki ukve
TavisTavad globaluri masStabis da potenciurad SesaZlebelia globalizaciuri
movlenaa.
is, rom islamuri samyaros reaqcia am gardauval cvlilebebze, pirvel rigSi, masobrivi
fanatizmisa da terorizmis saxiT gamoixateba, gasakviri ar aris. es sistemis TavdacviTi
meqanizmis amoqmedebis konkretuli gamovlinebaa. bolos da bolos kaTolikur evropaSi
reformis wina krizisi masobriv religiur isteriebsa da saRvTo inkviziciis SeqmnaSi
gamoixata.
damatebiTi problema isaa, rom qristianuli reformacia uaRresad sisxliani iyo.
danakargi, romelic ganicada evropam religiuri omebis dros, procentulad bevrad
aRemateba imas, rac man msoflio omebis dros ganicada. Tu islamuri reformacia (is
gardauvalia da faqtiurad ukve midis) daaxloebiT igive scenariT ganviTarda, islamuri
85
terorizmi iqneba msoflios politikuri peizaJis ganuyofeli nawili Tvalsawier
momavalSi.
islamis, rogorc religiis, da masze dafuZnebuli civilizaciis gardaqmna, warmoadgens
erT-erT uiSviaTes gamonakliss, rodesac SeiZleba damajereblad iTqvas, rom is uSualod
gamowveulia globalizaciuri procesebiT. Tumca saqme gvaqvs e.w. globalizaciis
gauTvaliswinebel SedegebTan. Tu is yvelaze arasasurveli, sisxliani scenariT
ganviTarda, arsebobs Sansi imisa, rom man globalizaciis procesebi ukan Seabrunos;
faqtiurad iTamaSos igive roli, rac pirvelma msoflio omma iTamaSa pirveli
globalizaciis mimarT.
es procesi spontanuria da naklebad aris damokidebuli im adamianebis neba-survilze,
romlebic masSi uSualod arian CaTreulebi, an visac es uSualod exeba islamuri samyaros
gareT. misi gamovlena avtomaturad xdeba nebismier adgilas, sadac ki arsebobs islamuri
da nebismieri sxva faseulobebis sistemebs Soris winaaRmdegobis winapirobebi (realuri
Tu moCvenebiTi).
aucilebeli ar aris es faseulobaTa sistemebi qristianuli iyos — friad daZabuli da
konfliqturia urTierToba musulmanebsa da induistebs Soris igive indoeTSi.
konfliqturia urTierToba ,radikaluri islamis mimdevrebsa da umetesoba musulmanuri
qveynebis saero mTavrobebs Soris, islamis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebis mimdevrebs Soris.
is, rac dRes warmodgenilia rogorc [islamuri] saerTaSoriso terorizmi (ZiriTadad
ganviTarebuli qveynebis mTavrobebisa da masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis mier),
mxolod SedarebiT mcire, Tumca friad gaxmaurebuli nawilia im ganuwyveteli
winaaRmdegobis, rac xdeba TviT musulmanur samyaroSi am religiis sxvadasxva
mimarTulebis mimdevrebs, fundamentalistebsa da zomier musulmanebs Soris.
sruliad ar aris aucilebeli islamur terorizms saorganizacio centri, Tu centrebi
gaaCndes. is aRmocendeba yvelgan, sadac ki arseboben daCagrulebi musulmanebi (an iseTebi,
vinc Tavis Tavs daCagrulebad miiCneven), miT umetes, Tu aqve arseboben politikosebi,
visac maTi marTva SeuZliaT sakuTari merkantiluri miznebis misaRwevad. amitomacaa, rom
zogierTi specialisti islamur terorizmTan brZolas amebis mokvlis mcdelobas adarebs.
am arsebas Tavi saerTod ar gaaCnia da ramden nawiladac ar unda daWra is, yoveli
calkeuli nawili sakuTari cxovrebiT iwyebs cxovrebas.
londonSi 2005 wlis ivnisSi moxda teroristuli aqtebi, romlebSic 52 adamiani daiRupa.
iq oTxma axalgazrda ingliselma musulmanma eqstremistuli islamisturi propagandis
gavleniT CaTvales Tavi valdebulad SebrZolebodnen urjuloebs. romelime islamur
dajgufebasTan yovelgvari kavSiris gareSe, internetidan mopovebuli informaciis
safuZvelze maT gaakeTes asafeTqebeli mowyobilobebi, dagegmes da moawyes teraqti.
yvelaferi es sul 500 girvanqa sterlingi dajda. saiteresoa, rom daaxloebiT imave dros
aseTive teroristuli aqtebis mowyobas apirebda axalgazrdebis meore jgufic,
romlebmac Tavis mizans ver miaRwies rogorc Cans imis gamo, rom maT mier igive internetSi
mopovebuli informacia asafeTwebeli mowyobilobebis damzadebis Taobaze naklebad
sando gamodga.
pirveli zari, romelic islamTan dakavSirebuli [globaluri] krizisis dawyebas
moaswavebda, gaisma 1979 wels iranSi. maSin aravin mixvda, Tu ram gamoiwvia radikaluri
islamuri revolucia, Tumca misi forma, intensivoba da Sinaarsi aSkarad ar Seesabameboda
im obieqturad arsebul daZabulobas, romelic Seqmna am qveyanaSi Sahis reJimma. mohamed
reza fexlevi, nebismieri TvalsazrisiT, sakmaod rbili mmarTveli iyo, xolo qveynis
modernizaciis miseuli mcdeloba — sakmaod mokrZalebuli.
es faqti Tavis droze Sesabamisad Sefasebuli ar iyo da iranis gakveTilebidan swori
daskvnebi ar iyo gakeTebuli. amas win uswrebda, Tu daemTxva, minimum sami sxvadasxva
masStabis procesi, romlebmac saboloo jamSi moitanes saerTaSoriso terorizmis iseTi
saxiT Camoyalibeba, romliTac is dRes arsebobs:
1. saudis arabeTi, romelsac gaaCnia msoflioSi udidesi navTobis rezervebi, amave dros
xasiaTdeba dedamiwaze erT-erTi yvelaze arqauli, arademokratiuli da represiuli
mmarTveli reJimiT. im mizniT, rom ucvlelad SeenarCunebina qveyanaSi arsebuli
mmaTvelobis da, upirvelesad yovlisa, navTobis Semosavlebis ganawilebis sistema,
gadaetana sakuTari mosaxleobis yuradReba amasTan dakavSirebul problemebidan, es
86
urTierTobaSi.
3.4. zemoT aRwerili procesis paralelurad xdeba ganviTarebadi qveynebis globalur
ekonomikaSi integraciis procesis marTvis mcdeloba, e.w. globaluri ganviTarebis
politikis farglebSi. rasakvirvelia, Znelia warmovidginoT romeliRaca qveynis
mTavrobis analogi globalur dozene, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli maregulirebeli da
sagadasaxado ZalauflebiT. magram globaluri ekonomikuri kontroli raRaca saxiT
maincaa saWiro, Tugind imisaTvis, rom Seamciros msoflio bazris “Cavardnis” riskebi da
RaribebisaTvis mainc Seqmnas moqmedebis ufro Tanabari pirobebi, vidre maT dRes gaaCniaT.
gansxvavebiT pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebisagan, romelTac kerZo kapitali
axorcielebs, es procesi mTlianad wamyvani ganviTarebuli qveynebis mTavrobebis uSualo
Tu gasaSualebuli kontrolis qveS mimdinareobs da msoflio politikis globalizaciis
procesis ganuyofel (SesaZlebelia wamyvan) nawils warmoadgens.
dRes aseTi maregulirebeli meqanizmebis rols TamaSobs msoflios ori wamyvani
finansuri instituti — saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da rekonstruqciisa da
ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso banki, ufro cnobili rogorc msoflio banki. maTze
mniSvnelovan wiladaa damokidebuli ganviTarebad qveynebSi mimdinare globaluri
integraciisa da sabazro reformebis umetesoba.
orive es dawesebuleba Seiqmna meore msoflio omis Semdeg rogorc urTierTdaxmarebis
meqanizmebi, romelTa gamoyenebac SeeZlo nebismier wevr qveyanas omis Semdgomi
rekonstruqciis procesSi. dResdReobiT isini emsaxurebian mxolod ganviTarebad da
gardamavali ekonomikis (yofil socialistur) qveynebs, magram rac dro gadis, maTi
qmedebis kanonierebisa da efeqturobis sakiTxi sul ufro met kiTxvas badebs.
mTavari braldeba, romelsac am organizaciebs uyeneben, isaa, rom isini zedmetad
erevian msesxebeli qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi da zedmet Zalauflebas floben,
gansakuTrebiT SedarebiT patara qveynebTan mimarTebaSi.121 upirvelesad es exeba im
pirobebis raodenobasa da moculobas, romelsac es organizaciebi uyeneben ama Tu im
qveyanas sesxebis gacemis dros.
Tu 1980-ian wlebSi aseTi pirobebis raodenoba daaxloebiT 6-dan 10-mde meryeobda, 1990-
iani wlebidan moyolebuli is 25-mde gaizarda. Sesabamisaad gaizarda saxelmwifo marTvis
im sferoebis raodenobac, romelTa gardaqmnas, gaZlirebas Tu ganaxlebas moiTxoven es
organizaciebi. Sedegad Zalian xSirad xdeba ama Tu im qveynisaTvis iseTi reformebis Tavze
moxveva, romlebic politikurad naklebad “mdgradia” da Sesabamisad araefeqturi.
orive organizacia Tavis qmedebiT mTlianad damokidebulia anglosaqsonur
neoliberalur ekonomikur ideebze da aZalebs ganviTarebad qveynebs gaataron Sesabamisi
ekonomikuri politika, miuxedavad imisa, imuSavebs Tu ara is micemuli qveynis konteqstSi.
es situacia, agreTve, ukavSirdeba im faqts, rom arsebobs friad SezRuduli nakrebi im
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis modelebisa, romlebic maT SeuZliaT sesxebis mimReb qveynebs
SesTavazon. msoflio bankma Tavis droze aseTi modelebis raodenoba saerTod xuTamde
daiyvana, im dros, rodesac naklebad gasagebia, romelma strategiam Tu politikam
SesaZloa principulad uzRunvelyos ama Tu im qveynis warmatebuli ganviTareba. garda
amisa, miukerZoebel damkvirvebels xSirad rCeba warmodgena, rom es organizaciebi Tavze
axveven maTi daxmarebis mimReb qveynebs ganviTarebis variantebsa Tu konkretul
meqanizmebs, romlebic cudad muSaoben TviT maTi SemuSavebis adgilebSi ganviTarebul
qveynebSi, anda es qveynebi maT realizaciaze saerTod uars amboben.
arc erTi es organizacia ar aris neitraluri, miukerZoebeli, miT umetes, apolitikuri.
saboloo jamSi orive emsaxureba im qveynebis interesebs, romlebic ZiriTadad afinanseben
maT saqmianobas e.i. SeerTebuli Statebisa da dasavleTi evropis. yvelafers Tavi rom
davaneboT, msoflio bankis xelmZRvaneli mxolod aSS-s moqalaqe SeiZleba iyos, xolo
savaluto fondis — evropeli. Tavis droze msoflio bankis xelmZRvanelad avstralieli
jeims vulfersoni rom daeniSnaT, saWiro gaxda misTvis saswrafod aSS-s moqalaqeobis
miniWeba.
“erT mSvenier dRes marsis mcxovreblebi rom estumron dedamiwas, isini, albaT mivlen
im daskvnamde, rom Cven giJebi varT. Cven vxarjavT 900 miliard amerikul dolars
Tavdacvaze da 268 miliards sxvadasxva saxis sasoflo-sameurneo subsidiebze. amave dros,
ganviTarebis daxmareba mxolod 68 miliards aRwevs. Cven gvWirdeba daaxloebiT 30 dolari
erT bavSvze wliurad imisaTvis, rom mivceT ganaTleba yvela im bavSvs, romlebic dRes
skolaSi ar dadian. magram fuli ar aris. amis nacvlad Cven yovelwliurad gamovyofT 150
dolars erT adamianze Tavdacvis xarjebis saxiT”.
msoflio bankis prezidenti jeims vulfersoni. 28 oqtomberi, 2004 weli.122
67
 cxrili 3.1 pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis ganawileba rCeuli qveynebis reJimi mravali wlis manZilze xels uwyobda qveyanaSi fundamentalisturi,
mixedviT, milion aSS dolarebSi, 2004 w. antidasavluri islamuri Sexedulebebis propagandas (m.S. formaluri
saganmanaTleblo sistemis farglebSi). is agreTve didZal Tanxebs abandebda aseTi
1985-1995 (saSualo wliuri) 2001 2002 2003 2004 ideebis propagandaSi qveynis gareT. faqtiurad saudelebi mizandasaxulad axdendnen
eqstremistuli islamuri Sexedulebebisa da teroristuli azrovnebis inkubacias
msoflio 182438 825925 716128 632599 648146 msoflios sakmaod did nawilSi, m.S. wamyvan dasavlur qveynebSi.
2. avRaneTSi 1979 wlis sabWoTa agresiis Semdeg aSS-ma didZali finansebi daabanda
ganviTarebadi qveynebi, m.S. 49868 217845 155528 166337 233227 adgilobriv winaaRmdegobis moZraobaSi, gauwia mas msxvilmasStabiani teqnikuri
1. CineTi 11715 46878 52743 53505 60630 daxmareba. am daxmarebis sakmaod didi nawili xvdeboda adgilobrivi musulmani
eqstremistebis xelSi, romelTac aSS aranakleb sZuldaT, vidre ssrk. aSS-s
2. honkongi 4093 23777 9682 13627 34035
maSindelma umaRlesma politikurma xelmZRvanelobam (piradad prezidentma reiganma)
3. singapuri 4529 14122 5822 9331 16060 amaze Tvali daxuWa moklevadiani pilitikuri interesebidan gamomdinare. Sedegad
4. taivani 1009 4109 1445 453 1898 amas mohyva igive alqaedas Seqmna e.w. “avRaneli arabebis” saZmos safuZvelze. am
procesSi udidesi roli iTamaSa, agreTve, saudis arabeTis sagareo dazvervam princ
5. samxreTi korea 697 3692 2975 3785 7687 Turqi alfaisalis xelmZRvanelobiT da pakistanis uwyebaTaSoriso dazvervam,
6. malaizia 2 994 554 3 203 2 473 4 624 romelsac generali hamid guli meTaurobda. maSinve am pakistanulma uwyebam Seqmna da
7. tailandi 1 428 886 947 1 952 1 064 mogvianebiT avRaneTis saTaveSi moiyvana Talibanis moZraoba.
3. dasavleT evropis qveynebis mTavrobebma ar moindomes an ver moaxerxes daaxloebiT
8. indonezia 1 364 -2 978 145 -597 1 023 1960-iani wlebidan regionSi Casaxlebuli milionobiT musulmanis asimilacia,
9. indoeTi 452 3 403 3 449 4 269 5 335 Sesabamisi qveynebis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ZiriTad nakadSi maTi CarTva.156 maTi
udidesi umetesoba gariyuli aRmoCnda, xolo ukve evropaSi dabadebuli
10. azerbaijani 176 227 1 392 3 285 4 769
axalgazrdebis sakmaod did nawils damcirebulebis, Seuracxyofilebis mdgradi
11. ruseTi 207 792 693 1 424 1 715 sindromi gauCnda. aseTi adamianebi advilad xvdebian fundamentalisturi islamuri
12. yazaxeTi 749 2 835 2 590 2 088 4 269 propagandis gavlenis qveS, xdebian radikaluri ideebis matareblebi da aqtiuri
propagandistebi, teroristuli jgufebis organizatorebi da boevikebi. isini
13. saudis arabeTi -201 504 453 778 1 868 arseboben fundamentalisturi propagandis sivrceSi. maTze mudmiv gavlenas axdenen
14. siria 350 947 1 030 1 084 1 206 mravalricxovan meCeTebSi moRvawe mqadageblebi, romelTa nawili imdenad
15. TurqeTi 522 3 266 1 063 1 753 2 733 radikaluria, rom musulmanur qveynebSic ki devnilebi arian. islamisturi
propagandis meore — eleqtronuli nakadi (interneti, Tanamgzavruli televizia)
16. angola 208 2 146 1 672 3 505 2 048 sayovelTao aRiarebiT, agreTve, imdenad efeqturia, rom igiveE aSS-s kontrpropaganda
17. nigeria 1 004 1 277 2 040 2 171 2 127 aSkarad dajabnilia maT mier. Sesabamisad dasavleT evropaSi obieqturad Seqmnilia
radikaluri islamis matareblebis sakmaod mZlavri fena, romlebic iq adre Tu gvian
18. meqsika 4 532 27 635 15 129 11 373 16 602
saerTaSoriso teroris mexuTe kolonis rols Seasruleben.
19. venesuela 617 3 683 782 2 659 1 518 amave dros, TavisTavad saerTaSoriso [islamur] terorizms ar SeuZlia globaluri
20. peru 611 1 144 2 156 1 335 1 816 politikuri urTierTobebis ganpirobeba. Tumca, rasakvirvelia, is SeiZleba uqmnides
zogierTi qveynis saxelmwifo uSiSroebas taqtikur, xolo potenciurad, momavalSi,
21. brazilia 1 757 22 457 16 590 10 144 18 166 strategiul safrTxesac.
22. argentina 2 196 2 166 2 149 1 887 4 257 terorizmis realuri gavlena globalizaciis procesebze didwiladaa damokidebuli im
23. Cile 1 081 4 200 2 550 4 385 7 603 konkretuli globaluri Tu regionaluri moTamaSeebis (ZiriTadad saxelmwifoebis)
qmedebaze, romelTac SeswevT unari moaxdinon am procesis gamoyeneba (zogjer marTva)
sakuTar interesebSi, moklevadiani politikuri mogebis misaRwevad.
wyaro: UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT es kvlavindeburad amerikis SeerTebul Statebs exeba, radganac 9/11-s movlenebis
Division on Investment, Technology and Enterprise Development Semdeg “terorTan globaluri omi” gaxda maTi globaluri politikuri aqtiurobis erT-
World Investment Report 2005 erTi ZiriTadi amosavali principi. am omis farglebSi aSS-ma gadadga mTeli rigi
http://www.unctad.org/wir nabijebisa, romelTa mokle, da gansakuTrebiT, saSualo da grZelvadianma Sedegebma
http://www.unctad.org/fdistatistics SesaZlebelia globaluri masStabis cvlilebebi gamoiwvios (rogorc minimum es erayis
okupaciis Sedegebs exeba).
es cxrili agreTve migvaniSnebs erT friad sayuradRebo faqts. igive 1970-ian wlebSi amave dros, terorizmis globalur moTamaSed gadaqcevis TvalsazrisiT, principulad
ori socialur-ekonomikuri sistemis mZlavri konkurenciis pirobebSi wamyvani globaluri naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs, ra konkretuli nabijebi gadadga aSS-m maTTan brZolis sababiT,
kompaniebi iZulebulebi iyvnen ebrZolaT ganviTarebadi qveynebis bazrebisaTvis am anda ra konkretuli Sedegebi moitanes am nabijebma. is, rom wamyvanma globalurma
qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi uSualo Zalismieri Carevis doneze. ase magaliTad, 1973 wels moTamaSem saerTaSoriso terorizmi mis mTavar globalur mowinaaRmdeged gamoacxada,
CileSi saxelmwifo gadatrialebis ukan aSkarad idga udidesi amerikuli satelefono avtomaturad aamaRla terorizmis statusi globaluri moTamaSis donemde.
kompania AT&T, romlis interesebsac prezident salvador aliendes memarcxene aqedan gamomdinare, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teraqtis organizatorebma strategiul
xelisufleba emuqreboda. dRes moTxovnileba ganviTarebadi qveynebis mxridan pirdapir mizans miaRwies — islamuri fundamentalisturi moZraoba gadaiqca globaluri masStabis
ucxour investiciebze aSkarad sWarbobs maT SemoTavazebas. amitom globalur kompaniebs movlenad, xolo misi Tanmxlebi terorizmi — globalur moTamaSed.
aqvs saSualeba airCion maTTvis maqsimalurad momgebiani pirobebi da moaxdinon teroristebma agreTve, (Tugind uneblied) gadaWres fundamentalistebisaTvis friad
investiciebis gadanawileba sxva mimarTulebiT, rogorc ki am pirobebis gauaresebis mniSvnelovani damatebiTi strategiuli amocana — Caabes gareSe Zalebi (minimum aSS da misi
odnavi miniSneba xdeba. igive CineTSi jer kidev 2004 wels daiwyo laparaki imis Taobaze, is mokavSireebi, romlebic erayis okupaciaSi monawileoben) Sida-islamur sistemur
rom adgilobrivi muSaxeli zedmetad momTxovni da Zvirad Rirebuli gaxda, da saWiroa krizisSi, gadaaqcies isini am krizisis Tanmxlebi procesebis aqtiur monawileebad
rigi warmoebebis gadatana vietnamSi. Sesabamisad, SedarebiT Semcirda ganviTarebadi (SesaZlebelia mZevlebadac).
qveynebis SesaZleblobebi daicvan Tavisi interesebi globalur kapitalTan es sruliad sawinaaRmdegoa imisa, rasac es Zalebi aseT situaciaSi unda akeTebdnen.
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wesiT da rigiT, nebismierma gareSe Zalam unda moaxdinos maqsimaluri distancireba iseTi gansxvavebebi, ganpirobebuli maTi ekonomikuri, socialuri, bunebrivi, nacionalur-
masStabisa da sirTulis spontanuri procesidan, rogoricaa msoflio religiis sistemuri istoriuli TaviseburebebiT, geografiuli mdebareobiT.
krizisi. aseTi tipis krizisis gamoyeneba sakuTar interesebSi, miT umetes misi marTva, es procesi maqsimalurad apolitikuria da erTsa da imave Tanabar pirobebSi ar
nebismier qveynisa Tu qveyanaTa jgufisaTvis, rarig Zlierebic ar unda iyvnen isini, asxvavebs ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebs, ar aqcevs yuradRebas kapitaldabandebis
principulad SeuZlebelia. adgilSi arsebul ekonomikur Tu politikur sistemebs, Tu sxva damatebiT faqtorebs.
maqsimumi, risi gakeTebac SeuZlia ganviTarebul msoflios aseT krizisTan mimarTebaSi, dRes sakmaod xSiria imaze laparaki, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis warmoebaSi
Seecados frTxilad Seabrunos procesebi orive mxarisaTvis (musulmanebisa da danarCeni ganviTarebuli qveynebis pirdapiri investiciebi am ukanasknelebs sakmao zarals ayeneben
msofliosaTvis) momgebiani mimarTulebiT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi (da es ukve xdeba) is ZiriTadad didi raodenobiT samuSao adgilebis gadinebis xarjze (outsourcing).
iZens gantevebis vacis rols, romelsac braldeba aseTi krizisis obieqturad Tanmxlebi es situacia imdenad seriozulia, rom evrogerTianeba iZulebuli gaxda Seeqmna
yvela negatiuri procesebi. specialuri fondi, romlis erTaderTi daniSnulebaa gaaneitralos is zarali, romelsac
evropis Sromis bazari ganicdis samuSao adgilebis ganviTarebadi qveynebis sasargeblod
dakargvis Sedegad. ganviTarebuli qveynebis (gansakuTrebiT evropis) SromiTi resursebi,
agreTve zaraldeba imis xarjze, rom mzardi konkurencia ganviTarebadi qveynebis iafi
Tavi 4. zogierTi globaluri problema. demografiuli da muSaxelis mxridan Zirs uTxris maTi socialuri dacvis garantiebs. bevri eqsperti
ekologiuri problemebi. saerTod imasac ki Tvlis, rom aseTi procesis Sedegad xdeba ganviTarebuli qveynebis
deindustrializacia, faqtiurad es qveynebi arseboben ara postindustriul ganviTarebis
stadiaze, aramed deindustriul.
4.1. globaluri mosaxleobis problema. dRes globaluri kapitali moiTxovs nebismieri ganviTarebadi qveynisagan, romelsac
4.1.1. es problema faqtiurad erT-erT uiSviaTes gamonakliss warmoadgens, rodesac surs misi yuradRebis mopyroba, iaf, Sromismoyvare, disciplinirebul, magram uuflebo
kavSiri globalizaciasa da TviT problemis warmoqmnas Soris uSualo da aSkaraa. misi muSaxels. rogorc erT-erTma rusulma internet-gverdma dawera rusul biznesTan
yvelaze TvalnaTlivi Sedegia msoflio mosaxleobis arnaxuli tempebiT zrda meore mimarTebaSi — daqiravebul muSaks unda uyvardes Tavisi damqiravebeli ukve imisaTvis, rom
msoflio omis Semdeg (ix. cxrili 4.1.1). es procesi imdenad intensiurad warimarTa, rom man mas samuSao misca, miT umetes, imisaTvis, rom am samuSaoSi saerTod gasamrjelos uxdis.
“demografiuli afeTqebis” saxeliT gaxda cnobili. aseTi midgoma rogorc Cans universaluria da ufro metadaa gamoxatuli sxva ganviTarebad
qveynebSi, vidre ruseTSi, sadac socialuri dacvis raRac meqanizmebi jer kidev
cxrili 4.1.1 dedamiwis mosaxleobis raodenobis zrda SemorCenilia.
ama Tu im qveynis mimzidvelobis mZlavri faqtoria, agreTve misi mzadyofna ganaTavsos
weli mosaxleobis raodenoba saSualo wliuri mosaxleobis saSualowliuri Tavis Teritoriaze e.w. WuWyiani warmoebebi (Savi da feradi metalurgia, qimia da a.S.),
(milioni adamiani) zrdis tempi (%) mateba romelTa ganlagebac ganviTarebul qveynebSi naklebad misaRebia am qveynebis
(milioni adamiani) mosaxleobisaTvis.
1800 952 - 1.611 nebismierma ganviTarebadma qveyanam, agreTve, unda uzrunvelyos globaluri biznesis
1900 1656 - 7.04 funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro minimaluri teqnikuri infrastruqtura.
1950 2 519 - 17.26 Tu aseTi pirobebis Sesrulebis Semdeg ama Tu im qveyanaSi moxda pirdapiri ucxouri
1960 3 021 1.821 50.20 investiciebi, es ar niSnavs kapitaldabandebas qveynis ganviTarebaSi. kapitali faqtiurad
1970 3 692 2.10 74.30 qmnis ama Tu im qveyanaSi globaluri qselebis dasayrden punqtebs, romelTac SeuZliaT
1980 4 435 1.82 92.90 warmatebuli funqcionireba mimRebi qveynisagan faqtiur izolaciaSic (magaliTad,
1990 5 264 1.71 82.90 Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis farglebSi), rogorc am qselebis integralur nawilebs.
2000 6 071 1.43 70.70 gadaiqcevian Tu ara globalur kapitalze dafuZnebuli sawarmoebi im ConCxad, romlic
2010 6 830 1.18 75.90 garSemoc moxdeba ama Tu im qveynis ganviTareba, am kapitals naklebad ainteresebs. es ukve
2050 8 912 0.67 52.05 kapitalis mimRebi qveynebis pasuxismgebloba da problemaa.
rogorc qvemoT moyvanili cxrili 3.1-dan Cans, im ganviTarebadi qveynebis raodenoba,
1
exeba wina periods romlebiTac globaluri kapitali realurad iyo dainteresebuli, sakmaod SezRudulia.
wyaro: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, 2003 wels gaeros vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis konferenciis monacemebiT mTlianad
World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2001 msoflioSi Semovida daaxloebiT 650 miliardi dolaris investiciebi, m.S. ganviTarebul
Revision, http://esa.un.org/unpp, 27 January 2005; qveynebSi moxvda maTi daaxloebiT 2/3. ganviTarebad qveynebSi investiciebis 26% Sevida
Максаковский В.П. Географическая картина мира. Ч.1. Общая характеристика мира. Ярославль: Верх.- uSualod CineTSi, xolo damatebiT 15% - honkongSi e.i. 160-ze meti qveynidan erTma miiRo
Волж. кн. изд-во, 1996. mTeli investiciebis 2/5, xolo darCenili qveynebidan 6-Si kapitaldabandebebi aSkarad
gaxorcielda ZiriTadad maT saTbobis mompovebel seqtorSi.
mosaxleobis zrdis udidesi nawili am periodSi movida ganviTarebad qveynebze, ris
Sedegadac maTi wili msoflio mosaxleobaSi gaizarda 67.7%-dan 1950 w. 80.7%-mde 2000 w.
mTlianad am qveynebSi mosaxleoba 2.9-jer gaizarda, kerZod, pakistansa da nigeriaSi 3.9-
jer, meqsikaSi 3.6-jer da a.S.

8 yvelaze did ganviTarebad qveynebSi (CineTi, indoeTi, indonezia, brazilia,

bangladeSi, pakistani, nigeria, meqsika) msoflios mosaxleobis 52% cxovrobs (47% 1950 w.),
m.S. or yvelaze didSi — CineTsa da indoeTSi — 38%.

TavisTavad mosaxleobis raodenobis aseTi zrda arafer aratipurs ar warmoadgens —

daaxloebiT aseTive etapi gaiares dRevandelma ganviTarebulma qveynebma samrewvelo
revoluciis dawyebis Semdeg. maSin es procesi socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
obieqturi faqtorebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, Tan sdevda maT, dedamiwis mosaxleobis

88 65
warmatebuli brunva stabiluri ekonomikuri da socialuri garemos pirobebSi.
mexuTe — miuxedavad ekonomikuri globalizaciis procesis naklebi efeqturobisa, dRes
yvelaze uazro diqtatoruli reJimebis gamoklebiT (Crdilo korea, birma, kuba),
praqtikulad yvela ganviTarebadi qveyana viTardeba globaluri bazris gavleniT, xolo
yvelaze warmatebuli ganviTarebadi qveynebi (CineTi) sul ufro did gavlenas axdens
globalur ekonomikur procesebze. xolo, rogorc globalizaciis Tanamedrove kvlevebi
gviCvenebs, rac ufro metad arian CarTuli esa Tu is qveynebi globalizaciis procesebSi
(metad globalizebulni arian), miT ufro aqtiurad misdeven isini iseT politikas,
romelsac mosdevs ekonomikis ufro swrafi zrda, inflaciis ufro dabali done, ufro
maRali Semosavlebis done da ufro didi ekonomikuri Tavisufleba. aseTi qveynebi
inarCuneben Tavisufali vaWrobisa da kapitalis moZraobis SemzRudavi barierebis
minimums, maTi kanonmdebloba sazogadod ufro mowesrigebulia, samewarmeo gadasaxadebi
naklebi. politika teqnologiebis dargSi xels uwyobs inovaciebs. aseTi qveynebi aseve
ufro mizandasaxulad icaven kanonis uzenaesobisa da sakuTrebis dacvis principebs, maTi
politikuri stabilurobis done, agreTve sxvebze bevrad ufro maRalia. meore mxriv,
naklebad globalizebuli qveynebi iCenen midrekilebas iseTi politikis mimarT, romelic
dafuZnebulia bazrebis funqcionirebaSi uSualo Carevaze da iwvevs inflacias,
stagnacias da mkveTrad amcirebs maT konkurentunarianobas.119
msoflios im 60 qveyanas Soris, romelTaTvisac 2004 wels gamoTvlili iyo globaluri
integraciis xarisxi, 20 yvelaze globalizebulebs Soris iyo mxolod 2 ganviTarebadi
qveyana — singapuri (pirveli! yvelaze globalizebuli qveyana msoflioSi) da malaizia
(mecxramete). ocdameoTxe adgili ekava sakmaod moulodnelad panamas. yvela danarCeni
wamyvani ganviTarebadi qveynebi naklebad globalizebulTa ricxvs ekuTvnodnen, magram
aseTebs Soris ar iyo arc erTi ganviTarebuli qveyana.120
sazogadod qveynis globalizebulobis xarisxi sakmaod TvalnaTliv emTxveva aq
politikuri Tavisuflebis dones. korufciis donec miT ufro dabalia, rac ufro maRalia
ama Tu im qveynis monawileobis done globalur procesebSi. zogadi Tezisis saxiT
SesaZlebelia imis mtkiceba, rom qveynis integracia globalur procesebSi exmareba iq
politikuri uflebebisa da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis gavrcelebas. aseTi integracia,
agreTve iwvevs qveyanaSi gamWirvalobis ufro maRali saerTaSoriso standartebis
damkvidrebas, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs korufciasTan brZolas da zrdis saxelmwifo
marTvis efeqturobas. Tumca rogorc yovelTvis, aseTi mtkiceba absoluturi ar SeiZleba
iyos. igive yvelaze globalizebuli singapuri gamoirCeva [rbilad rom vTqvaT] mkacri
saxelmwifo kontroliT presaze da SezRuduli pirovnuli TavisuflebebiT. meore mxriv,
samxreTi afrika, romelic gamoirCeva politikuri Tavisuflebis sakmaod maRali doniT
(gansakuTrebiT danarCeni afrikis fonze), erT-erTi yvelaze naklebad globalizebulia.
isevdaisev, globalizacia ar iZleva ganviTarebis garantiebs, is mxolod qmnis
SesaZleblobebs, xolo am SesaZleblobebis gamoyeneba yovel konkretul qveyanazea
damokidebuli.
3.3. dReisaTvis iTvleba, rom yvelaze saimedo garantia qveynis warmatebiT
ganviTarebisa e.w. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebia, e.i. iseTi investiciebi, romlebic
qveyanaSi Semosvlisas gamoiyeneba sakuTrebis SesaZenad misi marTvis mizniT. es ki imis
garantias iZleva, rom investori didi xniT aris mosuli qveyanaSi da igive “portfolio”
investiciebisagan gansxvavebiT raRaca spekulaciuri Worebis gaCenisTanave ar aikravs
Ggudanabads da ar gaiqceva. magram aseTi investiciebisaTvis gadamwyvetia, rom mimRebma
qveyanam uzrunvelyos kapitalis cirkulacia stabilur ekonomikur da socialur
garemoSi.
globaluri kapitali maqsimalurad Tavs aridebs riskebs. erTaderTi sfero, sadac is
dRes mzad aris Cados fuli nebismier pirobebze — Txevadi da gazisebri saTbobis
mopovebaa — es ki erT muWa qveynebs exeba. yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi kapitalis mimRebma
qveyanam unda faqtiurad daamtkicos, rom is Rirsia wamyvani globaluri ekonomikuri
moTamaSeebis yuradRebis, moipovos am yuradRebis ufleba sxva qveynebTan mZafr
konkurentul brZolaSi. aseTi tipis kapitalis moZraoba sruliad obieqturi procesia da
xorcieldeba e.w. Sromis saerTaSoriso ganawilebis (dResdReobiT etyoba upriania
vilaparakoT Sromis globalur ganawilebaze) principis Sesabamisad.
erTaderTi, rac globalur kapitals ainteresebs, esaa warmoebis optimizacia da
mogebis maqsimizacia. es xdeba im upiratesobebis gamoyenebis safuZvelaze, romlebsac
qmnian dedamiwis sxvadasxva qveynebsa da regionebs Soris obieqturad arsebuli
64
mxolod SedarebiT mcire nawils Seexo (dRevandeli ganviTarebuli qveynebi — e.w. “oqros
miliardi”). mTlianobaSi man dadebiTi roli Seasrula globalur ganviTarebaSi.
es procesi demografiuli modernizaciis saxeliTaa cnobili da sazogadod gulisxmobs
uaxlesi ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri miRwevebis gamoyenebas adamianis dasacavad
bunebrivi da socialuri garemos uaryofiTi gavlenisagan. es miRwevebi xdian SesaZlebels
adamianis ufro komfortul sacxovrebel Tu sanitarul-higienuri pirobebs, ufro
srulfasovan kvebas, naklebad damqancvel fizikur Sromas, efeqtur samedicino
profilaqtikas, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi — gadaudebel samedicino daxmarebas da a.S.
ganviTarebad qveynebSic mosaxleobis “afeTqeba” gamowveuli iyo sikvdilianobis
mkveTri SemcirebiT Sobadobis tradiciulad maRal fonze. problema isaa, rom
ganviTarebul qveynebSi sikvdilianobis Semcireba mohyva cxovrebis donisa da cxovrebis
pirobebis TandaTanobiT gaumjobesebas, rac erTdroulad Sobadobazec moqmedebda,
Tumca SedarebiT ufro CamorCeniT (ramdenime aTeuli wliT).
ganviTarebad qveynebSi (romelTa umetesobac am etapis dasawyisSi jer kidev koloniebi
iyvnen) sikvdilianobis Semcireba moxda praqtikulad Tvalis daxamxamebaSi — ramdenime
weliwadSi. mizezi — garedan Semosuli (zogjer mizandasaxulad, zogjer SemTxveviT)
minimaluri inovaciebi — axali wamlebi (aspirini, penicilini), mavne mwerebis sawinaaRmdego
qimiuri saSualebebi (DDT da sxva), elementaruli warmodgenebi pirad higienaze. daiwyo
(met-naklebad) vaqcinacia da epidemiebTan brZola, gaumjobesda mosaxleobis sakvebi
produqtebiT momarageba.
yvelaferi es imitom gaxda SesaZlebeli, rom qveynebi da teritoriebi, romlebTac
demografiuli afeTqeba Seexo, ukve iyvnen CarTuli globaluri urTierTobebis sistemaSi,
romelmac gaxada SesaZlebeli am inovaciebis SedarebiT Seuferxebeli gadacema.
faqtiurad maT miiRes ganviTarebuli qveynebidan pirveli ganviTarebis tranSi orive
monawile mxaris minimaluri Zalisxmevis xarjze. meore mxriv, meore tranSi, romelSic
unda Sesuliyo am qveynebis modernizacia, struqturuli transformacia da a.S., romelsac
saboloo jamSi unda mohyoloda maTi ekonomikuri ganviTareba misi Tanmxlebi
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donisa da xarisxis zrdiT, iseve rogorc misi kvlavwarmoebis
trendebis SecvliT, Zlieri dagvianebiT iyo miwodebuli, xolo misi Sedegebi friad
araeTgvaroveni gamodga.
ganviTarebad qveynebSi sikvdilianoba imdenad ar dacemula, rom ganviTarebuli
qveynebis dones miaxloveboda, magram 1950-1980 wlebSi is 2.3-jer Semcirda, m.S. 1960-80
wlebSi — orjer. es sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom gamoewvia demografiuli afeTqeba.
1950-55 wlebSi ganviTarebad qveynebSi fertilur asakSi myof erT qalze saSualod 6.2
bavSvi modioda.
es yvelaferi Seexo qveynebs, romelTa saxelmwifoebrioba umeteswilad jer kidev
Camoyalibebis stadiaSi imyofeboda, xolo ganviTarebis doniT yofil metropoliebs isini
xSirad ramdenime aseuli wliT CamorCebodnen. maT es procesi ar sWirdebodaT, isini mas ar
gegmavdnen da ver akontrolebdnen. faqtiurad aq demografiuli modernizaciis procesi
(ufro swored misi zogierTi elementi) warmoadgenda ara am qveynebisa Tu regionebis
ganviTarebis logikur Sedegs, aramed msoflios ufro ganviTarebuli nawilis
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis wesis garkveuli elementebis danergvas, romelTa transferi
(mizandasaxuli Tu uneblie) globalizaciuri procesebis farglebSi advili iyo.
imis gamo, rom demografiuli afeTqebis procesi ZiriTadad (dasawyisSi mainc)
faqtiurad “meqanikuri” iyo, is naklebad iyo damokidebuli konkretuli qveynis
civilizaciis tipze, mosaxleobis kulturaze, sarwmunoebaze da a.S. mmarTvelobis
efeqturobac ki am SemTxvevaSi Zalian nakleb rols TamaSobda — SedarebiT kargad da
cudad marTuli qveynebi am dros “erT navSi” aRmoCndnen.157
demografiulma dawolam am qveynebis umetesobas ar misca saSualeba fexze damdgariyo,
am problemam ZiriTadi roli iTamaSa maTi mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis mkveTrad
SeamcirebaSi (zogjer 30 da meti procentiT) koloniur periodTan SedarebiT
(gansakuTrebiT afrikaSi) da miliardi adamiani mSier Ratakad aqcia158.
4.1.2. demografiuli afeTqebis tendencia msoflioSi faqtiurad jer kidev gasuli
saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi Sesustda, xolo ukve am saukunis dasawyisSi sabolood gatyda.
dRes mTlianobaSi ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleobis aRwarmoeba xdeba daaxloebiT
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imave principiT, rac mdidar qveynebSi — e.i. adamianebi ufro gvian qorwildebian da naklebi
bavSvi hyavT. saSualod ganviTarebad qveynebSi erT qalze fertilur asakSi dRes 2.9 bavSvi
modis, xolo oc qveyanaSi Sobadoba veRar faravs sikvdilianobas.
imis gamo, rom am procesis inercia Zalze didia (erT qalze mosuli bavSvebis raodenoba
naklebia, vidre wina TaobaSi, magram TviT dedebis raodenoba bevrad metia) — dedamiwis
mosaxleobis yovelwliuri mateba jer kidev Zalian maRalia da gaeros gaTvlebiT 1950-iani
wlebis dones zustad 100 wlis Tavze, 2050-iani wlebisaTvis daubrundeba. dedamiwis
mosaxleobis stabilizacia moxdeba etyoba daaxloebiT 10 miliardi adamianis doneze am
saukunis meore naxevarSi.
gaeros rwmeniT, gardatexa mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis procesSi mohyva mis mier mravali
wlis manZilze ojaxis dagegmvis RonisZiebaTa propagandas (da RonisZiebebs am sferoSi).
192 qveynis mTavrobebis 72% uSualod monawileobs aseTi programebis realizaciaSi, xolo
kidev 17% arasamTavrobo organizaciebis SuamavlobiT.159
sinamdvileSi, rogorc Cans, ganviTarebad qveynebSi Sobadobis kleba moitana ara ojaxis
dagegmvam rogorc aseTma, iseve rogorc cxovrebis donis zrdam (is umetesad Zalian
mokrZalebuli iyo, Tu saerTod hqonda adgili), aramed qalTa emansipaciam. es emansipacia
ar unda gavigoT ise, rogorc fenomeni, romelsac adgili hqonda dasavleTis
ganviTarebul qveynebsa da sabWoTa kavSirSi gasul saukuneSi. laparakia xSirad Zalian
mokrZalebul procesze, romelic ZiriTadad qalTa ganaTlebas exeba.
sakmarisia etyoba, musulmanur qveynebSic ki, qalma miiRos sul ramdenime wliani
dawyebiTi saskolo ganaTleba, raTa misi ara marto demografiuli, aramed saerTod
socialuri qceva sagrZnobad Seicvalos. aseTi tendencia sakmaod kargad gamoxatulia,
magaliTad, iranSi. aq islamur wesebze awyobili saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sistemis
miuxedavad, erT qalze mosuli bavSvebis raodenoba Semcirda 2.8-jer daaxloebiT 1970-iani
wlebis dasawyisidan 21-e saukunis dasawyisisaTvis — 2.3-mde. es ufro dabalia, vidre
laTinuri amerikis qveynebis umetesobaSi.160 1990-ian wlebSi qalebis naxevarze meti am
qveyanaSi iyenebda Tanamedrove kontracepciis meTodebs.161 mozrdil qalTa wera-kiTxvis
codnis done 2002 wels aq mamakacebis donis 84%-s udrida, xolo dawyebiT skolaSi vaJebisa
da qalebis daswrebis done faqtiurad erTmaneTs gautolda.162
uamravi qveyana msoflioSi dRes moxvedrilia e.w. “siRatakis maxeSi” — maSinac ki, Tu maT
gaaCniaT SedarebiT efeqturi, naklebad korumpirebuli xelmZRvaneloba, isini ver erevian
maT winaSe mdgom problemebs imis gamo, rom ubralod Zalian Raribebi arian. maSinac ki,
rodesac mTavrobebs Ggulwrfelad surT maT winaSe mdgomi problemebis mogvareba, maT
akliaT sagadasaxado Semosavali infrastruqturaSi, socialur seqtorSi, garemos
dacvaSi, TviT sajaro administraciaSi dasabandebladac ki. praqtikulad nebismieri aseTi
qveyana, agreTve, yovelwliurad istumrebs uzarmazar Tanxebs sagareo valebis
momsaxurebaSi. xolo sabazo infrastruqturis, socialuri kapitalis, da marTvis sistemis
gareSe SeuZlebelia kerZo investiciebis mozidva da ekonomikuri ganviTareba. gzebis,
sasuqebis, eleqtroenergiis, iafi, efeqturi sawvavis, skolebis, saavadmyofoebis,
xelmisawvdomi sacxovreblis, wyalmomaragebis gareSe adamianebi qronikulad mSivrebi da
avadmyofebi rCebian.
Zalian xSirad (SeiZleba iTqvas ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetesobaSi) am situacias
uaRresad amwvavebs araefeqturi marTva, korufcia, ekonomikuri politikis araswori
arCevani.
ufro metic — aseT qveynebSi faqtiurad SeuZlebelia adamianis uflebebis dacva. didia
imis Sansi, rom rogorc sxvadasxva moqiSpe politikur Tu eTnikur dajgufebebs Soris
erTi qveynis SigniT, aseve or an met aseTi tipis qveyanas Sorisac, moxdes konfliqti imis
Taobaze, Tu vin gaakontrolebs iseT bunebriv resursebs, romelTa eqspluataciasac
swrafi mogebis motana SeuZlia. aseTi qveynebis mTavrobebi xSirad ara marto ver
akontroleben iseT kriminals, romelsac saerTaSoriso gavlena gaaCnia, TviTonve
mfarveloben mas.
garda amisa, gaeros SefasebebiT, arsebobs aSkara mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri siRaribesa
da Semosavlebis mkveTr “Sokur” dacemas Soris, erTi mxriv, da SeiaraRebul konfliqtebs
Soris, meore mxriv. siRaribe maT biZgs aZlevs da dasayrdens uqmnis. saSualod
Semosavlebis 5%-iani Sokuri dacema zrdis konfliqtis albaTobas 50%-T.163
ruandis cnobili genocidis dros, 1994 wels, ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi daiRupa ara
nakleb 800 aTasi adamiani. 1998-2000 wlis oms kongoSi, romelSic eqvsi afrikuli
saxelmwifo monawileobda, gadahyva TiTqmis 4 milioni adamiani, ZiriTadad SimSiliTa da
90
sruli liberalizaciis Sesaxeb faqtiurad meore msoflio omis Semdgomi aTwleulebi
mimdinareobs. maT SedarebiT naklebi iseTi xiluli Sedegi mohyva, romelic saSualebas
miscemda ganviTarebad qveynebs ganviTarebulebTan gaTanabrebuli pirobebiT emoqmedaT
globalur bazrebze. msoflio savaWro organizaciis 2003 wlis kankunis (meqsika) Sexvedra
am sakiTxebze ubralod CaiSala. 2005 wlis honkongis 149 qveynis ministrebis Sexvedris
mTavari Sedegi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom is CaSlas gadaurCa. misi ufro konkretuli
Sedegebi ki, isaa, rom msoflios uRaribes qveynebs dapirdnen maTi produqciis 97%-s
kvoTebisa da sabaJo gadasaxadebis gareSe daSvebas msoflio bazarze 2008 wlisaTvis,
Tumca raime konkretuli sabuTi (xelSekruleba) amis Taobaze gaformebuli ar yofila.
ganviTarebad qveynebs, agreTve dahpirdnen ganviTarebuli qveynebis sasoflo-sameurneo
subsidiebis TandaTanobiT gauqmebas. magram am SemTxvevaSic raime konkretuli sabuTi,
romelic am dapirebas legalur sarCuls daudeba, ar gaformebula. e.i. moklevadian
perspeqtivaSi mainc ganviTarebadi qveynebi formaluradac ki ver gaxdebian
ganviTarebuli qveynebis tolfasi konkurentebi globalur bazrebze (Tavi davaneboT imas,
rom isini, upirvelesad yovlisa, faqtiuradac eseTebi ar arian).
Sedegad ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetesobam aseT dawolas ver gauZlo da 1990-ian wlebs
bevrad uares mdgomareobaSi Sexvda, vidre igive 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi iyo.
mesame — im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ganviTarebadi qveynebi uerTdebian msoflio bazarze
mimdinare procesebs, maTze avtomaturad iwyebs moqmedebas am bazrisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli igive cikluri ekonomikuri krizisebi da maTi Tanmxlebi recesiebi da
finansuri “Sokebi”. aseT SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, raoden warmatebul da swor
sabazro politikas atarebdnen esa Tu is qveynebi — isini awydebian bazris “Cavardnis”
klasikur gamovlinebas, romelsac am SemTxvevaSi asimetruli xasiaTi aqvs.118 ganviTarebad
sabazro meurneobebs ubralod naklebi saSualeba aqvT gadaitanon esa Tu is globaluri
finansuri krizisi, vidre mdidar qveynebs (ixileT, aRmosavleTi aziis 1997 wlis krizisi).
aq aseTi krizisis gamowveva ubralod kerZo kompaniebisa Tu calkeuli pirebis
spekulaciuri moqmedebiTaa SesaZlebeli. aseT SemTxvevaSi am qveynebs naklebi
SesaZlebloba aqvT saSinao valebis aRebisa, radganac maTi sakuTari finansuri bazrebi
sakmaod SezRudulia. isini metad arian damokidebuli ucxour valutaSi aRebul valebze,
rac bazarze iwvevs eWvs maT SesaZleblobebSi gaistumron isini. Sedegad, iZulebulebi
arian mimarTon mkacr fiskalur da monetarul politikas im mizniT, rom bazris es “rwmena”
aRadginon, maSin rodesac recesiasTan mimarTebaSi maT wesiT unda moaxdinon ekonomikis
mastimulirebeli makroekonomikuri RonosZiebebi. aseTi qmedeba, romelic iwvevs minimum
sabanko sesxebis procentebisa da umuSevrobis donis zrdas, socialuri programebis
Semcirebas, diametralurad sawinaaRmdegoa imisa, rasac aseT SemTxvevebSi mdidari
qveynebi mimarTaven. aseT SemTxvevebSi krizisis Sedegebi ufro metad SedarebiT Rarib
qveynebs atydeba, xolo am qveynebis SigniT ufro Rarib mosaxleobas. garkveuli gagebiT,
aseTi krizisis gastumrebis fasis nawili mainc ganviTarebul qveynebs ganviTarebad
qveynebsa da am qveynebis Rarib mosaxleobaze gadaaqvT.
meoTxe — im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac bazari gamarTulad muSobs, SedarebiT sustebi da
naklebad ganviTarebulebi mainc isjebian. bazari TavisTavad ganviTarebis Tanabar
SesaZleblobebs ar qmnis. is aSkara upiratesobas aniWebs imaT, visac ukve gaaCniaT
produqtiuli kapitali — finansebi, miwa, sxva fizikuri kapitali, da rac yvelaze mTavaria
dRevandel, teqnologiaze dafuZnebul globalur ekonomikaSi — adamianuri kapitali. im
qveynebs, romlebic ukve uswreben sxvebs — romelTac gaaCniaT stabiluri politikuri
sistemebi, kerZo sakuTrebis garantirebuli uflebebi, saimedo sabanko sistemebi,
ganviTarebuli socialuri momsaxurebis sistemebi — bevrad meti Sansi aqvT Tavis
sasargeblod gamoiyenon is SesaZleblobebi, romelTac maT erTiani globaluri bazari
sTavazobs. qveynebi, romelTac aseTi instituciuri kapitali ar gaaCniaT, eqcevian e.w.
“instituciur siRaribis xafangSi” — magram aseTebis ricxvs ganviTarebuli qveynebis (m.S.
yofili sabWoTa respublikebis) udidesi umetesoba miekuTvneba. aseTi “xafangis”
arsebobis erT-erTi tipuri maCvenebelia is, rom globaluri kapitali sinamdvileSi
miemarTeba iq, sadac is ukve uxvadaa warmodgenili da ara iq, sadac is naklebia. pirvel
SemTxvevaSi, meti mogeba garantirebulia. aseTi qveynebis ricxvs ki isini miekuTvnebian,
sadac mmarTveloba da masTan dakavSirebuli sxva institutebi SedarebiT efeqturia da
Cadebul kapitalze misaRebi mogebis garantias iZleva. aseT SemTxvevaSi arc mmarTvelobis
formas, arc mis konkretul gamovlinebas (demokratia Tu diqtatura), arc amasTan
dakavSirebul damatebiT faqtorebs (samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arseboba, adamianis
uflebebis dacva, presis Tavisufleba da a.S.) mniSvneloba ara aqvs — mTavaria kapitalis
63
oficialur politikur dokumentebsa da daxmarebis programebSi. sinamdvileSi ki
nebismieri ganviTarebuli qveyana moqmedebs ganviTarebad msoflioSi ZiriTadad sakuTari
egoisturi interesebidan gamomdinare, romlebic moiTxoven misgan — a/Seuqmnas
xelSemwyobi garemo sakuTar bizness ukve arsebuli bazrebis farglebSi warmatebuli
saqmianobisaTvis, daexmaros mas axali bazrebis Seqmnasa da maTSi SesaRwevad da b/
uzrunvelyos politikuri da ekonomikuri stabiluroba im qveynebSi/regionebSi,
romlebic mniSvnelovania a/ amocanis gadasaWrelad.
globaluri ekonomikuri integraciis procesis dasawyisSi mainc, rogorc
“kapitalisturi”, aseve “socialisturi” blokis qveynebi ubralod cdilobdnen
erTmaneTisaTvis daeswroT yofili koloniebisaTvis ekonomikuri daxmarebis gaweva imis
SiSiT, rom es mowinaaRmdeges ar gaekeTebina. aseTi daxmarebis mimRebi qveynebis realuri
interesebi, maTi SesaZleblobebi gaetarebinaT SeTavazebuli reformebi, bolos sakuTriv
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis konkretuli modelebis avkargianoba ubralod gansjis sagani ar
iyo. orive bloki iRvwoda sakuTari interesebis dasacavad, xolo ganviTarebadi qveynebi am
“TamaSSi” damxmare rolebs asrulebdnen.
sawyis etapze aseTi modgomac ki sakmaod efeqturi gamodga. iqamde, sanam dadgeboda
realuri struqturuli reformebisa da instituciuri cvlilebebis etapi, wminda
teqnikuri RonisZiebebic ki xilul dadebiT Sedegebs iZleoda (magaliTad, igive “mwvane
revolucia” soflis meurneobaSi). 1970-iani wlebis meore naxevramde samrewvelo
warmoebis zrdis tempi mTlianad ganviTarebad qveynebSi ufro maRali iyo, vidre mTlianad
kapitalistur qveynebSi. amasTanave bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi izrdeboda Semosavali
erT mosaxlezec.
1970-ian wlebSi, 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, erTmaneTs daemTxva rigi faqtorebisa,
romlebmac, saboloo jamSi es tendencia Seabrunes da ganviTarebad qveynebSi mTlianad
erT mosaxleze mSp-s 10%-iani vardna gamoiwvies.
pirveli faqtori, romelsac sazogadod nakleb yuradRebas aqceven, isaa, rom sabWoTa
kavSirs am droisaTvis aRar Seswevda unari ekonomikuri konkurencia gaewia
dasavleTisaTvis ganviTarebad qveynebSi. Sedegad am ukanasknelebs ubralod moespoT
ganviTarebis alternativa da isini, uiSviaTesi gamonaklisis garda, dasavluri
neoliberaluri ekonomikuri politikis gavlenis sferoSi aRmoCndnen.
meore, navTobis fasebis ori (1973 da 1979 wlebis) msoflio krizisis Sedegebis daZleva
ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis SeuZlebeli gaxda Zirfesviani reformebis gareSe, romlebic
e.w. struqturuli gardaqmnebis politikis farglebSi ganviTarda. es politika ZiriTadad
moiTxovda ganviTarebadi qveynebidan gaetarebinaT bazarze orientirebuli strategiebi,
romelic efuZneboda ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevis mkveTr SezRudvas da maT gaxsnas
dasavluri investiciebisadmi. ekonomika efuZneboda eqsports, am qveynebSi dagrovebuli
valebis gasastumreblad saWiro Tanxebis mosazidad. garda amisa, aseTi gardaqmnebi
moiTxovdnen saxelmwifo finansebis mkacr ekonomias, rac SemTxvevaTa umetesobaSi isedac
sust adgilobriv socialur programebs ubralod Zirs uTxrida.
amas daemata “mcuravi” (floating) sabanko procentebi, ramac mkveTrad gazarda am qveynebis
valebi, gamoiwvia nedleulze fasebis mkveTri dacema, vaWrobis pirobebis gauareseba,
rodesac ganviTarebuli qveynebi mimarTavdnen proteqcionistur politikas, magram
kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegebodnen ganviTarebadi qveynebis mcdelobas maTTvis miebaZaT.
ramdenime saintereso faqti.
ganviTarebadi qveynebis eqsporti ganviTarebul qveynebSi, ZiriTadad “pikur tarifs”
(15% da meti) eqvemdebareba. magaliTad, bangladeSi yovelwliurad awvdis aSS-s 2.4
miliardi dolaris produqcias da ixdis 14% tarifs, xolo safrangeTi awvdis 30
miliardze met produqcias da ixdis 1% tarifs.
evrokavSiris wliuri subsidia erT Zroxaze rZis warmoebaSi 913 dolaria, im dros
rodesac sub-saharis afrikaSi erT mosaxleze wliuri Semosavali 490 dolaria, xolo igive
evrokavSiris daxmareba erTi afrikelisaTvis 8 dolaria. iaponiis SemTxvevaSi erT Zroxaze
subsidia 2 700 dolaria (!), xolo erT afrikelze daxmareba 1.5 dolari.116
msoflio bankis prezidentis pol vulfovicis 2005 wlis dekembris monacemebiT,
mdidari qveynebi TavianT fermerebs subsidiebis saxiT yovelwliurad uxdian 280 miliard
amerikul dolars. aqedan evrogaerTianebaze modis TiTqmis naxevari — 133 miliardi, xolo
iaponiasa da aSS-ze 49 da 47 miliardi, Sesabamisad. vulfovicis azriT, es niSnavs, rom aSS
da evrogaerTianeba yovel erT dolar daxmarebaze xarjaven 3 dolars sakuTari
fermerebis subsidiebze, iaponia — 5 dolars.117
laparaki da formaluri molaparakebebi msoflioSi savaWro-ekonomikuri gacvlebis
62
daavadebebiT. am konfliqtSi monawile mxareebi, ZiriTadad uganda da ruanda,
aiaraRebdnen adgilobriv tomebs da iyenebdnen maT mineralebiT mdidar teritoriebze
kontrolis dasamyareblad. saboloo jamSi konfliqtis yvela es monawile erTmaneTs
daeria.
4.1.3. formalurad ganviTarebadi msoflios mosaxleobis dRevandeli mdgomareoba
sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda 1990 welTan SedarebiT. 1990-2002 wlebSi saSualo Semosavlebi
aq 22%-T gaizarda, ukiduresad Raribi adamianebis ricxvi daaxloebiT 130 milioniT
Semcirda, cxovrebis saSualo mosalodneli xangrZlivoba 2 wliT gaizarda da a.S.
faqtiurad ki situaciis es gaumjobeseba msoflios SedarebiT viwro arealis
mosaxleobis mcire nawils Seexo. aSkarad gaumjobesda mdgomareoba aziaSi, gansakuTrebiT
aRmosavleT aziaSi. ukiduresad Raribi adamianebis klebam aq 201 milioni Seadgina, xolo am
kategoriis adamianebis wili mTlian mosaxleobaSi orjer daeca (30%-dan 1990 w. 15%-mde
2001 w.). magram es progresi faqtiurad mTlianad erTi qveynis _ CineTis xarjzea miRweuli.
Sesabamisad, mTel danarCen msoflioSi uRaribesi adamianebis ricxvi 71 milioniT
gaizarda. krizisis epicentri tropikul afrikaSia, sadac ukiduresad Raribi, mSieri da
SidsiT daavadebul adamianTa yvelaze didi koncentraciaa msoflioSi. daaxloebiT igive
situaciaa samxreT aziaSi, ZiriTadad indoeTis sasoflo raionebSi da qalaqis
“jurRmulebSi”. marTalia Sidsi aq ise ar aris gavrcelebuli, rogorc afrikaSi, magram
ukve farTomasStabiani epidemiis xasiaTi miiRo. yvela danarCen ganviTarebad regionSi
aSkarad gamokveTili tendenciebi ar SeimCneva, garda yofili sabWoTa kavSiris
respublikebis didi umetesobisa, sadac siRaribis donis mkveTri naxtomis Semdeg is an ar
mcirdeba, an agrZelebs zrdas.164
globaluri gaWirvebis zogierTi indikatori
siRaribe, 2001
- 1 090 milioni adamiani kmayofildeba 1.08 amerikul dolarze naklebiT dReSi, e.i.
msoflios mosaxleobis 18%. m.S. 313 milioni tropikul afrikaSi (regionis mosaxleobis
46%), 271 milioni aRmosavleT aziaSi (15%), 431 milioni samxreT aziaSi (41%). 2 736 milioni
adamiani kmayofildeboda dReSi 2.15 dolarze naklebiT, m.S. tropikuli afrikis
mosaxleobis 77%, aRmosavleTi aziis 47%, samxreTi aziis 77%.165
kvebis nakleboba, 2000
- 831 milioni adamiani, anu msoflios mosaxleobis 14% ar ikvebeboda minimaluri
fiziologiuri moTxovnilebis doneze, m.S. 185 milioni tropikul afrikaSi, 212 milioni
aRmosavleT aziaSi, 312 milioni samxreT aziaSi. es aris ganviTarebadi qveynebis
mosaxleobis 18%, naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis 38%, samxreTi aziis — 24%, tropikuli
afrikis — 33%. 1980-1995 wlebSi tropikul afrikaSi sakvebi produqtebis warmoeba
Semcirda 8%-T.
janmrTeloba, 2001-2002
- SidsiT daavadebulTa raodenoba gaizarda 15 milionidan 1990 wels 38 milonamde.
aqedan ganviTarebad qveynebSi 18 milioni qali da 2.9 milioni bavSvia. am adamianebis
daaxloebiT 70% tropikul afrikaSi cxovrobs. 13 milion bavSvs SidsiT daeRupa deda an
orive mSobeli. 22 milioni adamiani ukve gardaicvala am daavadebiT, m.S. 3.1 milioni marto
2002 wels. svazilendSi 25-29 wlis asakis orsuli qalebis 56% SidisTaa daavadebuli.166
- yovelwliurad 500 000 qali iRupeba orsulobisa da mSobiarobis dros — TiTo qali
wuTSi.
- mSobiarobis wili, romelsac eswreboda kvalificirebuli samedicino personali -
ganviTarebad qveynebSi — 56%-ia, naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi ki — 31 %.
- sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba, 2000-2005 ww. - saSualod dedamiwaze 67 weli,
mdidar qveynebSi — 79 weli, ganviTarebad qveynebSi — 64.9 weli, naklebad ganviTarebul
qveynebSi — 52.0 weli.167 sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba botsvanaSi 1970 wlis Semdeg
daeca 20 wliT 36 wlamde. zambiaSi mcxovreb adamians naklebi Sansi gaaCnia miaRwios 30 wlis
asaks, vidre inglisels 1840 wels.
ganaTleba, 2001
- ganviTarebad qveynebSi wera-kiTxvis ucodinarTa wili TxuTmet welze zemoT asakis
mosaxleobis 25.5%-s, anu 836 milioni adamians Seadgens. wera-kiTxvis ucodinari qalebis
wili 32.9%-ia, m.S. naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi — 56.2%.
bavSvebi, 2002
- yovel dRe 30 000 bavSvi iRupeba SimSiliT, daavadebiT, gauwyloebiT, e.i. iseTi
mizezebiT, romelTa Tavidan arideba SeiZleboda.
- yoveli meoTxe bavSvi msoflioSi moixmars dReSi 1.08 dolarze naklebs.
91
 - yoveli meoTxe bavSvi ar aicreba.
- yoveli mesame ver miiRebs sakmaris kvebas sicocxlis pirveli 5 wlis manZilze.
- yoveli meoTxe ver miaRwevs skolis meoTxe klass. yoveli meeqvse saerTod ver wava
skolaSi.
- 300 000 bavSvi monawileobs saomar moqmedebebSi rogorc jariskaci.
wyalmomarageba da sanitaruli pirobebi, 2004 w.
- yovel 14 wamSi erTxel iRupeba bavSvi diareiT gamowveuli gauwylulobis gamo; 6000
bavSvi iRupeba yoveldRiurad cudi wylisa da sanitaruli pirobebis mizeziT.
- msoflios saavodmyofoebis sawolebis naxevari ukaviaT wyalTan dakavSirebuli
sneulebebiT daavadebul adamianebs.
- yovel mexuTe adamians msoflioSi ar miuwvdeba xeli sufTa wyalze, xolo 40%-s ar
gaaCnia minimaluri sanitaruli pirobebi.168
dRes mxolod im adamianebis raodenoba, romlebic kmayofildebian dReSi 1.08 dolariT,
faqtiurad emTxveva msoflios yvelaze ganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleobis raodenobas,
an rva yvelaze didi ganviTarebadi qveynis 1950 wlis mosaxleobis raodenobas, erTad
aRebuls.169 es ki is adamianebi arian, romlebic yovel dRe fizikuri gadarCenisaTvis
ibrZvian.
garda amisa, aseTi situacia araproporciulad sjis qalebs, bavSvebs, moxucebsa da
xeibrebs, mTlianad soflisa da qalaqis “jurRmulebis” mosaxleobas. am xalxs “xafangSi”
moxvedris Zalian didi Sansi aqvT.
dRes msoflioSi siRaribisa da masTan dakavSirebuli sxva uaryofiTi procesebis
ganviTareba sakmaod primitiuli sqemiT mimdinareobs —
procesis sawyis etapze - demografiuli dawola + ekonomikuri CamorCena ganviTarebul
qveynebTan SedarebiT + araswori ganviTarebis modelis arCeva = procesis dRevandel
etapze — masiuri siRaribe + SimSili + gaunaTlebloba + kulturuli CamorCena +
ekonomikuri CamorCena rRvevaSi gadadis + [xSirad, gansakuTebiT afrikaSi, Sida da gare
konfliqtebi, saxelmwifo meqanizmebis sruli moSla].
es procesi faqtiurad cikluria, radganac yvela zemoT moyvanili faqtori erTmaneTs
“kvebavs” da azviadebs. aseT wreSi moxvedrili qveynebisaTvis misi garRveva uaRresad
mZimea da saboloo jamSi mxolod sakuTari Zalisxmevisa da Sida resursebis mobilizaciis
xarjze SeiZleba moxdes. ucxouri daxmareba am situaciaSi mxolod damatebiT rols
SeiZleba TamaSobdes.
amis ilustracia kargad SeiZleba igive Sidsis problemis magaliTze afrikaSi. gasagebia,
rom dasavleTis TvalTaxedviT ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier am daavadebis mkurnalobaze
gamoyofili Tanxebi sakmarisi ar aris, magram afrikis romelime CamorCenili qveynebis
gadmosaxedidan es situacia sxvanairad gamoiyureba. isini garedan mosuli Tanxebis mcire
nawilsac ki ver iTviseben. amisaTvis maT ar gaaCniaT sakmarisi kvalificirebuli
samedicino personali, mTlianad jandacvis, sakomunikacio, satransporto
infrastruqtura. amasTan erTad bevr afrikul qveyanaSi Sidsma ubralod musri gaavlo
jandacvis, ganaTlebisa da sxva socialuri samsaxurebis muSakebs, romlebic gadamwyvet
rols TamaSoben misive Tavidan acilebaSi.
xSirad Sidsis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebi konfliqtSi modis adgilobriv
tradiciebTan da kulturul unar-CvevebTan. bolos da bolos — Sidsi aq ZiriTadad
Raribebis (umeteswilad Raribi qalebis) daavadebaa. Raribi adamianisaTvis inficirebis
Sansi 20-jer ufro maRalia, vidre SeZlebulis. qalebi da gogonebi imdenad
araproporciulad daucvelebi arian Sidsisagan, rom gaero saerTod fiqrobs maT
dasacavad specialuri fondis Seqmnas.
mkurnaloba ver gaamdidrebs am xalxs da, miT umetes, ver Secvlis qalis statuss
adgilobriv sazogadoebaSi. axalgazrda qalebi da gogonebi isev iZulebulebi iqnebian
imeZavon, radganac sxvanairad maTi ojaxebi ver gadarCebian, xolo SidsiT daavadebuli
SeZlebuli moxucebi isev iyidian axalgazrda colebs. ganurCevlad sqesisa da asakisa
SidsiT daavadebulebi sazogadoebidan gariyulebi arian, xolo maT gardacvalebis
cnobebSi umeteswilad weria — “mizezi ucnobia”.
Sidsis mkurnalobis masobrivi kampania, plus misi profilaqtikis propaganda
SesaZlebelia gaaumjobesebs dReisaTvis usaSvelo situacias, magram ver SeaCerebs
epidemias rogorc aseTs. amisaTvis saWiroa mTlianad im socialur-ekonomikuri garemos
Secvla, romelSic es adamianebi cxovroben — e.i. is, rasac ver miaRwia afrikam minimum
ukanaskneli naxevari saukunis manZilze. wre Seikra.
4.1.4. demografiuli problemis gadaWris mcdeloba msoflio masStabiT ukve faqtiurad
92
mosaxleobis 20%, romelic yvelaze mdidar qveynebSi cxovrobda iRebda 30-jer met
Semosavals, vidre yvelaze Rarib qveynebSi mcxovrebi igive 20%, 1990 wlisaTvis es sxvaoba
60-mde, xolo 1997 wlisaTvis 74-mde (sic!) gaizarda.112
sxva monacemebi am rRvevas ufro TvalSi sacems xdis. magaliTad, 2002 wels msoflio
mosaxleobis yvelaze mdidari 5%-s Semosavali aRemateboda yvelaze Raribi 5%-s
Semosavals 114-jer. yvelaze mdidari 1% iRebda imden Semosavals, ramdensac iRebda
uRaribesi 57%. xolo 2 milioni yvelaze mdidari amerikelebis Semosavali udrida
msoflios 2 miliardi yvelaze Raribi mosaxlis Semosavals. metic — magaliTad, 1920 wels
dasavleTi evropis erTi mosaxlis saSualo Semosavali aRemateboda afrikelisas 2.9-jer,
xolo 1992 wels ki 13.2-jer.113
e.i. koloniuri UuRlisagan gaTavisuflebam, ganviTarebis sabazro modelze gadasvlam,
mravalgzis optimisturma reformirebam sagrZnobi dadebiTi Sedegi jerjerobiT
qveynebis mxolod SedarebiT SezRuduli jgufisaTvis gamoiRo.
meoce saukuneSi, mxolod oTxi saxelmwifo — iaponia, kanada, avstralia da axali
zelandia sabolood iqnen aRiarebuli rogorc ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi. Tan arc
erTi am saxelmwifos ganviTareba am statusamde ar momxdara meore msoflio omis Semdeg
mimdinare globaluri ekonomikuri sistemis Camoyalibebis farglebSi. kidev ori qveyana,
samxreTi korea da taivani, axlos arian am zRurblis gadasalaxavad, magram formalurad
mainc amas ver axerxeben.114
msoflios asi qveyana dRes formaluri ekonomikuri monacemebiT uaresad cxovrobs,
vidre kolonializmis dros. bevri maTganis cxovrebis done 30 da meti procentiT daeca.
dResac yvelaze mdidar saxelmwifoebis wilze msoflios mTliani Sida produqtis 80%-ze
meti modis.
bevris mier es ganixileba rogorc globalizaciis procesis Cavardna. maTi
warmodgeniT, globalizacia, gagebuli rogorc msoflio bazarSi integraciis procesi,
minimum arademokratiulia, emsaxureba viwro korporatiul interesebs, sjis Rarib
qveynebs, da sazogadod, Rarib mosaxleobas. ufro pragmatulebi piriqiT Tvlian, rom
saboloo jamSi sabazro reformebi gadafaraven im usiamovnebas, romelic maT sawyis
etapze RaribebisaTvis moaqvT, magram maTi meqanizmebis potenciali dResdReobiT
naklebadaa aTvisebuli.
mTlianobaSi, globalur sabazro sistemaSi msoflio yvela qveynis integraciis
pozitiur Sedegebze dafuZnebuli molodini gadaWarbebuli iyo, rogorc am procesis
iniciatori CrdiloeTis, agreTve samxreTis qveynebis mxridan. arsebobs sakmaod martivi
bunebrivi sistemebis araTanabari ganviTarebis kanoni, romelic ambobs, rom ierarqiis
erTi da imave donis sistemebi sazogadod sinqronulad ar viTardebian: im dros rodesac
maTi nawili aRwevs ganviTarebis ufro maRal dones, sxvebi ganviTarebis ufro dabal
doneze rCebian. absoluturi “erTferovneba” ubralod SeuZlebelia. am kanonis sruliad
gamarTlebulad miyeneba SeiZleba socialur sistemebTanac.
maqsimum, risi miRwevac SeiZleba ekonomikuri globalizaciis procesSi, aris
Semosavlebis saSualo donis zrda rogorc globalur doneze, agreTve calke aRebul
nebismier qveyanaSi, rac, saboloo jamSi, moitans socialur da ekonomikur stabilurobas,
minimumamde daswevs siRaribes.
e.i. faqtiurad, laparakia daaxloebiT iseTsave tipis procesze, rac moxda jer
SeerTebul StatebSi ruzveltis reformebis Sedegad, xolo Semdeg dasavleT evropasa da
iaponiaSi. unda Seiqmnas qveynebis mZlavri “saSualo fena”, romelic maT umetesobas
moicavs, xolo darCenili SedarebiT Raribebi jer es erTi umniSvnelo umciresobas unda
warmoadgendnen, meoredac, maTi saSualo cxovrebis done unda sagrZnoblad aRematebodes
dRevandels.115
3.2. is, rom zemoT aRwerili midgoma ekonomikuri globalizaciis mimarT dRes
maincdamainc ar muSaobs, rigi faqtorebiTaa gamowveuli, romelTaganac wamyvani
isevdaisev politikuria. arsebobs farTod gavrcelebuli gaugebroba imis Sesaxeb, rom
ganviTarebuli qveynebi valdebulebi arian moaxdinon sakuTari ganviTarebis gadatana
(transferi) ganviTarebad msoflioSi, daxmareba gauwion iq mimdinare reformebs da
pasuxic ki agon am reformebis warmatebaze. bevrisaTvis es moraluri imperativis donezea
ayvanili (cnobili “TeTri adamianis tvirTis” idea). nebismieri ganviTarebuli qveynis
MmTavroba moyolilia sakuTari samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebis
(gansakuTrebiT arasamTavrobo seqtoris) wnexis qveS, romlebic Tvlian, rom
ganviTarebuli qveynebi pasuxs ageben ganviTarebulebis winaSe, maTi siRatakisa da
CamorCenis Taobaze.
rasakvirvelia zemoT moyvanili mosazrebebi gansazRvrul gamoxmaurebas pouloben
61
Tavi 3. ekonomikuri ganviTareba da msoflio politikis
globalizacia
3.1. globalizaciis meore etapis problematika ZiriTadad daiyvaneba Semdeg kiTxvamde —
vin marTavs msoflio ekonomikas da vis interesebSi? is, rom politika da Zalaufleba
dRevandel msoflioSi didwilad ekonomikazea damokidebuli, sakmaod martiv axsnas
povebs — gavlenis ekonomikuri instrumentebis gamoyeneba wamyvani globaluri
moTamaSeebisaTvis saboloo jamSi ufro efeqturia da momgebiani, vidre nebismieri sxvis.
garda amisa, am qveynebs gareT arsebuli resursebis eqspluataciac ekonomikuri
meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT, ufro momgebiania, vidre teritoriis uSualo okupaciaze
dafuZnebuli. aseTi midgoma, agreTve, saSualebas aZlevs msoflios wamyvan mTavrobebs
distancireba moaxdinon bevri usiamovno procesebisgan, romlebic danarCen msoflioSi
mimdinareobs.110
koloniur sistemaze agebuli resursebis eqspluatacia (da es meoce saukunis
koloniuri sistemebis istoriam gviCvena) adre Tu gvian qmnis situacias, rodesac masTan
dakavSirebuli negatiuri faqtorebis fasi (m.S. am teritoriebis usafrTxoebis,
ekonomikuri, socialuri, marTvis sistemebis organizacia da uzrunvelyofa, adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis winaaRmdegobis daZleva da a.S.) ufro maRali xdeba, vidre am teritoriebidan
miRebuli uSualo mogeba.
amave dros, globalizaciis am etapze msoflio aRmoCnda gayofili or friad
gansxvavebul nawilad, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT — ZiriTadad yofili
wamyvani koloniuri saxelmwifoebi, maTi uSualo gamonayofebi da mezoblebi, romlebic
ganixilebian rogorc ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi da mTeli danarCeni msoflio.
ganviTarebulad aRiarebulia is saxelmwifoebi, romlebmac (istoriulad an
ganviTarebis dRevandel etapze), miaRwies industrializaciis maRal dones, gaaCniaT
mosaxleobis cxovrebis imdenad maRali standarti, ramdenis miRwevac SesaZlebelia
arsebuli simdidrisa da teqnologiebis pirobebSi. arsebobs Zlieri korelacia am
statussa da am qveynebSi arsebul myar, ganviTarebul demokratiul institutebs Soris.
amis sinonimebia — industriuli saxelmwifoebi, ekonomikurad ufro ganviTarebuli
saxelmwifoebi. dRes, agreTve ixmareba terminebi, romlebic dafuZnebulia msoflios
dayofaze am qveynebTan mimarTebaSi — pirveli msoflio/ mesame msoflio,
CrdiloeTi/samxreTi.
sxvadasxva organizaciebi sxvadasxva qveynebs miakuTvneben ganviTarebulebs, amitom
maTi raodenoba icvleba, damokidebulad imaze, Tu vis informacias viyenebT. magram
arsebobs 24 qveyana, romlebic nebismier klasifikaciaSi xvdeba. esenia — avstria, belgia,
dania, fineTi, safrangeTi, germania, saberZneTi, islandia, irlandia, italia, luqsemburgi,
niderlandebi, norvegia, portugalia, espaneTi, Sveicaria, gaerTianebuli samefo, aSS,
kanada, avstralia, axali zelandia, iaponia, israeli. igive saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi
maT umatebs singapurs, taivans, honkongs da samxreT koreas.
es 24 qveyana faqtiurad warmoadgens msoflios maRalSemosavlian qveynebs, minus
israeli, plus samxreTi korea. saerTo jamSi aseTi qveynebis raodenoba SeiZleba 34-s
aRwevdes.111
ganviTarebuli qveynebis upiratesoba danarCen msofliosTan mimarT, isaa, rom isini
viTardebian momuSave, efeqturi, sabazro ekonomikuri sistemis farglebSi. es sistema
sakuTar xarvezebs Seicavs, magram Tavisi aSkara efeqturoba daamtkica e.w. socialistur
ekonomikur sistemasTan WidilSi. globalizaciis erT-erTi wamyvani aspeqti isaa, Tu
ramdenad warmatebiT SeZlebs danarCeni msoflio SeuerTdes sabazro ekonomikur sistemas
— Tavisi neba-survilisa da/an ganviTarebuli qveynebis waqezebiT (zogjer daZalebiT).
faqtiurad, 1950-iani wlebis meore naxevridan (e.i. msoflio koloniuri sistemis daSlis
yvelaze aqtiuri stadiidan moyolebuli) mdidari qveynebi mantrasaviT umeoreben
Raribebs - “akeTe rogorc Cven, akeTe CvenTan erTad, akeTe Cvenze ukeT”.
zogadad sakiTxi Semdegnairad dgas — ginda SeuerTde globalur ekonomikas, ginda
mdidari da stabiluri gaxde? - gaatare sabazro reformebi im modeliTa da pirobebiT,
romlebTac Cven gTavazobT.
faqtiurad am Tezisis sawinaaRmdegod meore msoflio omis Semdgomi globaluri
ekonomikuri integraciis sakmaod intensiur process mohyva msoflios yvelaze mdidar da
yvelaze Rarib qveynebis Semosavlebis mkveTri rRveva — Tu 1960 wels msoflios
60
naxevar saukunes moiTvlis. principSi is ori mimarTulebiT viTardeba. pirveli —
globaluri masStabis “ganviTarebis” politikis farglebSi (meti ganviTareba, ufro
maRali cxovrebis done, naklebi Sobadoba, siRaribe da a.S.), meore — uSualod siRaribis
daZlevasa da mosaxleobis zrdis kontrolze mimarTuli saerTaSoriso programebis
farglebSi. gaero am procesSi formalurad CarTulia 1960 wlidan, rodesac daiwyo
programebis realizacia e.w. “ganviTarebis aTwleulebis” farglebSi. am dros gaero
gansakuTrebiT yuradRebas aqcevda iseTi miznebis miRwevas, romlebic ukavSirdeba wera-
kiTxvis ucodinarobis daZlevas, saskolo sistemis ganviTarebas, jandacvas (m.S. ojaxis
dagegmvas), sayofacxovrebo infrastruqturis ganviTarebas (wyalmomarageba, kanalizacia)
da a.S.
sainteresoa, rom gaeros es RonisZiebebi namdvilad erTiani globaluri politikis
farglebSi ewereba. isini im gagebis Sedegia, romelsac aRweven rogorc yvela
ganviTarebuli, aseve ganviTarebadi qveynebi. gaerosa (agreTve, masTan dakavSirebuli
saagentoebisa da wamyvani saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebis —OOxfam, Care, Save
the Children da a.S.) aqtiuroba zemoT aRweril sferoebSi imitom aris mniSvnelovani, rom
isini faqtiurad warmoadgenen msoflio politikis globalizaciis erT-erT iSviaT
warmatebul magaliTs, romelic globalur konsensuszea agebuli da romlis moqmedebis
areali da Sedegebi globaluri masStabisaa.170
maTi miznebi ZiriTadad advilad aRsaqmelia, TvalnaTlivi da konkretul Sedegebzea
orientirebuli. isini politikurad maqsimalurad neitraluria da (ukanasknel dromde
mainc) faqtiurad ar uyeneben im qveynebis mTavrobebs, sadac isini xorcieldeba, araviTar
winaswar pirobebs, msgavsad imisa, rogorc amas akeTebs msoflio banki an savaluto fondi.
umeteswilad es programebi adgilze rogorc humanitaruli xasiaTis matareblebi
aRiqveba. faqtiurad, uaRresad antagonisturad ganwyobili diqtatorebis garda, maT
aravin ganixilavs rogorc romelime qveynis Sinagan saqmeebSi Carevas.171
rasakvirvelia, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, ra masStabisa da sirTulisaa am programebis
winaSe mdgari amocanebi, maTi umetesobis sruli realizacia ver xerxdeba, Tumca bevri
Sedegi namdvilad STambeWdavia, ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleobis keTildReobaze
gavlenis TvalsazrisiT (xSirad ganviTarebulebisac).
gaeros programebis farglebSi:
- mTlianad aRmoifxvra (1997 wlisaTvis) iseTi daavadeba, rogoricaa yvavili;
- 1990-ian wlebSi ganaxevrda diareiT gamowveuli bavSvTa sikvdilianoba;
- yvelgan, 12 qveynis garda, 2000 wlisaTvis axalSobilTa sikvdilianobis done daeca 120-
ze qvemoT yovel 1 000 cocxal mSobiarobaze;
- msoflios 175 qveyanaSi aRar gvxvdeba poliomieliti, romelic 1950-1960-ian wlebis
dasawyisSi epidemiuri xasiaTisa iyo msoflios wamyvan qveynebSic ki;
- kanqveSa WiiT (riStaTi) daavadebebis raodenoba Semcirda 97%-T 2000 wlisaTvis, is
gvxvdeba mxolod 14 qveyanaSi;
- Tavidan iqna acilebuli 1 milioni bavSvis gardacvaleba vitamin A-s ukmarisobis gamo;
- 90 milioni axalSobili daculi iqna iodis deficitiT gamowveuli swavlis unaris
dakargvisagan.
bevri programis Sedegi ar SeiZleba iqnes Sefasebuli rogorc saboloo warmateba,
Tumca isini mainc mniSvnelovania.
- 1990-ian wlebSi bavSvTa sikvdilianobis done Semcirda daaxloebiT 1/3-T 63 qveyanaSi,
xolo 20%-T 100-Si;
- 1990 wlisaTvis moxerxda erT wlamde asakis bavSvebis 80%-iani imunizaciis donis
miRweva (Tumca tropikul afrikasa da samxreT aziaSi es miRweva SenarCunebuli ar iqna);
- 2000 wlisaTvis sicocxlis saSualo mosalodnelma xangrZlivobam miaRwia da
gadaaWarba 60 wels 124 qveyanaSi 173-dan, sadac is am zRvarze dabali iyo;
- Tumca gaerom ver miaRwia yvela adamianis uzrunvelyofas usafrTxo sasmeli wyliT
jer 1990, Semdeg 2000 wlisaTvis, im adamianebis raodenoba, romlebTac dRes amis saSualeba
gaaCniaT, daaxloebiT oci wlis manZilze 4.1 miliardiT gaizarda da 5 miliards miaRwia.
4.2 globaluri ekologiuri problemebi.
nebismier cocxal arsebas SeuZlia arseboba da ganviTareba mxolod im SezRudvebis
farglebSi, romelsac mas misi saarsebo bunebrivi garemo uwesebs. Sesabamisad evoluciis
procesSi cocxali organizmebi cdiloben maqsimalurad moergon garemo pirobebs.
adamiani sxva cocxali arsebebisagan ZiriTadad imiT gansxvavdeba, rom cdilobs moargos
garemos pirobebi sakuTar moTxovnilebebs.
93
 amave dros, warmoadgens ra biosferos Semadgenel nawils, adamiani Zlieraa
damokidebuli garemo pirobebze. Aase magaliTad, uhaerod adamians SeuZlia iarsebos
mxolod 3 wuTi, uwylod — 3 dRe, uWmelad — 30 dRe. arsebobs wylis, haerisa da sakvebis
dasaSvebi pirobebis friad SezRuduli diapazoni. igive SeiZleba iTqvas garemos
parametrebze: temperaturaze, wnevaze, sinotiveze, dasxivebaze da sxvadasxva fizikuri
velebis mniSvnelobebze.
sazogadoebis ganviTareba uSualod dafuZnebulia misTvis xelmisawvdom bunebriv
resursebze. nebismieri ganviTareba SesaZlebelia mxolod im konkretuli “ekologiuri” da
resursuli SezRudvebis farglebSi, romelTac buneba uwesebs sazogadoebas. faqtiurad
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis etapebi emTxveva axali bunebrivi resursebis aTvisebisa da
garemoze zegavlenis ekonomikuri da teqnikuri meqanizmebis SemuSavebisa da danergvis
etapebs.
4.2.1. 2005 wlis 25 ianvars msoflio havis cvlilebebis samuSao jgufma gamoaqveyna
moxseneba/rekomendacia “havis cvlilebis gamowvevis miReba”.172 am mokle moxsenebis arsi,
romelic Seadgina msoflios wamyvani politikosebis, biznesmenebisa da mecnierebis
jgufma, SemdegSia: 10 weliwadSi, SeiZleba ufro nakleb droSi, kacobrioba miaRwevs im
zRurbls, romlis Semdegac globaluri daTbobis procesebi Seuqcevadi gaxdeba.
globaluri daTbobis arsi mdgomareobs dedamiwis atmosferosa da okeaneebis saSualo
temperaturebis zrdis tendenciaSi, romelic aRiniSneba ukanaskneli aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi. iTvleba, rom saSualo globaluri temperatura mecxramete saukunis
bolodan gaizarda 0.6 + 0.20C. iTvleba agreTve, rom 2005 wlis winamdebare 50 wlis
ganmavlobaSi am daTbobis udidesi nawili iyo ganpirobebuli adamianis saqmianobiT.
naxSirorJangisa da sxva saTburi gazebis mzardi raodenoba wiaRiseuli sawvavis wvis
Sedegad, iseve rogorc soflis meurneoba, miwis zedapiris gaSiSvleba da adamianis sxva
qmedeba ganixileba rogorc daTbobis ZiriTadi komponentebi.
samuSao jgufi uaRresad TavSekavebulia Tavis daskvnebSi. am daskvnebis Sesabamisad —
“am saSiSroebis winaSe mobilizaciis SeuZleblobis fasi SesaZlebelia uaRresad maRali
iyos. mxolod ekonomikuri zarali Zalze didi iqneba — rac ufro da ufro damangreveli da
xSiri gaxdeba amindis iseTi eqstremaluri movlenebi rogorebicaa wyaldidoba, gvalva —
mTeli Temebi, qalaqebi, kunZulovani saxelmwifoebi dazaraldebian an daitborebian zRvis
donis awevasTan erTad; sasoflo-sameurneo warmoeba Seferxdeba. [am procesis] socialuri
da adamianuri Rirebuleba etyoba ufro maRali iqneba da moicavs masobriv
sikvdilianobas, daavadebebis gavrcelebasa da uaRresad gaZlierebas, mosaxleobis
iZulebiT gadaadgilebas da cxovrebis xarisxis mkafiod gamoxatul dacemas. gavlena
ekosistemebsa da biomravalferovnebaze, agreTve, gamanadgurebeli iqneba”.173 moxsenebis
avtorebi aseve dasZenen, rom havis saSiSi cvlilebis Tavidan acileba unda ganixilebodes
sazogadoebis keTildReobis iseTsave wanamZRvrad, rogorc erovnuli usafrTxoebaa.
rasakvirvelia adamianis sazogadoebisa da bunebrivi garemos urTierToba arasodes ar
yofila maincdamainc mowesrigebuli. kacobriobis istoriis manZilze mis moSlas
gamouwvevia mravali civilizaciis daRupva da dResac es faqtori gadaSenebis safrTxis
winaSe ayenebs, magaliTad, sub-saharis regionis zogierT qveyanas.
amave dros es pirveli SemTxvevaa, rodesac am urTierTobis mougvarebloba ganixileba
rogorc kacobriobis keTildReobisa da TviT arsebobis uSualo safrTxe. faqtiurad
laparaki imazea, rom adamianisa da bunebis urTierTobis mougvarebloba gadaiqca
globalur ekologiur problemad, romlis gavlena civilizaciiis stabilur
ganviTarebaze daaxloebiT iseTivea, rogorc birTvuli omis saSiSroeba. e.i. gamoCnda
kidev erTi faqtori, romelic aerTianebs kacobriobas gadaSenebis SiSis safuZvelze.
ekologiuri problema — nebismieri movlenebi, romelic ukavSirdeba adamianis SesamCnev
gavlenas bunebriv garemoze da bunebis ukureaqcias am qmedebaze, sazogadoebisaTvis
sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis Sesabamisi SedegebiT, romelic ganpirobebulia bunebrivi
faqtorebiT (stiqiuri ubedureba, havis anomaliebi, cocxali organizmebis masobrivi
araregulirebuli migraciebi, infeqciuri daavadebebis pandemiebi da a.S.).
birTvuli omis saSiSroebam, miuxedavad misi realobisa, ver moaxerxa gadamwyveti
koreqtivebis Setana globaluri politikuri urTierTobis sistemaSi. dRes is iseve
aqtualuria, rogorc civi omis dros, Tumca rogorc aseTi, naklebad aRiqmeba. amave dros,
am problemis arseboba da gadaWra, aseTuise adamianis neba-survilzea damokidebuli da mis
94
dasawyisSi oficialurad TviT aSS-ma aRiara.
Aerayis intervenciis realuri mizezi — kontroli msoflioSi erT-erT yvelaze did
navTobis sabadoebze, kargad axsna Tomas fridmanma jer kidev 2003 wlis dasawyisSi “niu-
iork TaimsSi” gamoqveynebul statiaSi.108 Eerayis okupaciis istoria am Sexedulebas sul
ufro sarwmunos xdis. yvelafers Tavi rom davaneboT, arsebobs erTi naklebad
gaxmaurebuli faqti — erayis formalurad arCeuli axali xelisuflebis kontroli
navTobis seqtorze ar vrceldeba.
2006 wlis gazafxulze, erayis omis sami wlis Tavze jer kidev naklebad gasagebi iyo, Tu
realurad risi miRweva surdaT SeerTebul Statebs am qveyanaSi. gasagebia, rom namdvili
demokratiuli sazogadoebis mSenebloba am qveyanaSi, miT umetes, moklevadian perspeqtivaSi,
ararealuria. maqsimum, risi gakeTebac SesaZlebelia aq dRevandel etapze — Tavidan iqnes
aridebuli qveynis ganviTareba iranis scenariT da Seiqmnas mdgradi, SedarebiT adamianuri
saxelmwifo sistema, romelic formalurad mainc aRiarebs demokratiis principebs da aSS-s
mokavSireobas gauwevs. e.i. qveyanam unda gaiaros is gza, romelic arabuli qveynebis didma
umetesobam ukve gaiara minimaluri pozitiuri SedegebiT.
es ki Tavis mxriv badebs kiTxvas — saWiro ki iyo amisaTvis srulmasStabiani samxedro
intervencia da grZelvadiani okupacia Tanmxlebi negatiuri SedegebiT (rogorc
erayisaTvis, aseve TviT SeerTebuli StatebisTvisac)? ufro metic — aSS-ma ar gamoiyena
misTvis ufro Cveuli da warmatebuli “rbili Zala” erayis SemTxvevaSi imitom, rom es Zala
am konkretuli situaciis mogvarebas ver gaswvda, Tu es prezident j.buSis administraciam
mizandasaxulad ar gaakeTa?
rogoric ar unda iyos amis mizezi, aSS aRmoCnda situaciaSi, romelic TviT amerikelebma
zedmiweviT swored aRweres cnobili gamoTqmiT — violence is the last refuge of incompetent
(Zaladoba uunaros ukanaskneli TavSesafaria).
iTvleba, rom erayis kampaniis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi pozitiuri Sedegi isaa, rom man
uSualod aSS-s Camoacila saerTaSoriso teroristebis yuradReba. am xalxs urCevniaT
uSualod eraySi ebrZolon “dasavlel agresorebs”, rasac maTTvis meti prestiJi da
popularoba moaqvs. amave dros, aq maT gaaCniaT unikaluri saSualeba realur sabrZolo
pirobebSi gawvrTnan didi raodenobiT axali mebrZoli, romelTa instruqtorebad amerikeli
samxedroebi gamodian. saboloo jamSi, yvela es teroristi isev aSS-sa da mis mokavSireebs
SeebrZoleba, mxolod ufro efeqturad da intensiurad, vidre es aqamde xdeboda.
Cinuri gazeTi “Caina niusi” werda 2005 wlis dasawyisSi — “is, rom SeerTebuli Statebi
erTaderTi qveyanaa dedamiwaze, romelsac unari Seswevs moaxdinos gavlena movlenaTa
ganviTarebaze Tavisi samxedro Zalis meSveobiT, rasakvirvelia sinamdviles Seesabameba. . .
sxva didi saxelmwifoebi ar ewinaaRmdegebian imas, rom aSS-ma uazrod Rvaron sisxli da
gaflangon Tavisi erovnuli simdidre axlo aRmosavleTSi iseTi erTobis Sesaqmnelad,
romelic waagavs britaneTis gavlenis sferos, romelic pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg
Camoyalibda. bedis ironiiT, aSS-ma, gaimarjva ra civ omSi, SeiaraRebaze aiRo is strategia,
romelmac sabWoTa kavSiri am omSi damarcxebamde miiyvana. aSS - sabWoTa kavSiris msgavsad,
imeds imaze amyarebda, rom uxeSi samxedro Zala sakmarisi iqneba, raTa daaSinos msoflio
asparezze arsebuli sxva didi moTamaSeebi, romelTac aSinebT vaSingtonis
agresiuloba”.109
59
rigSi, imitom, rom dampyrobels, jer es erTi, ar gaaCnia saSualeba moipovos saimedo
informacia misTvis saWiro resursebis Sesaxeb, meore - ar gaaCnia marTvis instrumentebi
am resursebis asaTviseblad ucxo teritoriaze uSualo samxedro-politikuri kontrolis
damyarebis gareSe, mesame — ar gaaCnia instrumentebi formalurad damoukidebel
saxelmwifoebze efeqturi gavlenis mosaxdenaT sakuTari interesebis miRwevis mizniT.
rogorc zeviT iyo naCvenebi, aSS-s dResdReobiT es problemebi ar gaaCnia. is aRwevs
praqtikulad nebismier dasaxul mizans qveynis gareT sakuTari interesebis gatarebis
procesSi, ZiriTadad rbil Zalaze (soft power) dayrdnobiT. aqedan gamomdinare, savaraudoa,
rom ama Tu im qveyanaSi Tavisufali, demokratiuli sazogadoebis mSeneblobis iniciireba
am procesisaTvis mdgradi, grZelvadiani saxis micemis gareSe is maqsimumia, romelzec
qveyana Tanaxmaa wavides sakuTari interebidan gamomdinare. aseTi midgoma, rogorc Cans,
akmayofilebs amerikeli amomrCevlebis interess qveynis xelmZRvanelobis mier msoflioSi
Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis gavrcelebis mimarT. es SedarebiT iafia, moiTxovs
realuri adamianuri Tu materialuri resursebis minimalur danaxarjebs, iZleva xilul
Sedegebs mokle droSi. garda amisa, is mkveTrad amcirebs uSualo aSS-is pasuxismgeblobas
maT mierve iniciirebul procesebze.105
grZelvadian tradiciul imperiul proeqtebSi Cabma aSS-sTvis ara marto ukan
gadadgmuli nabiji iqneba, aramed misi dasustebis maCvenebelic. rasakvirvelia, arsebobs
gamonaklisi SemTxvevebic, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, arSemdgari saxelmwifoebis gardaqmna
da modernizacia, rodesac grZelvadiani transformaciuli proeqtebis realizacia
ubralod gardauvalia da aucilebeli (magaliTad, avRaneTi). magram aseTi proeqtebis
realizacia unda etyoba farTo saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas efuZnebodes. mcdeloba
imisa, rom es ZiriTadad aSS-s xeliT moxdes, ufro waagavs imas, rom es qveyana sxvis gamo
cecxlSi Cavardes, rac mis interesebs aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba.
imavdroulad amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da maTTan erTad msoflio dRes dilemis
winaSe dgas.
erTi mxriv, aSS-s swored aqvs gaazrebuli Tavisi istoriuli misia da gaaCnia saSualeba
misi realizaciisa globalur masStabiT. dRevandel msoflioSi saWiroa realuri
maorganizebeli Zala, romelsac SeuZlia Tavis Tavze aiRos iseTi procesebis organizacia
da marTva, romlebic saboloo jamSi sikeTis momtania mTeli msofliosaTvis (masobrivi
mospobis iaraRis gavrcelebasTan brZola, gariyuli reJimebis alagmva, saerTaSoriso
vaWroba da a.S.). erTaderTi Zala, romelsac amis gakeTeba SeuZlia dRes — SeerTebuli
Statebia.106 faqtiurad, aSS Tavis Tavze iRebs “msoflio policielis” rols, romelsac
msoflios wamyvani qveynebis umetesoba mas siamovnebiT uTmobs. miuxedavad amis aSkara
saWiroebisa, es amerikas popularobas msoflioSi namdvilad ar matebs. antiamerikuli
tendenciebi, romelic yovelTvis ase Tu ise arsebobda (didebi da warmatebulebi
sazogadod naklebad popularulebi arian), ukanasknel wlebSi aSS-s uaxloes mokavSireebsa
da megobrebzec ki gavrcelda.107
meore mxriv, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg aRar arsebobs Zala, romelsac Seswevs
unari saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi TviT aSS-s ambiciebi SezRudos. evropa, romelsac principSi
SeuZlia amis gakeTeba, politikurad imdenad dayofilia, rom verc srulfasovan
partniorad, verc oponentad aSS-s ver gamoadgeba. CineTi, romelic perspeqtivaSi
SesaZlebelia gaxdes amerikis konkurenti saerTaSoriso asparezze, dResdReobiT am
rolisaTvis aSkarad mzad ar aris.
Sedegad, aSS xSirad zogjer moqmedebs ara imitom, rom amis obieqturi, gamarTlebuli
moTxovnileba arsebobs, aramed imitom, rom mas amis gakeTeba SeuZlia. aseTi moqmedebis
klasikuri magaliTia 2003 wlis erayis intervencia.
gasagebia, rom sadam huseini iyo Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi yvelaze sisxliani tirani,
romlis arseboba damoukidebeli qveynis saTaveSi saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisaTvis
naklebad mosaTmeni iyo. amave dros is iyo erT-erTi im sakmaod mravalricxovan tiranebs
Soris, romlebic dRevandel msoflioSi arseboben. uiSviaTesi gamonaklisis garda (didi
britaneTi), msoflios yvela wamyvani saxelmwifo, aSS-s uaxloesi mokavSireebis CaTvliT,
agreTve, gaero, rogorc aseTi, winaaRmdegi iyo am nabijisa.
amerika mainc SeiWra eraySi yvela aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebisa da normis
gverdis avliT. sababi, romelic man gamoiyena amis gasamarTleblad — eraySi masobrivi
ganadgurebis iaraRis arseboba da misi kavSiri alqaedasTan, yvelasaTvis naklebad
sarwmuno da misaRebi iyo. amasTan dakavSirebuli informaciis siyalbe 2005 wlis
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kontrols eqvemdebareba.
rac Seexeba globalur ekologiur problemas, aq sazogadoebis kontrols
eqvemdebareba mxolod procesebis is nawili, romelic uSualod mis farglebSi iqna
inicirebuli. mas Semdeg, rodesac isini xvdebian bunebriv garemoSi, maTze uSualo
kontroli faqtiurad SeuZlebelia.
ufro farTo gagebiT, bunebasTan urTierToba ar qmnis axal problemebs, is ubralod
aaSkaravebs (Tumca friad damaxinjebuli formiT) im problemebs, romlebic ukve arseboben
adamianis sazogadoebis SigniT. problema SeiZleba “Cacxres” sakmao drois manZilze,
mogvianebiT aRmocendes saxecvlili, gazviadebuli, Tavisi Casaxvis adgilidan sakmaod
moSorebiT, raTa Tavze daatydes imaT, visac is ar Seuqmnia.
magaliTisaTvis, msoflioSi arsebuli erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani problemaa
atmosferos ozonis SreebSi xvrelebis arseboba dedamiwis Crdilo da samxreTi polusebis
Tavze. mavne nivTierebebi (freoni, winaT masobrivad gamoiyeneboda samacivro
danadgarebsa da aerozolebSi), romlebic 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi moqmedeben am xvrelebis
ganviTarebaze, warmoiqmnen adamianis cxovelqmedebis Sedegad gasuli saukunis 60-ian
wlebSi ZiriTadad ganviTarebad msoflioSi. e.i. laparakia rRvevaze problemis realur
Casaxvasa da mis warmoCenas Soris, romelic moiTvlis ramdenime aTeul weliwadsa da
aTasobiT (samxreTi polusis SemTxvevaSi aTiaTasobiT) kilometrs.
mxolod SedarebiT mcire, lokaluri procesebis Sedegebi uSualod moqmedebs maTze,
visac maT SeqmnaSi brali miuZRviT (magaliTad, glexi, romelic sakuTari saxlis Tavze
ferdobze xeebs Wris, imisTvisac unda iyos mzad, rom adre Tu gvian es ferdobi am saxlze
Camowveba). isini ki, vinc did, xSirad regionaluri masStabis procesebis warmoqmnaze
ageben pasuxs, sazogadod did mogebas Souloben (magaliTad, im kompaniebis aqciebis
mflobelebi, romlebic tropikuli tyeebis eqspluatacias ewevian).
amitom, im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis krizisebi erTi SexedviT
SesaZloa bunebrivi faqtorebiT iyos ganpirobebuli, maTi realuri mamoZravebeli Zala
socialur-ekonomikuria. Sesabamisad adamianisa da bunebis urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT
yvelaze mniSvnelovania ara sazogadoebis bunebaze zegavlenis moklevadiani xiluli
Sedegebi, aramed bunebrivi garemos saSualo da grZelvadiani reaqcia adamianis qmedebaze.
globaluri ekologiuri problemis mizezebi sakmaod kargadaa cnobili (Tu gaazrebuli
ara) — sazogadod aRiarebuli (da dReisaTvis yvelaze warmatebuli) sazogadoebrivi
ganviTarebis modeli dafuZnebulia rogorc mTliani, aseve erT mosaxleze materialuri
moxmarebis uwyvet zrdaze. es is modelia, romelmac warmateba moutana dRevandel wamyvan
globalur moTamaSeebs. dRes is moiazreba rogorc globalizaciis winapiroba da xdeba
misi SeTavazeba (Tu Tavze moxveva) ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis.
naTelia, rom aseTi tipis ganviTareba SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemxvevaSi, Tu is
dafuZnebulia bunebrivi resursebis (cocxali bunebis resursebis CaTvliT) moxmarebis
Sesabamis zrdaze. dRemde es procesi SeizRudeboda mxolod adamianis gankargulebaSi
arsebuli am resursebis mopovebis teqnikuri saSualebebis SesaZleblobebiT.
amave dros, adamianis sazogadoebis resursuli margi qmedebis koeficienti uaRresad
dabalia — mopovebuli bunebrivi resursebis 95-97% ikargeba iqamde, sanam aRwevs saboloo
momxmarebels. es danakargi, romelic xvdeba bunebriv garemoSi, iwvevs materialuri,
energetikuli, informaciuli nakadebis daTrgunvas globaluri ekosistemis farglebSi,
iwvevs mis degradacias. saboloo jamSi, kacobrioba awydeba sasrul fizikur sivrceSi
(planeta dedamiwa) arsebul sasrul resursul bazaze dafuZnebuli ganuwyveteli
materialuri zrdis logikurad gadauWrel amocanas.
ukve dResdReobiT kacobriobis aramdgradi ganviTarebis moTxovnilebebi aRemateba
globaluri ekosistemis potencials. ukanaskneli saukune naxevris manZilze mosaxleobis
raodenoba dedamiwaze gaizarda daaxloebiT oTxjer, xolo dawola bunebriv garemoze
100-jer.
adamianis qmedeba amcirebs bunebrivi garemos asimilaciur da regeneraciul unars im
donemde, rodesac es ukanaskneli kargavs adamianis sazogadoebis sasicocxlo
moTxovnilebebis uzrunvelmyofelis Tvisebebs.
ufro martivad — adamianis sazogadoebis funqcionirebis Sedegad bunebriv garemoSi
imdeni narCeni xvdeba, rom iq TviT adamianis adgili aRar rCeba.
sxvaTa Soris, zemod moyvanili argumenti imaze metyvelebs, rom sazogadod aRiarebuli
principuli mizani — saboloo jamSi yvelam dedamiwaze icxovros daaxloebiT ise, rogorc
ganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleoba cxovrobs dRes, principulad miuRwevelia. dedamiwis
biosferos “wyalwyva” — anu misi unari gauwios winaaRmdegoba gare dawolas gadagvarebis
gareSe, gadailaxeba iqamde, vidre es procesi ramdenadme Sors wava.174
95
 globaluri ekologiuri krizisi SesaZlebelia gavigoT rogorc globaluri
ekologiuri sistemis degradacia im donemde, rodesac mas aRar Seswevs unari
uzrunvelyos mTlianad adamianis sazogadoebis, rogorc aseTis, ganviTareba da TviT
arsebobac ki.
es krizisi namdvilad unda ganvixiloT rogorc globalizaciis gauTvaliswinebeli
Sedegi. is ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia imiT, rom Tanamedrove adamianis sazogadoebaSi
naklebadaa gaazrebuli bunebrivi ekosistemebis (globaluris CaTvliT) funqcionirebis
kanonebi, saTanadod verSefasebulia maTi roli sazogadoebis ganviTarebasa da
arsebobaSi, arsebobs Seusabamoba sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis moTxovnilebebs Soris,
romelic uzrunvelyofilia mis gankargulebaSi arsebuli teqnologiebiT da bunebrivi
ekosistemebis SesaZleblobebs Soris daakmayofilos es moTxovnilebebi (gansakuTrebiT
sazogadoebis cxovelqmedebis narCenebis asimilaciis TvalsazrisiT).
4.2.2. dResdReobiT adamianis sazogadoebis bunebasTan urTierTobis globaluri
sistema Semdeg faqtorebzea awyobili:
• sabazro ekonomika ubralod “ver aRiqvams” adamianisa da bunebrivi garemos
urTierTobis problemebs da Sesabamisad ver gamoimuSavebs maTi gadaWris efeqtur
meqanizmebs. bazari uaRresad moqnili meqanizmia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqme aqvs saqonelTan,
romlis Rirebulebis dadgena principulad SeiZleba, xolo Rirebuleba im Sromis
raodenobis funqciaa, romelic ixarjeba mis warmoebaze.
es principi ukve sakmaod cudad muSaobs wiaRiseul resursebTan mimarTebaSi, romelTa
ganfaseba iwyeba mxolod ama Tu im resursis mopovebis momentidan. is iTvaliswinebs mis
mopovebaze, gadamuSavebaze da transportirebaze daxarjul Sromas, magram ver afasebs,
Tu ra Rirs, magaliTad, igive navTobi, rogorc aseTi. wiaRiseulis fasze Zlier moqmedebs
iseTi subieqturi faqtorebi, rogoricaa sabados geografiuli mdebareoba, mopovebis
pirobebi, politikuri koniunqtura, sabazro spekulacia da a.S. Sedegad ori sxvadasxva
sabadodan mopovebuli wiaRiseuli, romelTa fasic SeiZleba zogjer erTmaneTisagan
orjer da metjer gansxvavdebodes, momgebianad iyideba bazarze, xolo maTi fasis ryeva
drois Zalian mcire monakveTis manZilze SeiZleba sawyisidan aTeulobiT procents
aRwevdes (magaliTad, msoflio navTobis fasebis zrda 2004 wlis Semdeg).
is, rac uSualod adamianis Sromis Sedegs ar warmoadgens, sazogadod aRiqveba rogorc
raRac “RvTisagan naboZebi”, romlis moxmarebac SeiZleba iqamde, sanam is mogebis momtania
(yvelaze xSirad mis gamolevamde) da romelsac mainc da mainc ar ufrTxildebian. ase
eqcevian wiaRiseul simdidres yvelaze maRalganviTarebuli qveynebic ki (ix. wina TavSi
ganxiluli “holandiuri seni”), magram aseTi midgoma faqtiurad absurdamde midis cocxal
bunebasTan mimarTebaSi.
ra Rirs sufTa haeri, sufTa wyali, gadaugvarebeli tye, Tevzis sarewi okeaneSi?
ekonomikurad Sefasebad ra zarals ganicdis landSafti, romelSic mavne sawarmoo
narCenebi xvdeba? am kiTxvebze pasuxi arsebuli ekonomikuri sistemis pirobebSi ar
arsebobs. am situacias kidev ufro arTulebs is garemoeba, rom aseTi resursebi aravis ar
ekuTvnis (isini kerZo sakuTrebis obieqtebs ar warmoadgenen) da rogorc aseTi saerTod
bazris moqmedebis sferoSia ar xvdeba. bazari cocxal garemosTan dakavSirebul yvela
problemas aRiqvams faqtiurad rogorc fors maJors, raRacas stiqiuri ubedurebis
magvars.
es, Tavis mxriv, imas niSnavs, rom sazogadod ekonomikuri saqmianobis gavlena cocxal
garemoze ver miiReba mxedvelobaSi misi ganfasebis procesSi — es movlena “gareSe”
faqtoris saxeliTaa cnobili (externality). misi yvelaze cnobili magaliTia e.w. “Temis
tragedia”, romelsac adgili aqvs sazogadoebriv sakuTrebasTan mimarTebaSi.
aseTis magaliTia, vTqvaT, Tevzis sarewi okeaneSi, romelsac formaluri patroni ara
hyavs. amitom xSirad ramdenime qveyana mas moixmars iqamde, sanam Tevzis maragi ar
gamoileva. im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac erTi an ramdenime qveyana gadawyvets Sewyvitos
rewva da SeinarCunos maragi, moiZebneba erTi qveyana mainc, romelic aseT situacias Tavisi
mogebisaTvis gamoiyenebs da damatebiT gamdidrdeba sxvis xarjze.
globalizaciis pirobebSi aseTi ram xdeba, magaliTad, maSin, rodesac bazris erT-erT
moTamaSes aqvs saSualeba ar miiRos mxedvelobaSi biomravalferovnebis gadagvarebasTan
dakavSirebuli problemebi. Sedegad mas Seswevs unari ufro iafad gayidos Tavisi saqoneli
an momsaxureba, vidre imas, visac aseTi problemebi awuxebs, Ziri gamouTxaros arsebul
maregulirebel meqanizmebsa da konservaciis mcdelobas. faqtiurad biznesis urTierToba
garemosTan erTi ganuwyveteli “bazris Cavardnis” (market failure) magaliTia.
96
xSirad faqtiurad kulturuli misionerebis saxiT (Tugind cecxliTa da maxviliT);
b/metropoliis mier mzadyofnasa da Segnebas, rom is ereva sadme imisaTvis, rom iq
samudamod darCes. rogorc adam smiti ambobda, “yoveli imperia iRwvis ukvdavebisaken”;
g/metropoliis mzadyofnas ganaxorcielos dapyrobili teritoriebis transformacia,
rac ganuyofelia erovnul, saxelmwifos mSeneblobisagan (nation, state building). es ki
faqtiurad imperiis ZiriTadi funqciaa;
d/imperiis, rogorc ierarqiuli sistemis Camoyalibebas, sadac mTeli Zalaufleba
centrSia Tavmoyrili da es faqti nebismier koloniebs, klient-saxelmwifoebsa da a.S.
kargad unda hqondeT gaTavisebuli.
yvela es komponenti warmodgenili iyo nebismier warmatebul imperiaSi, magram aSkara
winaaRmdegobaSia aSS-s realobasTan.
pirveli - aq namdvilad ar arsebobs winaaRmdegoba mosaxleobis moTxovnilebebsa da
maTi dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobebs Soris.
aSS-s teritoria, sanapiroebis garda, SedarebiT naklebad aTvisebulia da iseTi didi
teritoriis Statebi rogoricaa magaliTad, montana Tu oregoni, faqtiurad carielia.
aSS-s geografiuli mdebareoba axlosaa idealurTan, xolo misi sazRvrebis arc erTi
kilometri (Zalian hipoTezurad beringis srutis garda) ar aris saSiSi.
meore - ar arsebobs resursebis deficiti, erTi gamonaklisis garda — es navTobia,
romlis daaxloebiT naxevari garedan SemoaqvT. magram am deficitis udidesi nawili
xelovnuradaa Seqmnili saavtomobilo da navTobis kompaniebis mier da federaluri
administraciis mxridan Sesabamisi politikis gatarebis Sedegad advilad SeiZleba
minimumze davides.104
mesame — adgilobriv mosaxleobas namdvilad ara gaaCnia aucilebloba gaiumjobesos
sasicocxlo pirobebi emigraciis xarjze. mxolod misi Zalian mcire nawili tovebs qveyanas
diplomatiur misiebSi, samxedro nawilebsa Tu amerikuli firmebis sazRvargareTis
filialebSi droebiT dasasaqmeblad. piriqiT, aSS yvelaze mimzidveli daniSnulebis
adgilia mTeli msoflios migrantebisaTvis. is erTaderTi qveyanaa, sadac migrantebi
samuSao Zalis erT meaTedze mets Seadgenen.
meoTxe — qveyana isea morgebuli oTxwlian saarCevno ciklze, rom mTeli
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi meqanizmebi am drois intervalSi funqcionireben da nebismieri
administracia Tavs aridebs grZelvadian proeqtebze pasuxismgeblobis aRebas, Tu isini
qveynis gareT unda ganxorcieldes.
mexuTe — aSS imdenad Zlieria da efeqturia, rom axerxebs tradiciuli imperiebis winaSe
mdgomi yvela strategiuli amocanis warmatebiT gadaWras e.w. rbili Zalis (soft power)
gamoyenebiT — politikuri, ekonomikuri berketebi, Zalis gamoyenebis muqara da a.S.
yvelaze mTavari winaaRmdegoba ki isaa, rom imperializmi da demokratia principulad
SeuTavsebeli kategoriebia. pirveli gulisxmobs ierarqiasa da damorCilebas, meore -
Tanasworobasa da arCevanis Tavisuflebas. Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis gavrceleba
imperiis mSeneblobis xarjze cota ar iyos ucnaurad JRers. naklebad moiZebneba xalxi,
vinc dRevandel msoflioSi aseTi TamaSis wesebs winaaRmdegobis gareSe daTanxmdeba.
bolos, klasikuri imperiuli da Tanamedrove amerikuli sazogadoebis organizaciis
modelebi sistemurad SeuTavsebelia. amerikelebisaTvis imperiis SesaZleblobis aRiareba
niSnavs im fuZemdebel principze uaris Tqmas, romelic maT faqtiurad aqcevs
amerikelebad — Tavisuflebis konstituciur rwmenaze. bolos da bolos amerikelebi
pirveli Segnebuli antiimperialistebi iyvnen da am antiimperialisturma rwmenam
aaSenebina maT britanuli imperiisagan damoukidebeli qveyana.
yvelaferi CamoTvlili imis maCvenebelia, rom aSS-s ama Tu im saxiT transformacia
tradiciul imperiad principulad ararealuria. mas SesaZlebelia gauCndes imperiis
sistemuri maxasiaTeblebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is Tavis amosaval principebze xels
aiRebs. amave dros es ar gamoricxavs mis mier aqtiuri imperialisturi politikis
gatarebas. faqtiurad, aSS-s unikaluroba, romelic mkveTrad ganasxvavebs mas msoflios
sxva warmatebuli qveynebisagan isaa, rom mas SeuZlia gaataros imperialisturi politika
imperiad gadaqcevis gareSe.
rogorc Cans, aSS-ma Tavisi ganviTarebis procesSi ukve gauswro tradiciuli imperiuli
sistemuri organizaciis models. rarig paradoqsulad ar unda JRerdes — koloniuri
imperiebis Seqmna, gansakuTrebis “okeanes gadaRma” (overseas) teritoriebis didi masivebis
dapyroba metyvelebs metropoliebis sisusteze da ara maT siZliereze. es xdeba, pirvel
57
okeanis mcire kunZulebis jgufebs. maTi teritoria da mosaxleoba imdenad mcirea, rom
qveynis gafarToebaze maT xarjze laparakic ki zedmetia.
amave dros, meore msoflio omis Semdeg dRemde SeerTebuli Statebi minimum oTxmocjer
Caerivnen sxva qveynebis saqmeebSi Zalis gamoyenebiT (Ria Tu farulis). xSirad am Carevas
okupacia mosdevda. am SemTxvevebidan ori — germaniisa da iaponiis okupacia da aRmSeneb-
lobaEmeore msoflio omis Semdeg warmoadgens ucxouri Carevis erT-erT yvelaze warmatebul,
gamarTlebul da dadebiT magaliTebs, iseve rogorc marSalis gegmis ganxorcieleba.
garda zemoT moyvanilisa, im oTxmocidan, mxolod or SemTxvevaSi aSS moqmedebda gaeros
rezoluciebis safuZvelze da realuri didi saerTaSoriso koaliciebis CarCoebSi. es
moxda 1950-53 wlebis koreis omis da 1991 wlis sparseTis yuris omis dros (amas SeiZleba
daematos, agreTve, 1991-2003 wlis gaeros sanqciebi erayis winaaRmdeg). yvela danarCen
SemTxvevaSi, igive vietnamSi 1965-72 wlebSi, Tu eraySi 2003 wlidan, aSS moqmedebda
yovelgvari saerTaSoriso sanqciebis gareSe, maqsimum natos mokavSireebTan erTad
(serbiis dabombva 1999 wels).
xSirad, gansakuTrebiT laTinur amerikaSi, aSS uwevda daxmarebas Zalebs, romlebic
rbilad rom iTqvas, arademokratiulebi iyvnen — Tugind igive nikaraguasa da salvadorSi
1990-ian wlebSi. aseTi Carevebi aSkara imperialistur xasiaTs atarebs da maTi margi
qmedebis koeficienti sazogadod Zalian dabalia. igive haitiSi gasuli saukunis meore
naxevridan moyolebuli aSS imdenjer Caeria adgilobrivi reJimebis gamosacvlelad, rom
situacia SesaZlebelia anekdoturad gamoiyurebodes, mas adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
realuri tanjva-wameba rom ar mosdevdes.
principSi, saqme gvaqvs sakmaod paradoqsul situaciasTan — msoflios wamyvani saxelmwifo
faqtiurad qmnis globaluri ganviTarebis axal trendebs dedamiwis yvela kuTxeSi
Tavisuflebis, demokratiisa da sabazro ekonomikis ideebis gavrcelebis (xSirad Zalismieris)
xarjze. amave dros, es qveyana ar qmnis imperiuli xasiaTis ierarqiul struqturas ucxo
teritoriebis miTvisebisa da marTvis xarjze. piriqiT, is jiutad Tavs aridebs raime saxis
grZelvadiani proeqtebis ganxorcielebas, romelTac SeiZleba moyves swored im principebis
warmatebuli realizacia, romlebic zemoT iyo CamoTvlili. faqtiurad aSS-s surs Zireuli
politikuri, socialuri Tu ekonomikuri transformaciebis moxdena ama Tu im qveyanaSi,
magram aRar surs maTze pasuxismgebloba sawyisi etapis Semdeg.
rogorc istoriuli gamocdileba gviCvenebs, transformacia dakavSirebuli ucxour
CarevasTan, dafuZnebulia grZelvadiani proeqtebis realizaciaze. inglisuri
ekonomistic ki, romelic Zalze frTxil da konservatul Jurnalad iTvleba, aRiarebs,
rom ubralod sadme demokratiis danergvas erTi Taoba da meti sWirdeba.101 amave dros,
maSinac ki, rodesac aSS Tavis Tavze iRebs udides pasuxismgeblobas did damoukidebel
qveyanaSi intervenciis dros (vietnami, erayi), laparaki iqidan wamosvlaze iwyeba lamis
aria ufro adre, vidre realuri samxedro operaciebi iwyeba. Tumca, faqtiurad
erTaderTi realurad warmatebuli Sedegi aSS Carevisa sxva qveynis transformaciaSi —
samxreTi korea, warmoadgens swored grZelvadiani imperiuli proeqtis klasikur
magaliTs. romelime qveyanaSi mdgradi mSvidobis, kanonis uzenaesobis, demokratiuli
institutebis dafuZneba ar xdeba mokle warmatebuli omisa, Tu demokratiuli
revoluciis Sedegad — es moiTxovs did dros, finansebs, Sromasa da moTminebas. amis
uaxlesi magaliTebia bosnia, kosovo da sxvaTa Soris, Crdilo irlandiac.
saWiroa imis swori warmodgena, rom imperia, rogorc aseTi, warmoadgens metropoliaSi
arsebuli Siga sistemuri winaaRmdegobebis warmatebuli gadaWris Sedegs. es
winaaRmdegobebi gamomdinareobs ZiriTadad mosaxleobis mzardi moTxovnolebebisa da
maTi dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobebis SeuTavseblobidan. zedapirze es winaaRmdegobebi
mogvevlinebian Warbi mosaxleobis, resursebis (m.S. teritoriis) naklebobis, adgilobrivi
bazrebis SezRudulobis da a.S. saxiT.102 am winaaRmdegobebis daZleva meoce saukunis meore
naxevramde moiTxovda mosaxleobis moTxovnilebesa da resursebs Soris axali balansis
Seqmnas damatebiTi teritoriebis (rogorc resursebis wyaros) SemoerTebisa da
eqspluataciis xarjze.103
warmatebuli imperiuli mSenebloba tradiciulad moiTxovda rogorc minimum, Semdegi
aucilebili komponentebis arsebobas:
a/mosaxleobis iseTi aqtiuri Sris arsebobas, romelic ver akmayofilebs Tavis
ambiciebs metropoliis farglebSi da Tavs gariyulad grZnobs. es xalxi mzad unda iyos
datovos samSoblo da Caebas grZelvadiani proeqtebis realizaciaSi ucxo garemoSi;
56
• faqtiurad nebismieri gadawyvetileba, romelic miiReba cocxal garemosTan
mimarTebaSi (dabinZurebis kvotebis, dasaSvebi normebis, sameurneo saqmianobis
SezRudvebis, ekologiuri zaralis Sefasebis da a.S.) Taobaze, sakanonmdeblo aqtebis
CaTvliT, warmoadgens ZiriTadad politikuri kompromisis Sedegs da Tavidanve naklebad
qmediTunariania.
am kompromisis aqtiuri mxareebia — biznesi, romelsac surs maqsimaluri mogeba miiRos
bunebis eqspluataciidan, mis dacvaze minimaluri danaxarjebiT, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba
(adgilobrivi, Tu aseTi saerTod arsebobs, da/an saerTaSoriso), romelsac surs ar
dauSvas ama Tu im konkretuli resursis degradacia, xelisufleba, romelsac surs
SeinarCunos socialuri stabiluroba, moigos orive mxaris guli da gaixangrZlivos
mandati. dResdReobiT, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad qveynebSi, am procesSi aqtiurad
erevian sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebi.175
formalurad, erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani moTamaSe am procesSi mecnier-eqspertia,
romelmac unda Seafasos mTeli procesis avkargianoba. problema isaa, rom swored aseTi
samecniero daskvnebi yvelaze naklebad saimedoa, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu saqme
msxvilmasStabian, grZelvadian procesebs exeba. Cveni codna am procesebis Sesaxeb
ubralod arasakmarisia, rom mis safuZvelze SeiZlebodes mmarTveli organosa, Tu
calkeuli gadawyvetilebis mimRebi piris mier koreqtuli samarTavi gadawyvetilebis
miReba.
ase, magaliTad, 2001 wels iseTma gavleniama organizaciam, rogoricaa gaeros
globaluri daTbobis mTavrobaTaSorisi komisia, SeimuSava da msoflios mTavrobebs
warudgina 2100 wlamde globaluri daTbobis ganviTarebis 20 scenari(!). gasagebia, rom
amdeni scenariT xelmZRvaneloba gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi ubralod
ararealuria.176 es ki imas niSnavs, rom maTze an ubralod xels Caiqneven (SemTxvevaTa
umetesobaSi) anda amoirCeven formalurad saxelmZRvanelod iseT scenars, romelic ama
Tu im qveynis xelisuflebas mimdinare politikuri koniunqturis gaTvaliswinebiT awyobs.
mecnierebs, agreTve, xSirad adanaSauleben imaSi, rom isini specialurad azviadeben
situacias Tavisi merkantiluri interesebidan gamomdinare, rac zogjer mainc etyoba
Sors ar dgas sinamdvilisagan. arsebobs naxevradanekdoturi ambavi imis Taobaze, Tu
rogor mosTxoves amerikelma biologebma mTavrobas mravalmilioniani granti amazoniaSi
(brazilia) unikaluri adgilobrivi mwerebis saxeobebis gadasarCenad. “keTili — iyo
pasuxi, oRond mogvawodeT am saxeobebis sia”. “ar SegviZlia — miuges mecnierebma — Cven
isini jer ar aRmogviCenia”.
• pasuxismgeblobas adamianisa da bunebis urTierTobis globaluri masStabiT
cvlilebebze Tavis Tavze ZiriTadad iReben mxolod ganviTarebuli qveynebi (Tan zogjer
yvela ara), romlebic sakmarisad mdidrebi arian imisaTvis, rom am RonisZiebebiT
gamowveuli SezRudvebi advilad aitanon, plus gaaCniaT efeqturi marTvis meqanizmebi am
sferoSi miRebuli xelSekrulebebis cxovrebaSi efeqturad gasatareblad. yvelaze did
warmatebas sakuTari resursebisa da garemos dacvaSi dRes dasavleTma evropam da iaponiam
miaRwia, magram maTi warmatebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi elementi, garda maTi simdidris,
efeqturi marTvis, Zlieri samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arsebobisa isaa, rom maT gaaCniaT
saSualeba daicvan sakuTari garemo sxva (ZiriTadad ganviTarebadi) qveynebis garemos
eqspluataciis xarjze.
saerTod globalur doneze garemosa da resursebTan dakavSirebuli erT-erTi mTavari
problema isaa, rom mdidrebs (qveynebsa da individumebs) uzomod meti saSualeba aqvT
Tavisi gamorCenisaTvis gamoiyenon ukeTesi xarisxisa da mdidari bunebrivi resursebi,
vidre Raribebs. saerTod, kargad movlili da marTuli ekosistemebi warmoadgenen
riskebisa da adamianebis daucvelobis Semcirebis garantias igive bunebrivi
katastrofebis SemTxvevaSi.
Rarib mosaxleobas (gansakuTrebiT soflad) ubralod ar gaaCnia teqnikuri, finansuri,
menejeruli, inteleqtualuri resursebi maT gankargulebaSi myofi resursebis
efeqturad marTvisa da gamoyenebisaTvis. isini xSirad fizikurad “gariyulebi” arian
naklebad produqtiul da advilad degradirebad teritoriebze. gansakuTrebiT iq, sadac
demografiuli dawola didia, aseTi xalxi ubralod “Wams” im ekosistemebs, romlebzec
damokidebulia. Sedegad aseTi ekosistemebi ufro advilad eqvemdebareba degradacias
SimSilis, gvalvisa an wyaldidobis Sedegad. es, Tavis mxriv, ufro zrdis adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis daucvelobas.
aseTi situaciis klasikuri magaliTia isevdaisev afrika saharis samxreTiT
(gansakuTrebiT iseTi qveynebi, rogorebicaa centraluri afrikis respublika, Cadi, mali,
nigeri). rodesac saharasTan uSualod mosazRvre teritoriebze moxda demografiuli
97
afeTqeba, adgilobrivi mosaxleoba bunebrivad agrZelebda ekosistemebis eqspluatacias koloradosa da vaiomingis nawilebi. es miwebi aSS-m xelSi Caigdo 1846-48 wlebis omis Semdeg,
tradiciuli, uaRresad araefeqturi meTodebiT, ubralod erTi adamianis adgils minimum romelSic meqsika prezidentma jeims polkma CaiTria.
sami_oTxi ikavebda. Sedegad, ukve gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebisaTvis gaudaburebam am is, rasac zogierTi mkvlevari “meore imperiuli fazis” saxeliT moixseniebs, 1898 wlis
teritoriebze iseT masStabebs miaRwia, rom sahara samxreTisaken zogjer weliwadSi amerikul-espanuri omis Semdeg daiwyo. am omis Sedegad aSS-s xelSi gadavida puerto riko,
aTeulobiT kilometriT izrdeboda. guami da filipinebi. igive politika gaagrZela prezidentma Teodor ruzveltma,
ganviTarebadi qveynebi (iseTi warmatebulebic ki, rogoricaa CineTi) globaluri romelmac monros doqtrinis safuZvelze gamoacxada aSS-s ufleba Careuliyo laTinuri
masStabiT adamianisa da bunebis urTierTobis mowesrigebaze mimarTul sabuTebs an amerikis nebismieri qveynis Sinagan saqmeebSi imisaTvis, rom ar daeSva iq evropelebis
formalurad aweren xels, an saerTod uars amboben globalur RonisZiebeSi Careva. manve moaxdina havaebis aneqsia im sababiT, rom am teritoriidan vinmes SeeZlo
monawileobaze im sababiT, rom bunebis dacvaze mimarTuli RonisZiebebi maTi ganviTarebis damuqreboda aSS dasavleT sanapiros (e.w. winmswrebi moqmedeba).99
interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba.
garda amisa, ZiriTadad Raribi qveynebis mTavrobebi mzad arian intensiurad, nebismier cxrili 1. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier ucxo teritoriebis okupaciis yvelaze
pirobebze aiTvison adgilobrivi resursebi moklevadiani socialur-ekonomikuri mniSvnelovani magaliTebi
stabilurobis misaRwevad. maT ar da ver ainteresebT rogorc sakuTari xalxis momavali
Taobebis interesebi, iseve rogorc SesaZlo globaluri katastrofa, maSin rodesac isini teritoria daipyres datoves xangrZlivo- statusi
yoveldRe “TvalSi ucqeren” masobriv SimSilsa Tu samoqalaqo dapirispirebas. ba (weli)
isev klasikuri magaliTi braziliaa, sadac aTeulobiT wlebis manZilze erTmaneTis havai 1893 ara 112 aSS Stati
Semcvlel mTavrobebs gahyavdaT gzebi amazoniis junglebSi da ufasod urigebdnen iq miwis puerto riko 1898 ara 107 Tanamegobroba aSS-sTan
nakveTebs umiwawylo glexebs, oRond ki Tavidan aeridebinaT socialuri daZabuloba da guami 1898 ara 107 aSS-s sakuTreba
SeenarCunebinaT msxvil latifundiebze dafuZnebuli tradiciuli soflis meurneobis filipinebi 1898 1946 48 damoukidebeli
sistema. is faqti, rom am teritoriebze niadagi Zalian aranayofieri da advilad amerikuli samoa 1899 ara 106 aSS-s sakuTreba
degradirebadia, ris Sedegadac ramdenime wlis Semdeg es glexebi miagdeben xolme panama (arxis zona) 1903 1979 76 damoukidebeli
erodirebul nakveTs, aravis adardebda. miT umetes, ar adardebda braziliis virginiis kunZulebi 1916 ara 89 aSS-s sakuTreba
xelmZRvanelobas is faqti, rom amazoniis tyeebzea damokidebuli didwilad atmosferuli dominikis respublika 1916 1924 8 damoukidebeli
cirkulacia planetaze.177 haiti 1915 1934 19 damoukidebeli
• damatebiT arTulebs situacias sazogadoebisa da bunebrivi garemos funqcionirebis dasavleTi germania 1945 1955 10 damoukidebeli
droiTi CarCoebis SeuTavsebloba. rac ufro ganviTarebulia da formalizebulia iaponia 1945 1952 7 damoukidebeli
sazogadoeba, miT ufro naklebad emTxveva misi funqcionirebis dro bunebrivi Crdilo marianis kunZulebi 1947 ara 58 Tanamegobroba aSS-sTan
sistemebisas.178 globaluri cvlilebebi bunebriv garemoSi, iseve rogorc adamianis palau 1947 1994 47 Tavisuflad asocirebuli
moqmedebis dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi Sedegebi, gamosavlenad moiTxovs dros, romelic AaSS-sTan
adamianis aqtiurobasTan SedarebiT grZelvadiania. laparakia minimum aTeulobiT wlebze, mikronezia 1947 1986 39 Tavisuflad asocirebuli
rodesac adamianis realuri aqtiuroba sazogadod erTi wlis farglebSi mimdinareobs, AaSS-sTan
xolo SedarebiT efeqturad igegmeba maqsimum xuTi wlis farglebSi. igive sabazro marSalis kunZulebi 1947 1986 39 Tavisuflad asocirebuli
koniunqtura imdenad swrafad icvleba, rom raime grZelvadiani, winmswrebi RonisZiebebis AaSS-sTan
dagegmva da gatareba sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi Znelad warmosadgenia. samxreTi korea 1950 ara 55 damoukidebeli
aq “movlenaTa jaWvebi” isea daxlarTuli, rom maTi wyaros mikvleva TiTqmis samxreTi vietnami 1965 1972 7 aneqsirebulia Crdilo
SeuZlebelia. Sesabamisad aSkaraa adamianisa da bunebis urTierTobis problemebis aRqmis, vietnamis mier100
maTi gadawyvetis efeqturi saSualebebis gamoZebinsa da maTi uaryofiTi moqmedebis avRaneTi 2002 ? 2 damoukidebeli?
Serbilebis sirTuleebi. amas emateba sirTuleebi problemebis gadaWris dagegmvasa da erayi 2003 ? 2 damoukidebeli?
gatarebaSi, rac sazogadod iwvevs winmswrebi RonisZiebebis ararsebobas; moqmedeba xdeba
faqtis moxdenis Semdeg da Seefardeba xilul Sedegebs bunebriv garemoSi, nacvlad wyaro: Nial Ferguson, Colossus, The Rise and Fall of American Empire, Allen Lane an imprint of Penguin
problemis mizezebisa adamianis sazogadoebaSi (rac sazogadod minimalur dadebiT Sedegs Books, 2004, Statistical Appendix.
iZleva). xSirad maSinac ki, rodesac aseTi mizezebi cnobilia, maTze gavlena SeuZlebelia
gamomdinare arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri Tu politikuri realobidan. Sesabamisad, dRidan daarsebisa aSS gaurboda kavSirebis Seqmnas ucxo qveynebTan, gansakuTrebiT,
miRebuli zomebi paliatiur xasiaTs atareben, mimarTulia ZiriTadad problemis efeqturi evropulTan, imis SiSiT, rom qveyana gaebmeboda “Zveli samyaros” intrigebSi da SebRalavda
mogvarebis gadadebaze an kritikis dasawynareblad. Tavis gansakuTrebuli qveynis statuss. damoukideblad moqmedeba ki SesaZleblobas
ase, magaliTad, afrikaSi cocxali bunebrivi garemos ganadgureba, gansakuTrebiT misi miscemda qveyanas ukeT daecva Tavisi erovnuli interesebi. es tradicia odnav Serbilda
cxoveluri komponentis (spiloebi, martorqebi da a.S), gamowveulia am kontinentis civi omis dros, rodesac qveyanas sWirdeboda mokavSireebi komunistur sistemasTan
sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis problemebis mougvareblobiT. uamravi Warbi sasoflo sabrZolvelad, Tumca mas arasodes uTqvams uari calmxriv moqmedebaze. garda amisa,
mosaxle Tavis gadasarCenad misdevs bunebrivi garemos zedmet (da ZiriTadad uazro) SeerTebuli Statebi yovelTvis aniWebdnen upiratesobas winmswreb qmedebas realurad
eqspluatacias, romlis procesSic nebismieri cocxali arsebis (sakuTari Tavis CaTvliT) arsebuli Tu warmodgeniTi safrTxis SemTxvevaSi. es tendencia gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda
saarsebo garemos ubralod anadgurebs. ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg da xSirad gamoixateba aSS-s mier saerTaSoriso normebisa da
gasagebia, rom afrikis problemebis mogvareba Tvalsawier momavalSi principulad xelSekrulebebis ugulvebelyofaSi. qveynis politikas safuZvlad ucvlelad sami
SeuZlebelia. amave dros, dasavleTis mTavrobebze (sruliad gamarTlebulad) zewolas principi udevs — Tavisufleba, TviTgamorkveva da Tavisufali vaWroba.
awarmoebs sakuTari samoqalaqo sazogadoeba afrikis bunebrivi garemos gadarCenis
moTxovniT. Sedegad aTeulobiT wlebis manZilze gamoiyofa uzarmazari Tanxebi afrikaSi amiT praqtikulad CamTavrda aSS-is teritoriis formireba da qveyanam faqtiurad ukan
nakrZalebis Seqmnaze da sxva Tanmxlebi RonisZiebebis gatarebaze minimaluri SedegiT. daxevac ki daiwyo (ix. cxrili 1). man, magaliTad 1946 wels daubruna damoukidebloba
nebismieri nakrZali (ukeTes SemTxvevaSi) moqmedebs iqamde, sanam morigi omi, genocidi Tu filipinebs, romelsac is 48 weli flobda. manve gadasca panamas arxis zona 1979 wels,
stiqiuri ubedureba (gvalva magaliTad) ar ayris adgilidan adamianebs da ar aiZulebs maT Tumca TviT es qveyana, rogorc aseTi, Tavis droze aSS-s Seqmnili iyo misi interesebis
eZebon TavSesafari da ukeTesi miwebi nakrZalis teritoriaze. ase moxda, magaliTad uzrunvelsayofad.
ruandaSi 1994 wlis genocidis Semdeg. is teritoriebi, romlebic man ama Tu im saxiT SemoierTa, ZiriTadad moicavs wynari

98 55
saimedobaSi aTeulobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi imdenad didi iyo, rom nebismieri qveyana, romelsac
zedmeti fuli uCndeboda, mas aSS-s fasian qaRaldebSi abandebda. dResac ki, rodesac am rwmenam
Seryeva daiwyo, es praqtika mainc grZeldeba. igive ruseTi, romelic didZal damatebiT Tanxebs
iRebs msoflio navTobis fasebis mkveTri zrdis Sedegad, am fuls sakuTari qveynis ganviTarebaSi
ki ar abandebs, aramed aSS-s fasian qaRaldebSi. aseTi gziT mTeli msoflio aTwleulebis manZilze
faqtiurad afinansebs dedamiwis yvelaze mdidari qveynis ganviTarebas.
amerikis xazinis monacemebiT 2005 wlis 31 dekembris mdgomareobiT aSS-s sagareo valis
saerTo moculoba Seadgenda 9,560,623 milion dolars.98 aseT situaciaSi ara aSS-a imdenad
damokidebuli Tavis kreditorebze, ramdenadac es Uukanasknelebi arian masze
damokidebuli. RmerTma daifaros, aSS-i defolti moxdes (amis saSiSroeba, magaliTad,
arsebobda 2006 wlis martSi) da msoflios bevri wamyvani ekonomika (igive Cinuri) ubralod
CaiSleba. zogi eqsperti saerTod miiCnevs, rom aSS-m sakuTari valutis gaufasureba Tu
defolti (finansur valdebulebebze uaris Tqma) SeuZlia gamoiyenos rogorc sagareo
politikis iaraRi. rasakvirvelia, TviT Statebsac es bevr sikeTes ar moutans, magram mis
konkurentebs ubralod musrs gaavlebs.
aSS-s SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, agreTve, Sors itoveben nebismier konkurentsa Tu
konkurentebis jgufs. qveyanam kargad Seiswavla warumatebeli vietnamis omis
gamocdileba da Seqmna principulad axali tipis armia, romelsac Seswevs unari realur
droSi moaxdinos reagireba nebismier safrTxeze globalur masStabSi. sabWoTa kavSirsac
ki, misi siZlieris maqsimumze, ar gaaCnda araferi Sesadari da is konkurencias SeerTebul
Statebs mxolod masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis xarjze uwevda.
faqtiurad aSS-s SeiaraRebuli Zalebi warmoadgens qveynis politikuri interesebis
realizaciis garants msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi. isini uSualod warmodgenilia dedamiwis
qveynebis 2/3-Si. am Zalebis xuTi regionaluri samxedro marTvis centrebis pasuxismgeblobis
arealebi mTel dedamiwas faraven. zRvaze aSS-s interesebs icavs cxra “super aviamzidi”
sabrZolo jgufi, romelTaganac TiToeuli calke aRebuli aSkarad sWarbobs yvelafers, rac
nebismier sxva qveyanas SeiZleba gaaCndes. haerSi mas gaaCnia sami sxvadasxva tipis “stelsis”
radarebisTvis SeumCneveli TviTmfrinavi, romelTac analogi ar gaaCniaT msoflioSi. igive
CineTi, romelic mizandasaxulad iRwvis aSS-gan CamorCenis dasaZlevad samxedro sferoSi,
ZiriTad sabrZolo komponentebSi mas minimum 10-15 da meti wliT CamorCeba.
qveyanaze modis msoflios Tavdacvis xarjebis TiTqmis naxevari. es xarjebi metia, vidre
20 momdevno qveynis gaerTianebuli samxedro biujetebi. isini, magaliTad, eqvsjer
aRemateba ruseTis samxedro biujets. amave dros aSS axerxebs amis gakeTebas mSp-sTan
SedarebiT sakmaod mcire danaxarjebiT — 2003 wels Tavdacvis biujeti mis daaxloebiT
3.5%-s Seadgenda.
aSS-s principulad marto SeuZlia nebismieri ramdenime sabrZolo amocanis gadaWra,
nebismieri mowinaaRmdegis winaaRmdeg, dedamiwis nebismier kuTxeSi. isevdaisev britaneTis
imperias aseTi samxedro upiratesoba arasodes gaaCnda. Tu zRvaze is ase Tu ise sjobnida
Tavis ZiriTad konkurentebs, misi saxmeleTo jarebi sazogadod CamorCeboda nebismieri
saxmeleTo imperiis jarebs rogorc raodenobiT, aseve momzadebis xarisxiT, rac
TvalnaTliv gamoikveTa orive msoflio omSi.
faqtiurad britaneTis imperia iyo pirveli tolebs Soris, maSin rodesac aSS ubralod —
pirvelia. yvela zeviT moyvanili faqtis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom aSS-s Seswevs
unari Seqmnas pirveli realuri globaluri imperia, sakiTxia, ramdenad aris qveyana
amisaTvis mzad da sWirdeba mas es saerTod?
faqtia, rom aSS-s damfuZnebeli mamebi Tavidanve moizarebdnen mas rogorc imperias,
Tumca “Tavisuflebis imperias” (empire of liberty), Tomas jefersonis sityvebiT. misi
ideologia efuZneboda, da efuZneba e.w. “cxadi mowodebis” (manifest destiny) ideas, romelic
ganisazRvreba rogorc “aSkara da gardauvali bedi”. am ideis Sesabamisad amerikas evaleba
demokratiis gavrceleba, rogorc mmarTvelobis erTaderTi Rirseuli formis, saRvTo
misia. faqtiurad es idea emTxveva britanelebis “TeTri adamianis tvirTs”, Tu frangebis
“macivilizebel misias”, xolo dRevandeli laparaki Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis
gavrcelebaze misi uaxlesi interpretaciaa.
etyoba, raRaca saxiT, aSS Tavidanve rogorc imperia yalibdeboda, rodesac mecxramete
saukuneSi pretenzia ganacxada Crdilo amerikis kontinentis did nawilze. teritoriis raRac
nawili man SeiZina. magaliTad, alaska ruseTisagan, Tu luiziana da misisipisa da kldovan
mTebs (Rockies) Soris mdebare teritoria — safrangeTisagan. Tumca orive SemTxvevaSi, rogorc
winaT sabWoTa kavSirSi ambobdnen, garigeba gamyidvlebisaTvis “nebayoflobiT-iZulebiTi”
iyo. qveynis samxreTi teritoriebis udidesi nawili ki mis xelSi tradiciuli imperialisturi
dapyrobebis Sedegad gadavida. esenia — kalifornia, nevada, iuta, niu meqsiko da arizona;
54
4.2.3. globalur doneze aseTi tipis kompromisebis Sedegia is saerTaSoriso reJimi,
romelic dRes garemosTan da resursebTan urTierTobis sferoSi arsebobs. am reJimis
Seqmnis pirveli etapi jer kidev mecxramete saukunis bolos daiwyo, magram realurad
globaluri 1972 wlidan gaxda, rodesac Sedga gaeros konferencia “adamianis garemoze”
stokholmSi. am konferenciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sedegi etyoba isaa, rom mas mohyva
globaluri da regionuli garemos monitoringis qselebis Seqmna, gaeros garemos
programis daarseba (UNEP), agreTve, farTo politikuri da instituciuri cvlilebebi
lokalur doneze, romelsac mohyva bevri mTavrobis mier garemos dacvis saministroebisa
da erovnuli garemosdacviTi da maregulirebeli saagentoebis Seqmna. man, agreTve, misca
biZgi garemosdacviTi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis globaluri qselis Seqmnas.
momdevno wlebSi saerTaSoriso interesi garemos problemebisadmi sul ufro
izrdeboda. Sedegad, am saukunis dasawyisisaTvis arsebobda 130-ze meti mravalmxrivi da
aseulobiT ormxrivi saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba. samwuxarod, realuri pozitiuri
Sedegebi, xmamaRali ritorikis miuxedavad, am xelSekrulebebis mxolod Zalian mcire
nawilma gamoiRo.
amis mizezi ZiriTadad isevdaisev isaa, rom Tanamedrove mecniereba, romelic
dakavebulia adamianisa da bunebrivi garemos urTierTobebis kvleviT, ver iZleva am
procesebis analizis saboloo, damajerebel daskvnebs, romlebic aseTi urTierTobebis
realur Sedegebs, SesaZlebel safrTxeebs Tu problemebis mogvarebis efeqtur
RonisZiebebs exeba. Sedegad, nebismieri globaluri movlena SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc
dadebiTi, uaryofiTi Tu ararsebuli, monacemTa erTi da igive nakrebis safuZvelze. ase
rom, nebismieri politikuri gadawyvetileba dafuZnebulia ara imdenad damajerebel
mtkicebebze, ramdenad dainteresebuli mxareebis konkretul kerZo interesebze,
romelTac ZiriTadad konkretul problemasTan naklebi kavSiri aqvT. aseTi situacia,
agreTve, iwvevs an Zalze zogadi da aradamajerebeli sabuTebis Seqmnas, an iseTebis,
romlebic zedmetad detaluria, rTuli da Sesasruleblad Zneli, zogjer ubralod
Seusrulebeli.
ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetesoba agreTve ubralod ver aZlevs Tavs fufunebas
daicvas bunebrivi garemo da resursebi. situacia daaxloebiT iseTivea, rogorc adamianis
uflebebisa an demokratiuli sazogadoebis mSeneblobis saqmeSi. sazogadoeba sakmarisad
SeZlebuli unda iyos imisaTvis, rom daicvas sakuTari bunebrivi resursebi da garemo, ar
gadaaqcios isini umowyalo eqspluataciis sagnad.
bunebriv garemosTan mimarTebaSi erTaderTi realurad momqmedi meqanizmi, romelic
kacobriobas dReisaTvis aqvs, e.w. “kiotos oqmia”, romelic faqtiurad, CarCo dokumentia
im RonisZiebebisaTvis, romlebic mimarTulia atmosferoSi adamianis moqmedebis Sedegad
moxvedrili naxSirorJangis moculobis stabilizaciaze da Semcirebaze. am xelSekrulebis
farglebSi yvelaze didi valdebulebebi Tavis Tavze aiRo evrogaerTianebam — Seamciros
e.w. “saTburis gazis” emisia 2008-12 wlebisaTvis 8%-T 1990 wlis donesTan SedarebiT, aSS-m
7, xolo iaponiam 6%-T. ruseTma, ukrainam da axalma zelandiam ikisra valdebulebebi
moaxdinos Tavisi emisiebis stabilizacia 1990 wlis doneze. saboloo jamSi, am oqmis
realizaciis Sedegad naxSirorJangis emisia sul 5%-T unda Semcirdes.
ganviTarebad qveynebs es valdebulebebi saerTod ar exebaT, m.S. CineTs, romelic aSS-s
Semdeg naxSirorJangis yvelaze did “mwarmoebelia” dedamiwaze da indoeTs, romelic mas
didad ar CamorCeba. saboloo jamSi, es ori qveyana etyoba mravaljer gadaWarbebs
naxSirorJangis emisiis im Semcirebas, romelsac ganviTarebuli qveynebi didi jafis
Sedegad miaRweven.
mTavari, rac am oqmis realizacias mohyveba, aris yoveli saxelmwifosaTvis emisiebis
kvotebis SemoReba, romliTac maT vaWroba SeuZliaT. Tu, magaliTad, viRacam moaxdina
axali teqnologiebis danergva da Tavis kvotaze nakleb emisias awarmoebs, mas SeuZlia is
iseT qveyanas miyidos, romelic sakuTar kvotaSi ver eteva. faqtiurad laparakia sabazro
urTierTobebis Setanaze globaluri ekologiuri problemis gadawyvetaSi, Tumca rogorc
kvotebis moculobebi, iseve maTi faswarmoqmnis konkretuli meqanizmebi friad
spekulatiur xasiaTs atarebs.
am oqms Tavidanve uamravi mowinaaRmdege hyavda. magaliTad, misi pirobebis dacvaze
kategoriuli uari ganacxada aSS-is prezident j.u. buSis administraciam. ruseTic didxans
ewinaaRmdegeboda mis ratifikacias im sababiT, rom, jer es erTi, emisiis 5%-iani Semcireba
veraviTar sagrZnob gavlenas ver moaxdens globaluri daTbobis procesis dinamikaze (da
amaSi is etyoba savsebiT marTlia) da, meorec, misi SezRudvebi realur negatiur gavlenas
moaxdens mis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze (igives amboben amerikelebic).
saboloo jamSi, ruseTma moaxdina am oqmis ratifikacia 2004 wlis dekemberSi
99
(ukanasknelma 150 qveyanas Soris) evrogaerTianebis daufaravi zewolis Sedegad, romelic
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ewinaaRmdegeboda ruseTis gawevrianebas msoflio savaWro
organizaciaSi. kiotos oqmi didwilad etyoba gadaiqca evrogaerTianebis Sida politikur
proeqtad, romelic rogorc warmoebis teqnikuri gadaiaraRebis, aseve marTvis
meqanizmebisa da sazogadoebrivi azris Camoyalibebis TvalsazrisiT, globalur
daTbobasTan brZolis aseTi tipis meqanizmis danergvasTan mimarTebaSi, bevrad uswrebs
mTel danarCen msoflios. Tumca 2006 wlis dasawyisisaTvis aqac 15 “Zveli” wevridan
mxolod 5 axerxebda ase Tu ise am oqmis moTxovnilebebis Sesrulebas.
e.i. kiotos oqmi iseTi tipisaa, rogorc zemoT iyo aRwerili — aradamajerebeli da
Sesasrulebelad rTuli. amave dros, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, man SeiZleba Seasrulos
mniSvnelovani roli Tugind im TvalsazrisiT, rom mis realizaciaze gamoCndeba, Tu
ramdenad aris mzad msoflio mis winaSe mdgari realuri globaluri problemis
gadasaWrelad (bolos da bolos raime sxva alternatiuli meqanizmi ubralod ar arsebobs).
4.2.4. samwuxarod globaluri ekologiuri krizisis mogvarebis ideebis aSkara nakleboba
SeimCneva. faqtiurad erTaderTia gaeros garemosa da ganviTarebis msoflio komisiis mier
(bruntlandis komisia), 1987 wels gamoaqveynebul moxsenebaSi wamoyenebuli e.w. mdgradi
ganviTarebis idea. dResdReobiT is formalurad aRiarebulia rogorc saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis, aseve erovnuli mTavrobebis mier, rogorc zogadi samoqmedo orientiri.
mokled rom vTqvaT, mdgradia iseTi ganviTareba, romelic saSualebas iZleva
dakmayofildes sazogadoebis dRevandeli moTxovnilebebi ise, rom A momaval Taobebs ar
moespoT saSualeba daikmayofilon TavianTi sakuTari moTxovnilebebi. momdevno wlebis
manZilze es termini (Tu ara ideis arsi, rogorc aseTi) gaxda nebismieri iseTi politikuri
dokumentis ganuyofeli nawili, romelic ganviTarebas eZRvneba. farTo gagebiT, es
koncefcia, aRiqveba rogorc saSualeba iseTi strategiebis SemuSavebisa da danergvis,
romlebic daexmarebian kacobriobas miaRwios ekonomikur da socialur ganviTarebas
bunebrivi garemos degradaciis, resursebis zedmeti eqspluataciisa da dabinZurebis
gareSe. im faqts, rom kacobriobis dRevandeli ganviTarebis etapze, es ori midgoma
ubralod erTmaneTis gamomricxavia, koncefciis avtorebma delikaturad gverdi auares.
sazogadod mdgradi ganviTarebis principebis praqtikuli realizacia niSnavs
sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis axali etapis dadgomas. magram adamianis sazogadoeba, maT
Soris misi dReisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani qvesistema — bazari, principulad
axorcielebs Zirfesvian gardaqmnebs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sistemur kriziss
gadaeyreba. amis magaliTia, 1929 wlis msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi, romlis Sedegad
moxda sabazro urTierTobebis sistemis safuZvliani gadasinjva.
aseTi krizisis SesaZlo mizezebi cnobilia — globaluri ekosistemis asimilaciuri da
reproduqciis unaris Semcireba. aseve cnobilia misi gadaWris saSualebebic — globalur
ekosistemaze adamianis datvirTvis Semcireba iqamde, sanam es datvirTva ar moeqceva
ekosistemis aRwarmoebis SesaZleblobis farglebSi.
praqtikulad es niSnavs, materialuri moxmarebis (mTlianis da erT mosaxleze)
radikalur Semcirebas, misi Tanmxlebi warmoebisa da ganawilebis efeqturobis zrdiT, da
rac mTavaria — Tanamedrove sazogadoebis faseulobaTa sistemis sruli gadasinjviT,
romelic gadamwyvet upiratesobas aniWebs materialuri moxmarebis ganuwyvetliv zrdas
ganviTarebis sxva prioritebTan SedarebiT.
problema isaa, rom sistemuri krizisi ar xdeba cvlilebebis aucileblobis Segnebis,
ganaTlebisa da propagandis safuZvelze. is xdeba, rodesac xdeba, da misi dadgoma ar aris
damokidebuli adamianis neba-survilze.
garda amisa, globaluri sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis tendenciebs ganapirobeben
wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebi, romlebic cal-calke Tu erTad, namdvilad ar ganicdian
araviTar sistemur kriziss, romelic SesaZlebelia bunebrivi garemos degradaciiT iyos
gamowveuli. es imas ar niSnavs, rom aseTi krizisi ar xdeba — ubralod es qveynebi axerxeben
maTi problemebis mniSvneloveni nawilis gatanas sakuTari teritoriebis farglebs gareT
(igive WuWyiani warmoebebi).
es moTamaSeebi, agreTve, swored ver afaseben maTi Sesabamisi sazogadoebrivi sistemebis
mdgomareobas. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi warmatebisa Tu Cavardnis Sefasebis mTavari
kriteriumi bazris mdgomareobaa. xolo bazari, misi aSkara Rirsebebis miuxedavad, sakmaod
primitiuli meqanizmia. is afasebs nebismier processa Tu situacias diax/ara — TeTri/Savi
— mogeba/wagebis logikis safuZvelze. am TvalsazrisiT, dRes msoflioSi ar arsebobs
bunebrivi garemos degradaciiT gamowveuli araviTari krizisi, romelic moiTxovs
sabazro urTierTobebis sistemis Zirfesvian gadasinjvas, an bazari ubralod ver cnobs
mis niSnebs.
am dros ekologiuri krizisi imiT gansxvavdeba sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis sxva
100
warmoadgens nebismieri warmatebuli eqspansiis Sedegebis organizaciisa da marTvis
meqanizms. etyoba imperiad gadaqcevis Sansi aqvs nebismier did warmatebul saxelmwifos,
misi mmarTvelobis formis miuxedavad. dRes imazec ki laparakoben, rom adre Tu gvian
imperiuli Tvisebebi SesaZloa evrogaerTianebamac ki SeiZinos.92
imavdroulad ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze dasavleTSi aSkarad SeimCneva imperiuli
nostalgiis niSnebi. es gansakuTrebiT gamoixateba britaneTis imperiis moRvaweobis
Sedegebis dadebiT gadafasebaSi, rogorc amas akeTebs cnobili britaneli mecnieri
n.Ffergiusoni, romelic wers — “is, rac britaneTis imperiam daamtkica, iyo rom imperia
warmoadgens saerTaSoriso mTavrobis nairsaxeobas, romelsac muSaobis unari Seswevs, da
ara marto mmarTveli Zalis interesebSi”. da Semdgom — “britaneTis imperia, Tumca is
unaklo ar iyo, SesaZlebelia warmoadgenda misi qveSevrdomebisaTvis yvelaze nakleb
sisxilian gzas Tanamedroveobisaken”.93
Sesabamisad gaismis xmebi, romlebic mxars uWers amerikuli imperiis ideas, gansakuTrebiT
iq, sadac saWiroa arSemdgari saxelmwifoebis xalxebis gadarCena im ukiduresad mZime
situaciidan, romelSic isini imyofebian; anda saerTaSoriso terorizmTan brZola. gasagebia,
rom mobruneba amerikuli imperiis ideisaken gamowveulia ZiriTadad imiT, rom arsebuli
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis maregulirebeli formaluri struqturebi sakmaod
araefeqturia. es gansakuTrebiT exeba iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac misaRebia swrafi,
gadamWreli, magram arapopularuli gadawyvetilebebi (magaliTad, dafuZnebuli
damoukidebeli qveynebis Sinagan saqmeebSi uSualo samxedro Carevaze).
igive n. fergiusoni wers — “imis nacvlad, rom uzarmazari lokokinasaviT amoefaros
eleqtronul javSans, SeerTebulma Statebma Tavisi uzarmazari resursebis sul ufro didi
nawili unda mimarTon imisaken, rom gadaaqcion msoflio usafrTxo adgilad kapitalizmisa da
demokratiisaTvis. “istoriis dasasrulis” ideis miamiti triumfalizmis sawinaaRmdegod, es
TavisTavad ki ar xdeba, aramed moiTxovs kanonisa da wesrigis mZlav instituciur dasayrdens.
imperiuli aSS-s namdvili roli isaa, rom daafuZnos es institutebi iq, sadac isini ar
arseboben, Tu saWiroa. samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiTac. aseTi politikis sawinaaRmdego
araviTari ekonomikuri argumenti ar arsebobs, radganac is autanelad Zviri ar dajdeba.
Ddemokratiis danergva msoflios yvela gariyul saxelmwifoSi (rogue states) ar gazrdis aSS
Tavdacvis biujets qveynis mSp-s 5%-ze bevrad zeviT. amasTanave arsebobs ekonomikuri
argumenti am ideis mxardasaWerad, radganac aseT qveynebSi kanonis uzenaesobis Setana
moitans grZelvadian dividentebs maTi vaWrobis aRorZinebisa da ganviTarebis Sedegad.”94
amerikuli imperiis idea jer kidev sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivia imisaTvis, rom aSS
administraciam is ama Tu im saxiT aRiaros. prezidenti j. buSi ambobda, magaliTad — “Cven
ar viRwviT imperiisaken. Cveni eri erTgulia sakuTari da sxvebis Tavisuflebisa”.95 amave
dros, aSS yvela Sesadari parametrebiT aSkarad Sors scildeba kacobriobis istoriaSi
yvelaze cnobil (da warmatebul) britaneTis imperias.
obieqturad, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, is dedamiwaze darCenili erTaderTi
zesaxelmwifoa. igive ekonomikuri parametrebiT is Sors, ukan itovebs nebismier realur
Tu potenciur konkurents. 2003 wels masze modioda msoflio Sida produqtis 29.5% — 10
948.5 miliardi dolari (21.4% dolaris msyidvelobiTi unaris gaTvaliswinebiT), rac metia
vidre momdevno oTxi yvelaze ganviTarebuli qveynis (iaponia, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi,
germania) mSp erTad aRebuli (10256.6 miliardi dolari). CineTic ki, romelic momavalSi
misi realuri ekonomikuri konkurenti SeiZleba gaxdes (savaraudod 2018 wlisaTvis), misi
mSp-s mxolod 12.9%-s awarmoebs (59.0%-s msyidvelobiTi unaris gaTvaliswinebiT).96 es
monacemebi orjer da metad aRemateba britaneTis imperiis analogiur monacemebs, rodesac
es ukanaskneli Tavisi siZlieris pikze imyofeboda.
garda amisa, amerikas gaaCnia uSualo ekonomikuri gavlenis iseTi mZlavri meqanizmebi,
rogoricaa transnacionaluri (multinacionaluri) korporaciebi. britaneTis imperiis
globaluri dominirebis dros aseTebi praqtikulad saerTod ar arsebobda (formalurad
iTvleba, rom pirveli aseTi korporacia mxolod 1932 wels Seiqmna, rodesac Lever Brothers
gaerTianda Margarine Unie-Tan da Seqmna Unilever). dResdReobiT (2006 wlis dasawyisisaTvis)
aseTi msoflioSi aTasobiTaa, xolo maT Soris amerikuli minimum naxevaria. msoflios 20
yvelaze did kompanias Soris 10 amerikulia, xolo maT Soris ori yvelaze didis - Wall Mart-
sa da Exxon Mobil-s Semosavalebi 2003 wels cal-calke aRemateboda msoflios yvela qveynis
mSp-s, 15 yvelaze mdidris garda. maTi Semosavlebi, magaliTad sWarbobda iseTi qveynebis
mSp-sac rogoricaa norvegia, SvedeTi, fineTi, avstria Tu dania.97 igive Exxon Mobil
dedamiwis 200 qveyanasa Tu teritoriaze moqmedebs.
aSS imperiuli dominirebis erT-erTi friad Taviseburi gamoxatuleba isaa, rom mas
praqtikulad msoflios yvela wamyvani saxelmwifosi didZali Tanxebi marTebs. rwmena amerikis
53
procesebze mTlianad.86
am doqtrinis centraluri gzavnilia — “Tavisuflebis gadarCena Cvens miwa-wyalze
mzardadaa damokidebuli Tavisuflebis warmatebaze sxva qveynebSi” da kidev — “yvelaze
didi imedi imisa, rom mSvidoba damyardeba CvenTan, mdgomareobs Tavisuflebis
gavrcelebaSi mTels msoflioSi”.87 imaze, Tu ramdenad Zlieria aqcenti Tavisuflebasa da
adamianebis uflebaTa universalur faseulobebze metyvelebs is faqti, rom sityvebi
Tavisufleba (freedom and liberty) da demokratia moxsenebaSi 49-jer iyo naxsenebi.
faqtiurad aSS-s prezidenti atarebda ideas imis Sesaxeb, rom mSvidoba da samSvidobo
procesi aRar warmoadgenen qveynis sagareo politikis centralur prioritetebs. misi
warmodgeniT, Tavisuflebas aqvs aSkara prioriteti mSvidobasTan SedarebiT, is
msoflioSi mSvidobis winapirobad gvevlineba, xolo [aSS-s politikis] “saboloo mizania
msoflioSi tiraniisaTvis bolos moReba”, Tumca aSS-s mier reformebis waxaliseba
“ZiriTadad iaraRis gamoyenebiT ar unda xorcieldebodes”.88
amerikis senatis gavleniani wevrebi umalve Seecadnen am principebis sarealizacio
sakanonmdeblo safuZveli CamoeyalibebinaT. kerZod, 2005 wlis martis dasawyisSi
respublikelma senatorma jon makeinma da demokratma jo libermanma Seitanes senatSi
erTobrivi kanonproeqti “ demokratiis gavrcelebis (promotion) Sesaxeb”, romelic
iTvaliswinebda aSS mTavrobisaTvis farTo uflebebis miniWebas demokratiuli
principebisa da faseulobebis gasavrceleblad qveynis farglebs gareT.
rogorc senatorma makeinma ganacxada Tavis moxsenebaSi -“demokratiisa da
Tavisuflebis gavrceleba sazRvargareT ubralod ganuyofelia SeerTebuli Statebis
erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebisagan. Tu niu-iorkis, vaSingtonisa an kaliforniis
usafrTxoeba damokidebulia Tavisuflebis doneze er-riadSi, baRdaTsa Tu kairoSi, Cven
unda gavavrceloT demokratiis, kanonis uzenaesobisa da socialuri modernizaciis
ideebi iseve, rogorc vaxdenT Cveni iaraRis srulyofasa da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
modernizacias”.
senator libermanis TqmiT, moyolebuli ukve meoce saukunis dasawyisidan “amerikis
prezidentebs esmodaT, rom amerikis sasicocxlo interesebi yvelaze ukeT maSinaa
uzrunvelyofili, rodesac Cven sxvebs vexmarebiT Tavisuflebis xmis mopovebaSi”. garda
amisa, amerikas gaaCnia demokratiis ideeebis gavrcelebis “moraluri mandati”.
senatorebis TqmiT: “ukanasknelma movlenebma saqarTveloSi, avRaneTSi, eraysa da
palestinaSi gviCvenes, rom adamianTa survili icxovron Tavisuflad, universaluria”.89
Tu ra Sedegs moitanen j. buSis mier Camoyalibebuli principebi, didaTaa damokidebuli
imaze, Tu ra saxiT da ramdenad efeqturad SesZlebs aSS maT praqtikul realizacias.
rogorc prezident j.karteris mrCeveli erovnuli uSiSroebis dargSi zbignev bzeJinski
2004 wels gamoqveynebul wignSi “arCevani” (The Choice) werda — “amerikul Zalasa da
amerikul socialur dinamikas, Tu erTad imoqmedeben, SeuZliaT gamoiwvion saerTo
interesebze dafuZnebuli globaluri erTobis TandaTanobiTi Camoyalibeba. im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini araswored iqnebian gamoyenebuli da erTmaneTTan winaaRmdegobaSi
movlen, isini ubiZgeben msoflios qaosisaken, xolo amerikas alyaSemortymul
cixesimagred gadaaqceven”.90 faqtiurad, igive bzeJinskis sityvebiT, saqme gvaqvs
arCevanTan — aSS iRwvis globaluri dominirebisa Tu globaluri liderobisaTvis? ufro
martivad — qveyana Seecdeba uCvenos danarCen msoflios umetesobasaTvis misaRebi
ganviTarebis alternativa, Tu aiZulebs sxvebs iaron im gziT, romelic mas awyobs.
madlen olbraiTi, prezident klintonis saxelmwifo mdivani- swored SeiZleba
CaiTvalos iseTi politika, romelic saSualebas aZlevs amerikis SeerTebul Statebs
gauwios mxardaWera demokratiasa da Tavisuflebas. Cven gansakuTrebuli qveyana varT.
demokratia sayovelTao faseulobaa, magram dRes mas amerikuli iersaxe dahkravs...
SeuZlebelia misi Tavze moxveva. Cven is unda davicvaT da mxari dauWiroT. kiTxva unda
davusvaT sakuTar Tavs, rogor SeiZleba moubrundes aSS-s daZalebuli demokratia.91
saboloo jamSi, problema dadis kiTxvamde - aris Tu ara aSS imperia da atarebs Tu ara is
imperialistur politikas?
sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom imperiuli idea dRevandel msoflioSi (gansakuTrebiT
samxreTSi), popularobiT namdvilad ar sargeblobs. amaSi damsaxureba ara marto
memarcxene sazogadoebriv moRvaweebs miuZRviT, v. leninis meTaurobiT. igive memarjvene
dasavleli moRvaweebic am termins uxvad iyenebdnen antisabWour propagandaSi civi omis
dros. gavixsenoT Tugind r. reiganis cnobili “borotebis imperia”. sinamdvileSi imperia
52
krizisebisagan, rom rodesac bazari amoicnobs aseTi globaluri sistemuri krizisis
niSnebs, mis gankargulebaSi arsebuli meqanizmebi da resursebi ar iqneba sakmarisi mis
mosagvareblad.
yovelwliurad organuli sawvavis dawvis Sedegad atmosferoSi xvdeba 5.8 miliardi
tona naxSirbadi, rac 20 miliard tona naxSirorJangs Seesabameba. aseTi raodenobis
naxSirbadis dasagroveblad fotosinTezis procesSi misi atmosferodan STanTqvis dros
bunebas sWirdeba TiTqmis milioni weli. weliwadSi msoflioSi moipoveba 120 miliardi
tona madani, sawvavi wiaRiseuli da saSeni masala, gamoidnoba 800 milioni tona sxvadasxva
metali.
metalurgiuli warmoeba iZleva daWuWyianebis 34%-mde, Tboeleqtrosadgurebi-27%,
navTobis mrewveloba-12%, qimiuri-9%-s, gazis-7%. kacobriobis istoriis manZilze
gadagvarebuli niadagebis farTobi Seadgens 20 milion kvadratul kilometrs, rac imaze
metia, dRes msoflioSi rom gamoiyeneba. kacobrioba, romelic Tavisi biomasiT Seadgens
dedamiwis cocxali nivTierebis procentis meaTasedebs, qmnis aTasjer met narCenebs,
vidre mTeli biosfero. maTi raodenoba yovel TxuTmet weliwadSi erTxel ormagdeba.
dedamiwis hidrosferoSi yovelwliurad Caedineba 600 miliard tonamde samrewvelo
Camdinare wylebi, romlebic Seicavs 300 milon tonamde rkinas, 2.3 milion tona tyvias, 7000
tona vercxliswyals, 6000 tona fosfors da sxva mavne nivTierebebs, rac mniSvnelovnad
abinZurebs msoflio okeanes, amcirebs mis biomravalferovnebas, saxes ucvlis adamianis
sakveb resursebs da amcirebs kidec maT.
sawarmoo narCeni airebi (m.S. avtomanqanebis gamonabolqvi) iwveven atmosferoSi
gogirdisa da azotis Jangebis moxvedras. isini ubrundebian dedamiwas mJave wvimebis saxiT,
romlebic amJaveben da gadaagvareben niadags, wyalsacavebs, mcenareul safars. xdeba
niadagebis degradacia.
gaudabnoebis procesiT moculia teritoria, romelic farTobiT aRemateba Crdilo da
samxreT amerikas, erTad aRebuls. mxolod adamianis mier daSrobili aralis zRvis
Semogarenidan qars yovelwliurad miaqvs 150 milion tonaze meti miwa. planetaze tyeebis
gaCexvis siCqare weliwadSi maTi saerTo farTobis daaxloebiT 0.2%-s udris. avstraliam,
magaliTad, ukve dakarga Tavisi tyeebis 3/4, amerikam 2/5, afrikam — 1/5. es procesi
gansakuTrebiT Seexo tropikul tyeebs (amazonia, kongo, samxreT-aRmosavleTi azia),
romlebic atmosferoSi naleqis cirkulaciis regulatorebis rols TamaSobs.
Tavi 5. zogierTi globaluri problema.
globaluri teqnologiebi, kultura msoflio urTierTobebSi.
5.1. globaluri teqnologiebis transferi
5.1.1. globalizaciis erT-erTi mTavari Sedegi isaa, rom dedamiwa ubralod Zalian
patara gaxda. isevdaisev, principulad aRar arsebobs manZilis daZlevis problema, xolo
nebismieri informaciis miReba, gadamuSaveba, gavrceleba anda urTierToba calkeul
individebs Soris SesaZlebelia realur droSi.
gasagebia, rom amis SesaZlebloba mxolod imaT gaaCniaT, vinc sakmarisad SeZlebulia
amisaTvis. magram, mas Semdeg, rac reiganisa da tetCeris administraciebma aSS-sa da did
britaneTSi miaRwies komunikaciebis bazrebis deregulirebasa da demonopolizacias 1980-
ian wlebSi, komunikaciisa da informaciis gavrcelebis eleqtronuli saSualebebi
(televizia, interneti, eleqtronuli fosta, mobiluri telefoni) xelmisawvdomi gaxda
nebismieri ganviTarebadi qveynis nebismieri moqalaqisaTvis, vinc siRaribis zRvars
gadacdenilia, Tu romeliRaca adgilobrivi diqtatori xist izolacionalistur
politikas ar eweva (magaliTad, Crdilo korea).179
globaluri komunikaciebis saSualebebis ganviTareba amave dros mxolod SedarebiT mcire
nawilia im uzarmazari gavlenisa, romelsac Tanamedrove mecnirebis miRwevebi, teqnika da
teqnologia axdenen globalizaciis procesebze. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic, damokidebuleba
sworxazovani ar aris. teqnologia globaluri procesebis mZlavri matarebelia; imave dros,
teqnologiebis umetesobis danergva da farTo gavrceleba SesaZlebelia mxolod im
xelsayreli pirobebis farglebSi, romelTac maT globalizacia uqmnis.
imis Sesabamisad, Tu teqnologiis Seqmnisa da aTvisebis ra unari gaaCniaT sxvadasxva
101
qveynebs, dRes isini sazogadod sam did kategoriad iyofian: teqnologiuri inovatorebi, matareblebi arian. ukve es faqti aqcevs maT ZiriTadad dasavleTidan momdinare
teqnologiis amTviseblebi da teqnologiurad “gaTiSulebi”. pirvel kategorias ekuTvnian globalizaciuri procesebis efeqtur instrumentebad.
aSS da is qveynebi, romelTa yovel milion mosaxleze weliwadSi aSS-Si daculi aTi patenti arasamTavrobo organizaciebis kulturisa da tradiciis danergva (ZiriTadad, garedan)
mainc modis. rogorc cxrili 5.1-dan Cans, am kategoriaSi Sedian mxolod dasavleTi qveyanebis umetesobaSi SedarebiT advilia, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom maTze ZiriTadad ar
evropisa da misi gamonayofi qveynebi, plus aRmosavleTi aziis 5 qveyana. meore kategorias vrceldeba is idiosinkrazia, romelic ganviTarebad qveynebSi arsebobs dasavluri
ekuTvnis yvela is danarCeni qveyana, romelTa eqsportSic maRalteqnologiuri saxelisuflebo, Tu biznes-organizaciebis mimarT.
produqciis wili minimum 2%-ia (yvela danarCeni ganviTarebuli qveyana da globalizaciis Tanamedrove etapze mravalricxovani saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo
ganviTarebulebis yvelaze mowinave nawili — brazilia, argentina, malaizia, indonezia, da organizaciebi, agreTve xSirad anacvleben ganviTarebuli qveynebis mTavrobebs ganviTarebad
a.S.), xolo mTeli danarCeni msoflio, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris CaTvliT, “gaTiSulebis” msoflioSi humanitaruli, ganviTarebis daxmarebisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis xelSewyobis
ricxvSi xvdeba e.i. es is qveynebia, romelTac warmatebuli ganviTarebis naklebi Sansi aqvT. misiis SesrulebaSi. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom praqtikulad yvela aseTi organizacia
msoflios wamyvan ganviTarebul qveynebs warmoadgens, iq aris dafuZnebuli da didwilad
cxrili 5.1 aSS patentebis saerTo raodenoba da erT milion mosaxleze, 2001 mainc am qveynebisa mTavrobebisa da wamyvani korporaciebis mier aris dafinansebuli, isini,
nebiT Tu uneblied, mainc am qveynebis globaluri agentebis rols asruleben. maSinac ki,
qveyana patentebi patentebi/ rodesac es organizaciebi maqsimalurad cdiloben distancirebas dasavleTis globaluri
milion mosaxleze politikisagan, isini mainc arseboben dasavluri [evropuli] civilizaciis faseulobebis
1 taivani 6 545 299 CarCoebSi da saboloo jamSi mis interesebSi moqmedeben.
2 iaponia 34 891 275 arsebobs agreTve saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebis friad sayuradRebo
3 SvedeTi 1 935 217 jgufi, romelic Tavis Tavze iRebs msoflios mTavrobebis mier demokratiisa da adamianis
4 Sveicaria 1 557 216 uflebebis principebis praqtikuli realizaciis monitoringis funqcias. aseTebia
5 israeli 1 031 161 magaliTad Transparency International, Human Rights Watch, Freedom House, Amnesty International da
6 fineTi 769 148 mravali sxva. isini faqtiurad axorcieleben msoflios mTavrobebis qcevis monitorings,
7 germania 11 895 145 raRac gagebiT “niSnebs usvamen” maT maTi konkretuli qcevis Sesabamisad. maTi avtoriteti
Tanamedrove msoflioSi imdenad didia, rom wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebisa, Tu
8 kanada 4 063 131
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis damokidebuleba ama Tu im qveynis mimarT, didwiladaa
9 luqsemburgi 48 120
damokidebuli maT Sefasebaze.
10 dania 556 103
amave dros, isevdaisev, isini atareben Tavis monitoringsa da Sefasebas iseT
11 niderlandebi 1 494 93
kriteriumebze dayrdnobiT, romelic Camoyalibebulia dasavleTis samecniero,
12 honkongi 620 93 politikuri, socialuri sistemebisa da tradiciebis farglebSi, da saboloo jamSi,
13 samxreTi korea 3 763 80 wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis interesebSi moqmedeben, dasavluri globalizaciis
15 avstria 632 78 mZlavr agentebs warmoadgenen. rasakvirvelia, isini asruleben imave funqcias, rodesac
16 belgia 796 77 akritikeben msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebis mTavrobebs, miuTiTeben maT daSvebul
17 safrangeTi 4 456 75 Secdomebsa da moqmedebis xarvezebs.
18 singapuri 304 74
19 gaerTianebuli 4 356 74 konkretuli SemTxveva (Case-Study) 2 – amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi — “uxaliso imperia”
samefo
20 islandia 21 70 imperia — warmoadgens regionebis nakrebs, romlebTac adgilze imperatoris saxeliT
21 norvegia 283 63 marTaven gubernatorebi, vicemefeebi an kleinti mefeebi. es termini SeiZleba gavrceldes
22 avstralia 1 031 53 nebismier did, mravalerovan saxelmwifoze, romelic erTi centridan imarTeba. sxva
saxelmwifoebis msgavsad imperia sakuTar politikur struqturas nawilobriv mainc
23 irlandia 166 44
daZalebis saSualebiT inarCunebs. saxmeleTo imperiebi (iseTebi rogorc ruseTi an
24 axali zelandia 160 42
sabWoTa kavSiri) miiswrafian mimdebare teritoriebze gavrcelebisaken; sazRvao imperiebi
25 italia 1 978 34
(magaliTad, britaneTis) xasiaTdebian naklebad xisti struqturiTa da gabneuli
teritoriebiT.
wyaro: aSS-is sapatento ofisi, 2002
istoriulad, imperiaTa umetesoba warmoiSveboda Zlieri saxelmwifos mier sxva
saxelmwifoebis dapyrobisa da ufro did politikur erTobaSi maTi gaerTianebis xarjze.83
rasakvirvelia, aseTi dayofa xarvezebs ar aris moklebuli, magram principul suraTs is imperializmi — ucxo teritoriul erTeulebze kontrolisa an Zalauflebis
mainc iZleva. misi ZiriTadi nakli isaa, rom is dafuZnebulia teqnologiur inovaciebze da gavrcelebis politika, maTi miTvisebisa da/an imperiis SenarCunebis mizniT. xdeba ucxo
saerTod ar iTvaliswinebs fundamentaluri mecnierebis miRwevebs. amave dros, qveynebis politikasa da ekonomikaze rogorc uSualo teritoriuli, aseve arapirdapiri
daaxloebiT mecxramete saukunis bolodan moyolebuli, teqnologiis ganviTareba kontrolis damyarebis gziT. zogjer ixmareba ama Tu im qveynis mier koloniebis
mTlianad fundamentaluri mecnieris winmswreb miRwevebzea damokidebuli. xolo dapyrobisa da daSorebul teritoriebze dominirebis politikis gansasazRvrad,
fundamentaluri mecniereba, Tavis mxriv, Zalian naklebadaa dakavSirebuli dRevandeli miuxedavad imisa, aRiarebs Tu ara aseTi qveyana sakuTar Tavs imperiad Tu ara.84
ganviTarebis mTavar mamoZravebel ZalasTan — bazarTan.
fundamentul mecnierebas aviTarebes ZiriTadad is qveynebi, romlebsac amis finansuri
jorj buS umcrosis sainauguracio sityva, warmoTqmuli mis xelmeored
da teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebi, Sesabamisi ganaTlebis infrastruqtura aqvs; romlebic
gaprezidentebasTan dakavSirebiT 2005 wlis ianvarSi, sayovelTao aRiarebiT erT-erTi
(da es etyoba yvelaze mniSvnelovania) Tavs msoflio an minimum regionaluri liderebis
rolSi xedavs.180 aseTi samecniero sistemis awyoba ZiriTadad mTavrobis iniciativebze,
yvelaze Zlieria aSS-s istoriaSi. “niu-iork Taimsi”, romelic, rbilad rom vTqvad, am
prezidents simpatiiT ar epyroba, is saerTod meore sainauguracio sityvebis pirvel
dafinansebasa da organizaciazea damokidebuli. 181
xuTeulSi Seyavs. masze win is aSkarad mxolod a. linkolnis gamosvlas ayenebs.85
meore msoflio omis Semdeg 1990-ian wlebamde msoflioSi arsebobda faqtiurad
buSis am gamosvlaSi faqtiurad Camoyalibda aSS sagareo politikis axali doqtrina,
oradori qveyana, romelTac saSualeba gaaCndaT ganeviTarebinaT fundamentaruli
romelsac minimum ramdenime wlis manZilze Seswevda unari seriozul gavlena moexdina
mecnierebebis TiTqmis mTeli speqtri — aSS da sabWoTa kavSiri.
rogorc saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis globalur sistemaze, aseve globalizaciis
102 51
realizaciaze. magaliTad aSS-ma (me-14 adgili msoflios demokratiul saxelmwifoebs
Soris), msoflio terorizmTan brZolis procesSi (da am brZolis sababiT), ukve dauSva
adamianis uflebebis mTeli rigi darRvevebi. aSS-s xelmZRvanelobas, magaliTad,
adanaSauleben (m.S. evropelebic da gaeroc) sakuTari moqalaqeebis satelefono saubrebis
masobriv, arasamarTlebriv monitoringSi, guantanamos (kuba) samxedro bazaze mravali
adamianis arasamarTlebriv, uvado patimrobaSi, rig evropis qveynebSi saidumlo cixeebis
daarsebaSi da iq patimrebis wamebaSi, rigi patimrebis, igive wamebis mizniT, iseT
arademokratiul qveynebze gadacemaSi, rogoric siriaa, misi mokavSire qveynebis
teritoriidan (italia) adamianebis gatacebaSi. es xdeba im pirobebSi, rodesac
terorizmTan omi aSS-s teritoriaze ar mimdinareobs, da saerTod sakmaod dabali
intensivobisaa.
globalizaciisadmi miZRvnil literaturaSi, globalizaciis axal moTamaSeebad
ZiriTadad ganixilebian (sakmaod paradoqsulad) — saerTaSoriso organizaciebi,
regionaluri organizaciebi, transnacionaluri korporaciebi, instituciuri
investorebi (sapensio da sainvesticio fondebi, sadazRvevo kompaniebi), qalaqebi,
gamoCenili pirovnebebi, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi.
am dros, aseTi CamonaTvali, rogorc minimum arakoreqtulia. ganvixiloT aseTi axali
moTamaSeebis ori tipuri magaliTi.
damoukidebeli evropuli qalaqebi warmoadgendnen [dasavleT] evropuli eqspansiis
ZiriTad agentebs jer kidev Sua saukuneebSi, rodesac ganuviTarebuli, susti
saxelmwifoebi, am funqcias efeqturad ver asrulebdnen. rogorc am misiis
Semsruleblebma, qalaqebma (gansakuTrebiT didma qalaqebma), raRac istoriuli periodis
manZilze ukana planze gadaiwies, magram isev daiwyes aqtiuri TamaSi meore globalizaciis
Tanamedrove etapze, globaluri procesebis intensifikaciasTan dakavSirebiT. Tumca
damoukidebel moTamaSeebaT isini naklebad mogvevlinebian, radganac moqmedeben ama Tu im
saxelmwifos formalur samarTlebriv sivrceSi.
igives Tqma SeiZleba msxvil korporaciebzec. didi britaneTis globaluri koloniuri
eqspansiis mniSvnelovani nawili xorcieldeboda ara saxelmwifos, aramed swored kerZo
kompaniebis mier. indoeTze pirveladi kontroli daamyara britanulma “aRmosavleT
indoeTis kompaniam”, romelic saxelmwifom Caanacvla mxolod mas Semdeg, rac is am
uzarmazari koloniis marTvas ubralod ver moeria. amave dros, korporaciebis realuri
roli Tanamedrove msoflioSi friad sainteresod Seicvala. rogorc Cans, dawyebuli
gasuli saukunis 1950-iani wlebidan, moxda wamyvani Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis
transformacia, romelsac Sedegad mohyva raRaca saxis simbioturi urTierTobebis
Camoyalibeba saxelmwifo xelisuflebasa da did bizness Soris. aseTi saxis urTierToba
yvelaze adre, da yvelaze naTlad, iaponiaSi gamovlinda.
es imas ar niSnavs, rom monopoliebi aiZuleben mTavrobas, miiRos maTTvis saWiro
gadawyvetilebebi, da uSualod imoqmedos maT interesebSi; aramed imas, rom xelisufleba
da didi biznesi qmnian axali tipis erTobas, romelic iRwvis erToblivi miznebis
misaRwevad. am tandemSi xelisufleba TamaSobs “Subis wveris” rols — is gakvalavs gzebs,
uZrunvelyofs korporaciebis moqmedebis xelsayrel pirobebsa da usafrTxoebas.
korporaciebi, Tavis mxriv, iReben aqtiur (zogjer gadamwyvet) monawileobas saxelmwifo
politikis SemuSavebaSi da a.S., magram sapasuxod uxdian xelisuflebas ara marto didZal
Tanxebs, aramed, rac ufro mniSvnelovania — sTavazoben loialobas da mzadyofnas
imoqmedon Tavisi qveynis interesebSi, iyvnen am interesebis gamtareblebi msoflioSi.
magram, amis Sedegad, isini damoukidebeli globaluri moTamaSeebi naklebad arian. 82
axali, Tanamedrove globaluri moTamaSeebis saxiT dRes faqtiurad gvevlinebian
mxolod arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. isini warmoadgenen formaluri politikuri
struqturebis gareT moqmed organizaciebs, romlebic ZiriTadad arakomerciuli
saqmianobiT arian dakavebulebi. aseTi organizaciebis raodenoba msoflioSi Zalze didia.
mxolod aSS-sa da indoeTSi, cal-calke, maTi raodenoba 2-2 milions udris. saerTaSoriso
asparezze moqmedi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis raodenoba aTeul aTasobiT
ganisazRvreba.
Tavisi arsiT, es organizaciebi [dasavleT] evropuli tradiciidan momdinareobs. iq
dResac arseboben absoluturad damoukidebeli, mravalricxovani moqalaqeTa
nebayoflobiTi gaerTianebebi, romlebic ZiriTadad emsaxurebian adgilobrivi Temebis
SesaZleblobebis gaZlierebas, asruleben iseT funqciebs (socialurs, humanitaruls,
kulturuls, garemosdacviTs), romelsac formaluri xelisufleba cudad asrulebs.
ase rom, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, miuxedavad imisa, sad arian Camoyalibebulebi,
Tu ra masStabis, ra saxis saqmianobaSi arian CarTulebi, mainc, farTo gagebiT, evropuli
sazogadoebis idealebis, urTierTobaTa kulturis, organizaciuli formebis
50
sabWoTa kavSirma gamomdinare nawilobriv ideologiuri mosazrebebidan, umetiswilad
ki qveynis breJnevisdroindeli xelmZRvanelobis umecrobis gamo, SeaCera informaciuli
teqnologiebis ganviTareba. amas Sedegad mohyva qveynis mTliani teqnologiuri CamorCena,
romelmac erT-erTi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa mis saboloo daSlaSi.
yvela danarCen maRalganviTarebul qveynebs, igive safrangeTis, didi britaneTis,
germaniis, iaponiis CaTvliT, SeeZloT fundamentaluri mecnierebebis speqtris mxolod
garkveuli nawilebis ganviTareba, xolo sxvagan is mxolod kerovan xasiaTs atarebda (da
atarebs). dRes ruseTs sabWoTa fundamentaluri samecniero memkvidreobis mxolod nawili
SerCa, magram mis adgils sul ufro aqtiurad ikavebs CineTi (gansakuTriT maTemaTikasa da
fizikaSi) da indoeTi.
globalizaciis TvalsazrisiT zemoT moyvanili analizis arsi isaa, rom ragind ar unda
iyos ganviTarebuli esa Tu is qveyana teqnologiurad, misi miRwevebi yovelTvis iqneba
damokidebuli imaze, vinc misi teqnologiuri ganviTarebis Teoriul, fundamentarul
safuZvels uzrunvelyofs. faqtiurad dRevandel msoflioSi samecniero-teqnologiuri
ierarqiis ara sam, aramed oTx iarusiani sistema arsebobs — mis mwvervalze yovelTvis is
qveynebi iqneba, romelTac Seswevs unari teqnologiis ganviTarebis Teoriuli safuZvlebi
Seqmnan.
5.1.2. rac Seexeba teqnologiebis transfers ganviTarebad qveynebSi, rac principulad
msoflio ganviTarebis procesis erT-erT mTavar dasayrdens warmoadgens, is or nawilad
unda daiyos:
pirveli exeba ZiriTadad iseTi saxis teqnologiebs, romelzec damokidebulia am
qveynebSi sawarmoo Zalebisa da, saboloo jamSi, mTlianad ekonomikis ganviTareba. yvela es
teqnologia bazarzea gamotanili da yvela msurvelisTvisaa xelmisawvdomi.182 yvelaze
CamorCenil qveyanasac ki SeuZlia sawarmoo teqnologiebis Semoatana pirdapiri ucxouri
daxmarebisa Tu kreditebis farglebSi. am fulis ZiriTadi nawili, bolos da bolos, aseTi
tipis programebisaTvis gamoiyofa.
problemebi am teqnologiebis danergvis etapze iwyeba. upirveles yovlisa, is moiTxovs
qveynaSi teqnologiuri gadaiaraRebis aucileblobisa da misi prioritetebis zust, swore
gansazRvras; realistur, miRwevad miznebze dafuZnebuli programis arsebobas; qveyanaSi
arsebuli resursebis swore Sefasebas, pirvel rigSi, socialuri kapitalis (SromiTi
resursebis, maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli kvalifikaciiT, SromisunarianobiT da a.S.);
teqnologiebis danergvis instituciuri da saorganizacio garemos Seqmnas.
aseTi tipis gadaiaraRebis procesSi mTavrobis roli gadamwyvetia. pirvel etapze mainc,
rodesac bazars ubralod ar SeuZlia strategiuli amocanebis dasaxva da maTi efeqturad
marTva, mTavroba unda uSualod xelmZRvanelobdes teqnologiis transferis process.
amitom swored mTavrobis efeqturoba ganapirobebs ZiriTadad mis warmatebas.
damatebiT, zogjer gadamwyvet siZneles, warmoadgens qveyanaSi arsebuli samuSao Zalis
xarisxi, m.S. Sromismoyvareoba, disciplina, warmatebisadmi ltolva, fizikuri
Sromisunarianoba. e.i. mTeli rigi wminda kulturuli faqtorebisa, romelTa Soris
udides rols TamaSobs tradiciaSi arsebuli pativiscema ganaTlebisadmi da ganaTlebis
miRebisadmi ltolva.183
ase rom, teqnologiuri transferi ganviTarebis mizniT isevdaisev (ixileT, Tavi 3)
damokidebulia ara imdenad teqnologiebze, rogorc aseTze, aramed imaze, Tu ramdenad
arian mzad amisaTvis mimRebi qveyana.
rogorc cnobilia, yvelaze warmatebiT teqnologiuri gadaiaraReba gaiares
aRmosavleTi aziis qveynebma. yvela am qveynebSi es procesi saxelmwifos mier imarTeboda,
xolo adgilobrivi muSaxelis msoflios nebismier qveyanas SeiZleba SeSurdes.
meore SemTxvevaSi laparakia “farTo moxmarebis teqnologiebze”, romlebic principSi
xelmisawvdomia nebismieri moqalaqisaTvis, romelsac maTi SeZenis finansuri saSualeba
aqvs. aseT teqnologiebSi, pirvel rigSi, igulisxmeba adamianis sicocxlisunarianobis
uzrunvelyofis, transportisa da komunikaciebis teqnologiebi — gansakuTrebiT radio,
televizia, telefoni, msubuqi avtomanqana, kompiuteri, sayofacxovrebo teqnika da a.S.
maTi umetesobis moxmareba minimalurad ganaTlebul, xSirad ubralod gaunaTlebel
adamiansac ki SeuZlia. Tumca ZiriTadad ganviTarebad qveyanaSi maTi koncentracia xdeba
ganviTarebis centrebSi, romelTac gare samyarosTan intensiuri kontaqtebi gaaCniaT.
aseTi teqnologiebis transferi mTlianad bazarzea damokidebuli, xolo misi
avkargianoba ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba ara adamianis realuri moTxovnilebiT masze,
aramed warmatebuli marketingiT. misi transferis ZiriTadi Sedegi, ara imdenad misi
momxmareblis cxovrebis xarisxis zrdaa, ramdenadac kulturis difuziaa.
103
 5.2. kulturuli difuzia.
5.2.1. kulturebis urTierTgavlena (da konkurencia) spontanuri procesia, romelic
avtomaturad xdeba nebismieri ori gansxvavebuli eTnosis Sexebis arealSi. faqtiurad
nebismieri eTnosis sicocxlisunarianoba da warmateba, rigorc aseTi, SeiZleba
ganisazRvros imis Sesabamisad, ramdenad SeuZlia mas ucxo kulturis elementebis
asimilacia da amis xarjze sakuTari kulturis gamdidreba. meoce saukunis meore
naxevridan es procesi uaRresad intensiuri gaxda imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom kulturulma
faseulobebma (m.S. yofiTi kulturis) - a/uaRresad swrafi, maRalefeqturi materialuri
“gadamtani” SeiZines teqnologiebis saxiT. ufro metic, teqnologia ara marto kultu-
ruli faseulobebis gadamtani, aramed maTi damoukidebeli matarebeli gaxda, TviTon
gadaiqca kulturis elementad;Dda b/kultura (pirvel rigSi misi is nawili, romelic
maskulturis saxeliTaa cnobili) saqonlad gadaiqca da misi udidesi nawilis formireba
da gavrceleba sabazro urTierTobis kanonebiT regulirdeba.
kulturis universaluri, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli ganmarteba bunebrivia ar arsebobs,
Tumca aseTTan yvelaze axlos dgas etyoba gaeros ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis
organizaciis (iunesko) Semdegi formulireba — [kultura] warmoadgens sazogadoebisa Tu
socialuri jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebel gamokveTil sulier, materialur, inteleq-
tualur da emociul Taviseburebebs, romelic xelovnebasa da literaturasTan erTad
moicavs cxovrebis wesebs, Tanacxovrebis saSualebebs, faseulobaTa sistemebs,
tradiciebsa da rwmenas.184
yvelaze did STabeWdilebas, am TvalsazrisiT, tovebs procesi, romelic daiwyo gasuli
saukunis 1930-ian wlebSi dasawyisSi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. am dros msoflios erT-
erTma yvelaze didma da warmatebulma kompaniam, jeneral motorsma (General Motors) -
navTobis, metalurgiuli da avtosaburavebis warmoebis dargebis sxva wamyvan
moTamaSeebTan erTad, xelSi Caigdo asze meti tramvais qseli aSS-s 45 wamyvan qalaqSi da
moSala isini. 1950-iani bolosaTvis tramvais sistemis daaxloebiT 9/10 da Sida saqalaqo
sazogadoebrivi transportis sxva saxeebis didi nawili gauqmda. imave dros saxelmwifom
daabanda saavtomobilo gzebis mSeneblobaSi iqamde arnaxuli Tanxebi (ZiriTadad, rogorc
Cans imisaTvis, rom didi raodenobiT im droisaTvis dausaqmebeli muSaxeli Caeba
saxelmwifo dasaqmebis programebSi). jamSi, amas mohyva qveyanaSi miwiszeda sazogadoebrivi
transportis (rkinigzis CaTvliT) Canacvleba avtomanqaniT.
yvelaferTan erTad, aman gamoiwvia, sruliad axali cxovrebis wesis formireba,
romelic faqtiurad gulisxmobs, rom mxolod avtomanqanis mflobelia sazogadoebis
srulfasovani wevri. aSS-Si, sadac es cxovrebis wesi Camoyalibda, saqme iqamdea misuli,
rom adamiani, romelsac manqana ara hyavs, calsaxad rogorc warumatebeli ganixileba, rac
am qveyanaSi miutevebeli codvaa. faqtiurad avtomanqana ara imdenad samomxmareblo
Rirebulebis matareblis, Tu satransporto saSualebis funqcias asrulebs, ramdenadac
kulturul stasus simbolod (status-symbol) gadaiqca.
ormocdaaTiani wlebisaTvis piradi msubuqi avtomanqana iyo dasavluri kulturis
yvelaze xiluli, da amave dros, yvelaze momxibvleli nawili (grZel, did frTebian
amerikul manqanaze mTeli msoflios mamakacebs abodebda). dReisaTvis aseTi midgoma
avtomanqanisadmi globalizebulia. avtomanqana universaluri status simboloa nebismier
sazogadoebaSi, miuxedavad misi ganviTarebis donisa Tu kulturis tipisa.
faqtiurad, 1950-1960-ian wlebSi msoflioSi adgili hqonda teqnologiis transferisa
da Sesabamisi kulturuli difuziis praqtikulad spontanur process, romelsac Tavisi
gamovlenis masStabebiTa da dedamiwaze warmatebis universaluri kriteriumebis
Camoyalibebis TvalsazrisiT, dReisaTvis badali ara hyavs.
am process meore, aranakleb mniSvnelovani mxarec aqvs. saavtomobilo transporti
dedamiwaze navTobisa da foladis yvelaze did momxmarebelia, Sesabamisad, haeris yvelaze
didi damabinZurebelia, m.S. naxSirorJangidac.185 avtomanqanebis dizaini, warmoeba,
realizacia, teqnikuri momsaxureba, iseve rogorc misi sawvaviT uzrunvelyofa (navTobis
mopoveba, transportireba, gadamuSaveba, realizacia), gzebis mSenebloba da momsaxureba,
moZraobis marTva, dazRveva, plus amasTan dakavSirebuli finansuri nakadebi — erTad
etyoba warmoadgenen yvelaze did, unificirebul, warmatebul globalur sistemas
(miuxedavad imisa, romel qveyanaSi, gzis romel mxares, dadian avtomanqanebi).
garda amisa, swored avtomanqanebis sawvaviT uzrunvelyofis aucilebloba gaxda
globaluri politikuri procesebisa da praqtikulad nebismieri qveynis erovnuli
104
mmarTvelobis principebis adaptacia ama Tu im qveynis konkretuli pirobebisadmi, xdeba
ZiriTadad ara am qveynis ganviTarebis logikidan gamomdinare, aramed gareSe faqtorebis
moqmedebis Sedegad da/an adgilobrivi mmarTveli elitis kerZo interesebidan
gamomdinare.
Tavisi klasikuri gagebiT, demokratia agvirgvinebs uzrunvelyofil, stabilur,
istoriulad Camoyalibebul saxelmwifoebriobas, magram ar Cndeba revoluciis momdevno
dilas. is faqti, rom eraySi ucxouri okupaciis pirobebSi 2005 wels arCevnebi gaimarTa, ar
niSnavs imas, rom am qveyanaSi demokratiam gaimarjva. f.zaqarias mohyavs bosniis magaliTi,
sadac miuxedavad evropelebis mravalwliani mizandasaxuli (Zvirad Rirebuli)
mcdelobisa, realurma demokratiam mainc da mainc mtkiced ver moikida fexi. xolo bosnia
evropis SuagulSi mdebareobs da faqtiurad pirdapiri ucxouri mmarTvelobis pirobebSi
viTardeba.80
garda amisa, Tavisufali da demokratiuli, saboloo jamSi, mxolod maZRari da
SeZlebuli adamiani xdeba. amis Taobaze arsebobs sakmaod saintereso monacemebi — gasuli
saukunis bolosaTvis, im qveynebSi, sadac erT mosaxleze wliuri Semosavali 1500 amerikul
dolarze naklebi iyo, demokratia saSualod 8 wels Zlebda, 1500-3000 dolari — 18 wels.
SedarebiT mdgradi xdeboda demokratia mxolod maSin, rodesac es Semosavali 6000
dolars aRemateboda. amave dros, 69 qveynidan demokratiuli reJimebiT, sadac erT
mosaxleze Semosavali 6000-9000 dolari iyo, diqtaturas miubrunda 39. Tu qveyanam es
barieri gadalaxa — demokratia garantirebulia. aseTi demokratiuli qveyana dedamiwaze
32 iyo. amave dros Semosavlis sidide TavisTavad demokratiisa da Tavisuflebis garantias
ar iZleva — msoflioSi 51 qveyanas gaaCnda 9000 dolarze maRali Semosavali, magram maT
Soris kuveiTicaa, saudis arabeTic, gaerTianebuli arabTa emiratebic.
aqedan SeiZleba daskvnis gamotana, rom demokratiis danergva ama Tu im qveyanaSi Tan
unda sdevdes iq ekonomikur ganviTarebas, an es procesebi minimum paralelurad unda
midiodes. demokratiuli ganviTareba Tanmxlebi, Tu winmswrebi warmatebuli ekonomikuri
transformaciis gareSe ganviTarebul msoflioSi, saboloo jamSi ganwirulia
warumateblobisaTvis.
igive hantingtoni ambobs — “warsulis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, arsebobs ori
gadamwyveti faqtori, romelic gavlenas axdens demokratiis momaval konsolidaciasa da
gavrcelebaze — ekonomikuri ganviTareba da politikuri xelmZRvaneloba. . . ekonomikuri
ganviTareba xdis demokratias SesaZleblad, politikuri xelmZRvaneloba aqcevs mas
realobad”.81
ase rom, msoflio masStabiT Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis swrafi, saboloo
gavrcelebis perspeqtivebi sakmaod frTxil midgomas moiTxovs. es ar aris moklevadiani
masStaburi kampaniis sagani, aramed mizandasaxul, frTxil mravalwlian Sromas moiTxovs.
iseTi saxiT, rogorc dRes maTi propaganda xdeba wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis mier,
aman SesaZloa gamoiwvios Careva damoukidebeli qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi
aragarantirebuli SedegebiT.
daaxloebiT aseTive mdgomareobaa adamianis uflebebTan dakavSirebiT. adamianis
uflebebi da demokratia erTmaneTisagan ganuyofeli ori cnebaa, faqtiurad medlis ori
mxare. SeuZlebelia iyos demokratiuli iseTi saxelmwifo, sadac ar xdeba adamianis
uflebebis dacva, da piriqiT, arademokratiul saxelmwifoSi adamianis uflebebis dacvaze
laparaki zedmetia. formalurad adamianis uflebebi Camoyalibebulia “adamianis
uflebebis sayovelTao deklaraciaSi”, romelic gaerom miiRo 1948 wels.
amave dros, adamianis uflebebis maqsimaluri realizacia SesaZlebelia mxolod,
isevdaisev, mdidari, stabiluri sazogadoebis pirobebSi. am uflebebis aRiareba da
praqtikuli realizacia warmoadgens sakmaod mZime, grZelvadiani procesis Sedegs. umetes
SemTxvevaSi, msoflios yvelaze ganviTarebul qveynebSic ki, Tavisi dRevandeli saxiT
adamianis uflebebis Camoyalibeba moxda ukve civi omis bolo etapze. igive amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi, jer kidev gasuli saukunis 1960-iani wlebis bolos, sruliad
legalurad moqmedebda rasobrivi diskriminaciisa da segregaciis principebi.
afroamerikelebis Tanasworuflebianobis praqtikuli realizacia moxerxda mxolod 1980-
ian wlebSi, didi da mZime brZolis Semdeg.
Sesabamisad, dRevandel msoflioSi, yvelaze demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi, yvelaze
ganviTarebuli adamianis uflebebis faqtiuri sistemiT, arian igive skandinaviis qveynebi,
rogorc yvelaze stabilurebi, mdidari da efeqturad marTulebi. am situacias aq friad
aadvilebs is garemoebac, rom isini ZiriTadad monoeTnikurebi arian.
sazogadod, nebismieri arastabiluroba qveyanaSi, aris es ekonomikuri krizisi,
socialuri daZabuloba, Tu gansakuTrebiT eTnikuri uTanxmoeba, friad negatiurad
moqmedebs rogorc demokratiis, aseve gansakuTrebiT adamianis uflebebis principebis
49
magaliTad, ruandaSi, sadac britaneTma gaaerTiana erTmaneTis samkvdro-sasicocxlo
mtrebi — tutsi da hutu. amas saboloo jamSi mohyva 1994 wlis cnobili genocidi am
qveyanaSi. erTdroulad maT dayves erTi da igive eTnosebi or an met damoukidebel
qveynebs Soris. Sedegad ganviTarebadi msoflios udides nawilSi aTwleulebis manZilze
midis eTnosebis Zalismieri daSoriSorebisa Tu gaerTianebis procesi, romelic realurad
warmoadgens safrTxes pozitiuri globaluri ganviTarebisaTvis, da romelic Tavisi
mniSvnelobiT Tanamedrove msofliosaTvis aRemateba igive terorizmis muqaras.
demokratiis principebzea dRes formalurad awyobili msoflios damoukidebeli
qveynebis umetesoba. Riad gamoacxados Tavi arademokratiulad, dRes SeuZlia mxolod
navTobisa da bunebrivi gazis Zalian didi maragis mflobel, sakmaod mcirericxovan
qveynebs (magaliTad, saudis arabeTs, kuveiTs, bruneis, TurqmeneTs da a.S.), anda iseT
gariyul qveynebs, rogorebicaa Crdilo korea an birma. Tumca, me-20 saukunis nebismier
calke aRebul periodSi, dedamiwis mosaxleobis saSualod mxolod 31% cxovrobda
namdvil demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi.73
cnobili amerikeli mecnieri samuel hantingtoni gamoyofs dedamiwaze demokratiis
gavrcelebis sam “grZel talRas”. pirveli talRa daiwyo me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi,
rodesac aSS-s mamakacTa didma nawilma miiRi xmis ufleba, da gagrZelda me-20 saukunis
1920-ian wlebamde. am drois ganmavlobaSi Seiqmna 29 demokratiuli saxelmwifo. Semdeg es
trendi Sebrunda, moyolebuli 1922 wlidan, rodesac italiis saTaveSi musolini movida,
da gagrZelda 1942 wlamde, rodesac demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis raodenoba 12-mde
Semcirda. meore talRa daiwyo meore msoflio omis Semdeg da Tavis mwvervals miaRwia 1962
wels, rodesac 36 qveyana iyo demokratiuli. aqedan moyolebuli, vidre 1970-iani wlebis
Sua wlebamde, es raodenoba eqvsiT Semcirda. 1974 wlidan moyolebuli, mesame talRis
dros, msoflios daemata daaxloebiT 30 axali demokratiuli saxelmwifo, ramac namdvili
demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis ricxvi gaaormaga.74
Tumca 2006 wels gamoqveynebuli arasamTavrobo organizacia World Audit-is monacemebiT,
“namdvilad demokratiuli” msoflioSi mxolod 40 qveyanaa.75 es is qveynebia, romlebic
SeiZleba “udavod” Tavisuflebad CaiTvalos. maT ricxvSi Sedis msoflios yvela
ganviTarebuli qveyana, plus evrogaerTianebis is axali wevrebi, romlebic jer
formalurad ganviTarebulebad ar arian aRiarebuli, plus Cile, urugvai, kosta-rika,
panama laTinur amerikaSi, samxreTi afrika da gana afrikaSi (ix. danarTi 4.).76
demokratia dRevandel msoflioSi sazogadod aRiqmeba rogorc liberaluri
demokratia, e.i. warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis forma, romlis farglebSi “arCeuli
warmomadgenlebisa da umravlesobis neba, ganaxorcielon gadawyvetilebis miRebis
uflebis realizacia, xdeba kanonis farglebSi, da sazogadod gazomierdeba
konstituciiT, romelic xazs usvams pirovnebebisa da umciresobebis Tavisuflebisa da
uflebebis dacvas”.77
arsebobs ramdenime mizezi, ratom gaxda demokratia msoflioSi saxelmwifo mowyobis
ZiriTadi forma meore globalizaciis periodSi:
1. rogorc u. CerCili ambobda - “demokratia saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis yvelaze cudi
formaa, yvela im danarCenis garda, romelic adre ukve iyo nacadi”;78
2. ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetesobas mmarTvelobis aseTi sistema “memkvidreobiT
darCa” yofili metropoliebisagan;
3. demokratiis gavrceleba msoflio masStabiT warmoadgens aSS-s, iseve rogorc misi
uaxloesi mokavSireebis (magaliTad, evrogaerTainebis) globaluri politikis erT-
erT amosaval princips79;
4. demokratiuli institutebi, maTSi Sesabamisi legaluri koreqtivebis Setanis
Sedegad, ama Tu im qveynis SedarebiT Zlieri, uprincipo xelmZRvanelobis xelSi,
iqceva masebis manipulirebisa da eqspluataciis ufro efeqtur iaraRad, vidre Ria
avtoritaruli mmarTveloba.
ase rom, qveynebi formalurad demokratiuli xdebian an imitom, rom es maT rig, xilul
upiratesobas aniWebs wamyvan globalur moTamaSeebTan urTierTobaSi (politikurs,
ekonomikurs, finansurs da a.S.), anda sistemuri mimikriis procesSi (ixileT konkretuli
SemTxveva 1) — e.i. orive SemTxvevaSi es globalizaciuri procesebis moqmedebis Sedegia.
am dros, es situacia Riad tovebs sakiTxs — ramdenad arian mzad demokratiuli ideebis
aRsaqmelad da cxovrebaSi gasatareblad is qveynebi, romlebic Tavs demokratiulad
acxadeben? cxadia, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi dRevandel msoflioSi, demokratiuli
48
usafrTxoebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi elementi.
sainteresoa, rom es erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli da msxvilmasStabiani globaluri
procesi ganviTarda faqtiurad mTlianad kerZo biznesis iniciativiT, saxelmwifos
minimaluri mxardaWeriT. is, agreTve, aris imis klasikuri magaliTi, rom globaluri
procesebi winaswar ar igegmeba da lokaluri movlenebis globaluri gamovlinebaa.186
Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi yvelaze gamoCenili filosofosi, poloneli stanislav
lemi werda 2006 wlis martSi gardacvalebamde cota xniT adre micemul interviuSi: is, rac
daemarTa Cems futurologiur azrTwyobas sinamdvilesTan Sexebisas, cotaTi mogvagonebs
saavtomobilo katastrofas. is, rac Cven dRes gvaqvs, araa is, razec odesRac vocnebobdi.
ganxorcielda mxolod is, rac momgebiani gamodga, risi kargad gayidvac moxerxda. Cven
momavlidan aviReT ara yvelaze lamazi, yvelaze amaRlebuli, ara is, rac yovel CvenTagans
ukeTess gagvxdida, aramed is, rac, komerciuli TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze perspeqtuili
gamodga, rasTanac dakavSirebuli iyo didi sareklamo saagentoebis axalgazrda
specialistebis saukeTeso merketinguli gegmebi.187
5.2.2. individualuri saavtomobilo transportis globaluri gavrceleba amave dros ar
aRiqveba rogorc dasavluri (pirvel rigSi amerikuli) eqspansia, gansxvavebiT e.w.
masobrivi kulturis gavrcelebisa, romelic Zalian xSirad “kulturuli kolonializmis
(imperializmis)” saxeliT moixsenieba.
am process ZiriTadad ukavSireben masobrivi kulturis iseTi elementebis warmoebasa
da gavrcelebas, rogoricaa kinofilmebi, satelevizio gadacemebi, musika, kompiuteruli
TamaSebi - e.i. yvelaferi is, risi “moxmareba” mnaxvelisa Tu msmenelis kulturuli Tu
inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis dones absoluturad minimalur moTxovnilebebs uyenebs.188
igive WrilSi ganixileba yofiTi kulturis unifikaciac msoflio masStabiT (magaliTad,
masobrivi kvebis stereotipebis danergva — fast-food).
am procesis Sefaseba rogorc kolonializmis (Tu imperializmis), upirvelesad yovlisa,
metyvelebs mis uaRres efeqturobasa da gavlenaze msoflio mosaxleobis kulturuli da
qceviTi stereotipebis Camoyalibebaze. gansakuTrebiT internetis, satelituri
televiziis, informaciis kompaqturi matareblebis (CD) epoqaSi, praqtikulad aRar
arsebobs adgili dedamiwaze, romelsac is ar faravdes — e.i. es procesi mainc teqnologiis
transferzea damokidebuli da mis gareSe SeuZlebelia. dRes Zalian Znelia imis Tqma,
romelia aq “kvercxi” da romelia “qaTami” — axali teqnologiebis gamogoneba iwvevs
kulturuli difuziis procesis intensifikacias, Tu kulturis difuziis intensifikaciis
moTxovnebi iwvevs Sesabamisi teqnologiebis damuSavebas.
am procesis aSkara xiluli Sedegia misi gavlenis qveS moxvedrili praqtikulad
nebismieri kulturis transformacia. faqtiurad adgili aqvs msoflio kulturebis
unificirebis tendencias garedan mosuli kulturuli stereotipebis gavleniT.189
principulad es procesi arafer axals ar warmoadgens — isev da isev nebismieri ori
kulturis Sexebis arealSi xdeba maT urTierTgavlena. am dros xdeba arsebuli
tradiciebis, faseulobaTa sistemebis, qcevis stereotipebis, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
wesis transformacia, an saerTod axliT Canacvleba, TaobaTa Soris urTierTobis
gamwvaveba. gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulia aseTi transformaciebi spontanuri, “revolu-
ciuri” procesebis Sedegad, romlebic axali ideologiebis danergvas mosdevs (mniS-
vneloba ara aqvs, is religiuria Tu saero). vTqvaT qristianobisa Tu islamis gavrceleba,
komunisturi ideologiis danergva yofil ruseTis imperiaSi, anda misi ngreviT
gamowveuli “kulturuli vakuumi”.
dRevandeli [masobrivi] kulturuli difuziis globaluri procesi saukuneebis
manZilze mimdinare procesisagan rigi mniSvnelovani parametrebiT gansxvavdeba:
• gasuli saukunis ormocdaaTiani wlebidan moyolebuli is faqtobrivad erTi
centridan momdinareobs (aSS) da mis stereotipebzea damyarebuli. faqtiurad saqme
gvaqvs erTgvar kulturul monopoliasTan;
• misi intensivoba da “masa” (igive kinofilmebis, musikaluri klipebis da a.S.) imdenad
didia, rom msoflio masStabiT Trgunavs nebismier konkurencias (85% im
kinofilmebisa, romlebsac uCveneben dedamiwaze — amerikulia);
• warmatebuli konkurencia (Tanac adgilobriv Tu regionul doneze, zogierT seqto-
105
 rebSi), am ZiriTad “kulturul dinebasTan” , SeuZliaT mxolod maT, vinc sakuTar
produqcias aSS-dan nasesxeb stereotipebis efeqturad “miusadagebs” (ixileT,
magaliTad, “bolivudis” — induri kinos fenomeni, romlis gavlenis qveS aziis didi
nawili imyofeba, laTinur amerikuli satelevizio serialebi, iaponuri multip-
likacia, evropuli popularuli musika, Haute Couture da a.S.). aseTi konkurenciis
yvelaze warmatebuli magaliTi etyoba arabuli satelevizio arxi aljaziraa,
romelic musulmanur samyaroSi igive rols TamaSobs, rogorsac CNN dasavleTSi.
miuxedavad amisa, am procesis, rogorc “kulturuli imperializmis” ganxilva araswori
iqneboda. situacia aq erTdroulad ufro martivicaa da grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi
etyoba ufro didi gardaqmnebis gamomwvevi, vidre “klasikuri” imperialisturi eqspansiis
procesSi.
nebismieri aqtiuri kulturuli difuziis procesis ukan dgas raRac idea, rwmena imisa,
rom faseulobaTa sistema Tu qcevis stereotipi, romelsac erTi sazogadoeba meores
sTavazobs (an Tavze axvevs) sxvaze ukeTesia da arsebobis meti ufleba aqvs.
amisgan gansxvavebiT, dRevamdeli globaluri kulturuli difuziis procesi
maqsimalurad depersonificirebuli da deideologizirebulia. is xorcieldeba
biznesmenTa SedarebiT mcire jgufis interesebSi, romelTaTvisac is normaluri “biznes-
proeqtia” warmoadgens — e.i. maT mier imarTeba da maT mogebaze muSaobs.
aq “kulturis” cneba saerTod ar aris dakavSirebuli araviTar ideasTan — is ubralod
saqonelia, romelic bazarze unda gaiyidos, msgavsad sxva nebismieris, pampersisa Tu
TviTmfrinavis. amitomac misi Seqmna da realizacia xdeba normaluri marketinguli
teqnologiebis safuZvelze.
xdeba potenciuri bazris Seswavla, momxmareblis “damuSaveba” intensiuri reklamis
saSualebiT — Semdgom saqonlis realizacia. imas, rom es saqoneli wesiT da rigiT, raime
kulturuli faseulobis matarebeli unda iyos, araviTari principuli mniSvneloba ara
aqvs. aseTi faseuloba SesaZlebelia Seiqmnas rogorc sawarmoo procesis Tanmxlebi
produqti, magram es aucilebeli ar aris.
is swored imitom aris iseTi efeqturi, rom, saboloo jamSi usaxoa da indiferentuli
produqtis momxmareblis mimarT, miT umetes am produqtis SigTavsis — mTavaria, momxmarebelma
masSi fuli gadaixados. Zalian uxeSad is mogvagonebs Zvel anekdots daqiravebul mkvleleze,
romelic bodiSs uxdis Tavis msxverpls, sanam TavSi tyvias daaxlides — “mapatie Zmao, piradad
Seni winaaRmdegi me araferi ara maqvs, ubralod saqmes vakeTeb”.190
ukanaskneli drois aseTi midgomis tipuri magaliTia, jurnali “pleibois” indoneziuri
variantis gamoSveba. msoflios udidesi musulmanuri qveynis mosaxleobis yvelaze
fundametalisturi nawils reaqcia mainc aseT qmedebaze sakmaod advili gasaTvleli iyo.
magram am proeqtis avtorebi imdenad miCveulebi arian mxolod sabazro koniunqturisa da
mogebis kategoriebiT azrovnebas, rom gulwrfelad gaukvirdaT, rodesac Jurnalis
pirveli nomris gamosvlis meore dRes misi ofisi daarbies.
nebismier sazogadoebaSi aseTi eqspansia iwvevs adgilobrivi kulturis transfor-
macias, zogjer stagnaciasa da degeneracias, “nabuSari”, erTdRiura kulturuli
hibridebis Seqmnas. uamravi adamiani, gansakuTrebiT mozardebi da axalgazrdebi, amis
Sedegad aRiqvamen msoflios friad damaxinjebuli saxiT, maTTvis realuri situacia
(gansakuTrebiT, im nawilSi, romelic aSS-s exeba) Canacvlebulia iluzoluriT, romelsac
marketingis specialistebi qmnian.
globalur doneze kulturebis difuziis procesebma gamoiwvia adaminebis friad
gamorCeuli jgufis Seqmna.
am jgufs miekuTvnian isini, vinc marTaven da uSualod emsaxurebian globalur qselebs -
ZiriTadad transnacionaluri korporaciebis menejerebi da kvalificirebuli specialis-
tebi. imis gamo, rom maTzea ZiriTadad damokidebuli am qselebis muSaobis organizacia da
marTva, maTi UuSualo gavlena msoflioSi mimdinare procesebze uaRresad didia. miuxedavad
maTi formaluri warmoSobisa da erovnebis, isini azrovneben da moqmedeben erTiani, univer-
saluri korporaciuli kulturis farglebSi, romelsac aqvs aSkarad gamokveTili qcevis
stereotipebi, Sefasebis kriteriumebi, faseulobebi, tradiciebi. faqtiurad SesaZlebelia
laparaki specifikuri globaluri korporaciuli [sub]kulturis Camoyalibebaze, Tumca
amerikuli sawyisebi am sistemaSi jer kidev SeimCneva.
es adamianebi arafrad agdeben dedamiwaze arsebul qveynebsa da regionebs Soris
arsebul sxvaobebs (cxovrebis wesis CaTvliT), ubralod zogjer ar ician, rom samxreTi
korea da honkongi ori gansxvavebuli qveyanaa (es mouvidaT, magaliTad, ukve am saukuneSi
106
laparakia imaze, rom romelime calke aRebul eTnoss SeuZlia Semoikribos Tavis garSemo
saxelmwifo, romlis farglebSi mas konkurenti eTnosi ar eyoleba, anda es ukanaskneli
imdenad susti da mcirericxovani iqneba, rom ver gauwevs SesamCnev konkurencias ZiriTad
eTnoss.
aseTi gziT Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifoebi dRes msoflioSi sul ramdenimea. mis yvelaze
tipur warmomadgenlebad moixsenieben islandiasa da iaponias, e.i. kunZulovan qveynebs,
romlebic saukuneebis manZilze viTardebodnen faqtiur izolaciaSi. umetes SemTxvevaSi
saxelmwifo xdeboda erovnulebi Camoyalibebis procesSi, rodesac xelisufleba
mizandasaxulad axdenda iq arsebuli yvela eTnosis gadakeTebas erT-erTi, misTvis
wamyvani eTnosis yaidaze, xSirad Zalismierad, urCebis gandevnisa da genocidis gziT. amis
tipuri magaliTia igive safrangeTi. 1789 wlis revoluciis momentisaTvis am qveynis
mosaxleobis mxolod daaxloebiT naxevari laparakobda ase Tu ise frangulad, m.S.
daaxloebiT erTi meaTedisaTvis is mSobliurs warmoadgenda. daaxloebiT erTi saukunis
Semdeg, xelisuflebis Zalisxmevis Sedegad, safrangeTi TiTqmis monoeTnikuri gaxda,
xolo franguli mSobliuri enaa yvela iq mcxovrebisaTvis (gamonaklisi mxolod kunZuli
korsikaa).
erovnuli saxelmwifos idea Zalze popularuli gaxda mecxramete saukunis evropaSi,
ris safuZvelSic sakmaod primitiuli, pragmatuli mosazrebebi unda veZioT.
polieTnikurTan SedarebiT, monoeTnikur saxelmwifoSi SedarebiT mcirdeba Sida
konfliqtebis SesaZlebloba; garedan Carevis Sansi iq mcxovrebi umciresobebis
interesebis dacvis sababiT; qveynis marTva ufro martivi, prognozirebadi, da iafi xdeba.
faqtiurad msoflios yvela ganviTarebuli saxelmwifo dReisaTvis erovnulobis
principebze aris awyobili.
amave dros, advilad gasagebi mizezebis gamo, aseTi tipis saxelmwifo mowyobas dRes
safrTxe emuqreba. nebismier erovnul saxelmwifos miRweuli status quo-s SesanarCuneblad
rogorc minumum esaWiroeba:
a/ qveyanaSi imigraciis maqsimaluri SesaZlebeli SezRudva;
b/ migrantebis mimarT mkacri, ZaldatanebiTi asimilaciuri politikis gatareba.
gasagebia, rom msoflios wamyvan saxelmwifoebs, uiSviaTesi gamonaklisis garda, aseTi
politikis gatareba praqtikulad ar SeuZliaT.71 mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis mkveTri
zrdisa da daberebis gamo maT sWirdebaT migrantebi imisaTvis, rom Seavson muSaxelis
Seqmnili deficiti, plus Seavson is samuSao vakansiebi, sadac adgilobrivi mosaxleoba
muSaobas aRar kadrulobs. am procesSi maT obieqturad ar SeuZliad asimilaciis iZuleba,
radganac es uSualo winaaRmdegobaSi modis demokratiisa da adamianis uflebebis
principebTan. globalizacia am process amwvavebs, ZiriTadad imis xarjze, rom uaRresad
intensiurs xdis globalur migraciul procesebs, zrdis ganviTarebuli qveynebis,
rogorc migraciis daniSnulebis adgilebis, mimzidvelobas.
rac yvelaze mTavaria, migrantTa udidesi umetesoba (gansakuTrebiT dasavleT
evropaSi), warmodgenilia iseTi religiis, kulturuli faseulobebisa, Tu qcevis
stereotipebis matarebeli adamianebiT, romlebic xSirad negatiurad arian ganwyobili
maTi mimRebi qveynebisa, Tu mTlianad dasavleTis mimarT, ewinaaRmdegebian asimilaciis
nebismier mcdelobas, m.S. ZaliTac. Sedegad, dasavleTi evropa mainc, SesaZlebelia sakmaod
male dadges sakmaod mZime arCevanis winaSe — eTnikuri, religiuri, kulturuli
TviTmyofadoba, Tu demokratia da adamianis uflebebi.
rogorc ar unda ganviTardnen movlenebi SemdgomSi, gasagebia, rom erovnuli
saxelmwifos idea Seesabameboda SedarebiT mokle etaps kacobriobis istoriaSi da
dRevandeli globalizebuli msoflios realobas naklebad asaxavs. amave dros, swored
erovnuli saxelmwifos ideis praqtikul realizaciasTan aris dakavSirebuli im
problemebisa da konfliqtebis udidesi nawili, romelsac ganicdis dRes ganviTarebadi
msoflios sakmaod didi nawili (gansakuTrebiT afrika), da romlebic jamSi, globaluri
problemis saxiT mogvevlineba.
rodesac evropelebi koloniebidan midiodnen, maT memkvidreobiT dautoves axal,
damoukidebel saxelmwifoebs erovnuli mowyobis forma, faqtiurad: eri da saxelmwifo
erTia, yovel eTnoss aqvs ufleba Seqmnas sakuTari saxelmwifo, nebismieri eTnosis
warmomadgenlebi erTi, erovnuli saxelmwifos farglebSi unda cxovrobdnen da
viTardebodnen.72
amave dros, maT miuCines am axal saxelmwifoebs teritoria da sazRvrebi ise, rogorc
gamouvidaT, im teritoriuli dayofis farglebSi, romelic Camoyalibda koloniebisaTvis
konkurenciis procesSi, ZiriTadad me-19 saukuneSi. Sedegad erTi saxelmwifos farglebSi
aRmoCnda erTmaneTis mimarT uaRresad mtrulad ganwyobili ori an meti eTnosi. es moxda,
47
politikuri nebis (e.i. sakanonmdeblos, sasamarTlos, da/an aRmasrulebelis)
ganxorcielebis uflebas; xelisuflebis Zalauflebis ganxorcielebas xelSeuxebeli,
formalurad aRiarebuli sazRvrebis farglebSi.
aseTi koncefcia gaxda sayovelTaod aRiarebuli ZiriTadad me-19 saukunis meore
naxevarSi, rodesac teritoriuli suvereniteti, saxelmwifoTa formaluri
Tanasworuflebianoba, Caurevloba formalurad aRiarebuli, damoukidebeli qveynebis
Sinagan saqmeebSi, gaxda saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis moqmedebis amosavali principi. am
dros, saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba, rogorc aseTi, warmodgenili iyo realurad mxolod
evropuli qveynebis nawiliT, aSS-T, ruseTiTa da iaponiiT. yvela danarCeni formalurad
damoukidebeli qveynebis suverenitets isini maincdamainc pativs ar scemdnen da
yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen.
rasakvirvelia, ramdenime, daaxloebiT erTnairi tipisa da ganviTarebis donis qveynis
mimarT, am principis aRiareba da dacva SedarebiT advili iyo. magram meore globalizaciis
dadgomasTan erTad aRmoCnda, rom axali damoukidebeli qveynebis udides umetesobas
aseTi tipis suverenitetis ganxorcielebis organizaciuli, materialuri, Tu finansuri
saSualeba ar gaaCnda. ufro metic, aTobiT formalurad damoukidebel qveyanas ar SeuZlia
funqcionireba uwyveti, grZelvadiani ucxouri “ganviTarebis daxmarebis” gareSe.
gasagebia, rom aseTi qveynebisaTvis suvereniteti samarTlebriv fiqcias warmoadgens.
msoflios wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebi aseve Riad acxadebdnen Tavis uflebas
Careuliyvnen nebismieri qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi sakuTari ideeebis cxovrebaSi
gatarebisa da Tavisi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis sababiT (aSS amas dResac akeTebs —
ixileT konkretuli SemTxveva 2).
formalurad suverenuli qveynebis Sinagan saqmeebSi gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi
(vTqvaT mSvidobisa da wesrigis aRsadgenad) Carevis ufleba gaaCnia gaerosac. sakmaod
zRudavs Tavisi wevrebis formalur suverenitets evrogaerTianebac.
amas ukanasknel wlebSi isic daemata, rom Tanamedrove globaluri nakadebis udidesi
nawilis (ZiriTadad eleqtronulis, Tu kriminaluris), efeqturi kontroli arc erT
saxelmwifos principulad ar ZaluZs; xolo sxvadasxva tipis globaluri gacvlebis
intensivoba imdenad didia, rom maTi kontrolis mcdeloba saxelmwifo suverenitetis
tradiciuli cnebidan gamomdinare, ara marto naklebad SesaZlebelia, aramed mavnec ki.
yvelaferma aman gamoiwvia saxelmwifo suverenitetis tradiciuli cnebis erozia. dRes
imazec ki aris saubari, rom msoflioSi arsebobs erTaderTi realurad suverenuli
saxelmwifo — SeerTebuli Statebi, romelsac SeuZlia principSi Caerios msoflios
nebismieri qveynis Sinagan saqmeebSi, magram SeuZlia ar dauSvas vinmes mier misi politikuri
suverenitetis Selaxva.
amis Semdeg, suverenitetis donis Semcirebis Sesabamisad, modian CineTi da indoeTi,
ubralod im mizeziT, rom isini imdenad didebi arian, aSS-ma rom moindomos kidec maTi
suverenitetis Selaxva, principSi gaugebaria, es rogor unda ganaxorcielos
praqtikulad. suverenulad iTvleba agreTve ruseTi, imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom is
erTaderTia dedamiwaze, visac gaaCnia teqnikuri SesaZlebloba miayenos aSS-s
gamanadgurebeli dartyma birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebiT.
yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi, nebismieri calke aRebuli qveynis suvereniteti naklebad
Seesabameba mis tradiciul cnebas. is warmoadgens sakmaod mravalricxovani, Sida da gare
faqtorebis kombinaciis Sedegs, da ganicdis cvlilebas droSi. faqtiurad, dRes SeiZleba
imis Tqma, rom saxelmwifo suvereniteti warmoadgens ara marto, da ara imdenad, umaRlesi
politikuri nebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas xelSeuxebeli sazRvrebis farglebSi,
ramdenadac qveynis xelmZRvanelobis SesaZleblobas, ganaxorcielos sakuTari
politikuri nebis formireba da realizacia garedan Carevis gareSe (ufro swored, is
damokidebulia am Carevis wyaroebis raodenobaze, Carevis intensiurobasa da
xangrZlivobaze). qveyana sazogadod miT ufro suverenulia, rac meti SesaZlebloba
gaaCnia gaaneitralos sakuTar funqcionirebaze gareSe Zalebis (sxva qveynebis,
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis Tu, calkeul SemTxvevebSi, multinacionaluri kompaniebis)
gavlena.
amasTan dakavSirebiT yuradsarebia Semdegi garemoebac — saxelmwifo suvereniteti
Tanamedrove msoflioSi ar iZleva imis garantias, rom qveyana SesZlebs gadarCes
Zalismieri konfrontaciis procesSi, Tumca is warmoadgens saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan meqanizms.
erovnuli saxelmwifos krizisi xSirad ganixileba rogorc globalizaciis
Tanamedrove etapis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli. aseTi tipis
saxelmwifo sazogadod ganisazRvreba rogorc politikuri erTeuli, romelic ZiriTadad
dasaxlebulia xalxiT, romelsac gaaCnia saerTo kultura, istoria da ena.70 faqtiurad
46
Microsoft-is top-menejerebs). sadac ki ar unda moRvaweobdnen es adamianebi, isini moiTxoven,
rom adgilze maT Seuqmnan saqmianobisa da yofacxovrebis iseTi pirobebi, romlebic maTi
warmodgeniT optimaluria. maTi realuri “wona” imdenad didia, rom nebismieri qveyana,
romelsac surs maTTan urTierToba, iZulebulia maTi wesebiT iTamaSos. faqtiurad am
adamianebis saxiT saqme gvaqvs globaluri moqalaqeebis pirvel jgufTan.191
rasakvirvelia, zedmetad kategoriuli iqneboda am globaluri procesis didi nawilis
calsaxad uaryofiTad Sefaseba, Tumca bevri dadebiTis moZebnac masSi Znelia. imis
aRiarebacaa saWiro, rom is obieqturad gardauvalia. am tipis procesebTan gamklaveba
friad rTulia (im SemTxvevaSic, Tu amis aucilebloba saerTod igrZnoba) — is faqtiurad
yvelgan aRwevs, iseT izolirebul sazogadoebebSic ki, rogoric winaT sabWoTa kavSiri
iyo, plus mosaxleobis udidesi umetesoba mas rogorc uaryofiTs araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar
aRiqvams — piriqiT, is masisaTvis uaRresad mimzidvelia.
rac Seexeba imas, rom am procesis warmoqmna da ganviTareba ZiriTadad aSS-s ukavSirdeba da
rogorc misi mizandasaxuli eqspansia ganixileba. es isevdaisev kerZo biznesis iniciativaa,
romelSic aSS-s mTavroba minimalurad ereva, xolo biznesi ki sapasuxod maqsimalurad
politikurad koreqtulia da cdilobs xelmZRvanelobaSi arsebuli tendenciebi droze da
sworad Seityos (klasikuri magaliTi, rodesac 1980-ian wlebSi amerikuli kinoxelovneba
masobrivad uSvebda kinofilmebs, sadac aucileblad ori mTavari gmiri iyo — TeTri da
afroamerikeli, romlebic erTad ebrZodnen saerTo mters).192
is, rom swored amerikelebi arian yvelaze aqtiurebi masobrivi kulturis warmoebaSi da
yvelaze warmatebulebi, pirvel rigSi, imiTia ganpirobebuli, rom xelovnebis saqonlad
gadaqcevis biznes-modeli maT mieraa gamogonebuli da maT dResac gaaCniaT didi
“SedarebiTi upiratesoba” (comparative advantage) konkurentebis mimarT. es ZiriTadad imis
xarjze xdeba, rom gadamwyveti upiratesoba aseTi tipis konkureciis procesSi aqvT
firmebs, romelTac gaaCniaT marketingisa da gavrcelebis meti resursebi -e.i.
amerikulebs. imas, rom, magaliTad, amerikuli kinostudiebis nawilis patronebi 1980-iani
wlebidan iaponelebi arian, naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs.
garda amisa, uyvarT amerika Tu ara, is msoflios masobrivi momxmareblisaTvis mainc
yvelaze mimzidveli qveyanaa da mis realiebze agebuli miTologiac Sesabamisad yvelaze
gavleniania. igive italieli, miT umetes, indoeli an brazilieli ver gamodgeba “idealur
gmirad” — amisaTvis maTi qveynebi da cxovrebis wesi sakmarisad mimzidveli ar aris
(ramdenic ar unda Rvaron diasaxlisebma cremli indur kinofilmebsa Tu braziliur
serialebze).
daaxloebiT aseve problematurad aRiqveba bevris mier inglisuri enis (misi amerikuli
variantis) gavrceleba msoflioSi, rogorc kulturaTaSorisi komunikaciis ZiriTadi
saSualebis. inglisuris gavlena msoflios ganviTarebaze aseve xasiaTdeba rogorc “lin-
gvistikuri imperializmi”. amave dros, inglisuri enis gavrceleba imdenad intensiuria,
rom British Council-s SefasebiT 2015 wlisaTvis msoflios mosaxleobis naxevari ilaparakebs
inglisurad, xolo or miliardamde adamiani daiwyebs am enis Seswavlas momavali aTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi.193
inglisuris aseTi gavrceleba isevdaisev ar unda iyos aRqmuli rogorc mizandasaxuli
eqspansia, es msoflios ganviTarebis sasicocxlo moTxovnilebaa. globalizebul deda-
miwaze aucileblad saWiroa urTierTobis erTiani ena. Tavis droze, meoce saukunis
pirvel naxevarSi, yvelasaTvis misaRebi xelovnuri enebis Seqmnis cdebic ki iyo, romelTa
Soris erT-erTi - “esperanto”, sakmaod cnobili iyo evropel inteleqtualebs Soris mainc.
is, rom, saboloo jamSi, inglisurma daikava msoflio sakomunikacio saSualebis adgili,
sruliad logikuria da gamomdinareobs im rolidan, romelsac obieqturad TamaSobs
SeerTebuli Statebi (plus sxva inglisurenovani qveynebi) dRevandeli msoflios
ganviTarebaSi.
aRmoCnda, rom dReisaTvis inglisuris roli imdenad didia, rom qveyana, romlis
mosaxleoba laparakobs inglisurad, bevrad ufro “Riaa” gare samyarosTan urTi-
erTobisaTvis, meti Sansi aqvs moizidos ucxouri investiciebi, da saerTod ganviTardes im
Tavis mezoblebTan SedarebiT, romlebic inglisurad ar laparakoben.194 magaliTad,
irlandiis arnaxuli progresi gasuli saukunis ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze, risTvisac
man kelturi vefxvis zedmeti saxelic ki daimsaxura, mniSvnelovan wilad imazec iyo
damokidebuli, rom misi samuSao Zala inglisurenovania.
amave dros, kulturuli difuziis globalurma procesma ara marto ar gamoiwvia
dedamiwaze mcxovrebi xalxebis daaxloeba, aramed isini ZiriTadad kulturulad ufro
107
gamijna. Zalian xSirad, masobrivi kulturis gavrcelebas adamianebi ganixilaven rogorc
maTi kulturuli Rirsebis xelyofas da Sesabamisad reagireben, Tumca reaqciis formebi
SesaZlebelia friad gansxvavdebodes.
magaliTad, safrangeTi ganTqmulia garedan Semosuli maskulturis organizebuli
winaaRmdegobiT. aq mTavroba uSualod ereva procesebSi, kvotebisa da subsidiebis
gamoyenebiT.195 amisaTvis mas emuqrebian evrogaerTianebis biurokratebi, romlebic apireben
im daxmarebis limitirebas, romelic SeuZlia gauwios ama Tu im qveyanam mis farglebSi
warmoebul produqcias.196 sxvagan es Sinagani protesti ufro radikalur, spontanur xasiaTs
iZens. bevrs miaCnia, rom dRevandeli, farTod gavrcelebuli, religiuri fanatizmi,
nacionalizmi, traibalizmi, Seuwynarebloba, didwilad warmoadgens reaqcias globaluri
kulturuli unifikaciis mcdelobaze. Tumca isevdaisev, es mcdeloba mizandasaxul, gegmiur
process ar warmoadgens. is warmatebuli lokaluri proeqtis globaluri Sedegia, romelzec
globalur doneze reaqcia uaRresad Zneli gasaTvleli iyo (Tu saerTod SesaZlebeli) da misi
iniciatorebis pasuxismgeblobis sferoSi ar moiazreba. samagierod, is dRes gadadis
globaluri politikis pasuxismgeblobis arealSi.
Daxali teqnologiebisa da kulturuli faseulobebis simbiozis klasikur magaliTs,
romelic muSaobs erTiani globaluri sub-kulturis Camoyalibebaze warmoadgens
interneti da mobiluri telefoni. am orive komunikaciis saSualebis “SeRweva” msoflio
mosaxleobaSi uaRresad didia, gansakuTrebiT mobiluri telefonis.
es telefoni jer kidev 1983 wels Semovida xmarebaSi, magram uaRresad popularuli
gaxda 1990-iani wlebis meore naxevridan, rodesac misma teqnikurma daxvewam da mkveTrma
gaiafebam xelmisawvdomi gaxada is ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleobisaTvisac. 2004 wlis
bolosaTvis msoflioSi 1.76 miliardi mobiluri telefonis xelmomweri iricxeboda, anu
mTeli mosaxleobis meoTxedze meti. mobiluri telefonebis raodenobam ukve SesamCnevad
gauswro fiqsirebuli satelefono xazebis raodenobas (1.21 miliardi). evropis xuT
qveyanaSi yovel 100 mosaxleze 100 meti mobiluri telefoni modis, xolo luqsemburgSi es
raodenoba 138-s udris, rac absoluturi msoflio rekordia. evropis rig qveynebSi,
agreTve, daiwyo fiqsirebuli satelefono xazebis raodenobis absoluturi Semcireba.197
principSi, mobiluri telefonebi ufro ganviTarebad qveynebs “moergo”. aq maTi qselebis
teqnikurad ganviTareba ufro advilia, amitom momxmarebelTa raodenobac metia, miuxedavad
imisa, rom isini “tradiciul” telefonze ufro Zviria. aq 2004 wels maT momxmarebelTa 56%
iricxeboda, xolo 2000 wlidan moyolebuli maTze movida msoflio bazris zrdis TiTqmis 4/5.
igive SedarebiT Rarib CineTSi mobiluri aqvs daaxloebiT yovel meoTxe mosaxles, magram es
335 milioni adamiania. ruseTSi momxmarebelTa raodenoba gaizarda 60%-T 2004 wlis cxra
TveSi. iq axla mobiluri mosaxleobis 51%-ze mets aqvs. honkongSi yovel 100 mosaxleze 119
mobiluri telefoni modis. amave dros, SeerTebuli StatebSi mobiluri telefonebi hqonda
mTeli mosaxleobis 62.1%-s, rac, magaliTad, naklebia, vidre karibis kunZulebis umetesobaze.
am qveyanaSi momxmareblebi yvela saxis kompaniebs Soris yvelaze naklebaT arian kmayofili
tradiciuli telefonis kompaniebis momsaxurebiT, xolo maT Semdeg yvelaze metad mobiluri
telefonebis kompaniebi ezizRebaT. 198
gansxvavebiT mobiluri telefonebisagan, interneti mainc ZiriTadad ganviTarebuli
qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel mivlenad rCeba. msoflioSi mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 13%
CarTulia internetSi, Tumca yvelaze ganviTarebul qveynebSi aseTebis wili mTeli
mosaxleobis naxevarze metia. internetis momxmarebelTa yvelaze maRali wili msoflioSi
islandiasa, SvedeTsa da maltazea — Sesabamisad 77 da 75-75%.
aq, rasakvirvelia, ZiriTad rols TamaSobs misi teqnikuri aRWurvilobis Rirebuleba
(kompiuteri da fiqsirebuli xazebi), magram aranakleb mniSvnelovania isic, rom interneti
ufro did moTxovnebs uyenebs misi momxmareblis ganaTlebis dones. plus bevri qveyana
diqtatoruli an naxevrad-diqtatoruli reJimebiT, Tu pirdapir ar krZalavs informaciis
Tavisufali gacvlis am ubadlo saSualebas, cdilobs is maqsimalurad SezRudos.
faqtiurad ganviTarebadi qveynebis doneze arsebobs pirdapiri korelacia qveynis
“gaxsnilobas” Soris, erTi mxriv, da internetisa da mobiluri telefonebis gavrcelebas
Soris, meore mxriv. igive CineTSi akrZaluri internet-gverdebis raodenoba aTasebs
moiTvlis da akrZalvis kontroli Zalian mkacria. aq zogierTi SefasebiT 30 aTas
adamianamde monawileobs internetis cenzuris procesSi da ebrZvis legalur saitebze
xelisuflebisaTvis iseTi “gamaRizianebeli” sityvaTa SeTanxmebebis gamoCenas,
rogorebicaa “adamianis uflebebi” Tu “sityvis Tavisufleba”. ufro metic, rogorc sCans,
iseTi wamyvani internetis momsaxurebis mimwodeblebi, rogoric, magaliTad, Yahoo!
atyobineben xelisuflebas im pirovnebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic iZieben misTvis arasaimedo
108
rac saboloo jamSi qmnis sistemis destabilizaciis safrTxes.
Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi miRebul terminebSi es situacia ase SeiZleba
aRiweros — demokratiis principebi gabatonebulia wamyvan globalur moTamaSeebsa da
maTTan daaxloebul saxelmwifoebSi, magram am qveynebsa da danarCen msoflios Soris
urTierToba ZiriTadad arademokratiulia. angariSgebisa da demokratiuli samarTlis
principebi warmoadgenen Sidasaxelmwifo mSeneblobis amosaval principebs, magram
saxelmwifo sazRvrebis miRma isini Canacvlebulia erovnuli interesebis realizaciisken
(da maqsimaluri politikuri upiratesobis miRebisaken) swrafviT. demokratia da adamianis
uflebebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi vrceldeba ganviTarebuli qveynebis SedarebiT
viwro, “Sida wris” warmomadgenlebze, magram ara maTze, vinc am “wris” sazRvrebs gareT
aris darCenili.69
gasagebia, rom aseT sistemas uamravi nakli gaaCnia, rac globalizaciis
mowinaaRmdegeebis samarTlian guliswyromas iwvevs. yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, jer
kidev arsebobs globalur procesebze aSS-sa da misi mokavSireebis faqtiuri monopolia.
amave dros, aseT sistemaSi Zlieri, wamyvani moTamaSis arseboba, romelsac SeuZlia
krizisis dros sakuTar Tavze aiRos pasuxismgebloba, miiRos swrafi, gadamWreli zomebi;
imoqmedos Tu saWiroa danarCeni moTamaSeebis nebis sawinaaRmdegod, saboloo jamSi zrdis
sistemis efeqturobasa da saimedoobas. arsebobs sruliad gamarTlebuli mosazreba, rom
wamyvani moTamaSis gaqroba msoflio politikuri urTierTobebis sistemidan gamoiwvevs
globalur destabilizaciasa da qaoss.
aseTi sistema saukeTesoa, rac SesaZlebelia DdRes planetaruli masStabiT arsebobdes.
is rigi parametriT aRemateba pirveli globalizaciis dros Camoyalibebul sistemas, da
rac mTavaria, evoluciis potenciali gaaCnia. bolos da bolos, masSi potenciurad
monawileobis miReba SeuZlia TiTqmis or aseul formalurad damoukidebel moTamaSes.
2.3. globalizaciis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan da xilul Sedegs warmoadgens
politikuri procesebis organizaciisa da marTvis ideebis, koncepciebis, meqanizmebisa da
institutebis sakmaod SezRuduli nakrebis gavrceleba mTel msoflioSi. arian ra
msoflio politikis globalizaciis Sedegebi, isini erTdroulad mis umniSvnelovanes
agentebs warmoadgenen. yvela es idea, koncepcia, meqanizmi Tu instituti Seiqmna
konkretul istoriul momentSi, konkretuli qveynebis mcire jgufis (dasavleTi evropis
qveynebi da aSS) konkretuli interesebidan gamomdinare da am qveynebis konkretuli
politikuri amocanebis gadaWras emsaxureboda. maTi danergva danarCen msoflioSi,
rogorc es sazogadod xdeba globalizaciis procesSi, nebayoflobiT-iZulebiTi iyo.
mniSvnelovania imis gaTvaliswineba, rom nebismier sazogadoebaSi kultura,
tradiciebi, faseulobaTa sistema (rasakvirvelia religiiis CaTvliT) asruleben
erTgvari imunuri sistemis rols. es sistema moqmedebs rogorc filtri, romelic
cdilobs ar dauSvas am sazogadoebaSi iseTi idea, koncepcia, meqanizmi Tu instituti,
romelsac SeuZlia gamoiwvios sazogadoebaSi arsebuli status quos darRveva.
idealur SemTxvevaSi filtri ar gaatarebs iseT koncepciasa Tu instituts, romlis
danergvac sazogadoebas SeiZleba ar awyobdes. realur cxovrebaSi rasakvirvelia, TviT
filtri SeiZleba iyos susti an cudaT muSaobdes; anda ideebi da institutebi, Tu maTi
mxardamWeri (matarebeli) gare Zala, SesaZlebelia imdenad Zlieri iyos, rom nebismieri
adgilobrivi winaaRmdegoba dajabnos. dRes msoflioSi cota qveyana moiZebneba, romelsac
SeuZlia Riad ugulvebelyos dasavleTis ganviTarebuli qveynebidan momdinare politikis
koncepciebi Tu instrumentebi (magaliTad igive CineTi).
udides umetesoba SemTxvevaSi, damokidebuli konkretul socialur-ekonomikur,
politikur, istoriul konteqstze, sazogadoeba axdens ideis Tu meqanizmis trasfor-
macias da adaptacias sakuTari prioritetebidan da SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare. e.i.
saboloo jamSi inergeba ara maTi esa Tu is ukve arsebuli modeli, aramed konkretuli
adgilobrivi varianti. faqtiurad, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, gamodis is, rac gamodis.
Sedegad idea, koncepcia, meqanizmi Tu instituti SesaZlebelia sakmaod axlos iyos
garedan SemoTavazebul variantTan, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebodes misgan, SeinarCunos
masTan mxolod formaluri msgavseba, gadaiqces mis sawinaaRmdego movlenad.
im ideebs, koncepciebs, meqanizmebsa da institutebs Soris, romelic gavrcelda
msoflioSi politikis globalizaciis Sedegad, ZiriTadia — saxelmwifo suvereniteti,
erovnuli saxelmwifo, axali globaluri moTamaSeebi, demokratia da adamianis uflebebi.
saxelmwifo suverenitetis problema gaxda aqtualuri globalizaciis dRevandel
etapze, imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom msoflios qveynebis udidesi umetesobis realuri
statusi modis winaaRmdegobaSi suverenitetis tradiciulad aRiarebul da forma-
lizebul cnebasTan. saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi, suvereniteti warmoadgens umaRlesi
45
agresoris winaaRmdeg mimarTuli gadawyvetilebis miReba imitom, rom am dros sabWoTa
kavSiri mis muSaobas boikotirebda, xolo 1990 wels ssrk imdenad dasustebuli iyo, rom
veRar ewinaaRmdegeboda dasavleTis nebas.
gaero daufaravad amayobs imiT, rom misi jarebi manawileobdnen da monawileoben
samSvidobo operaciebSi msoflios mraval kuTxeSi. amave dros, es xdeba ZiriTadad maSin da
iseT adgilebSi, sadac wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebi ar arian dainteresebuli aiRon
sakuTar Tavze ama Tu im lokaluri problemis mogvareba.
gaero damoukideblad friad uZluria moagvaros seriozuli lokaluri konfliqtebi,
maSinac ki, rodesac misi jarebi masStaburi genocidis uSualo mowmeebi xdebian. ase moxda,
magaliTad, 1990-ian wlebSi ruandisa da bosniis cnobili genocidebis dros, romelic
ganviTarda gaeros samSvidobo kontingentis Tvalwin. 2006 wlis gazafxulze is ver
axerxebda sami wlis manZilze ganviTarebuli genocidis Sewyvetas sudanis dasavleT
provinciaSi — darfurSi.
rodesac wamyvan globalur moTamaSeebs gaaCniaT dedamiwaze mimdinare romelime
procesSi Carevis uSualo interesi, isini advilad akeTebdnen amas miuxedavad imisa, rom
gaeros wevrebis udidesi nawili SesaZlebelia amis wanaaRmdegi iyos. rogorc aSS, aseve
sabWoTa kavSiri, regularulad akeTebdnen amas civi omis dros; xolo aSS agrZelebs aseT
moqmedebas dResac. is magaliTad SeiWra eraySi 2003 wels, miuxedavad imisa, rom gaeros
mandati aseT qmedebaze ar hqonda. amitom xdeba, rom raime seriozuli lokaluri
konfliqtis mogvarebis aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, dainteresebuli mxareebi axdenen ara
gaeros, aramed globaluri moTamaSeebis lobirebas. igive darfuris problema, rogorc
Cans, maSin mogvardeba, Tu vinme moaxerxebs am procesSi aSS-s administraciis aqtiur
Carevas.
saboloo jamSi dRevandel msoflioSi nebismieri saerTaSoriso politikuri reJimi,
miuxedavad imisa, dafuZnebulia araformalur, Tu kanonis Zalis mqone wesebsa da
standartebze, muSaobs zustad iqamde, sanam romeliRac damoukidebel politikur
subieqts ar gauva misi Ria darRveva. ZiriTadad es xdeba imitom, rom wamyvan globalur
moTamaSes (moTamaSeebs) gaaCnia saSualeba, ganucxados msoflios, rom mxolod is midis
swore mimarTulebiT, xolo danarCenebi mas ubralod fexs ver ubamen. xolo misi mibaZviT,
amisive gakeTeba, ase Tu ise, SeuZliaT sxva politikur subieqtebsac, romlebic an wamyvani
globaluri moTamaSeebis mfarvelobiT sargebloben, an maTi qmedeba, igive moTamaSis
mimdinare interesebis farglebs gareT rCeba.
“wesebis damrRvevi” realurad isjeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aseTi sadamsjelo
qmedebiT dainteresebulebi arian wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebi, anda isevdaisev, Tu
aseTi dasja maT interesebs ar ewinaaRmdegeba.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani am SemTxvevaSi ki is aris, rom globalizaciuri procesebis
ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs, ramdenad legaluria esa Tu
is konkretuli qmedeba, ramdenad Seesabameba is saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs, romeli
saerTaSoriso organizaciis sanqciiT xorcieldeba, da a.S. aq mTavaria — visgan
momdinareobs es qmedeba, ramdenad Zlieria pirveladi biZgi da Sesabamisad globa-
lizaciuri procesis intensivoba, ra donisa da saxis cvlilebebs iwvevs is misi gavlenis
obieqtebSi.
igive mosazreba logikurad vrceldeba dedamiwaze arsebul saerTaSoriso organi-
zaciebzec. magaliTad, “didi rviani” (G-8, aSS, gaerTianebuli samefo, safrangeTi, germania,
iaponia, kanada, italia, ruseTi) arasodes yofila formalurad dafuZnebuli, ar gaaCnia
legaluri statusi, wesdeba, mudmivi struqtura. is faqtiurad warmoadgens misi wevri
qveynebis xelmZRvanelebis “interesebis klubs”. amave dros misi mniSvneloba Tanamedrove
msofliosTvis minimum ar CamorCeba nebismier sxva, globaluri masStabis formalur
saerTaSoriso organizacias, gaeros CaTvliT. xolo yovelwliuri Sexvedrebis dReebSi is
maqsimalurad uaxlovdeba wamyvani globaluri moTamaSis statuss, romlis gadawyve-
tilebebi axdens gavlenas procesebis Casaxvasa da ganviTarebaze mTel msoflioSi.
mTlianobaSi, politikuri urTierTobebis Tanamedrove globaluri arqiteqtura
faqtobrivad ar Secvlila pirveli globalizaciis Semdeg da isev saeWvod waagavs
SedarebiT rbil piramidul sistemas. aqac uflebebi nawildeba ZiriTadad “zevidan-qveviT”
- ufro Zlierebidan, ufro sustebisaken, xolo movaleobebi piriqiT — “qvevidan-zeviT”.
samarTali efeqturad muSaobs mxolod daaxloebiT Tanabari Zalis, ganviTarebis tipisa da
donis mqone politikuri subieqtebis “SreebSi”. arsebobs yvelaze maRla mdgomi subieqti,
romlidanac modis iseTi signalebis didi umetesoba, romelsac SeuZlia Seitanos
cvlilebebi globalur politikur urTierTobebSi. amave dros, aseT subieqts gaaCnia
saSualeba imoqmedos “qvevidan” wamosuli signalebis didi nawilis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe,
44
veb-gverdebs; xolo Google-m 2006 wels gaSvebuli Cinurenovani versiidan ubralod amoiRo
is veb-gverdebi, romlebic adgilobriv xelisuflebas ar moswons.
2004 wlis bolosaTvis internetis momxmareblebi msoflioSi Semdegnairad iyvnen
ganawilebulebi:
internetis momxmarebelTa wili %
regionis mosaxleobaSi msoflio momxmareblebSi
afrika 1.4 1.6
azia 7.4 32.6
evropa 31.6 28.3
axlo aRmosavleTi 6.7 2.1
Crdilo amerika 66.5 26.7
laTinuri amerika
/karibebi 10.1 6.8
avstralia/okeania 47.4 1.9
wyaro: http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
daskvna — globaluri politika erayis Semdeg
nebismieri msxvilmasStabiani movlena, bunebrivia is Tu sazogadoebrivi, gamoirCeva
didi inerciiT. procesebi, situaciebi, urTierTobebi SenarCundeba didi xnis manZilze
maTi gamomwvevi mizezebis gaqrobis Semdeg. aseTi inerciis yvelaze naTeli magaliTi
afrikaa. problemebi, romlebic dRes awuxebs am kontinents, warmoiSva pirveli
globalizaciis dros, rodesac maSindelma wamyvanma globalurma moTamaSeebma daiyves is
erTmaneTSi. daiyves ise, rogorc gamouvidaT, adgilobrivi interesebis yovelgvari
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. e.w. dekolonizaciis procesma meore globalizaciis dros
ubralod moaxdina am TviTneburi dayofis Sedegebis formalizacia da legalizacia; Tavze
moaxvia is xalxebs, romlebsac upirveles yovlisa Tavisi nebiT arasodes miuRiaT masSi
monawileoba. Sedegad, Crdilo afrikis garda, mTeli danarCeni kontinenti ZiriTadad
warmodgenilia naklebad sicocxlisunariani saxelmwifoebiT, romlebic agrZeleben
arsebobas maTi formaluri sazRvrebis CarCoebSi isevdaisev imitom, rom msoflios
wamyvani Zalebi [daJinebiT] moiTxoven arsebuli situaciis SenarCunebas.
aseTive poziciebidan SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT meore globalizaciac. urTierTobaTa
is nakrebi, romelic ganapirobebs dRes msoflio sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis procesebs,
Camoyalibda da ganviTarda qveynebis ori blokis sistemuri winaaRmdegobis procesSi,
romelTac saTaveSi edgnen aSS da ssrk. es procesi xasiaTdeboda Semdegi mniSvnelovani
TaviseburebebiT:
• miuxedavad aSkara sistemuri uTavsebadobisa da daufaravi mtrobisa, grZelvadian
perspeqtivaSi urTierToba am blokebs Soris (gansakuTrebiT uSualod aSS-sa da ssrk-
s Soris) SesaZlebelia daxasiaTdes rogorc mtruli TanamSromloba. sakuTari
interesebisaTvis brZolis procesSi maT Seqmnes orivesTvis momgebiani
urTierTobaTa sistema. aseTma sistemam, miuxedavad imisa, rom uamrav nakls Seicavda,
iTamaSa gadamwyveti roli imaSi, rom minimum oTxi aTeuli wlis manZilze dedamiwaze
interesebis SedarebiT stabiluri balansi iyo daculi.
• mxare, romelsac aSS edga saTaveSi (ufro swori iqneboda vTqvaT — TviT aSS) am
urTierTobebSi aqtiur rols TamaSobda. is axdenda iseTi ideeebis generirebas,
procesebis Casaxvasa Tu faseulobebis gavrcelebis xelisSewyobas, romlebic
isevdaisev grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi ufro mimzidveli aRmoCndnen msofliosaTvis,
vidre iseTebi, romelTa ukan ssrk idga. sabWoTa kavSiri, romelic araviTar
SemTxvevaSi am procesis pasiuri damkvirvebeli ar iyo, mainc maTze reagirebis
momxdenis rolSi ufro gamodioda, im gagebiT, rom is ZiriTadad cdilobda
mowinaaRmdegis gamowvevis mogeriebas. gansakuTrebiT am winaaRmdegobis bolo etapze
mas ubralod meorexarisxovani rolis Semsruleblis adgili hqonda miCenili.199
• am Sejibrma mowinaaRmdege mxareebs diametralurad sawinaaRmdego Sedegebi moutana.
SeerTebul Statebs (da maT mokavSireebs) brZolam sakuTari interesebis dasacavad
msoflioSi yvelaferTan erTad moutana axali bazrebis gaxsna da/an Seqmna Sesabamisi
damatebiTi mogebebiTa da ekonomikuri zrdiT. sabWoTa kavSirma, romelic
109
 efuZneboda saxelmwifo warmoebis wess, ver moaxerxa Sesabamisi mogebis miReba im
kontrolidan romelsac is amyarebda (ama Tu im gziT) qveynebsa da teritoriebze
msoflios garSemo. piriqiT, praqtikulad nebismieri aseTi mokavSire mZime tvirTad
awveboda sabWoTa ekonomikas.
sabWoTa kavSirma Seasrula Tavisi istoriuli misia da datova msoflio asparezi 1991
wels, Tumca amis Semdeg globalur urTierTobebSi uzarmazari sicariele Seiqmna.
globalizaciis dRevandeli etapis umTavresi problema SemdegSia - SesaZlebelia Tu ara
SenarCundes iseTi urTierTobaTa sistema, romelic moiTxovs ori antagonisturad
ganwyobili metoqis arsebobas gamarTulad muSaobisaTvis, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erT-erTi
aseTi moTamaSe ubralod gaqra? Tu saWiroa urTierTobaTa raime axali sistemis Seqmna,
romelic miscems msoflios saSualebas SeinarCunos SedarebiTi stabiluroba da
ganviTarebis pozitiuri trendebi?
meore mxriv, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg globalur urTierTobaTa sistemam
ganicada rigi xiluli cvlilebebisa. amas agreTve mohyva mTeli rigi axali problemebis
gamoCena, romelTa didi nawilic ukavSirdeba aSS-s rogorc erTaderT darCenil wamyvan
globalur moTamaSes.
cxadia, SeerTebuli Statebi maTi mrisxane mowinaaRmdegis gaqrobis Semdeg, bevrad
ufro Tavisuflad grZnoben Tavs imisaTvis, rom gaataron sakuTari interesebi msoflioSi
ise, rogorc es maT awyobT. maT unari SeswevT ugulvebelyon nebismieri opozicia, gaeros
magvari formaluri saerTaSoriso institutebis CaTvliT, iseve rogorc maTi uaxloesi
evropeli mokavSireebis megobruli winaaRmdegoba. sxva SedegebTan erTad es aZlevs aSS-s
saSualebas imoqmedos SerCeviT, ar miaqcios yuradReba im qveynebs, regionebsa Tu
procesebs, romlebic maTi uSualo, mimdinare interesebis sferoSi ar xvdebian. magaliTad
aSS aZlevs Tavs uflebas TiTqmis mTlianad ugulvebelyos is procesebi, romlebic
viTardeba sub-saharis afrikaSi, Tumca es swored is regionia, romelsac msoflios
wamyvani qveynis yuradReba yvelaze Zalian sWirdeba. amave dros, es uCens mas cdunebas
Caerios ufro xSirad da ufro met adgilas msoflioSi, iq sadac mis interesebs
SesaZlebelia safrTxe emuqrebodeT.
marcxis fasic (rogorc saSinao, aseve sagareo) am qveynisaTvis agreTve ganuzomlad
izrdeba, iqidan gamomdinare, rom aRar arsebobs imdenad Zlieri mowinaaRmdege, romelzec
SesaZlebeli iqneboda mcdari gadawyvetilebebis Sedegebis gadabraleba. ufro meti, aSS,
rogorc erTaderTi darCenili msoflio super saxelmwifo faqtiurad proJeqtorebis
SuqSia moqceuli, ramac is kritikis iol samizned gadaaqcia. bevrisaTvis (aSS-s
mokavSireebis CaTvliT) lamis aris Cvevad gadaiqca SeerTebul Statebze yvela im
problemis gadabraleba, romelTac adgili aqvs msoflioSi, nebismieri adgilobrivi
Cavardnisa Tu krizisis interpretacia rogorc amerikis Carevis Sedegis ama Tu im
mocemuli qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi.
is siZneleebic, romelic warmoiqmneba globaluri urTierTobebis sistemis
Camoyalibebis procesSi, agreTve bevrad ufro mravalferovani gaxda. SedarebiT advilia
msoflios wamyvani qveynisaTvis yurad iRos SedarebiT mcire raodenobis mowinaaRmdegisa
Tu mokavSiris sakmaod kargad cnobili Tvisebebi (dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi) da maTze
dayrdnobiT dadegmos sakuTari qmedeba. bevrad ufro rTulia dagegmo da imoqmedo
efeqturad, rodesac imave qveyanas saqme aqvs uamrav mowinaaRmdegesTan (romelTaganac
bevrs dRes ar gaaCnia formaluri statusi, marTvis centri Tu konkretuli
adgilmdebareoba), konfliqturi interesebiT da/an mkafiod gamokveTili interesebis
gareSe. am situaciaSi ganusazRvrelobis done mkveTrad matulobs.
es mdgomareoba aseve gazviadebulia imiT, rom is qveynebi, romlebic aSS mokavSireebad
mogvevlinebian (ufro swored ase warmoaCenen sakuTar Tavs) cal-calke imdenad Zlierebi ar
arian, rom gasaWirSi realurad daexmaron, an saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi winaaRmdegoba gauwion.
es gansakuTrebiT exeba aSS evropel mokavSireebs, radgan evrogaerTianeba jer ver
Camoyalibda rogorc erTiani, damoukidebeli, efeqturi politikuri erToba, xolo cal-
calke iseT mZimewonosnebsac, rogorebicaa germania, safrangeTi Tu inglisi ver SeaqvT
sakadrisi wvlili globaluri urTierTobebis Tanamedrove sistemis CamoyalibebaSi.
rogorc dRevandeli gadmosaxedidan Cans, Gglobalizaciis Tanamedrove etapis ZiriTadi
siZnele isaa, rom aSS agrZelebs moqmedebas im Zvel strategiul azrovnebaze dayrdnobiT,
romelic Camouyalibda globaluri konfrontaciis periodSi. man ver moaxerxa iseTi axali
ideebis, faseulobebis, politikis Camoyalibeba da cxovrebaSi gatareba, romlebic
principulad gansxvavdeba civi omis periodSi gamoiyenebulisagan. ufro metic, mTeli
aTwleuli sabWoTa kavSiris gadaSenebis Semdeg aSS-s globaluri qmedeba saeWvod
gamoiyureboda rogorc axali strategiuli mowinaaRmdegis Zebna gardacvlilis sanacvlod.
mas Semdeg rac man ipova (ufro swored ki daniSna) aseTi mowinaaRmdege globaluri teroris
110
gakeTeba (iaponia). meore mxriv, erayis mier 1970-ian wlebSi aSenebuli birTvuli reaqtori
iyo ganadgurebuli israelis sahaero dartymiT, radganac mas potenciurad SeeZlo zarali
mieyenebina israelisa da aSS-s interesebisaTvis regionSi, plus aSS-Tan “gansakuTrebuli
urTierTobebis” Sedegad israels Seswevs unari daarRvios saerTaSoriso samarTlis
normebi misTvis yovelgvari arasasurveli Sedegis gareSe.
mTavari problema saerTaSoriso reJimebTan mimarTebaSi imaSia, rom arsebobs maTi
realizaciis universaluri principebi (saerTaSoriso samarTali), magram ar arsebobs am
principebis cxovrebaSi gamtarebeli efeqturi, momuSave meqanizi.
1945 wels Seqmnili gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia aris erTaderTi, romelsac
SeuZlia formalurad ganacxados pretenzia globalur masStabSi sayovelTao mSvidobis
dacvaze, saxelmwifoTa Soris TanamSromlobis uzrunvelyofaze ekonomikuri, socialuri,
kulturuli da humanitaruli problemebis gadasaWrelad, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis
sayovelTao pativiscemis uzrunvelyofaze.
amave dros, misi struqtura asaxavs meore msoflio omis dasasrulis realiebs, da
naklebad mosaxerxebelia msoflio politikis globalizaciis procesSi Seqmnili
problemebis gadasaWrelad. uSiSroebis sabWos vetos uflebis mqone xuTi qveynidan sami
(aSS, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi) warmoadgens yvelaze tipur demokratiul,
kapitalistur sazogadoebas, xolo darCenili ori (ssrk/ruseTi da CineTi) aris maTi
principulad antagonisturi, yvelaze tipuri aziuri, piramiduli sazogadoebrivi
sistemis warmomadgeneli. mxolod es faqti gamoricxavda (da gamoricxavs) konstruqciul
TanamSromlobasa da konsensusis miRebas principuli, globaluri masStabis politikuri
problemebis Taobaze. amas isic emateba, rom uSiSroebis sabWos oTxi wevris (aSS-s garda)
SesaZlebloba gamoiyenos vetos ufleba, maqsimalurad uaxlovebs maT wamyvani globaluri
moTamaSis statuss mniSvnelovani msoflio problemebis gadawyvetis procesSi, xSirad
uqmnis maT cdunebas mimarTos mas igive aSS-s jibrze.
rac Seexeba gaeros generalur asambleas, is xSirad soflis yrilobas waagavs, sadac
yvela xmamaRla Tavisas gaiZaxis. aSS-s yofili saxelmwifo mdivani madlen olbraiti
xumrobda, rom “gaeroSi imdeni firmis prezidentia, ramdeni qveyanac aris warmodgenili,
xolo yoveli maTgani gansxvavebul enaze laparakobs, gaaCnia gansakuTrebuli
prioritetebi da umuSevari siZe, romelsac xelfasi sWirdeba”.
igive madlen olbraitis monacemebiT, 2003 wels gaeros wliuri biujeti oTxi wamyvani
ofisis (niu iorkSi, JenevaSi, nairobiSi, venaSi) da xuTi regionaluri komisiis muSaobaze
Seadgenda 1.25 miliard amerikul dolars, anu imdens, ramdensac pentagoni xarjavda yovel
32 saaTSi. xolo gaeros sistemaSi mTlianad dasaqmebuli iyo 50 aTasze odnav meti adamiani,
anu mxolod 2 aTasiT meti, vidre emsaxureboda SvedeTis dedaqalaq stoqholms. gaeros
jamuri wliuri xarjebi misi yvela fondebis, programebisa da specializirebuli
saagentoebis CaTvliT, Seadgenda niu iorkis saqalaqo biujetis daaxloebiT erT
meoTxeds. 68
e.i. nebismieri parametriT, dRevandeli warmodgenebiT, gaero sakmaod patara,
mcirebiujetiani organizaciaa, romlis realuri SesaZleblobebi naklebad Seesabameba mis
winaSe dayenebuli amocanebis masStabebsa da sirTules.
am organizacias gaaCnda (da dResac gaaCnia) moqmedebis Tavisufleba humanitaruli,
ganaTlebis, jandacvis, an (SedarebiT naklebad) bunebrivi garemos dacvis sferoebSi,
sadac misi miRwevebi friad StambeWdavia (ixileT Tavi 4.1).
amave dros, is Zalian SezRudulia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi moqmedeba SesaZlebelia
winaaRmdegobaSi movides wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis politikur interesebTan.
civi omis procesSi aSS-ma da ssrk-ma faqtobrivad gadaaqcies gaero iseT asparezad,
romelsac iyenebdnen erTmaneTze RvarZlis gadmosanTxevad, agrZelebdnen iq Tavis
globalur paeqrobas. Sedegad am wlebis ganmavlobaSi gaeros faqtiurad
qmediTunarianoba hqonda dakarguli, rogorc damoukidebel moTamaSes aqtualuri
globaluri problemebis (gansakuTrebiT politikuris) gadawyvetis procesSi.
problemebis mogvareba xdeboda aSS-sa da ssrk-s mier, xolo gaeros maTi
gadawyvetilebebis formaluri gaformebis neba eZleoda (ase moxda, magaliTad, 1967 da
1973 arabul-israelis saomari moqmedebebis Sewyvetis procesSi).
gaeros arsebobis manZilze iyo mxolod ori SemTxveva, rodesac man SesZlo gadamwyveti,
efeqturi zomebis miReba iseTi regionaluri konfliqtebis mogvarebis mizniT, romelic
potenciurad SesaZlebelia globalur muqaris donemde ganviTarebuliyo. pirvelad es
moxda rodesac Crdilo korea SeiWra samxreTSi 1950 wels, da meored, rodesac erayma
moaxdina kuveiTis okupacia 1990 wels. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, uSiSroebis sabWom moaxerxa
43
Sedis. aq saqme gvaqvs SemTxvevasTan, rodesac TiTqmis yvela arsebuli xelSekruleba Tu
organizacia, romelic ase Tu ise axdens gavlenas globalur politikur urTierTobebze,
warmoiqmna antagonisturi sazogadoebrivi sistemebis konfrontaciis procesSi, da am
konfrontaciis Sedegad.
arsebobs formaluri da araformaluri standartebisa da wesebis uzarmazari erToba,
romelsac eTanxmebian, da romelsac misdeven, globalur sivrceSi warmodgenili
politikuri moTamaSeebi. es standartebi da wesebi, qveyanaTaSorisi da transnacionaluri
aqtiurobis meSveobiT, da mis farglebSi, qmnian maregulirebeli meqanizmebis urTules
sistemas. am meqanizmebis didi nawilis efeqturoba sakmaod saeWvoa, radganac isini asaxaven
iseTi urTierTobebis Sedegebs, rodesac mowinaaRmdege mxareebi iZulebulebi iyvnen
mieRwiaT raRac saxis kompromisisaTvis da am procesSi cdilobdnen “arc mwvadi daewvaT da
arc Samfuri”.
am wesebs Soris gvxvdeba iseTi “pirobiTi” wesebic, rogoricaa magaliTad
“saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis neba”, romelsac gansazRvrul pirobebSi SeuZlia SeiZinos
“kanonis statusi” an gaxdes legaluri saerTaSoriso moqmedebis safuZveli. realur
cxovrebaSi es “neba” ZiriTadad gamoixateba igive wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis
politikur midrekilebebsa da saWiroebebSi, xSirad gamoiyeneba formalurad
damoukidebeli qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi Carevis sababad, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac aseTi
Careva ar hpovebs gaeroSi warmodgenili qveynebis umetesobis mxardaWeras (ixileT
magaliTisaTvis serbiis dabombva 1999 wels natos Zalebis mier). damatebiT, aseTi
standartebisa da wesebis umetesobis Sefasebis kriteriumebi sakmaod bundovania da
sxvadasxva saxis SerCeviTi interpretaciis sagani advilad xdeba.
aseTi tipis reJimebi xSirad gamoiyeneba SerCeviT, damokidebuli isevdaisev, wamyvani
globaluri moTamaSeebis realur midrekilebebsa da saWiroebebze. zogi qveyana sastikad
isjeba imisaTvis, rom ewinaaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis nebas, xolo sxvebis
qmedebas igive “nebam” SesaZlebelia zurgi Seaqcios da maT SerCeT is qmedeba,
romlisTvisac sxvebi isjebian. wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebi, an qveynebi, romlebic
raime mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben am wamyvani moTamaSeebis saqmianobaSi, an qveynebi,
romlebic ubralod mdebareoben iseT regionSi, romelic mocemul istoriul momentSi am
moTamaSeebs ar ainteresebT, xSirad axerxeben uamravi formaluri Tu araformaluri
wesebisa da standartebis darRvevas, magram amaze araviTar pasuxs ar ageben. amas akeTeben
mravali wlebis manZilze islamuri terorizmis iseTi mfarvelebi da sulisCamdgmelebi,
rogorebicaa saudis arabeTi da pakistani (ixileT konkretuli SemTxveva 3), magram maT
“saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis guliswyromisagan” aSS-Tan “gansakuTrebuli urTierTobebi”
icavs. amas akeTebda igive kuba, romelic uSualod monawileobda laTinuri amerikisa Tu
afrikis teritoriaze mravalricxovani teroristuli organizaciis Tu partizanuli
moZraobis Seqmnasa da marTvaSi, agzavnida samxedro qvedanayofebs afrikis teritoriaze
mimdinare samoqalaqo omebSi monawileobis misaRebaT — magram mas ssrk mfarvelobda.
mravali saerTaSoriso reJimi faqtiurad ar muSaobs, radganac ar iTvaliswinebs misi
damrRvevebis mimarT raime iZulebiTi sanqciebis gatarebas. aseTi reJimis yvelaze metis
mTqmeli magaliTia 1968 wels xelmowerili birTvuli iaraRis gauvrceleblobis
xelSekruleba. is SeimuSava civi omis orive wamyvanma moTamaSem, mas Semdeg, rodesac
mixvdnen, rom birTvuli iaraRis Semdgomi gavrceleba misi mflobeli viwro jgufis gareT
(aSS, ssrk, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, CineTi) mkveTrad gazrdida globaluri
strategiuli ganusazRvrelobis dones da safrTxes Seuqmnida orives usafrTxoebas.
miuxedavad amisa, maTma winaaRmdegobam ar dauSva iseTi efeqturi meqanizmebis Seqmna,
romlebic gaiTvaliswinebdnen legalur Zaldatanebas am xelSekrulebis pirobebis
damrRvevi qveynebis mimarT. Sedegad, pirveli, vinc Seqmna birTvuli iaraRis
damoukidebeli arsenali (SesaZloa msoflioSi sididiT mesame, magram oficialurad amas
dRemde ar aRiarebs) da SerCa es qmedeba, iyo israeli. mas mogvianebiT, 1990-ian wlebSi,
miyvnen indoeTi da pakistani — tradiciuli Seurigebeli moqiSpeebi da “daisajnen” aSS-s
SedarebiT rbili moklevadiani sanqciebiTa da ukmayofilebis gamoxatviT. orive imdenad
mniSvnelovani regionaluri moTamaSea, rom maT mimarT ufro sastiki sanqciebis gamoyeneba
ubralod SeuZlebeli iyo, miT umetes pakistanis mimarT, romelic aSS erT-erTi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani mokavSirea msoflioSi. Crdilo korea mravali wlis manZilze SantaJs uwevs
aRmosavleT azias mis gankargulebaSi viTom arsebuli birTvuli iaraRiT, magram ar
ganicdis araviTar Sesabamis sanqciebs. qveyana aSS-s uSualo interesebis sferos gareT
imyofeba, xolo misi mezobeli qveynebi sxvadasxva mizezebiT an ar arian daiteresebulebi
mimarTon gadamWrel zomebs mis mimarT (samxreTi korea, CineTi), an ar SeuZliaT amis
42
saxiT, amerikis moqmedeba SedarebiT ufro dalagebuli da mizanmimarTuli gaxda.
teroristuli saSiSroeba iyo gamoyenebuli rogorc 2003 wels eraySi intervenciis
erT-erTi mTavari sababi, rac TavisTavad friad sakamaTo qmedeba iyo, romelmac aSS-s
msoflioSi, rbilad rom vTqvaT, popularoba namdvilad ar Semata. amave dros, am
intervencias, rogorc aseTs, ar SeuZlia raime safrTxe Seuqmnas globaluri
urTierTobebis arsebul sistemas. sxva qveynebis suverenitetis darRveva saerTaSoriso
sazogadoebriobis Tanxmobis gareSe warmoadgenda wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebisa, Tu
gansakuTrebiT agresiuli lokaluri moTamaSeebis, sakmaod standartuli moqmedebis wess
meore msoflio omis momdevno mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi.
namdvil problemad is mogvevlina, rom aSS-ma am SemTxvevaSi warmoaCina Tavi rogorc
wamyvanma globalurma moTamaSem, romelsac ar Seswevs unari Camoayalibos im moqmedebebis
mkafio Tanmimdevroba, romelic miscems saSualebas mixedos dapyrobil teritoriebs
warmatebuli samxedro kampaniis Semdeg. aSS-s xelmZRvanelobas aSkarad naklebi
warmodgena hqonda imis Taobaze, ra ekeTebina eraySi uSualod iq SeWris Semdeg, ar gaaCnda
am qveynis grZelvadiani okupaciisa da transformaciis strategia, da rac ufro
mniSvnelovania — iqidan gasvlis strategia.
bevri adarebs erayisa da vietnamis kampaniebs, Tumca zogierTi zedapiruli msgavsebis
miuxedavad isini principulad gansxvavebulia. es gansxvaveba imaSia, rom vietnami, rogorc
qveyana, iyo da rCeba — marto. iqidan wamosvla (Tugind am dros ukanaskneli personali
iqidan amerikuli saelCos saxuravidan vertmfrenebiT gamohyavdaT) namdvilad
daSoriSorebas niSnavda momavali konfrontaciis yovelgvari perspeqtivis gareSe, Tu amas
aSS ar moisurvebda. meore mxriv, erayi warmoadgens didi da ukanasknel dros sakmaod
agresiuli musulmanuri samyaros ganuyofel nawils. erayidan wamosvlis nebismieri
mcdeloba, Tu iq im droisTvis ar Seiqmna erTiani, stabiluri, kargad awyobili qveyana,
aucileblad ganixileba rogorc eqstremistuli, antidasavluri Zalebis gamarjveba. am
SemTxvevaSi terori daedevneba ukan daxeul jars.200
garda amisa, erayis kampaniis nebismieri daboloeba, garda gadamwyveti, saboloo
gamarjvebisa, gamoiwvevs aSS-s saxis dakargvas (loosing the face), rac Tanamedrove globaluri
konteqstidan gamomdinare Zlier (Tu sabolood ara) Zirs gamouTxris aSS-s, rogorc
udavo globaluri lideris poziciebs. amerikas SeeZlo ufleba mieca TavisaTvis daekarga
saxe vietnamis Semdeg (Tumca es uaRresad mZime aRmoCnda), radgan mas yovelTvis SeeZlo
TiTi gaeSvira sabWoTa kavSirisa da CineTisaken (rasac is akeTebda kidec). erayis
SemTxvevaSi ubralod ar arsebobs iseTi Zalebi, romlebic SeiZleba iyvnen gamoyenebuli
rogorc amerikis SesaZlo damarcxebis damajerebeli gamarTleba. isic ki, rasac
globaluri teroris saxeliT moixsenieben, ufro ideis saxiT mogvevlineba, vidre
realuri qselisa Tu organizaciis, romelTac SeuZliaT Rirseulad Sexvdnen amerikis
gamowvevas. miT ufro mkafio xdeba aSS-s globaluri politikis araTanmimdevruloba, rom
gamomdinare moklevadiani, viwro politikuri mosazrebebidan, aSS-s administaciam misca
saSualeba am Zalebs CaeTriaT is Sida-islamur sistemur “garCevaSi”, sadac grZelvadiani
globaluri strategiuli gamarjvebis miRweva qveyanas principulad ar SeuZlia.
es yvelaferi xdeba im dros, rodesac msoflio asparezze moCans aSS axali namdvili
strategiuli mowinaaRmdege — CineTi.201 aSS-CineTis SesaZlo strategiulma winaaRmdegobam
SeiZleba Semdegi gavlena moaxdinos globaluri urTierTobebis arsebul sistemaze —
pirveli — uamravi zedapiruli msgavsebis miuxedavad is ar warimarTeba aSS-ssrk-s
mtruli TanamSromlobis msgavsad. CineTi bevrad ukeT marTuli, organizebuli da
mizanmimarTuli qveyanaa, vidre sabWoTa kavSiri odesme iyo. mas imperiuli hegemoniis
mSeneblobisa da cxovrebaSi gatarebis aTobiT saukunis gamocdileba gaaCnia. misTvis
momavali konfrontacia mxolod kidev erTi epizodia mis istoriaSi, romelic
aTaswleulebs moiTvlis — raRac ocdameore dinastiis gafurCqvnisa da dacemis msgavsi.
meore — sabWoTa kavSiri Caeba civ omSi germaniasTan mopovebuli gamarjvebis Semdeg,
romlis Semdegac is sabolood gonze verc movida. misTvis aSS-Tan winaaRmdegoba saboloo
damarcxebis mniSvnelovani, magram ara gadamwyveti faqtori iyo. meore mxriv, CineTi
uaxlovdeba am konfrontacias rogorc Tanamedrove msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze
warmatebuli saxelmwifo, romelic jer kidev ikrebs Zalebs, jer kidev Sorsaa Tavisi
ekonomikuri warmatebis mwvervalidan. garda amisa, rogorc qveyana, romelmac miaRwia
arnaxul warmatebas aSS-s interesebis daufaravi ugulvebelyofis procesSi, CineTi
warmoadgens gansakuTrebiT misabaZ samoqmedo magaliTs bevri qveynisaTvis (gansakuTrebiT
laTinur amerikasa da afrikaSi, romlebTac ar gaaCniaT imperiul CineTTan urTierTobis
uSualo istoriuli gamocdileba). Sesabamisad mas sakmaod advilad SeuZlia gamoiwvios
cvlilebebi globaluri urTierTobebis arsebul sistemaSi iseTi qveynebis koaliciis
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mSeneblobis xarjze, romlebic aRiqvamen sakuTar Tavs amerikis hegemoniis (namdvil Tu
moCvenebiT) msxverplad.
mesame — sabWoTa kavSiri faqtiurad TviTkmari iyo ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT da
globalur ekonomikur procesebSi SeumCnevel rols TamaSobda. rogorc minimum is ar uqmnida
konkurencias dasavleTs globaluri bazrebis, gansakuTrebiT energiis wyaroebis Taobaze.
aSS — ssrk-s konfrontacia TiTqmis mTlianad mimdinareobda ideologiur, politikur,
samxedro sferoebSi. CineTi, meores mxriv, wamyvani msoflio ekonomikuri moTamaSea, romelic
varaudiT ukve 2015 w. SeiZleba daewios aSS-s mTliani Sida produqtis moculobiT. is
uSualod uwevs konkurencias dasavleTs gansakuTrebiT nedleulis Taobaze (pirvel rigSi
Txevadi sawvavis wyaroebis gamo). energiis wyaroebTan usafrTxo SeRwevis aucilebloba
ganapirobebs mis moqmedebas Tvalsawier momavalSi. es ki niSnavs, rom is uSualod Caereva (da
ukve ereva) iseT teritoriebsa da procesebSi, romlebic dasavleTis (ZiriTadad amerikis)
strategiuli interesebis gansakuTrebul sferos warmoadgenda.
garda amisa, globalur bazarSi CineTis ekonomikis integraciis done ukve uaRresad
maRalia, iseve rogorc aSS-sa da CineTis ekonomikebis urTierTdamokidebuleba. bevri
eqsperti imasac ki ambobs, rom “amerikis mrewveloba CineTSia”, im gagebiT, rom iafi
muSaxelisa da mogebis ZiebaSi amerikuli kompaniebi metad aqtiurebi xdebian CineTSi,
vidre SeerTebul StatebSi. amas isic emateba, rom CineTs, rogorc aSS-s fasiani
qaRaldebis erT-erT udides mflobels, SeuZlia ufro didi gavlena moaxdinos (da ukve
axdens) aSS-s ekonomikaze (gansakuTrebiT dolarze), vidre piriqiT. Sesabamisad amerika-
CineTis nebismieri winaaRmdegoba bevrad met gamoxmaurebas hpovebs globalur
ekonomikaSi, vidre aSS-ssrk-s winaaRmdegobas SesaZloa odesme hqonoda (Tu birTvul oms
ar CavTvliT, romelic madloba RmerTs, ar Sedga).
miuxedavad yvela im cvlilebisa, romelic msoflios globalizaciam moutana, man
saboloo jamSi ver moaxerxa yvelaze mniSvnelovani amocanis gadaWra — msoflios
gaerTianeba iseT donemde, rodesac sistemuri winaaRmdegoba aRar iqneboda globaluri
urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala. globalizacia SeiZleba
ganvmartoT rogorc sazRvrebs gadaRma gacvlebze saxelmwifoebis mier iZulebiT
dawesebuli SezRudvebis Semcireba an gauqmeba da Sedegad mzardad integrirebuli da
rTuli warmoebisa da gacvlis globaluri sistemis aRmoceneba.202 miuxedavad imisa, rom es
procesi mzardi intensivobiT midis, man ver gaauqma saxelmwifoebs Soris sistemuri
winaaRmdegobis aucilebloba.
mixedavad bevri laparakisa miumxrobeli globaluri moTamaSeebis gaCenis Taobaze,
romelTac xelewifebaT saboloo jamSi gansazRvron kacobriobis momavali —
arasamTavrobo organizaciebi magaliTad; jer jerobiT maTi es gavlena Sors CamorCeba
wamyvani saxelmwifoebis gavlenas. metic, zogi arasamTavrobo organizacia mainc saboloo
jamSi maTi Sesabamisi qveynebis mTavrobebis agentebis rolSi gamodis. problema ZiriTadad
imaSia, rom globalizaciis ori stadia iniciirebuli iyo (Sesabamis saxelmwifoebSi
gansaxierebul) axalgazrda eTnosebis mier, romlebic miuZRodnen mas, romlebTac
SeswevdaT unari da undodaT iseTi axali ideebis Tu faseulobebis generireba da
cxovrebaSi gatareba, romlebmac saboloo jamSi Secvales msoflios iersaxe.
dResdReobiT globaluri urTierTobebi SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros ori iseTi
moTamaSis mier, romelTaganac erT-erTi ukve ukve gauZRva msoflios erTi
globalizaciuli ciklis [mimdinare] manZilze da dReisaTvis aSkarad ganicdis axali
ideebis naklebobas, xolo meore warmoadgens msoflios uZveles teritoriul imperias,
romelmac ideebis generirebis stadia daaxloebiT ori aTasi wlis winaT CaamTavra.
Sesabamisad ismis sakiTxi — gagrZeldeba Tu ara momavalSi meore globalizacia, Tu
urTierTobaTa raRac axali sistema Seqmnis globalizaciis axal etaps? orive SemTxvevaSi
rCeba ori kiTxva, romlebzec dResdReobiT damajerebeli pasuxi ar arsebobs —
• Tu gagrZelda globalizaciis mimdinare etapi, sakmarisi iqneba TuU ara is ideeebi da
praqtikuli qmedeba, romlebmac is Camoayalibes, imisaTvis, rom man ucvlelad iarsebos?
• Tu adgili eqneba globalizaciis axal stadias, vin gamova axali ideebisa da
faseulobebis generatoris rolSi, mogvevlineba axal wamyvan globalur moTamaSed?
zemoT moyvanili daskvnebi, iseve rogorc mTlianad leqciebis am kursSi moyvenili
argumentacia dafuZnebulia msoflioSi mimdinare sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis
procesebis tradiciul xedvaze. es xedva operirebs procesebis iseTi monawileebis
kategoriebiT, romlebTac gaaCniaT raRac saxis organizacia, procesebis xedva da
moqmedebis miznebis arseboba. principuli mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, Tu ra konkretuli
saxiT xdeba am monawileebis warmoCena — saxelmwifoebis, sxvadasxva rangisa da afiliaciis
112
2.2.5. meore globalizaciis dros gagrZelda da gaZlierda me-19 saukunis meore
naxevarSi dawyebuli procesi, romelic mimarTuli iyo globaluri procesebis
kontrolisa da marTvis mcdelobaze Sesabamisi maregulirebeli meqanizmebisa da garemos
Seqmnis mizniT. am procesSi SemuSavda da msoflios masStabiT amuSavda mravali e.w.
saerTaSoriso reJimi.66 imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom es reJimebi Tavidanve yalibdeboda
wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis iniciativiT, uiSviaTesi gamonaklisis garda, isini
gamoxataven dasavleTis (farTo gagebiT) interesebs, an rogorc civi omis memkvidreoba,
efuZneba aSS-sa da ssrk-s interesebis kompromiss.
principulad, ama Tu im procesebis, gansakuTrebiT politikuris, kontroli da miT
umetes marTva SedarebiT didi teritoriis farglebSi, SesaZlebelia mxolod Zlieri
centraluri xelisuflebis arsebobis pirobebSi. kacobriobis istoriis manZilze es
xdeboda mxolod met-naklebad xisti struqturis mqone imperiebis pirobebSi. aseTi
imperiis Seqmna globalur doneze dResdReobiT principulad SeuZlebelia. erTaderT
globalur moTamaSes, amis arc maincdamainc survili, arc, rogorc es erayis kampaniam
gviCvena, realuri Zala gaaCnia.
arsebobs meore, axali, evrogaerTianebis farglebSi realizebuli gza, rodesac
damoukidebeli qveynebi nebayoflobiT Tmoben suverenitetis did nawils saerTo miznebis
misaRwevad. miuxedavad imisa, rom evrogaerTianebaSi Sedis kompaqturad ganlagebuli,
daaxloebiT erTi tipis qveynebi (25 qveyana msoflioSi arsebuli 193-dan), isevdaisev
swored politikur sferoSi, maTi integraciis done SedarebiT dabalia. amitom msoflios
ganviTareba am scenariTac grZelvadian perspeqtivaSic naklebad savaraudoa.
Sesabamisad, yvela is formaluri qmedeba, romelsac adgili aqvs mravalricxovani
saerTaSoriso reJimebis farglebSi, paliatiur xasiaTs atarebs, da naklebad SeuZlia
efeqturi gavlenis moxdena rogorc globalizaciuri procesebis Casaxvaze, aseve maT
ganviTarebaze.
aseTi reJimebi SesaZlebelia Zalze pirobiTad sam did jgufad daiyos —
a/ reJimebi, romlebic ganapirobeben globaluri transportis, komunikaciebisa Tu sxva
infrastruqturuli elementebis kontrolsa da marTvas, magaliTad gaeros sazRvao
samarTlis konvencia (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) da a.S. es reJimebi,
Tavisi arsiT, unda iyvnen da arian gansazRvruli zust terminebSi, warmoadgenen
mravalricxovani, ZiriTadad arapolitikuri moTamaSeebis yoveldRiuri saqmianobis
ganuyofel nawils, isini advilad kontrolirebadi da Semowmebadia. am reJimebis darRveva
iwvevs dauyovnebel xilul Sedegs, romlis Sefaseba SesaZlebelia raodenobrivad (m.S.
finansuri danakargebis saxiT), xSirad adamianTa sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis
danakargebiT. isini erTnairad moqmedeben nebismier qveyanaSi, maTi ganviTarebis tipisa da
donis miuxedavad. Tumca politikuri elementi aseT reJimebSi SesamCnevia, wminda
teqnologiuri da organizaciuli komponentebi mainc gadamwyvet rols TamaSoben.67
b/ZiriTadad ekonomikuri (savaWro, finansuri da a.S.) reJimebi, romlebic TiTqmis
mTlianad Seqmnili iyo aSS-sa da misi uaxloesi mokavSireebis, msoflios ganviTarebuli
qveynebis interesebidan gamomdinare, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sabWoTa kavSirs
SedarebiT naklebi interesi gaaCnda am sferoSi, plus is imdenad Zlieri ar iyo
ekonomikurad, rom sakuTari interesebi warmatebiT warmoeCina da daecva. es reJimebi
ZiriTadad Seqmnilia iseTi saerTaSoriso institutebis garSemo, rogoricaa msoflio
banki, savaluto fondi, msoflio savaWro organizacia. miuxedavad ganviTarebadi qveynebis
aqtiuri poziciisa aseTi reJimebis struqturisa da konfiguraciis mimarT, msoflios
wamyvani moTamaSeebi maincdamainc ar Cqaroben daTmon am reJimebis farglebSi adre
mopovebuli upiratesobebi da privilegiebi. amis kargi ilustraciaa 2005 wlis msoflio
savaWro organizaciis honkongis Sexvedra, sadac ganviTarebadi msoflios mzard
ukmayofilebas dasavleTma Seageba mravali sakmaod bundovani dapireba, magram Tavis
Tavze faqtiurad arc erTi konkretuli valdebuleba ar aiRo. amave dros, imasTan
dakavSirebiT, rom aseTi reJimebis funqcionirebis Sedegebic SedarebiT advilad
Semowmebadia da TvalnaTlivi (maTi gamoxatva adviladaa SesaZlebeli konkretul
finansur, materialur da a.S. nakadebSi), isini muSa instrumentebs warmoadgenen.
g/ reJimebi, romlebic ganageben globaluri usafrTxoebis sakiTxebs da maTTan
dakavSirebul aqtiurobis sxva sferoebs, magaliTad adamianis uflebaTa reJimis CaTvliT.
es reJimebi ZiriTadad asocirebulia gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciasTan, magram ar
SeizRudebian am saerTaSoriso institutiT. msoflio dRes moiTvlis 300-mde
saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizacias, romelTaganac 23 uSualod gaeros sistemaSi
41
potenciurad SeuZlia globaluri sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis arsebuli trendebis
Secvla, an axlebis formireba.
- aSS-Tvis ganuzomlad gaizarda marcxis fasi. civi omis dros, sabWoTa kavSirTan
konkurenciis procesSi, yovelTvis arsebobda SesaZlebloba nebismieri warumateblobis
rogorc mowinaaRmdegis warmatebuli qmedebis Sedegis interpretacia. dResdReobiT,
iseTi Zlieri mowinaaRmdege, romelzec SesaZlebelia sakuTari Cavardnis gadabraleba,
aSS-s ubralod ar hyavs.65 sainteresoa, rom aSS-s agreTve ar hyavs imdenad Zlieri
mokavSire, romelsac unari Seswevs gasaWirSi realurad daexmaros, an saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi winaaRmdegoba gauwios.
arsebobs sakmaod bevri qveyana, romlebic aSS-s mokavSireebad mogvevlinebian (ufro swored
ase warmoaCenen sakuTar Tavs), magram cal-calke maTi realuri gavlena aSS-s mier
gadawyvetilebis miRebaze sakmaod mcirea (SeiZleba iTqvas minimaluri). es exeba iseT evropel
mZimewonosnebsac, rogorebicaa germania, safrangeTi Tu inglisi. aSS-ma SeiZleba gamoiyenos
maTi mxardaWera ama Tu im sakuTari gadawyvetilebis efeqtis gasaZliereblad, rogorc
magaliTad, gamoiyena inglisis aqtiuri pozicia 2003 wels erayis winaaRmdeg omis aucileblobis
gasamarTleblad. amave dros, mas advilad SeuZlia, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, maTi winaaRmdegobis
ugulvebelyofa. evrogaerTianebac, romelic potenciurad SesaZlebelia gautoldes aSS-s
rogorc globaluri moTamaSe, jer ver Camoyalibda rogorc erTiani, damoukidebeli,
efeqturi politikuri erToba. aSS-Tan erTobliv saerTaSoriso RonisZiebebSic misi xma ismis
iqamde, sanam is amerikis pozicias mainc da mainc ar ewinaaRmdegeba.
- is siZneleebic, romlebic warmoiqmneba globaluri urTierTobebis sistemis
Camoyalibebis procesSi, agreTve bevrad ufro mravalferovani gaxda. civi omis procesSi,
rogorc ssrk, aseve aSS, Tavis moqmedebaSi iTvaliswinebdnen ZiriTadad erTmaneTis da maTi
uSualo mokavSireebis moqmedebis faqtors, romlis gaTvla mravalwlian WidilSi
miRebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze sakmaod advili iyo. is sakmaod SezRuduli
stereotipebis nakrebze iyo dafuZnebuli.
aSS-Tvis advili iyo imis gaTvla, rom ssrk aucileblad Caereoda iseTi qveynis saqmeebSi,
sadac romelime adgilobrivi xelmZRvaneli Tavs marqsistad, miT umetes komunistad
gamoacxadebda, miuxedavad imisa, es mis realur interesebSi Sedioda, Tu ara, da amis
safuZvelze Sesabamisi winmswrebi RonisZiebebis gatareba. ase moiqca is, magaliTad, 1970-
iani wlebis bolos avRaneTSi, rodesac faqtiurad moaxerxa iq sabWoTa intervenciis
provocireba, adgilobriv marqsistur mTavrobasTan mebrZoli Zalebis mxardaWerisa da
konsolidaciis gziT.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg ki, aSS-s saqme aqvs uamrav ZalasTan (romelTa udidesi
umetesoba an saerTod ar arsebobda civi omis dros, an latentur mdgomareobaSi
imyofeboda, an ase Tu ise kontrolirdeboda ssrk-s mier), romelTaganac bevrs dRes ar
gaaCnia formaluri statusi, marTvis centri Tu konkretuli adgilmdebareoba, xasiaTdeba
konfliqturi interesebiT, da/an saerTod ar gaaCnia mkafiod gamokveTili interesebi.
faqtiurad gaCnda rigi spontanuri procesebisa, romelic wamyvani globaluri
moTamaSidan ar momdinareobs, magram gaaCnia globalur procesebamde ganviTarebis
potenciali. aseT situaciaSi bevrad ufro rTulia dagegmo da imoqmedo efeqturad,
ganusazRvrelobis donec mkveTrad matulobs.
teroristuli saSiSroeba iyo gamoyenebuli rogorc 2003 wels eraySi intervenciis
erT-erTi mTavari sababi, rac TavisTavad friad sakamaTo qmedeba iyo, romelmac aSS-s
msoflioSi, rbilad rom vTqvaT, popularoba namdvilad ar Semata. amave dros, am
intervencias, rogorc aseTs, ar SeuZlia raime safrTxe Seuqmnas globaluri
urTierTobebis arsebul sistemas. sxva qveynebis suverenitetis darRveva saerTaSoriso
sazogadoebis Tanxmobis gareSe, warmoadgens wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebisa, Tu
gansakuTrebiT agresiuli lokaluri moTamaSeebis, sakmaod standartul moqmedebis wess
meore msoflio omis momdevno mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi.
namdvil problemad is mogvevlina, rom aSS-ma am SemTxvevaSi warmoaCina Tavi rogorc
wamyvanma globalurma moTamSem, romelsac ar Seswevs unari Camoayalibos im moqmedebebis
mkafio Tanmimdevroba, romelic miscems saSualebas mixedos dapyrobil teritorias
warmatebuli samxedro kampaniis Semdeg. aSS-s xelmZRvanelobas aSkarad naklebi
warmodgena hqonda imis Taobaze, Tu ra unda ekeTebina eraySi uSualod iq SeWris Semdeg, ar
gaaCnda am qveynis grZelvadiani okupaciisa da transformaciis strategia, da rac ufro
mniSvnelovania — iqidan gasvlis strategia.
40
organizaciebis da a.S.
amave dros, rogorc Cans, msoflio SesaZlebelia viTardebodes iseTi mimarTulebiT,
rodesac sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zalis saxiT
mogvevlinabian adamianebis uzarmazari masebi, romlebTac erTmaneTTan mxolod
ukmayofilebis grZnoba akavSirebT.
warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom amasTan dakavSirebuli problema namdvilad arsebobs, jer
kidev Camoyalibebis stadiaSia, amitom mas formaluri saxelic ki ar gaaCnia. amave dros,
masze saubroben erTmaneTTan iseTi naklebad Tavsebadi moRvaweebi, rogorebicaa
magaliTad rusi mwerali, nobelis premiis laureati aleqsandre solJenicini da aSS-s
prezident karteris yofili mrCeveli erovnuli uSiSroebis dargSi zbignev bzeJinski.
solJenicinis azriT — “msoflio konfliqti SeiZleba ganisazRvros Semdegnairad:
mesame msoflio oqros miliardis winaaRmdeg. es aris siRaribis saerTo sakacobrio,
saerTo istoriuli aRSfoTeba da moTxovna simdidris mimarT. civilizaciebis konfliqtis
Teoria am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba arsis SesaniRbad, romelic dedamiwis mosaxleobis
keTildReobaSi arsebul urRmes rRvevaSi mdgomareobs”.203
bzeJinski — ”SeerTebulma Statebma TvalSi unda Sexedon axal da uaRresad mniSvnelovan
realobas: msoflioSi adgili aqvs Tavisi masStabiTa da intensiurobiT politikuri
aqtiurobis uprecedento zrdas, rasac populistur qmedebasTan Sejaxebis Sedegad
moyveba Zalismieri strategiis cvlileba. ama Tu im saxiT amaze reagirebis saWiroeba
ayenebs sxvebisagan gansxvavebul suverenul amerikas istoriuli arCevanis winaSe:
gansazRvros sakuTari globaluri roli.204
am movlenis safuZvelSi rasakvirvelia is udidesi gansxvavebaa Semosavlebsa da
keTildReobis doneSi, romelic arsebobs ganviTarebul qveynebsa da danarCen msoflios
Soris. sxvaoba, romelic SesamCnevad gaizarda meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi,
globalizaciis procesebis intensifikaciis procesSi.
misi gamovlena demografiulia, SeiZleba iTqvas — eTno-politikuric. dRevandeli
ganviTarebadi msoflios mosaxleobis umetesoba axalgazrdebiT aris warmodgenili. es
axalgazrdebi SedarebiT ukeTesi ganaTlebisa da gansakuTrebiT globalizaciiT motanili
informaciis gavrcelebis Tanamedrove saSualebebis meSveobiT sakmaod arian
gaTviTcnobierebuli dasavlur cxovrebaSi. is, rom isini dasavlur keTildReobas, uxeSad
rom vTqvaT, satelevizio serialebze dayrdnobiT sakmaod damaxinjebulad,
gazviadebulad aRiqvamen, situacias ufro amwvavebs.
Sedegad umZafresi socialuri Suris grZnoba — ar miyvars isini, vinc Cemze ukeT
cxovrobs, mec minda ise vicxovro, rogorc amas igive serialebis gmirebi akeTeben da a.S.
is, rom es axalgazrdoba ganviTarebadi qveynebis Taobaze SedarebiT ukeT aris
ganaTlebuli, ar niSnavs, rom maT iseTi codna gaaCniaT, rom SeeZloT swored Seafason
msoflioSi mimdinare procesebi da gaiTavison sakuTari adgili am procesebSi. piriqiT, es
masa ZiriTadad dezorganizebuli, gamwarebuli da ukulturo rCeba. magram is aseve
uaRresad politizirebulia, da aseT situacias xSirad mizandasaxulad qmnian da Tavis
interesebSi iyeneben sxvadasxva juris politikosebi (m.S. adgilobrivi elitis
warmomadgenlebic), ZiriTadad imisaTvis, rom gaimtkicon sakuTari Zalaufleba am
energiis dasavleTis winaaRmdeg mimarTvis xarjze. faqtiurad teroristebi am
saprotesto moZraobis mewinave razms warmoadgenen, romlebic emterebian dasavleTs
imisaTvis, rom man isini Tavis mdidrul sufraze ar miuSva.205
globalizaciam, gamoiwvia ra msoflios istoriaSi arnaxuli migraciuli nakadebi, ase
Tu ise Seexo faqtiurad yvela qveynis eTno-socialur struqturas. magram yvelaze
mZafrad da moulodnelad es gamovlinda swored im qveynebSi, romlebic ganapirobebdnen
globalizaciis procesebis formirebasa da mimdinareobas meore globalizaciis dros.
SeerTebul StatebSi, evropaSi, ruseTSi adgili aqvs umZafres demografiul Zvras. aq
yvelgan is erebi, romlebzec dafuZnebulia tradiciuli erovnuli saxelmwifoebi, umZimes
demografiul kriziss ganicdian.
yvelaze mZime mdgomareoba am mimarTebiT ruseTSia, sadac sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis
Semdeg mosaxleoba yovelwliurad TiTqmis erTi milioni adamianiT mcirdeba. es xdeba am
qveynis yofili koloniebidan migrantebis didi nakadis Semosvlis miuxedavad.
evropaSi situacia SedarebiT stabiluria, magram mxolod garedan Semosuli migrantebisa da
am migrantebis bunebrivi matebis xarjze. aSS-Si situacia SedarebiT ukeTesia, magram trendi
yvelgan principSi erTnairia — adgilobrivi mosaxleoba TandaTanobiT adgils UuTmobs garedan
Semosulebs, ris Sedegadac aq yvelgan tradiciuli TeTri qristianuli mosaxleoba
SesaZlebelia umciresobaSi aRmoCndes. dasavluri civilizacia (da ruseTi) icvlis Tavis eTno-
kulturul safuZvels. da es procesi, rogorc Cans, Seuqcevadia.
igive evropelebma ver Caanacvles erovnuli saxelmwifoebi erTiani zeerovnuli
113
evropuli erTianobiT evrogaerTianebis farglebSi — piriqiT, aq xdeba rTuli da
uaRresad araerTgvarovani evro-aziuri (nawilobriv afrikuli) konglomeratis
formireba. aSS-Si laTinoamerikelebi (gansakuTrebiT meqsikelebi) faqtiurad Setevas
axorcieleben TeTr mosaxleobaze.
problema damatebiT gamZafrebulia ori faqtoriT —
1. rogorc evropelebma, aseve amerikelma TeTrma-anglo-saqsma-protestantebma etyoba
didwilad dakarges is kulturuli kodi, romelsac isini warmatebiT axvevdnen Tavs
yvela maTTan misul gansxvavebuli kodis matarebels da axdendnen maT asimilacias.
igive mZlavri kaTolikuri identurobis laTinoamerikelebis didi masa aSkarad
sjabnis maT kulturuli TviTgamorkvevisaTvis brZolaSi. dasavleT-evropelebi ki
aSkarad dajabnes musulmanebma, gansakuTrebiT arabebma.
2. migrantebi, romlebic aqtiurad axveven sakuTar Tavs gansakuTrebiT dasavleT
evropasa da aSS-s, garda imisa, rom mkveTrad gansxvavebuli socialur-kulturuli
faseulobebis matareblebi arian, ZiriTadad warmoadgenen im gamwarebuli masebis
yvelaze aqtiur nawils, romelzec zemoT gvqonda laparaki. isini, rac dro gadis, sul
ufro negatiurad arian ganwyobilebi im qveynebis mimarT, sadac ukeTesi cxovrebis
ZebnaSi mieSurebian (didi finansuri danaxarjebis, tanjva-wamebis, damcirebisa da
bevri sicocxlis fasadac ki). adaptaciisa da adgilobriv cxovrebaSi saboloo
integraciis nacvlad am migrantebis meore Taoba xSirad ufro mtrulad da
Seurigeblad epyroba Tavis axal samSobloebs. es gansakuTrebiT kargad gamovlinda
safrangeTSi 2005 wlis Semodgomis movlenebis dros, rodesac aseul aTasobiT
musulmanma (ZiriTadad arabma) axalgazrdam cecxlSi gaaxvia qveynis didi nawili.
am procesis mizezebi dReisaTvis kargad ar aris gaTviTcnobierebuli. aq SeiZleba Tavis
rols TamaSobs adgilobrivi eTnosebis daberebis obieqturi procesi, rodesac isini
ubralod aRwarmoebis unarsa da survils TandaTan kargaven — Sedegad iqmneba mosaxleobis
vakumi, romelsac rasakvirvelia viRaca garedan mosuli Seavsebs (ase xdeboda kacobriobis
mTeli istoriis manZilze, globalizaciam es Canacvleba ubralod ufro gaamZafra). amas
emateba agreTve absurdamde miyvanili eTno-religiuri tolerantulobisa da
umciresobebis interesebis upiratesi dacvis principebi. gansakuTrebiT dasavleT
evropaSi es xSirad elementaruli TviTSenaxvis instinqtis dakargvis doneze adis.
evropelebi verc da arc axdenen maTTan misuli migrantebis adaptacias, miT ufro ver
akontroleben maT nakadebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom obieqturad maT isini ar sWirdebaT, arc
iafi muSa Zalis saWiroebis, arc humanitaruli mosazrebebidan gamomdinare.206
zogierTi mkvlevari aq Seqmnil situacias saerTod romis imperiis daSlis magvarad
naTlavs. SesaZlebelia es warmodgena sakmaod gazviadebulia, magram saerTo trendi
saxezea da rac dro gadis, sul ufro naTeli xdeba. saqme gvaqvs obieqturad axal
situaciasTan, romelic principulad gansxvavdeba yvelafrisagan, rasac wamyvani
globaluri moTamaSeebi Sexvedrian TavianTi istoriis manZilze. faqtiurad laparakia
imaze, rom maT mier iniciirebuli globaluri procesebi maT ukan, Tan cudad miubrundaT.
ase rom, im sakiTxebs, romlebic zemoT ukve dauyeneT globalizaciis Tanamedrove
etaps, emateba Semdegi —
• saSualodan — grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi rogor moaxerxeben wamyvani globaluri
moTamaSeebi mimdinare procesebisadmi adaptacias — gamoiyeneben maT sakuTar
interesebSi, Tu ayvebian maT, sakuTari identurobis SesamCnev dakargvamde?207 rogor
Secvlis am adaptaciis Sedegebi maT moqmedebas globalur asparezze?
• igive moTamaSeebi moklevadian perspeqtivaSi — gaiazreben Tu ara am process rogorc
globalur sistemur movlenas da moaxerxeben masze Sesabamis reagirebas, Tu maTi
politikuri analizisa da gadawyvetilebis mimRebi institutebi ar Seesabamebian
amocanis sirTules da isini kvalindebulad gagrZeleben am procesis konteqstidan
amoglejil izolirebul movlenebze reagirebas (rogorc amas akeTeben igive
terorTan mimarTebaSi)?
• rogor Secvlian es saprotesto tendenciebi TviT ganviTarebadi qveynebis
(gansakuTrebiT musulmanuris da laTinur amerikulis) politikur konfiguracias,
rogor gavlenas moaxdens es globalizaciis procesebis mimdinareobaze?
1 SesaZlebloba. Tavs iCens wamyvani globaluri moTamaSis uSualo gavlenis farglebs gareT
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, “A World Together”, August 1999.
http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/2000/culture/global/main.html
114
TiTqmis mTlianad ugulvebelyos is procesebi, romelic viTardeba sub-saharis afrikaSi,
Tumca es swored is regionia, romelsac msoflios wamyvani qveynis yuradReba yvelaze
Zalian sWirdeba. aq faqtiurad Seiqmna sakmaod didi zona, sadac mravali wlis
ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs destruqciuli procesebi (upirvelesad yovlisa dasavleTi
afrika, kongos demokratiuli respublika, sudani, somali da a.S.) romlis SeCereba
adgilobrivi, iseve rogorc gaeros ZalebiT, SeuZlebelia. aSS mizandasaxulad Tavs
aridebs kontinentze mimdinare procesebSi uSualo Carevas, gansakuTrebiT somaliSi 1993-
1995 wlebSi gaeros samSvidobo operaciaSi warumatebeli monawileobis Semdeg.
- msoflio politikur urTierTobebSi Seiqmna aSkara disproporcia imis safuZvelze,
rom damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis umetesobas, romlebic jer kidev Camoyalibebis
stadiaSi imyofebian, didwilad daekarga arCevanis saSualeba, ganviTarebis alternativa,
SeeezRuda politikuri manevrirebis saSualeba. aq laparaki ar aris sabWoTa kavSiris mier
SemoTavazebuli ganviTarebis modelis avkargianobaze. misi arseboba, ama Tu im
ganviTarebad qveyanas, rogorc minimum, aZlevda saSualebas Segnebulad gaekeTebina
arCevani sabazro ekonomikisa da demokratiis sasargeblod. aseTi alternativis
ararseboba ki qmnis warmodgenas imaze, rom dasavluri sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis
models danarCen msoflios Tavze axveven.
- msoflios qveynebis didi nawili (Tu udidesi ara), ganixilavs aSS-s rogorc erTaderT
pasuxismgebels dedamiwaze mimdinare procesebze.63 aSS-s ara marto mimarTaven
daxmarebisaTvis raime problemis gaCenisas, aramed faqtiurad pasuxs sTxoven yvela aseTi
problemis gaCenaze (maT Soris xSirad misi uaxloesi mokavSireebic). faqtiurad xdeba
nebismieri adgilobrivi Cavardnisa Tu krizisis interpretacia rogorc amerikis Carevis
Sedegis ama Tu im mocemuli qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi. es ki Tavis mxriv friad uadvilebs
cxovrebas uamrav diqtatorsa Tu kvazi-diqtators msoflioSi, aZlevs maT saSualebas
nawilobriv mainc moixsnan pasuxismgebloba sakuTar qmedebaze. bevri qveynis xelmZRvanels
sakuTar xalxTan urTierTobaSi Semohyavs amerikis faqtori, rogorc sakuTari
warumateblobis, Tu arapopularuli zomebis gamarTleba (ixileT magaliTad venesuelisa Tu
boliviis xelmZRvaneloba). faqtiurad antiamerikanizmi dRevandel msoflioSi gadaiqca
damoukidebeli qveynebis saSinao problemebis gadawyvetis mniSvnelovan faqtorad.
globaluri politikis evoluciis stadiebi:
pirveli globalizacia — 7-8 wamyvani globaluri moTamaSe uSualod akontrolebs
dedamiwis teritoriisa da mosaxleobis udides nawils. sxva damoukidebeli subieqtebis
raodenoba SedarebiT mcirea, maTze wamyvani moTamaSeebis gavlena, xSir SemTxvevebSi,
mxolod formalurad ar ganixileba rogorc kontroli. msoflios xalxebisaTvis
damoukidebeli ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba minimaluria. globaluri politikuri
ganusazRvrelobis done SedarebiT dabalia realurad damoukidebeli subieqtebis mcire
raodenobis gamo, erTdroulad SedarebiT maRali, imis gamo, rom globaluri politikis
wamyvan subieqtebs Soris uSualo samxedro konfliqtis albaToba, da aseTi Setakebis
mosalodneli Sedegebi, gaazrebuli da gaTvlili ar aris. ramdenime, Sesadari Zalisa da
gavlenis mqone globaluri moTamaSis konkurencia iwvevs or msoflio oms.
meore globalizaciis pirveli stadia (1945-1991 wlebi) — ori, daaxloebiT erTnairi
samxedro potencialis mqone globaluri moTamaSe, ecileba erTmaneTs gavlenas 150-ze
met, formalurad damoukidebel saxelmwifoze. Sesabamisad, politikuri
ganusazRvrelobis done bevrad ufro maRalia, vidre pirveli globalizaciis dros.
damoukidebel qveynebs gaaCniaT ganviTarebis modelis formaluri arCevani da
politikuri manevrirebis saSualeba. wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebi principulad
uTavsebadia, maTi winaaRmdegoba sistemur xasiaTs atarebs. maT Soris potenciuri
samxedro Setakebis SesaZleblobis done uaRresad maRalia, magram misi Sedegebi
Sesabamisad gaTvlili da gaazrebuli. Sesabamisad, aseT Setakebas adgili ara aqvs, civ omSi
damarcxebuli moTamaSe (sabWoTa kavSiri) winaaRmdegobis gareSe tovebs globalur
asparezs.
meore globalizaciis meore stadia (1992 weli - ) — erTaderTi darCenili wamyvani
globaluri moTamaSe arsebobs 192 formalurad damoukidebeli saxelmwifos pirispir.64
damoukidebel qveynebis mier ganviTarebis modelis arCevanis SesaZlebloba minimumamdea
dasuli. wamyvani globaluri moTamaSe agrZelebs moqmedebas civi omis droindel ideebze,
strategiebze da instrumentebze dayrdnobiT. politikuri ganusazRvrelobis done
SedarebiT matulobs, iseve rogorc globaluri politikuri sistemis destabilizaciis
Seqmnili, da misi interesebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, spontanuri procesebi, romelsac
39
nawili Semoifargleboda uSualod strategiuli mowinaaRmdegis Sekavebis amocanis
gadaWriT.61 am dros, maTTvis metnaklebad advili iyo SedarebiT mcire raodenobis
mowinaaRmdegisa Tu mokavSiris sakmaod kargad cnobili Tvisebebis (dadebiTis Tu
uaryofiTis) gaTvaliswineba, da maTze dayrdnobiT sakuTari qmedebis dagegmva.
aseTi sistemis yvelaze didi nakli imaSi mdgomareobda, rom oTxi aTeuli wlis manZilze
msoflio mieCvia imas, rom dedamiwis nebismier kuTxeSi warmoqmnili mniSvnelovani
problemebis mogvareba Tu Caqroba, umetiswilad xdeboda aSS-sa da ssrk-s (cal-calke an
erTad) Carevis Sedegad, miuxedavad imisa, gaaCndaT Tu ara am ukanasknelebs aseTi Carevis
formaluri mizezi, anda konfliqtSi CaTreuli mxareebis Tanxmoba (magaliTad, es moxda
ori, 1967 da 1973 wlebis arabul-israelis konfliqtebis dros). msoflio miCveuli iyo
agreTve imas, rom am qveynebis urTierT Semavsebeli konkurencia vrceldeboda yvelgan
dedamiwaze (ufro swored, SesaZlebeli iyo gavrcelebuliyo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi).
faqtiurad, arsebobda imis iluzia, rom es qveynebi akontrolebdnen msoflioSi mimdinare
politikur procesebs, ufro metad ki imis survili, rom pasuxismgebloba am procesebze
mTlianad maTTvis gadaebralebinaT.
2.2.4. 1991 wels msoflio politikuri asparezidan sabWoTa kavSiris wasvlam globalur
politikur urTierTobebSi uzarmazari sicariele datova. aman, yvelaferTan erTad,
ufro naTeli gaxada msoflio politikaSi wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis dominirebaze
dafuZnebuli urTierTobaTa sistemis zemoT ganxiluli nakli.
1991 wlis Semdeg ar Camoyalibda globalizaciis axali stadia (mesame globalizacia)
iqidan gamomdinare, rom ar gaCnda axali globaluri moTamaSe, xolo erTaderTi darCenili
— aSS, agrZelebs moqmedebas im Zvel strategiul azrovnebaze dayrdnobiT, romelic
Camouyalibda globaluri konfrontaciis periodSi. man ver moaxerxa iseTi axali ideebis,
faseulobebis, politikis Camoyalibeba da cxovrebaSi gatareba, romelic principulad
gansxvavdeba civi omis periodSi gamoyenebulisagan; ZiriTadad SeinarCuna da ganavrco
civi omis droindeli samxedro-politikuri instrumentebi (magaliTad, nato).62
aseTi azrovneba moiTxovs mtruli TanamSromlobis arsebobas, pasuxismgeblobis
ganawilebas Sesadari Zalisa da gavlenis mqone mowinaaRmdegesTan, romelic, rogorc
minimum, qmnis fons wamyvani globaluri moTamaSis qmedebis Sedegebis Sesafaseblad,
SemdgomSi am Sedegebis adgilobrivi Tu globaluri sazogadoebrivi azrisaTvis
warsadgenad.
Sesabamisad, mTeli aTwleuli sabWoTa kavSiris gadaSenebis Semdeg, aSS-s globaluri
qmedeba saeWvod gamoiyureboda rogorc axali strategiuli mowinaaRmdegis Zebna
gardacvlilis sanacvlod. mas Semdeg, rac man ipova (ufro swored ki daniSna) aseTi
mowinaaRmdege globaluri terorizmis saxiT, amerikis moqmedeba SedarebiT ufro
dalagebuli da mizanmimarTuli gaxda.
erTdroulad, amas mohyva xiluli cvlilebebi globaluri urTierTobebis sistemaSi,
plus gaCnda axali problemebis mTeli rigi, romelTa didi nawili ukavSirdeba aSS-s,
rogorc erTaderT darCenil wamyvan globalur moTamaSes:
- SeerTebul Statebs, mravalwliani ideologiuri da samxedro konkurentis gaqrobis
Semdeg, faqtiurad moexsna SezRudvebi msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi sakuTari interesebis
gasatareblad. 1991 wels, kuveiTis ganTavisuflebis mizniT erayis winaaRmdeg
Catarebulma samxedro kampaniam, kidev ufro gaaZliera misi rwmena imaSi, rom warmatebiT
SeeZlo nebismieri konkretuli samxedro-politikuri amocanis gadaWra globalur
masStabSi, Tavis garSemo msoflios sxva wamyvani qveynebis gaerTianeba mis mier dasmuli
amocanebis gadasaWrelad.
- aSS-s mieca saSualeba ugulvebelyos nebismieri politikuri opozicia, imoqmedos
nebismieri sxva qveynis, qveyanaTa jgufis, formaluri saerTaSoriso institutis nebis
sawinaaRmdegod. e.i. aRar arsebobda is Zala, romelsac Seswevda unari SeezRuda misi
aqtiuroba, Seemcirebina misi cduneba Careuliyo nebismier adgilas, Tu nebismier
procesSi msoflioSi, sadac ki misi interesebi SesaZlebelia Selaxuliyo.
- 1991 wlamde aSS, sabWoTa kavSirTan erTad, monawileobda politikuri Sromis
globaluri ganawilebis sistemaSi. am sistemis moSlis Semdeg, aSS-ma memkvidreobiT miiRo
ara marto monopolia iseTi procesebis iniciirebaze, romelic saboloo jamSi globaluri
politikuri sistemis Camoyalibebaze axdens gavlenas. rac etyoba ufro mniSvnelovania -
mas SerCa pasuxismgebloba im teritoriebsa da procesebze, romelzec iqamde ssrk-s
uSualo, anda maTi saerTo gavlenis sferoSi Sedioda, m.S. ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg warmoqmnil
problemebze am qveynis yofili teritoriis farglebSi.
- realuri globaluri mowinaaRmdegis ararseboba aZlevs aSS-s saSualebas imoqmedos
SerCeviT, ar miaqcios yuradReba im qveynebs, regionebsa Tu procesebs, romlebic mis
uSualo, mimdinare interesebis sferoSi ar xvdeba. magaliTad, aSS aZlevs Tavs uflebas
38
2
termini globaluri mainc uamravi sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT ixmareba, romelTa umetesobac aRniSnavs
raRacas Zalian dids, uzomos da Sors dgas misi pirvandeli mniSvnelobisagan, romelic gansazRvravs
raimes, rac mTlianad dedamiwas moicavs. tipuria am TvalsazrisiT, friad sayuradRebo rusuli
gamoTqma “глобальный облом”.
3
“For example, the verb “to be” in English has twenty-one distinct meanings, every single one of which is false-to-fact.”
Robert A. Heinlein “Elsewhen”, Assignment in Eternity, The New American Library, USA, copyright 1941.
4
The Guardian, October 31, 2002
5
yvela aq moyvanili magaliTi SemTxveviTaa SerCeuli. To "make worldwide in scope or application" (Webster)
6
"Process enabling financial and investment markets to operate internationally, largely as a result of deregulation and
improved communications" (Collins)
7
“The process by which the experience of everyday life, marked by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, can foster a
standardization of cultural expression around the world”. (Encyclopedia Britannica Online)
8
rasakvirvelia, ama Tu im, dasawyisSi Zalze sust procesebs SeuZlia, saboloo jamSi, gamoiwvios
globaluri cvlilebebi — e.w. “peplis efeqti”, Tumca aseTi movlenis albaToba friad dabalia.
9
Cven Segnebulad ar vxmarobT termin “saxelmwifos” am situaciasTan mimarTebaSi, radganac eTnosis
organizaciis tips am SemTxvevaSi araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
10
rom SeviqmnaT warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras warmoadgens aseTi eTnosi an, miT umetes, misi calkeuli
wevrebi, unda wavikiTxoT nebismieri nawarmoebi samoqalaqo omis Semdgom SeerTebul Statebze,
umjobesia evropelis mier dawerili. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa Jiul vernis rig nawarmoebebSi
Seqmnili iankis tipebi.
11
globaluri cvlilebebi SesaZloa mohyves romelime subieqtis erTjerad, SedarebiT moklevadian
qmedebasac. ase, magaliTad, 1970-iani wlebis navTobis krizisebma, romlebic gamoiwvia jer arabuli
qveynebis, xolo Semdgom revoluciuri iranis qmedebis Sedegad misi fasebis mkveTrma zrdam,
globaluri masStabis cvlilebebi gamoiwvies, kerZod, didi (Tu ara gadamwyveti) roli iTamaSes
ganviTarebadi qveynebis udidesi umetesobis ekonomikuri aRmavlobis stadiis SewyvetaSi. amave dros, am
aqciebma ver gadaaqcia embargos iniciatorebi wamyvan globalur moTamaSeebad.
12
Zalian bevri qveynisaTvis aseTi tvirTi aSkarad Znelad asawevia, da rogorc Cans, igive britaneTis
13
yofili afrikulikoloniebi siamovnebiT daubrundebodnen Tavis siuzerens.
principSi ukve arsebobs imis miniSnebebi, rom aseTi Canacvleba SesaZlebelia Tvalsawier momavalSi
moxdes, igive CineTisa Tu, rac ufro mosalodnelia, indoeTis mier.
14
sainteresoa, rom am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli informaciis mopovebis, damuSavebis da analizis
arsebuli meTodika imdenad arasrulfasovania, rom mis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia rogorc imis
mtkiceba, rom dedamiwis mosaxleobis keTildReoba izrdeba, aseve toli warmatebiT imis damtkiceba,
rom is ecema.
15
am sistemis Sesabamisi globaluri politikuri sistema ar arsebobs.
16
The National Security Strategy, March 2006 X. Engage the Opportunities and Confront the Challenges of Globalization
http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss/2006/
17
Статья президента России, опубликованная 1 марта в ведущих мировых СМИ, РИА Новости, 01/03/2006 12:00.
18
ase, magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom msoflios 150 qveyana SeuerTda e.w. kiotos oqms globaluri
daTbobis negatiur SedegebTan brZolis Taobaze, aSS principulad uars ambobs am oqmiT
gaTvaliswinebuli RonisZiebebis realizaciaze im sababiT, rom isini araefeqturia da misi ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba, xolo CineTi saerTod ar xvdeba misi moqmedebis sferoSi im
sababiT, rom is ganviTarebadi qveyanaa. amave dros, am or qveyabaze modis e.w. saTburi gazebis warmoebis
minimum iseTive wili, rogorc mTeli danarCeni msofliosi.
19
aq isevdaisev upriania moviyvanoT 1970-iani wlebis navTobis krizisebis magaliTi, rodesac
ganviTarebadi qveynebis udidesi umetesoba faqtiurad aRmoCnda embargos iniciatiorebisa da
dasavleTis qveynebis mougvarebeli urTierTobis mZevalis rolSi.
20
gasagebia, rom yvela aq ganxiluli ideebi moyvanilia konspeqtis saxiT da maTi mTavari mizania SeuqmnaT
studentebs miaxloebiTi warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu rasTan eqnebaT saqme am Temaze ZiriTadi
literaturis kiTxvis dros.
21
feodalizmi, rogorc Cans, ar warmoadgens damoukidebel ganviTarebis etaps da iqmneba nebismier
adgilas da dros dedamiwaze rogorc reaqcia tradiciuli sameurneo da socialuri struqturebis
daSlaze.
22
saqarTvelo, somxeTi, ukraina laTinuri amerikis msgavsad etyoba nacrisfer zonaSi arian.
23
amitomac etyoba ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg bevrs dasavleTSi egona, rom «istoria damTavrda”, Tumca
gaugebaria, ratom ar aqcevs aravin yuradRebas CineTs, romelic dResac oficialurad “komunisturi”
saxelmwifoa.
24
im SemTxvevaSi ki, rodesac qveyanas SimSili mainc emuqreboda, resursebis centralizebuli
gadanawilebis sistema iZleoda situaciis mniSvnelovani Serbilebis saSualebas. movigonoT bibliuri
iosebis sizmari 7 msuqan da 7 gamxdar Zroxaze.
25
meTxuTmete saukuneSi am qveynis sazRvao floti aSkarad ufro didi iyo, vidre yvela evropuli
saxelmwifos floti erTad, magram erT mSvenier dRes is dawves imperatoris brZanebiT, romelsac
SeeSinda, rom intensiuri sagareo kontaqtebi qveynis stabilurobas Zirs gamouTxrida.
26
klasikuri magaliTi “gviani” sabWoTa kavSiri, sadac, magaliTad, vladivostokSi mdebare romelime
dawesebulebis damlageblis Stats moskovSi amtkicebdnen
27
РИА "Новости", 24.02.2005
115
 miekuTvneboda (ix. danarTi 3.1 da 3.2). miumxrobeli iyo magaliTad CineTi, romelic 1960
28 wels sabWoTa kavSirTan urTierTobebis gawyvetis Semdeg, mravali wlis manZilze,
dRevandel istoriul periodSic ki, imas es pirovneba ZaliT modis xelisuflebaSi, iniSneba, Tu mas
irCeven, mniSvneloba ara aqvs. faqtiurad nebayoflobiT izolaciaSi arsebobda. aseve miumxrobeli iyo indoeTi,
29
What Is Democracy Anyway? By NICHOLAS D. KRISTOF, The New York Times, May 3, 2002 miuxedavad misi efeqturi TanamSromlobisa sabWoTa kavSirTan CineTTan winaaRmdegobis
30
istoriulad, meore msoflio omis damasrulebel etapamde, iaponia mxolod erTxel idga ucxouri saerTo interesebis safuZvelze. irani, 1979 wlis revoluciis Semdeg, formalurad
intervenciis realuri safrTxis win, rodesac monRolebma me-13 saukuneSi aq orjer gadmosxes daupirispirda rogorc aSS-s, aseve sabWoTa kavSirs (am ukanasknels SedarebiT rbili
saeqspedicio korpusebi. orivejer iaponia stiqiam ixsna.
31 formiT) da a.S. imavdroulad, wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis daufaravi dawola da
Turning Up-Japanese, By Christian Caryl, Newsweek International, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11182591/site/newsweek/
32
Student protests in France lack the spirit of '68 By Elaine Sciolino The New York Times, FRIDAY, MARCH 17, 2006 sakuTari poziciis arCevis aucilebloba, aiZulebda damoukidebel qveynebs
33
ixileT - РОССИЯ – ГОД 2005: ЛОГИКА ОТКАТА Основные тенденции развития власти, экономики, (gansakuTrebiT iseTebs, vinc axali ganTavisuflebuli iyo koloniuri uRlisagan),
социальной и внешней политики, Лилия Шевцова, Независимая газета от 21.01.2005; АВТОРИТАРИЗМ В aqtiurad CarTuliyvnen msoflioSi mimdinare politikur procesebSi, ar aZlevda maT
РОССИИ ОГРАНИЧЕН БЕССИЛИЕМ ВЛАСТИ, Питер Лавель, Известия, 03.02.05; Россия умирает: три TviTizolaciis saSualebas.
разрушительных процесса, Роберт Нигматулин, Известия, 14.02.05.
34
Tumca rac dro gadis, amas sul ufro nacionalizmi cvlis.
35 miumxrobeloba, rogorc qveynis faqtiuri politikuri poziciis gamoxatuleba, ar unda
laparakia swored saSualo fenaze — msxvili kapitalis warmomadgenlebi (uiSviaTesi gamonaklisis
garda) yovelTvis poulobdnen saerTo enas nebismier mmarTvel reJimTan, Tu es ukanaskneli mainc da
aurioT miumxrobelobis moZraobasTan, formalurad arsebul organizaciasTan, romelic
mainc maTi principuli mowinaaRmdege ar iyo — rogorc stalinis sabWoTa kavSiri an maos CineTi. igive Camoyalibda 1950-ian wlebSi rogorc qveynebis bloki, romelic upirispirdeboda msoflio
samxreT koreaSi diqtatorul reJims swored saSualo fenis warmomadgenlebma mouRes bolo. hegemonebs. dReisaTvias am organizaciaSi, formalurad 114 qveyanaa gaerTianebuli.
36
am konkretul SemTxvevaSi “bunebrivi garemo” mineralur resursul bazasac moicavs. realurad am gaerTianebaSi civi omis periodSi Sediodnen rogorc aSS-s, aseve ssrk-s, Ria
37
inglisurad es ase JRers — the set of measures that create a framework for implementation of the above tasks. mokavSireebi da klienti qveynebi, rogorebicaa magaliTad, kuba Tu saudis arabeTi, Cile
38
gasagebia, rom am SemTxvevaSi termini naklebad ganviTarebuli sazogadoeba iseTive evfemizmia, rogorc Tu kolumbia. es rasakvirvelia, eWvis qveS ayenebda organizaciis realur statuss, Tumca
vTqvaT — ganviTarebadi qveyana. sinamdvileSi unda vixmaroT termini ganuviTarebeli (sazogadoeba, misi calkeuli wevrebi, iseTebi rogorc iugoslavia, Sri lanka, Tu bangladeSi (1971 wels
qveyana), magram politikuri koreqtulobis proncipi amis saSualebas ar iZleva. pakistanidan gamoyofis Semdeg), namdvilad cdilobdnen distancirebas aSS-ssrk-s
39
espaneTma aSS-Tan 1898 wels wagebuli omis Semdeg koloniuri saxelmwifos statusi faqtiurad dakarga.
40 globaluri winaaRmdegobis procesidan.
rogorc vxedavT, msoflios wamyvani moTamaSeebis nakrebi im droidan moyolebuli faqtiurad ucvleli
rCeba (ixileT G-8).
41
miT ufro mizandasaxulad da warmatebiT amas akeTebda iaponia. b/ damoukidebel qveynebs gauCndaT politikuri manevrirebis sakmaod didi
42
Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish SesaZlebloba amerikul-sabWoTa winaaRmdegobis eqspluataciis xarjze. sakmaod bevri
to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them. qveyana, romelsac Zlieri, mizandasaxuli xelmZRvaneloba hyavda, warmatebiT iyenebda am
http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/53.htm
43 winaaRmdegobas sakuTari gamorCenis mizniT, iseTi miznebis misaRwevad, romelic wamyvani
Tu rogor xdeboda es praqtikulad yvelaze kargadaa etyoba aRwerili amerikeli mwerlis o’henris
(O’Henry) moTxrobebis ciklSi — “mefeebi da kombostoebi” (Cabbages and Kings). globaluri moTamaSeebis uSualo interesebSi naklebad Sedioda. ase magaliTad, amas
44 akeTebda egvipte gamal abdel naseris prezidentobis dros 1950-ian, 1960-ian wlebSi, siria
analogiuri mniSvneloba hqonda suecis arxze kontrolis dawesebasac, rac ramdenime aTeuli wliT adre
moaxerxes britanelebma, Tumca friad gansxvavebuli meTodebiT. — 1960-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, vidre ssrk daSlamde. pakistani — obieqturad erT-erTi
45
N. Ferguson, Colossus, The Rise and Fall of The American Empire, ALLEN LANE an imprint of PENGUIN BOOKS, yvelaze antidemokratiuli, promusulmanuri da antidasavluri saxelmwifo, aTeulobiT
2004, p. 80. wlebis manZilze iyenebs aSS-Tan axlo urTierTobas regionSi sakuTari politikis
46
rogorc ki ruseTis pretenziebi evropelebs gadaWarbebulad eCvenebodaT, gamoiZebneboda misTvis gasatareblad. sadam huseiniseuli erayi, minimum ori aTeuli wlis manZilze (faqtiurad
sakadrisi adgilis misaCeni meqanizmebi. ase moxda magaliTad 1853-56 wlebis yirimis omis dros, rodesac
didma britaneTma da safrangeTma sakmaod uxeSad agrZnobines rusebs maTi realuri statusi.
kuveiTSi SeWramde 1990 wels), sargeblobda da Tavis interesebisaTvis iyenebda rogorc
47 ssrk-s, aseve aSS-s yuradRebas.
es uSualo kontroli vrceldeboda bulgareTze, rumineTze, ungreTze, Cexoslovakiaze, aRmosavleT
germanisa da poloneTze, romlebic ssrk-s satelitebad ganixilebodnen. saboloo jamSi, civi omis droindeli globaluri politika mdgomareobda ara imdenad
48 aSS-sa da ssrk-s uSualo CarevaSi msoflioSi mimdinare sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis
laparakia swored potenciur ganviTarebaze, radganac danarCeni msoflios mxolod Zalian mcire
nawili iyo im droisaTvis demokratiuli. procesebSi, ramdenadac aseTi Carevis potenciur SesaZleblobaSi msoflios nebismieri
49
ssrk ekonomikis aRdgena nawilobriv ganxorcielda ungreTidan, rumineTidan, fineTidan da qveynis mimarT. msoflios damoukidebeli qveynebi sul ufro mzardi masStabebiT
gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleTi germaniidan miRebuli reparaciebis xarjze. magram am reparaciebis urTierTobdnen erTmaneTTan, miuxedavad maTi geografiuli mdebareobis, saxelmwifo
moculoba da xarisxi ver edreboda marSalis gegmis parametrebs. amasTan erTad, fineTis garda yvela am mowyobis, ganviTarebis tipisa Tu donis, ara imitom, rom ori wamyvani globaluri moTamaSe
qveynebis aRdgena saboloo jamSi isev sabWoTa kavSiris pasuxismgeblobas warmoadgenda.
50 maT saqmeebSi uSualod ereoda, aramed imis SiSiT, rom aseT Carevas SesaZloa hqonoda
http://www.ntanet.net/KENNAN.html
51
Soviet power was "impervious to the logic of reason," it was "highly sensitive to the logic of force." adgili.
52
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Doctrine miuxedavad daufaravi mtrobisa, aSS da ssrk Tavis globalur politikaSi daaxloebiT
53
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_plan erTi da igive miznis misaRwevad ibrZodnen, romelic mdgomareobda sakuTari
54
ase xdeboda magaliTad 1950-53 wlebis koreis omis dros, rodesac sakmaod didi sabWouri samxedro usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi mowinaaRmdegis Sekavebis xarjze dedamiwis nebismier
kontingenti Crdilo koreaSi (gansakuTrebiT mfrinavebi) oficialurad ar fiqsirdeboda. aseve kuTxeSi. Sedegad, grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, maTma urTierTobam mtruli
araoficialuri rCeboda aSS-s uSualo roli 1979-89 wlebis avRaneTSi sabWoTa intervenciis
winaaRmdegobis organizaciasa da warmarTvaSi.
TanamSromlobis xasiaTi miiRo. sakuTari interesebisaTvis brZolis procesSi maT Seqmnes
55 orivesaTvis momgebiani urTierTobaTa sistema. faqtiurad, aSS-sa da ssrk-s saxiT,
sakmaod moulodneli gavlena moaxdina am omma saqarTveloze. im dros egviptes jari masobrivad
iyenebda saxedrebs tvirTebis gadasazidad. amitom sabWoTa kavSirSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi, moxda am msoflios moevlina ori TviTdaniSnuli globaluri policieli, romlebic sakmaod
cxovelebis masobrivi konfiskacia da maTi egvipteSi gagzavna. sainteresoa, rom saxedrebis populacia efeqturad uzrunvelyofdnen SedarebiT stabilur politikur garemos dedamiwaze
saqarTveloSi mas Semdeg faqtiurad aRar aRdga. formalurad damoukidebel qveynebze uSualo kontrolis damyarebis gareSe. erTmaneTTan
56
М. Делягин, Модернизация России создаст системные проблемы в отношениях с Западом, urTierTobis procesSi, es moTamaSeebi ara marto zRudavdnen mowinaaRmdegis zedmet
http://www.forum.msk.ru/material/economic/10957.html aqtiurobas, aramed did wilad axSobdnen nebismier maTTvis arasasurvel process,
57
sainteresoa, rom evropaSic ki rainduli turnirebi saboloo jamSi gadaiqcnen sportis nairsaxeobad,
romelic maTi gavlenis uSualo sferoebis gareT SeiZleba ganviTarebuliyo.
romlis farglebSi profesionali turniris raindebi ibrZodnen sruliad realuri gasamrjelos
misaRebaT. formalurad, civi omis dros, pirvel globalizaciasTan SedarebiT, msoflioSi
58 mimdinare procesebis ganusazRvrelobis done unda sakmaod momatebuliyo, imasTan
dResac ki, aSS-sa da ruseTs erTad rogorc minimum 27 000 birTvuli Wurvi gaaCniaT.
59 dakavSirebiT, rom orive globalur moTamaSes, Tavisi aqtiurobis procesSi,
aq makaronsac ki im qarxnebSi da im dazgebze awarmoebdnen, romlebsac omis SemTxvevaSi vaznebi unda
gamoeSva. mravaucnobiani amocanis amoxsna uwevda, romelSic ucnobebis saxiT mravalricxovani
60
igives akeTebs is terorizmis mimarT — ixileT konkretuli SemTxveva 3. damoukidebeli qveynebi gvevlineboda. sinamdvileSi, maTi globaluri aqtiurobis didi

116 37
mTlianad.
Sedegad, 1970-iani wlebidan, sabWoTa kavSirisa da dasavleTis urTierTobam, cota ar
iyos, farsis xasiaTi miiRo. am dros qveyana dasavleTTan uSualo ideologiuri,
politikuri, da mesame qveynebis teritoriaze, samxedro konkurenciis pirobebSi
cxovrobda. amave dros, ekonomikis rigi wamyvani dargebis (samxedro warmoebis CaTvliT)
ganviTareba, da mosaxleobis xarisxiani samomxmareblo saqonliTa da sakvebi produqtebiT
dakmayofileba, ZiriTadad dasavleTidan importis xarjze xdeboda. xolo saxsrebs am
saqonlis iprortisaTvis, ssrk ZiriTadad imave dasavleTze navTobisa da bunebrivi airis
miyidvisa, xolo mogvianebiT, misgan sesxebis miRebis Sedegad Soulobda.
am droidan moyolebuli, ssrk, aSS-s konkurentis statusidan, faqtiurad misi sparing-
partnioris statusamde CamoqveiTda. rasakvirvelia, aseTi sparing-partniori jer kidev
uaRresad saSiSi iyo, magram saboloo jamSi, is ukve ZiriTadad reagirebas axdenda aSS-s
qmedebaze. aSS axdenda axali ideeebis generirebas, procesebis Casaxvas, Tu faseulobebis
gavrcelebis xelsSewyobas globaluri masStabiT. misTvis ssrk ukve im obieqts
warmoadgenda, romelzec xdeboda axali politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu samxedro
teqnologiebis gamocda; masTan konkurencia warmoadgenda gamarTlebas bevri iseTi Sida
da sagareo politikuri RonisZiebis gasatareblad, romelic sxvagvarad naklebad misaRebi
iqneboda, rogorc amerikeli amomrCevlebisaTvis, aseve misi mokavSireebisaTvis.
Tu am droisaTvis sabWoTa kavSiri jer kidev inarCunebda wamyvani globaluri moTamaSis
statuss, es imitom xdeboda, rom aSS-s interesebSi Sedioda. amerika, acxadebda ra sabWoTa
kavSirs Tavis ZiriTad globalur konkurentad, faqtiurad “swevda” am ukanasknels am
statusamde, qmnida misi sididis iluzias.60
alogikuri amerikuli qmedebis magaliTs warmoadgenda, upirvelesad yovlisa, vietnamis
omi, romelSic aSS-s samxedro Zalebi uSualod, oficialurad CarTulebi iyvnen 1965-1973
wlebSi. principiulad, qveynis realuri interesebidan gamomdinare, aSS-s Sida vietnamur
konfliqtTan araferi akavSirebda. 1954 wels, frangi kolonizatorebis qveynidan wasvlis
Semdeg, vietnami formalurad or nawilad iyo gayofili — Crdilo da samxreTad. misi
mTlianobis aRdgena dagegmili iyo sayovelTao arCevnebis gziT. am dros, samxreTi
vietnamis xelisufleba minimalurad iyo popularuli mosaxleobaSi, da met-naklebad
samarTliani aRCevnebis pirobebSi, waagebda maT Crdilo vietnamis komunisturi reJimis
sasargeblod. amitom man, xelisuflebis SesanarCuneblad, miaRwia arCevnebis CaSlas im
sababiT, rom ar daeSva komunistebis gabatoneba samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi.
aSS Caeria am wminda Sida-vietnamur konfliqtSi im motiviT, rom SeeCerebina sabWoTa
kavSiris eqspansia regionSi, gamoexata amiT Tavisi principuli antikomunisturi pozicia,
da rac mTavaria, eswavlebina komunistebisaTvis gakveTili, romlis safuZvelzec mas
momavalSi SeeZleboda laparaki sabWoTa kavSirTan lokalur konfliqtSi gamarjvebulis
poziciidan. amisken mas agreTve ubiZgebda 1950-53 wlebis koreis omis Sedegebi, romelic
principSi “yaimiT” damTavrda, miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS-s masSi gadamwyveti upiratesoba
gaaCnda, plus iq is gaeros mandatiT ibrZoda.
rogorc cnobilia, aSS am omSi damarcxda, Tavis istoriaSi udidesi damcireba ganicada
da sakmao droiT sakuTar ZalebSi rwmena dakarga. am omis Sedegad, vietnamis garda,
uzarmazari zarali ganicades mezobelma laosma da kambojam (am ukanasknelma genocidis
doneze). rac mTavaria, sabWoTa kavSiri, romelic am regions minimalur yuradRebas
aqcevda iq amerikelebis misvlamde, dafuZnda iq minimum ori aTeuli wliT (ssrk-s
samxedro-sazRvao da sahaero bazebi vietnamSi mxolod ruseTma daxura 1990-ian wlebSi,
Tanac ZiriTadad usaxsrobis gamo).
miuxedavad yvela naklisa, politikis globalizaciis TvalsazrisiT meore
globalizacia, pirvelTan SedarebiT, aSkarad win gadadgmul nabijs warmoadgenda. am
periodis mTavari upiratesoba winamavalTan imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gansxvavebiT pirveli
globalizaciisagan, rodesac ramdenime saxelmwifo uSualod akontrolebda dedamiwis
teritoriisa da mosaxleois udides nawils, meore globalizaciis dros wamyvani
globaluri moTamaSeebi erTmaneTs ecilebodnen gavlenas mravalricxovan, formalurad
damoukidebel saxelmwifoze. damoukidebeli subieqtebis raodenobam ki gadaaWarba 100-s
1960-ian wlebSi da 150-s 1970-ian wlebSi.
aseTi situacia, rogorc minimum:
a/aZlevda damoukidebel qveyanas arCevanis saSualebas — gamxdariyo pro-sabWouri, pro-
amerikuli, Tu gamoecxadebina Tavi miumxroblad. civi omis meore naxevarSi mainc, am
ukanasknel jgufs formalurad dedamiwis qveynebisa da mosaxleobis umetesoba
36
61
ssrk-s SemTxvevaSi etyoba misi globaluri politika mTlianad aSS-s Sekavebas efuZneboda, aSS-s
SemTxvevaSi naklebad, Tumca ZiriTadad.
62
ixileT konkretuli SemTxveva 2.
63
es pasuxismgebloba sazogadod vrceldeba mTel ganviTarebul msoflioze, Tumca ufro Serbilebuli
saxiT.
64
imis miuxedavad, rom aseTi Sedareba sakmaod arakoreqtulia, mainc sainteresoa imis gamoTvla, rom 2006
wels aSS-ze modioda saSualod 2.5-jer meti damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, vidre modioda saSualod masze
da sabWoTa kavSirze cal-calke, civi omis bolo periodSi (daaxloebiT 1970-iani wlebis bolodan).
65
potenciurad es adgili SeiZleba CineTma Seavsos, magram es momavlis saqmea.
66
saerTaSoriso reJimi SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros rogorc “cxadi da aracxadi principebi, normebi,
wesebi da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procedurebi, romelTa garSemo xdeba moTamaSeTa molodinis Seyra
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sakiTxebis mocemul sferoSi”. International regime – “implicit and explicit
principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures aroud which actor expectations converge in a given issue
area of international relations”. S. Krasner. International Regimes. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1983, p.2. aq
isevdaisev, ar aris laparaki iseT reJimebze, romlebic qveynebs Soris ormxriv, anda regionalur
urTierTobebs aregulireben. laparaki globaluri urTierTobebis mowesrigebis mcdelobazea.
67
meores mxriv, aSS uSualod akontrolebs, iseT umniSvnelovanes globalur sistemas, rogoric
internetia, da uars ambobs am kontrolis daTmobaze gaerosaTvis.
68
Think Again: The United Nations, by Madeleine K. Albright , Foreign Policy, September/October 2003,
http://www.foreignpolicy.com
69
D. Held & A. McGrew, D. Goldblatt & J. Perraton, Global Transformations, Politics, Economics and Culture, Stanford
University Press, 1999, p. 49.
70
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin
Company. Updated in 2003. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
71
gamonakliss iaponia da israeli warmoadgenen, magram am qveynebSi demokratiisa da adamianis uflebebis
praqtikuli realizacia, rbilad rom vTqvaT, sakmaod specifikur xasiaTs atarebs.
72
es ar exeba erovnul disaporebs, romlebic ZiriTadi eTnikuri teritoriidan didi moSorebiT
viTardebian (magaliTad, igive irlandielebi, Tu somxebi aSS-Si da a.S.).
73
http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/govt2000.htm
74
http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/whatsdem/whatdm13.htm
75
http://www.worldaudit.org/publisher.htm. qveynis demokratiulobis statusi ganisazRvreboda Semdegi
kriteriumebiT: sayovelTao samarTali, sityvis Tavisufleba, adamianis uflebebi, korupcia. Tumca,
rasakvirvelia, rogorc nebismieri aseTi klasifikacia, zog SemTxvevaSi mainc, esec sakmaod pirobiTia.
76
danarTi 4 asaxavs arasamTavrobo organizacia Freedom House-s 2006 wlis kvlevis “Tavisufleba
msoflioSi” Sedegebs. aq Tavisufalia iseTi qveyana, romlis mTavroba acxadebs Tavs demokratiulad da
uSvebs opoziciuri politikuri partiebis arsebobas (Tumca rig SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba adgili hqondes
am partiebis devnas); nawilobriv Tavisufalia qveyana, sadac mTavroba acxadebs Tavs demokratiulad,
magram krZalavs opiziciur politikur partiebs; araTavisufalia qveyana, romlis mTavroba ar acxadebs
pretenzias demokratiulobaze.
77
World Book Encyclopedia, World Book Inc., 2006.
78
http://www.quotedb.com/quotes/2452
79
msoflioSi demokratiis gavrcelebis, adamianis uflebebis dacvis, humanitaruli da ganviTarebis
daxmarebis organizaciis procesSi evrogaerTianeba zog SemTxvevaSi uaxlovdeba wamyvani globaluri
moTamaSis statuss.
80
F.Zakaria. The Future of Freedom. W.W. Norton, London-New-York, 2004, p. 259.
81
http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/whatsdem/whatdm13.htm
82
sruliad koreqtulia, igive argumentacia vixmaroT instituciuri investorebis mimarTac.
83
imperia mkveTrad gansxvavdeba federaciisagan, romlis SemadgenlobaSic xSirad eTnikurad mkveTrad
gansxvavebuli nawilebi erTiandebian urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze (ix. magaliTad Sveicaria).
84
http://www.free-definition.com/Empire.html
85
WILLIAM SAFIRE, Bush's 'Freedom Speech', The New York Times, January 21, 2005
86
am gamosvlaSi moyvanili mosazrebebi j. buSma ganavrco da gaaZliera, agreTve, Tavis yovelwliur
mimarTvaSi kongresisadmi (State of the Union Address) da moxsenabaSi, romelic man gaakeTa briuselSi, 2005
wlis TebervalSi evropuli turnes dros.
87
"The survival of liberty in our land increasingly depends on the success of liberty in other lands." "The best hope for peace in our
world is the expansion of freedom in all the world."
88
"is not primarily the task of arms."
89
palestinis xsenebam am konteqstSi sakmaod ironiuli xasiaTi miiRo mas Semdeg, rac 2006 wlis dasawyisSi
aq saTaveSi sayovelTao aRiarebiT Tavisufali, samarTliani aRCevnebis Sedegad teroristuli
organiazia hamasi movida.
90
Z. Brzezinski, The Choice: Global Domination or Global Leadersip. Basic Books, New York, 2004, p. VII
91
madlen olbraiti: “Cven mxari unda dauWiroT arabul qveynebs, ki ar uxelmZRvaneloT” naTan gardelzi,
Corriere Della Sera, 3 marti, 2005 weli http://www.inopressa.ru/corriere/2005/03/03/13:33:51/olbrait
92
Tumca aseT SemTxvevaSi is aSkarad msoflioSi pirveli biurokratiuli imperia gaxdeba.
93
Manifest destiny warmed up? The Economist, August 14, 2003.
94
N. Ferguson, Colossus, The Rise and Fall of the American Empire. Allen Lane an imprint of Penguin Books, 2004, p. 300.
95
op.cit. Economist.
117
 sistemas da gamoiwvia britaneTis imperiis swrafi Semdgomi daSla;
96
Human Development Report 2004, UNDP, pp. 184-187. d/am konfliqtis monawile mxareebis daSoriSorebis mcdelobis procesSi pirvelad
97
op.cit., pp. 184-187, http://www.free-definition.com/Transnational-corporation.html gaCnda gaeros samSvidobo samxedro kontingentis Seqmnis idea, da moxda misi praqtikuli
98
http://www.treas.gov/tic/debtad05.html realizacia.
99
Pre-emptive action.
100
am mosazrebas Cven ar veTanxmebiT — 1975 wels moxda vietnamis teritoriuli erTianobis aRdgena.
101
Cultivating new friends helps old ones flourish, too. Apr 7th 2005, The Economist maTTvis politikis globalizacia, erovnuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mcdeloba
102
magaliTad, espaneTis koloniuri eqspansia gamowveuli iyo Turqebis mier konstantinopolis dedamiwis masStabSi, upirvelesad yovlisa, warmoadgenda winmswreb qmedebas, qmnida
dapyrobiTa da im gzebis gadaketviT, romlebiTac aRmosavleTidan saneleblebi SemohqondaT. ruseTis winapirobebs im konkretuli ekonomikuri amocanebis gadasaWrelad, romelTa realizacias
imperia Seiqmna ZiriTadad Caketili qveynisaTvis okeaneSi gasasvleli gzebisaTvis brZolis procesSi.E
103 mravalricxovani kerZo kompaniebi axdendnen. amerikelebisaTvis iseTi sakmaod uazro
moqmedebis alternatiuli variantis farglebSi SesaZlebelia wonasworobis aRdgena mosaxleobis
moTxovnilebis SemcirebiT, misi cxovrebis donis xelovnuri SezRudvisa an uSualod mosaxleobis procesic, rogoric gamalebuli SeiraRebaa, saboloo jamSi momgebiani iyo. saxelmwifo
raodenobis Semcirebis Sedegad - masobrivi represiebis, xelovnuri SimSilis, omis xarjze, rogorc es samxedro SekveTebi, am qveyanaSi, yvelaferTan erTad, samoqalaqo seqtoridan gada-
sabWoTa kavSirSi moxda. saxadebis saxiT amoRebuli Tanxebis didi nawilis kerZo firmebisaTvis dabrunebis
104
es deficiti saerTod ar iarsebebda, reiganis administracias, isevdaisev msxvili monopoliebis meqanizms warmoadgenda.
interesebidan gamomdinare, rom ar gaeuqmebina is energoefeqturi saxelmwifo programebi da amave dros, sabWoTa kavSiris motivacia globalur sistemur konkurenciaSi umetis-
RonisZiebebi, romlebic qveyanaSi xorcieldeboda 1970-iani wlebis navTobis krizisebis Semdeg.
105 wilad subieqturi iyo. is efuZneboda ZiriTadad komunistur ideologias da amerikis SiSs.
is faqti, rom es Sedegebi ZiriTadad aramdgradia, etyoba naklebad mniSvnelovania.
106 faqtiurad, nebismieri sabWouri qmedeba, romelsac aSS-Tan konkurenciis procesSi adgili
klasikuri magaliTi, Tu rogor moqmedebs aSS-s politika gariyul reWimebze — libiis lideris muamar
kadafis SeSinebuli aqtiuroba mas Semdeg, rac amerikam terors omi gamoucxada. hqonda misi uaxloesi periferiis farglebs gareT (gansakuTrebiT afrikasa Tu laTinur
107 amerikaSi), aseTi alogikuri qmedebis magaliTs warmoadgenda, da saboloo jamSi misTvis
ganvixiloT Tugind antiiamerikuli sentimentebis Camoyalibeba avstraliaSi, romelic tradiciulad
nd
misi erT-erTi yvelaze daaxloebuli mokavSire iyo — New Best Friends, The Economist April 2 , 2005. mogebis momtani ar iyo.
108
THOMAS L. FRIEDMAN A War for Oil? The New York Times, January 5, 2003. sayuradReboa, rom dResac ki, rusi politologebi am situacias rogorc Cans ver
109
http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article 08.02.2005 aTaviseben, rodesac brals deben SeerTebul Statebs imaSi, rom qveyana “ar SeiZleba iyos
110
is, rac dRes eraySi xdeba, aSkara “amovardnaa” da naklebad gasagebia, saboloo jamSi, ras moutans aSS-s erTdroulad globaluri policielic da komersantic”.56 am dros, dedamiwa ar aris
interesebs. saturniro asparezi, romelzec mamaci raindebi erTmaneTs ejibrebian mSvenieri
111
am sias xSirad ematebian evropis “mini-saxelmwifoebi”. baltiis respublikebi da evrogaerTianebis sxva mandilosnebis gulis mosagebad.57
axali wevrebic etyoba am kategoriaSi gadavlen. amave dros hon-kongi saxelmwifo ar aris, xolo
qveyana, romelic globaluri konkurenciis procesSi ver iRebs realur ekonomikur
politikuri mosazrebiT xSirad gverds uvlian am siaSi taivanis Seyvanas. wyaro: http://www.free-
definition.com/Developed-countries.html
mogebas, saboloo jamSi wagebuli rCeba, rarig did politikur warmatebebs ar unda
112 aRwevdes. politika, miT umetes Zalaze dafuZnebuli, globaluri masStabis erovnuli
informacia mopovebulia gaeros ganviTarebis programis rig wyaroebze daydnobiT. sainteresoa, rom
avtoris mondomebis miuxedavad, 1997 wlis Semdgomi monacemebi man veRar moipova. usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis politika, “Zviri siamovnebaa”. masze gaweuli danaxarjebi,
113
Human Development Report 2003. UNDP, New York-Oxford, Oxford University Press, p.39. rogorc minimum, unda anazRaurdes. Tu es ar xdeba, qveynis ekonomika aseT dawolas
114
israeli da singapuri imdenad specifikuri saxelmwifoebia, rom maTi am konteqstSi ganxilva etyoba grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi ubralod ver uZlebs. amitomac iyo, rom miuxedavad rigi
ara Rirs. politikuri miRwevebisa SeerTebul StatebiTan konkurenciis procesSi, sabWoTa kavSiri,
115
e.i. gansxvaveba daaxloebiT iseTi unda iyos, rogoric dRes amerikel da afrikel Raribs Sorisaa. saboloo jamSi, damarcxda civ omSi da asparezi datova. amis wamyvani mizezi ki is iyo, rom
116
UNDP Human Development Report 2003, pp. 155-156. am konkurenciis procesSi misi ekonomika ubralod gakotrda.
117
Global Development Briefing -- Diplomatic Assurances, December 08, 2005
118
saerTod iTvleba, rom minimaluri fasi, romelsac ixdis warmatebuli ganviTarebadi qveynebi msoflio
kapitalistur ekonomikaSi integraciisaTvis, saSualod yovel aT weliwadSi erTxel seriozuli saWiroa imis gaTvaliswineba, rom sabWoTa kavSiri SeerTebuli Statebis realuri
finansuri krizisia. globaluri konkurenti mxolod masobrivi ganadguris iaraRis paritetis TvalsazrisiT
119
The good in globalization, Richard W. Fisher and W. Michael Cox The New York Times, iyo. Tumca am paritetsac qveyanam daaxloebiT 1960-iani wlebis Sua wlebisaTvis miaRwia.
MONDAY, APRIL 10, 2006. pariteti am SemTxvevaSi imas niSnavda, rom rogorc aSS-s, aseve ssrk-s, SeswevdaT unari,
120
Measuring Global, Foreign Policy, March-April 2004. birTvuli omis SemTxvevaSi, garantirebulad (Tan ramdenjerme), gaenadgurebinaT
121
mowinaaRmdege.58 birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebis gareSe, sabWoTa jars Seswevda unari,
faqtiurad, xSir SemTxvevebSi aseTi Careva imdenad Zlieria da yovlismomcveli, rom is ekonomikuri
daxmarebis sferodan faqtiurad “erovnuli mSeneblobis” (nation building) sferoSi gadadis.
122 mieRwia warmatebisaTvis dasavleT evropul, an axlo aRmosavleTis saomar Teatrebze,
Global Development Briefing -- Take Me to Your Leader, October 28, 2004
123
yvela aseT problemaze ixileT — Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents. Penguin Books, 2002. magram ar Seswevda unari, gadaetana sabrZolo moqmedebebi aSS-s teritoriaze. E
124
World Bank Writes Off $37B In Debts For Poor Countries (The Associated Press) World Bank approves $37 billion amave dros, ekonomikurad ssrk aSS-ze Seudareblad ufro susti iyo. Tumca zusti
debt write-off (Reuters) http://www.developmentex.com/index.jsp?action=getnews&id=39508&view=T Sedareba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, misi mTliani Sida produqti, sxvadasxva wlebSi,
125
ixileT — Final ODA Data for 2003. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/19/52/34352584.pdf rogorc Cans, amerikulis erTi mesamedidan naxevramde meryeobda. amitom mas
126
Global Development Briefing - Never, Again, April0 6, 2006. amerikelebTan samxedro paritetis SenarCuneba da globaluri konkurencia (samxedro
127
Most International Aid Wasted, Say Agencies, Reuters, Mon Feb 28, 2005 08:49 AM ET , By Jeremy Lovell upirvelesad yovlisa), SedarebiT bevrad ufro Zviri ujdeboda, vidre amerikelebs. Aam
128
Scandal of 'phantom' aid money, Larry Elliott, economics editor, Friday May 27, 2005, Guardian paritetis Sesaqmnelad da SesanarCuneblad, sabWoTa kavSirma faqtiurad gawira
129
Global Development Briefing - Contraband , December 02, 2004
130
Stuart E. Eizenstat, John Edward Porter, and Jeremy M. Weinstein, Rebuilding Weak States, Foreign Affairs, January/February
samoqalaqo warmoeba da mTeli ekonomika samxedro yaidaze gadaawyo.59
2005. plus, 1960-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, xisti, saxelmwifos mier marTuli ekonomikuri
131
Wrong fix for foreign aid, The New York Times , Monday, February 6, 2006 sistema aRar eqvemdebareboda reformirebas da gakotrebisaken mieqaneboda. amis erT-erTi
132
FORTUNE's annual ranking of the world's largest corporations. Fortune Global 500, 2005, From the July 25, 2005 issue mTavari mizezi qveynis ganviTarebaze samxedro-samrewvelo kompleqsis yovlismomcveli
133
pirovnebisa an organizebuli jgufis mier Zalis ukanono gamoyeneba an Zalis gamoyenebis muqara gavlena iyo. maSinac ki, rodesac ssrk-m miaRwia amerikasTan masobrivi ganadgurebis
sazogadoebis an mTavrobis daSinebis an iZulebis mizniT, xSirad ideologiuri an politikuri sababiT. iaraRis strategiul paritets, man ver moaxerxa samxedro warmoebis gadayvana
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin eqstensiuridan intensiur modelze da amiT sabolood mouspo ekonomikis samoqalaqo
Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. Zaladobis winaswar ganzraxuli gamoyeneba (an muqara)
seqtorebs ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi. daaxloebiT imave droidan daiwyo ssrk-s
mSvidobiani mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg iseTi miznebis misaRwevad, romlebic Tavisi arsiT politikuri,
religuri an ideologiuria; es xdeba daSinebiT an iZulebiT SiSis danergvis gziT. WordNet ® 2.0, © 2003
principuli CamorCena Tanamedrove teqnologiebis, gansakuTrebiT kompiuteruli
Princeton University teqnologiebisa da informatikis dargSi. saboloo jamSi, aman mkveTrad dasca sabWoTa
134 jaris brZolisunarianoba amerikulTan SedarebiT, qveynis konkurentunarianoba
sayuradReboa, rom yvela im teroristuli saSinelebis miuxedavad, romelic dRes msoflios rig
ganviTarebul qveynebs Tavs atydeba, adamianebis sicocxlis danakargi teroristuli aqtebis Sedegad

118 35
amis oficialuri aRiareba mainc ar xdeboda situaciis Semdgomi garTulebis Tavidan
asacileblad.54
faqtiurad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom civma omma pozitiuri roli iTamaSa kacobriobis
ganviTarebaSi, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom oTxi aTeuli wlis manZilze msoflios orma,
samxedro TvalsazrisiT yvelaze Zlierma saxelmwifom, romelTa faseulobaTa sistemebi,
ideologia, organizaciuli da marTvis principebi erTmaneTis uTavsebadi iyo, moaxerxa
konkurencia eTnmaneTTan pirdapiri samxedro Setakebis gareSe. am procesSi mniSvnelovani,
Tumca ara gadamwyveti roli, Seasrula im faqtma, rom orive wamyvan globalur moTamaSes
gaaCnda birTvuli iaraRis arsenali, romelic maT garantirebuli urTierT ganadgurebis
saSualebas aZlevda.
gavixsenoT, rom situaciebSi, rodesac daZabuloba da SeuTavsebloba qveynebs Soris
principulad bevrad ufro naklebi iyo, vidre aSS-sa da ssrk-s Soris, wamyvanma evropulma
saxelmwifoebma moaxerxes ori msoflio omis dawyeba. aSS-m da ssrk-m uCvenes imis magaliTi,
rom SesaZlebelia ori gansxvavebuli socialuri sistemis SedarebiT mSvidobiani
Tanaarseboba globaluri konkureciis pirobebSi.
civi omi gamoyenebuli iyo orive mxaris mier, rogorc damoukidebeli qveynebis saSinao
saqmeebSi TiTqmis SeuzRudavi Carevis sababi. Tumca aseTi qmedebis racionaluri marcvali
sakmaod swrafad TiTqmis mTlianad gaqra. aSS da ssrk axdendnen ama Tu im konkretul
qmedebas dedamiwis nebismier kuTxeSi, ara imitom, rom is maTTvis uSualo dadebiTi
Sedegis momtani iyo, aramed ZiriTadad imis SiSiT, rom maTTvis mowinaaRmdeges ar daeswro.
Sedegad, xSirad adgili hqonda iseT qmedebas, romelic orive mxaris realuri
interesebidan gamomdinare, aSkarad alogikuri iyo. es rasakvirvelia, pirvel rigSi exeba
isevdaisev SeerTebul Statebs, romlis globaluri politika uSualod iyo dakavSirebuli
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis or ZiriTad amocanasTan. amerikelebi iRvwodnen globaluri
dominirebisaTvis saboloo jamSi, imisaTvis, rom gaemdidrebinaT sakuTari qveyana,
SeeqmnaT iq cxovrebis maRali standartebi, da daemyarebinaT socialuri stabiluroba.
1956 weli gadamwyveti aRmoCnda globaluri politikuri urTierTobebis sistemis
CamoyalibebaSi. am wlis oqtomberSi, did britaneTsa da safrangeTTan saidumlo
molaparakebebis safuZvelze, israeli SeiWra egviptes kuTvnil sinas naxevarkunZulze
sakuTari samxedro-strategiuli miznebis realizaciis mizniT. amis Semdeg, didma
britaneTma da safrangeTma gadasxes desanti suecis arxis mimdebare teritoriaze meomare
mxareebis daSoriSorebis sababiT. am dros, maT realur mizans warmoadgenda kontrolis
aRdgena suecis arxze, romlis nacionalizacia egviptem moaxdina am movlenebamde
ramdenime TviT adre. meore msoflio omis Semdeg es arxi gadaiqca yvelaze mniSvnelovan
satransporto arteriad mzardi dasavleT evropuli ekonomikisaTvis. misi gavliT
xdeboda navTobis miwodeba sparseTis yuris regionis qveynebidan, xolo navTobi
warmoadgenda ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erT gadamwyvet komponents.
Sesabamisad, kontroli suecis arxze warmoadgenda evropaze gavlenis erT-erT
mniSvnelovan faqtors, aZlevda mis mflobelebs damatebiT upiratesobas uSualo
konkurentebTan urTierTobebSi, sakmaod zrdida maT Sansebs hqonodaT sakuTari,
damoukidebeli xmis ufleba globalur politikur urTierTobebSi.
samxedro TvalsazrisiT britanul-franguli intervencia sakmaod warmatebuli iyo,
magram gamoiRo katastrofuli politikuri Sedegi, romelic dRemde axdens gavlenas am
qveynebis adgilze globaluri politikuri urTierTobebis sistemaSi:
a/am krizisis dros, sabWoTa kavSiri pirvelad, Riad daemuqra did britaneTsa da
safrangeTs, maTi udidesi qalaqebis dabombviT birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebiT, Tu isini
intervencias ar Sewyvetdnen. amis Semdeg man daiwyo arabebis msxvilmasStabiani, Ria
mxardaWera, israelis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, rasac is iqamde ZiriTadad Tavs aridebda;55
b/aSS iZulebuli iyo Riad dapirispireboda Tavis uaxloes mikavSireebs, da moexdina
maTze zewola egviptedan jarebis gayvanis mizniT, m.S. britaneTze finansuri berketebis
gamoyenebiT. am konfliqtis Semdgom aSS-c, sabWoTa kavSiris msgavsad, gaxda iZulebuli
intensiurad Careuliyo axlo aRmosavleTis problemebis gadawyvetaSi israelis mxares,
rasac is agreTve iqamde maqsimalurad gaurboda;
g/am konfliqtma daabolova is epoqa, rodesac evropas SeeZlo eTamaSa wamyvani roli
globalur politikur urTierTobebSi. didma britaneTma da safrangeTma dakarges
globaluri moTamaSeebis statusi. aSS gadaiqca dasavleTis ganviTarebuli qveynebis
erTaderT liderad, romelic dRemde ZiriTadad ganapirobebs am qveynebis moqmedebas
globalur asparezze. am krizisma agreTve miayena saboloo dartyma msoflio kolonialur
34
30-jer naklebia, vidre saavtomobilo avariebis Sedegad. amave dros, is yuradReba, romelsac
sazogadoeba Tu xelisufleba uTmoben saavtomobilo avariebis, mravalgzis Camouvardeba im
yuradRebas, romelsac terorizms uTmoben, etyoba imitom, rom avariebis mravalricxovani msxverpli
ganixileba rogorc erTgvari Sesawiri, romelic unda gaiRos sazogadoebam Tanamedrove cxovrebis
komfortisa da simdidrisaTvis.
135
” Басаев взял на себя ответственность за все последние теракты”, www.grani.ru 17.09.2004
136
УБИТ "ИНДИЙСКИЙ РОБИН ГУД" - САМЫЙ НЕУЛОВИМЫЙ ПРЕСТУПНИК СТРАНЫ,
http://www.izvestia.ru/world/article549586, 20.10.04
137
zemoT aRwerili situaciebi tipuria, Tumca bevria gamonaklisebic, gansakuTrebiT Tanamedrove
evropaSi — magaliTad, aq memarcxene marqsisti teroristebi ar ekuTvnodnen arc Raribebs, miT umetes
daCagrulebsa da gariyulebs da gaaCndaT Tavisi ideebis gamoxatvis demokratiul sazogadoebaSi
arsebuli yvela legaluri saSualeba.
138
israeli, sadac teroristebi premier-ministrebi xdebodnen, magaliTad, menahem begini, erT-erT
uiSviaTesi gamonaklisia teroristebis saxelmwifos saTaveSi mosvlisa.
139
sainterosaa, rom maSindeli ruseTis sazogadoebis sakmaod didi nawili (gansakuTrebiT liberaluri
inteligencia) ara marto ar uaryofda terorizms, rogorc sazogadoebisadmi miuRebel protestis
saSualebas, aramed Riad gamoTqvamda aRtacebas teroristebiT. rusuli terorizmis erT-erTi yvelaze
TvalsaCino moRvawe boris savinkovi ki saerTod qveynis wamyvan inteleqtualTa ricxvs ganekuTvneboda.
140
gamonaklisis saxiT SeiZleba movixsenioT islamisti teroristebi filipinebze, sadac maTi yvelaze
aqtiuri da warmatebuli organizacia “abu-saiafi” etyoba ZiriTadad mainc kriminalur dajgufebas
warmoadgens, romelic iyenebs politikur demagogias merkantiluri miznebis misaRwevad. amave dros
igive populisturi demagogia uzrunvelyofs mis mxardaWeras adgilobrivi musulmanebis mxridan, rac
friad arTulebs masTan brZolas.
141
israel-palestinul konfliqtis istoriaze, mizezebze da ganviTarebis Taviseburebebze Zalian bevria
dawerili, amitom aq mxolod misi CvenTvis saintereso aspeqtebi ganixileba.
142
A Bitter Prize, By Tom Segev, From Foreign Affairs, May/June 2006
143
Ferguson, Nial Colossus, The Rise and Fall of the American Empire, Allen Lane an Imprint of Penguin Books,
London, 2004, p.112.
144
aRmosavleTi ierusalimi da siriis kuTvnili holanis simaRleebi israelma de faqto ukve miiTvisa.
145
Thomas L. Friedman, The New Math. New York Times, January 15, 2003
146
Tumca am kvartetis Semadgenlobidan gamomdinare gaugebaria, TviT mas ra SeiZleba realurad
awyobdes.
147
meoTxe TviTmfrinavi, romelic teroristebma Caigdes xelSi, rogorc Cans maTi da mgzavrebis Setakebis
dros daiRupa.
148
Ferguson, Nial. Colossus, The Rise and Fall of the American Empire, Allen Lane an Imprint of Penguin Books,
London, 2004, p.124.
149
igive tom klensim, cnobilma amerikelma romanistma, scenari, romelSic samgzavro TviTmfrinavi
gamoyenebuli iqna aSS kongresis Senobaze ieriSis misatanad, aRwera Tavis nawarmoebSi Debt of Honour jer
kidev 1994 wels. am dros tom klensi faqtiurad aSS-s mTavrobis karis mweralia da, rogorc sCans,
arafers wers amerikul specsamsaxurebTan konsultaciebis gareSe. ix. Clancy, Tom. Debt of Honour.
HarperCollinsPublishers, London, 1995, 900 p.
150
Gregory M. Scott, Louis Furmanski, Randall J. Jones - editors. 21 Debated Issues in World Politics. Prentice Hall,
New Jersey, 2000. Issue 7, Terrorism, p. 110-128.
151
Jason Burke, Think Again: Al Qaeda. http://www.foreignpolicy.com, May-June, 2004.
152
op.cit. Jason Burke
153
Капитализм для всех, Павел Быков, Татьяна Гурова, Эксперт» №15(509), 17 апреля 2006
154
termini fundamentalizmi Tanamedrove religiur azrovnebasa da praqtikaSi ramdenime mniSvnelobis
matarebelia, m.S. saRvTo teqstebis, magaliTad, yuranis sityvasityviT ganmartebis an zogjer
antimodernistuli religiuri moZraobis. dasavleTSi termini islamuri fundamentalizmi xSirad
gamoiyeneba iseTi pirovnebebisa Tu jgufebis mimarT, romlebic qadageben islamizms — politikur
ideologias, romelic moiTxovs saero saxelmwifo marTvis sistemis Canacvlebas islamur samarTalze
dafuZnebuli sistemiT. yvelaze radikaluri islamistebi, agreTve, qadageben saero xelisuflebis
Zaladobrivi gziT damxobas, terorizms. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalism#Islamic_views
155
sxvaTa Soris, bevri iseTi ram, rac dRes barbarosobad SeiZleba aRviqvaT, bibliaSic weria, magram amas
“alegorias” vuwodebT.
156
am xalxis sakmaod didi nawili SemouSves humanitaruli mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, rogorc romelime
musulmanuri, ZiriTadad arabuli reJimis mier devnili. am dros aravin iTvaliswinebda im garemoebas,
rom 5 aseTi devnilidan minimum oTxi eqstremistuli islamisturi Sexedulebebis matarebeli iyo,
radganac swored isini warmoadgendnen (da warmoadgenen) musulmanuri samyaros saero mTavrobebis
ZiriTad mowinaaRmdegeebs.
157
“meqanikuRi” imitom, rom is xdeboda ZiriTadad sikvdilianobis Semcirebis xarjze, romelic ar iyo
damokidebuli mosaxleobis socialur qcevaze. mis universalurobaze da “meqanikurobaze” migviTiTebs
is faqtic, rom is absoluturad igive scenariT ganviTarda ssrk-s Sua aziis respublikebSi, romlebic im
dros danarCeni msofliodan izolirebulebi iyvnen.
158
cxovrebis donis aseTi Semcireba 100 qveyanaSia dafiqsirebuli.
159
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) "World Fertility Report 2003,"
http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldfertility/World_Fertility_Report.htm
160
imisaTvis, rom mosaxleoba ar izrdebodes da xdebodes ubralo Canacvleba gardacvlilebisa
119

axalSobilebiT, yovel qalze fertilur asakSi (15-45 weli), unda modiodes aranaklebi 2.10-2.15 bavSvisa.
161
"World Fertility Report 2003", op.cit.
162
UNDP HDR, 2004
163
: Millenium Project. Report to the UN Secretary-General. Investing in Development. A Practical Plan to Achieve the
Millenium Development Goals. Overview. 2005., p.8.
164
yvela es procesebi dawvrilebiT aRwerilia ukve naxseneb Millenium Project. Report to the UN Secretary-
General-Si. is faqti, rom CineTSi uaRresad Raribi adamianebis raodenoba Semcirda imas ki ar niSnavs, rom
am milionebma uecrad kargad cxovreba daiwyes. ubralod maT Tavze gadaSenebis safrTxe aRar
trialebs.
165
monacemebi moyvanilia 1993 wlis dolarebSi msyidvelobiTi unaris paritetis gaTvaliswinebiT. es aris
msoflio bankis mier SemuSavebuli siRatakis universaluri qveda zRvari. iTvleba, rom amaze naklebi
SemosavliT adamians arseboba aRar SeuZlia. dRevandeli saqarTvelos pirobebSi es daaxloebiT
Seadgens (1 dolari — 1.8 lari, pariteti 1/3) 65 TeTrs dReSi, anu 19 lars TveSi. wyaro: Millenium Project.
Report to the UN Secretary-General. Investing in Development. A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millenium Development Goals.
Overview. 2005. yvela danarCeni monacemi moyvanilia UNDP Human Development Report, 2003 and 2004, New York-Oxford,
Oxford University Press, “Aids turns back the clock for world's young” Victoria Brittain, Saturday May 4, 2002 The Guardian.
166
The Global Development Briefing, © 2006 The Development Executive Group, www.DevelopmentEx.com
167
HDR 2005, UNDP, 2005, p. 253.
168
Pipe Dreams, Tearfund, http://www.tearfund.org/
169
es daaxloebiT 254 saqarTveloa.
170
gasagebia, rom gaero ar aris idealuri organizacia da bevri xarvezebis gamo saswrafo reformirebas
moiTxovs (ix. Tavi 2), magram am SemTxvevaSi misi muSaobis konkretuli Sedegebi detaluri ganxilvis
Rirsia.
171
aseT SemTxvevaSic gamosavali moiZebneba xolme. magaliTad, gaeros ganviTarebis programam 2006-2010
wlebis samoqmedo programis SemuSavebis dros, TurqmeneTTan samuSaod airCia mxolod adgilobrivi
landSaftebis gadarCena da saerTod gverdi auara TurqmenbaSisTan urTierTobas socialur
sakiTxebze.
172
MEETING THE CLIMATE CHALLENGE, RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE
CHANGE TASKFORCE, JANUARY 2005 by The Institute for Public Policy Research (UK), The Center for American
Progress, The Australia Institute. http://www.americanprogress.org/site/pp.asp?c=biJRJ8OVF&b=306503
173
iTvleba, rom rogorc minimum es procesi, Tu ar moxda misi stabilizacis, gamoiwvevs 2050 wlisaTvis
msoflio okeanis donis 2 metriT zrdas, Sesabamisad im dablobi teritoriebis datborvas, sadac
dedamiwis mosaxleobis 1/3 cxovrobs. “yvelaze cudi scenaris” pirobebSi ki msoflio okeanis dinebebis
sistemis moSlas, m.S. golfstrimis dinebis aridebas evropidan, ramac iq SesaZloa gamyinvareba
gamoiwvios.
174
rogorc globaluri daTbobis problema gviCvenebs, es zRvari etyoba ukve gadailaxa.
175
es idealur situacias exeba. realobaSi, ganviTarebad qveynebSi mainc mTavrobebi ZiriTadad cdiloben
“moxsnan” maqsimaluri Tanxebi Tavisi wevrebis piradi interesebidan gamomdinare.
176
esec im SemTxvevaSi, Tu CavTvliT, rom 2100 wlamde kacobriobis ganviTarebis scenaris SemuSavebas
saerTod raime azri gaaCnia.
177
tradiciulad, amazoniis degradacias did amerikul monopoliebs abraleben, Tumca maTi roli aSkarad
Zalian gadaWarbebulia adgilobrivi mosaxleobis qmedebasTan SedarebiT.
178
ganviTarebuli sazogadoebis ori mTavari moTamaSis xelisuflebisa da biznesis Uaqtiurobis dro
uTavsebadia bunebrivi garemos aqtiurobasTan. pirveli dafuZnebulia saarCevno ciklze (2-4 an 6 weli),
meore — fiskalur welze.
179
aSS-ma am dros, magaliTad, daSales msoflioSi yvelaze didi sakomunikacio kompania, AT&T, romelic
sxvaTa Soris “ukan edga” 1973 wlis gadatrialebas CileSi.
180
rodesac vlaparagobT ganaTlebaze, igulisxmeba, pirvel rigSi klasikuri tipis farTo saskolo
ganaTleba, mosaxleobis elitaluri nawilisaTvis mainc, plus niWieri bavSvebis gamovlenis efeqturi
sistema. ganviTarebadi qveyana, romelsac Tavisi skola ZiriTadad bavSvebSi unarCvevebis
gamomuSavebaze gadahyavs, winaswar ambobs uars realuri ganviTarebis pretenziaze.
181
am dros mTavrobebis ZiriTadi motivacia samxedro upiratesobis miRwevaSia. ufro metic, faqtiurad
yvela didi gamogoneba, dafuZnebuli fundamentur mecnierebebze, dawyebuli birTvuli energiidan,
kosmosuri frenidan, kompiuteridan, internetidan, moxvda “moqalaqeTa” xelSi mas Semdeg, rac is Tavis
intesebSi jer samxedroebma daafinanses da aiTvises.
182
arsebobs gamonaklisebi, rodesac wamyvani qveynebi krZalaven ama Tu im teqnologiebis eqsport
gansazRvrul qveynebSi strategiuli usafrTxoebis interesebidan gamomdinare, magram es
gamonaklisebia.
183
am tipis gadairaRebisaTvis ukve ara muSaxelis ganaTleba, aramed viwro, magram intensiuri
profesiuli momzadebaa saWiro.
184
UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, 2002,
http://www.unesco.org/education/imld_2002 /unversal_decla.shtml
185
msoflio avtomobilizacias aseTi, masobriv individualur momxmarebelze orientirebuli xasiaTi rom
ar mieRo, etyoba dRes globalur daTbobaze naklebs vilaparakebdiT.
186
aranakleb sainteresoa is, rom saavtomobilo transporti, rogorc aseTi, uaRresad araefeqturia.
igive misi moZraobis organizaciis problemebi principulad mougvarebelia (ixileT magaliTad veres
“samkuTxedi” TbilisSi). magram es, agreTve, imis maCvenebelia, rom efeqturi marketingis Sedegad
120
dolaris daxmareba miiRo.
sainteresoa, rom am daxmarebis Sedegad, yvelaze met warmatebas miaRwia swored am orma
qveyanam, romelTa ekonomika omis Sedegad faqtiurad mTlianad moSlili iyo. igive did
britaneTs, romelmac germaniaze 2.3-jer meti daxmareba miiRo, misi pozitiuri Sedegebi
faqtiurad ar Setyobia.
mTlianad, marSalis gegmisa da iaponiis daxmarebis realizacia SesaZlebeli gaxda iseTi
politikuri gadawyvetilebis Sedegad, romelsac safuZvlad edo sabWoTa eqspansiis
(realurisa Tu moCvenebiTis) mogeriebis aucilebloba, da romelic aSS-s politikis
globalizaciis umniSvnelovanes sawyis elements warmoadgenda. Sedegi, romelic maT
gamoiRes, bevrad ufro mravalmxrivi gamodga, vidre etyoba amas am politikis avtorebi
elodnen.
pirveli — arc marSalis gegma, arc iaponiis daxmareba, ar warmoadgenda izolirebul
movlenas. is iyo im RonisZiebeTa nakrebis ganuyofeli nawili, romelic efuZneboda
evropasa da iaponiaSi amerikuli jaris yofnasa da am qveynebis axal amerikul
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis sistemebSi CarTvas. saboloo jamSi, samxedro
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisa da ekonomikuri daxmarebis kombinaciam, gamoiwvia
dasavleTi evropis qveynebsa da iaponiaSi rwmenis atmosferos Camoyalibeba, romelmac
Tavis mxriv, etyoba, gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa maT aRorZinebaSi.
meore — zemoT moyvanili faqtorebis kombinaciam, da misma Tanmxlebma swrafma
ekonomikurma aRorZinebam (evropis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis tempi 1948-52 wlebSi
uswrafesi iyo mis istoriaSi), gamoiwvia am qveynebis mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis swrafi
aRdgena da Semdgomi mniSvnelovani zrda, ekonomikuri da politikuri stabilizacia.
rogorc Sedegi, amas mohyva komunistebis gavlenis dacema, politikur cxovrebaSi maTi
rolis mkveTri Semcireba, demokratiuli faseulobebisa da institutebis danergva iq,
sadac isini naklebad iyvnen warmodgenili (igive iaponia Tu germania), da ukve arsebulebis
daxvewa da gaZliereba.
mesame — ganviTareba am periodSi emyareboda liberalur ekonomikur politikas,
Tavisufali vaWrobis principebs. Sedegad amerikelebma Seqmnes uzarmazari axali
dinamiuri bazrebi sakuTari eqsportisaTvis, aseve rogorc, sxvadasxva saxis produqciisa
da momsaxurebis mowodebis wyaroebi. igive sabWoTa safrTxiT gamowveuli samxedro
gadaiaraRebis aucilebloba, warmoadgenda uzarmazar damatebiT stimuls, evropuli
qveynebis mrewvelobis Semdgomi aRmavlobisaTvis. damatebiT, rac ufro metad
viTardebodnen evropuli qveynebi da iaponia, miT ufro naklebi ujdebodaT amerikelebs
iq sakuTari jaris Senaxva.
faqtiurad, am SemTxvevaSi mainc, amerikis mier ucxo qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi uSualo
Carevam, da maT teritoriebze jaris ganTavsebam, moutana mas uzarmazari ekonomikuri
mogeba Zalian mokle drois ganmavlobaSi. aSS-s usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaze
orientirebuli politikis gatarebam, saboloo jamSi, gamoiwvia globaluri ekonomikuri
sistemis safuZvlis Cayra, msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebis jgufis Camoyalibeba,
globaluri ekonomikis sami ZiriTadi centris Seqmna (aSS, dasavleTi evropa, iaponia),
romlebic naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi ganapirobebdnen msoflios ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis ZiriTad tendenciebs.
damatebiT, marSalis gegmis realizaciis procesSi miRebulma gamocdilebam da misma
gakveTilebma, didi roli iTamaSes evropis Semdgom ekonomikur da politikur
integraciaSi. man agreTve warmoaCina principuli sxvaoba aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris —
analogiur situaciaSi es ukanaskneli ZiriTadad fuls kargavda. igive aRmosavleT
evropeli satelitebis ganviTarebis daxmarebis sabWouri programebi minimalurad
efeqturi iyo da misTvis naklebad momgebiani — is ubralod ver axerxebda Tavisi
politikuri dominirebis transformacias ekonomikur mogebaSi.
2.2.3. meore globalizaciis meore Sre warmodgenili iyo sakuTriv civi omiT, e.i. iseTi
saxis konfrontaciiT msoflios wamyvan qveynebs Soris, romlis procesSi isini
yvelanairad Tavs aridebdnen erTmaneTTan uSualo samxedro konfrontacias, magram
awarmoebdnen e.w. “omebs mindobilobiT” dedamiwis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi.
omi mindobilobiT, iseTi omia, romlis procesSi faqtiurad meomari mxareebi iyeneben
sxva, mesame mxareebs, uSualod sabrZolo moqmedebebis sawarmoeblad, im mizniT, rom
erTmaneTTan uSualo Setakeba maqsimalurad Tavidan aicilon. aseTi omebis yvelaze
tipuri magaliTebia vietnamis, angolis, koreis, iseve rogorc am periodis sxva
mravalricxovani konfliqtebi, gansakuTrebiT afrikis teritoriaze. im SemTxvevaSic ki,
rodesac romelime aseTi konfliqtis dros aSS-ssrk-s uSualo Setakeba gardauvali iyo,
33
safrTxis winaSe, romelsac sabWoTa kavSiri ganasaxierebda, romelmac rkinis fardiT gayo
evropa Tavis kontrols daqvemdebarebul teritoriebze sakuTari weswyobilebis
dasamyareblad. CerCilis sityvam gamoaaSkarava ukve arsebuli damokidebuleba sabWoTa
kavSiris mimarT, da biZgi misca am damokidebulebaze dafuZnebuli politikis praqtikul
realizacias. CerCili, rogorc cnobili, Tanmimdevruli, msoflio rangis antirusuli
politikosi, sabWoTa kavSirTan konfrontaciis ideis gamJRerebeli idealuri figura iyo.
faqtiurad, am gamosvlis Semdeg, ukve SeiZleboda laparaki aSS-s Semobrunebaze sabWoTa
kavSirTan samokavSiro urTierTobebidan, masTan konfrontaciisaken. Tumca bevri
specialisti miiCnevs, rom formalurad civ oms sawyisi Cauyara e.w. trumenis doqtrinis
gamocxadebam, aSS-s am prezidentis mier 1947 wlis martSi. am doqtrinis Sesabamisad, aSS
aRuqvamda ekonomikur da samxedro daxmarebas saberZneTsa da TurqeTs im mizniT, rom
gadaerCina isini sabWoTa gavlenis sferoSi moxvedrisagan. man moaxdina aSS-s sagareo
politikis mimarTulebis Secvla ssrk-s mimarT, am ukanasknelis Sekavebis mimarTulebiT.
am doqtrinis farglebSi, sxvadasxva saxis daxmareba miiRes agreTve safrangeTma da
italiam, im mizniT, rom ar daeSvaT komunistebi maT mTavrobebSi.
am doqtrinis Semdgomi ganviTarebis procesSi, 1950 wels, trumenma gamoacxada ssrk-s
Sekavebis pasiuri formidan aqtiurze gadasvla. es cvlileba eyrdnoboda aSS erovnuli
uSiSroebis sabWos #68 saidumlo moxsenebas, romlis Sesabamisad, sabWoTa kavSiri gegmavda
gamxdariyo erTaderTi gabatonebuli msoflio Zala, da Seecvala saerTaSoriso
usafrTxoebis sistemis parametrebi Tavis sasargeblod, sabWoTa Zalauflebis
komunisturi eqspansiis safuZvelze.52
grZeli depeSidan, #68 moxsenebamde, ganvlili wlebis manZilze, sabWoTa kavSiris
Sekavebis koncepciam principuli cvlilebebi ganicada. Tu kenani dasaSvebad miiCnevda
komunizmis gavrcelebas zogierT qveynaSi sabWoTa kavSiris gareT, da mouwodebda masze
ekonomikuri zewolisaken, #68 moxseneba amtkicebda, rom nebismieri daTmoba
komunizmisadmi miuRebeli iyo, da moiTxovda mis ukugdebas samxedro saSualebebiT.
2.2.2. faqtiurad meore globalizaciaSi SesaZlebelia ori pirobiTad paraleluri Sris
gamoyofa. pirveli warmoadgenili iyo ekonomikuri globalizaciis procesebiT, romelic
(dasawyisSi mainc) ZiriTadad aSS-dan momdinareobda da romelSic sabWoTa kavSiri
obieqturad, verc da arc, monawileobda. magram es procesebi, globaluri sistemuri
konfrontaciisa da civi omis gareSe, rogorc minimum, naklebad intensiuri da
yovlismomcveli iqneboda. am konfrontaciam maT pirveladi biZgi mainc misca.
am procesis pirvel, yvelaze xilul da warmatebul Sedegs, aSS-s mier dasavleTi
evropisa da iaponiis omisSemdgomi ekonomikuri transformacia warmoadgens. sanam civi
omi daiwyeboda, aSS, mainc da mainc, Tavs ar iwuxebda am qveynebis ekonomikuri problemebiT
(gansakuTrebiT garmaniisa da iaponiis). civma omma es qveynebi sabWoTa muqarasTan
brZolaSi mis umniSvnelovanes mokavSireebad gadaaqcia. amitom, aSS-m daiwyo maTi
ekonomikuri aRorZinebis procesis intensiuri finansur-organizaciuli uzrunvelyofa.
evropaSi rekonstruqcia mimdinareobda e.w. “marSalis gegmis” farglebSi, romelsac es
saxeli aSS-s maSindeli saxelmwifo mdivnis jorj marSalis pativsacemad daerqva.
oficialurad mas rogorc “evropis aRdgenis programas” moixseniebdnen. misi
ganxorcieleba oficialurad daiwyo 1947 wlis ivlisSi da ganisazRvra 4 fiskaluri wliT.
garda ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa, mis damatebiT mniSvnelovan mizans warmoadgenda
komunizmis mogerieba evropis masStabiT.
sainteresoa, rom aSS-ssrk-s sistemuri konfrontacia im dros, jer kidev, Sors ar iyo
wasuli. amitom, sabWoTa kavSirma da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebma masSi monawileobis
oficialuri miwveva miiRes. amave dros, aSS aSkarad SeSfoTebuli iyo imis SesaZleblobiT,
rom ssrk am mowvevas marTla miiRebda. amitom, am ukanasknels, monawileobis ganzrax
miuRebeli pirobebi wauyenes, magaliTad, misi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis damoukidebeli
gare auditi da a.S.
am gegmis farglebSi, 17 evropulma saxelmwifom, romelic gaerTianda ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciaSi (OECD), 13 miliardi amerikuli dolaris
Rirebulebis ekonomikuri da teqnikuri daxmareba miiRes (130 miliardi dolari 2006 wlis
fasebSi). m.S. dasavleTma germaniam, meore msoflio omis wamomwyebi qveynis udidesma
nawilma, miiRo daxmarebis sididiT mesame paketi (didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis Semdeg)
— 1 448 milioni dolari.53
imave wlebSi, imave mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, aSS uwevda daxmarebas iaponiasac,
romlis mimarT damokidebuleba aSS-s sazogadoebaSi, sxvaTa Soris, bevrad ufro
negatiuri iyo, vidre germaniis mimarT. 1946-1951 wlebSi iaponiam daaxloebiT 1.5 miliardi
32
SesaZlebelia faqtiurad nebismieri saqonlis realizacia, Tu is lamazadaa gaformebuli.
187
http://www.izvestia.ru/person/article3091504/index.html Человек с Земли, Наталья Кочеткова
188
sainteresoa, rom beWdviTi produqcia, mxatvruli literaturaa es, Tu periodika, am WrilSi
praqtikulad ar moixsenieba, etyoba imitom, rom mkiTxvelisagan momzadebisa da inteleqtis
gansazRvrul dones moiTxovs, bolos da bolos is SedarebiT Zviria.
189
am procesis ufro dawvrilebiT gansaxilvelad ixileT UNDP Numan Development Report 2004. Cultural
Liberty in Today’s Diverse World. http://hdr.undp.org
190
inglisurad es ukeT JRers — “just a business - nothing personal”.
191
daaxloebiT aseTive jgufs qmnian mravalricxovani saerTaSoriso organizaciebis moxeleebic, Tumca
am SemTxvevaSi maTi globalurobis xarisxi SedarebiT naklebia.
192
sityva zangis an Savis xmareba amerikaSi uaRresad arapolitkoreqtulia.
193
English to be spoken by half of the world's population within 10 years, By James Burleigh, Independent, 09 December
2004
194
Closed borders and open palms. Sep 7th 2000, From The Economist print edition
195
safrangeTSi, magaliTad, mkacrad reglamentirebulia franguli enis wili radiogadacemebSi (minimum
40%) da kvotis darRvevisaTvis radiosadgurs saerTod mauwyeblobis licenzia SeiZleba CamoerTvas;
amerikuli filmebis Cvenebidan miRebuli Semosavlis 70% miemarTeba franguli kinos ganviTarebaze da
a.S. safrangeTis prezidenti Jak Siraki sxvaTa Soris imiTicaa cnobili, rom demonstraciulad tovebs
saerTo evropul RonisZiebebs im dros, rodesac frangi momxseneblebi inglisurad iwyeben gamosvlas.
196
HDR 2004, p.99.
197
ICT indicators: data and statistics on the ICT/telecommunication sector,
http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/informationsharing/index.html
198
http://www.itfacts.biz/index.php
199
inglisurSi arsebobs termini sidekick, romliTac axasiaTeben msaxiobs, romlis ZiriTadi funqciaa
mudam idges mTavari gmiris gverdiT da Tavisi gazviadebulad uazro qmedebiT warmoaCinos misi
Rirsebebi. swored amas akeTebda sabWoTa kavSiri aSS-s mimarT Tavisi arsebobis ukanasknel wlebSi.
200
is faqti, rom es ubedureba ZiriTadad evropelebs daatydeba Tavze, romlebic ufro advilad
xelmisawvdomebi arian, vidre aSS, iotisodena ar cvlis kampaniis strategiul Sedegs.
201
momavalSi mas SeiZleba indoeTic daematos, magram saTuoa, rom es mokle Tu saSualovadian
perspeqtivaSi moxdes.
202
ixileT T. palmeris leqcia saitze — http://www.polit.ru/lectures/2005/12/09/palmer.html
203
Александр Солженицын: "Сбережение народа - высшая изо всех наших государственных задач",
http://www.globalaffairs.ru/articles/5504.html, 28 Апреля 2006
204
Збигнев Бжезинский: Последний суверен на распутье, http://www.globalaffairs.ru/numbers/18/5294.html, 10
Марта 2006
205
faqtiurad islamis sistemuri krizisi am didi krizisis mxolod erT-erTi, Tumca yvelaze aqtiuri
Semadgeneli nawilia.
206
amerikis soflis meurneobasa da momsaxurebis sferos jer kidev sWirdebaT meqsikeli migrantebi,
magram rac dro gadis, maTi mozidviT gamowveuli socialuri danakargebi sul ufro sWarbobs uSualo
ekonomikur mogebas.
207
es gansakuTrebiT dasavleT evropas da ruseTs exeba. bevri miiCnevs, rom evropa im donemdea
dakninebuli, rom Tu uaxloes momavalSi iqauri musulmanuri umciresoba moiTxovs yvela qalisaTvis
hijabis tarebas, amas faqtiurad uprotestod danebdebian. ixileT Tugind - Thwarting 'Eurabia', By Michael
Barone, Published September 27, 2005, The Washington Times, www.washingtontimes.com
121
 V. Melikidze
GLOBALIZATION OF WORLD POLITICS
Introduction – What is Globalization?
It is generally presumed that starting approximately the second half of the last century social
development on the planet takes place within confines of the single, complex process, which is known
as globalization. It is also presumed that the vast majority of people living on the Earth are affected by
this process sooner or later, one or the other way. Accordingly any person with the most basic
education is acquainted with the term globalization, as well as with the other one closely related to it –
global. These words have already become integral parts of colloquial language, at least in the relatively
developed countries. Thus at least at the personal level plenty of people have some general idea and
own position (either positive or negative) regarding this process.1
As to formal definition of the term, situation is pretty different. There are so many definitions of
globalization that in the end it is close to impossible for someone to reach any definite conclusion.
Today there is a curios mixture of approaches and emphases that are often in tension with each other.
Besides almost invariably they deal with symptoms and visible effects of globalization, rather than with
causes of this complex phenomenon. Based on these definitions one may surmise that globalization is
very good, that it’s very bad or either that it does not exist at all.
This strongly reminds whatever Robert Heinlein wrote many decades ago – “for example, the verb
“to be” in English has twenty-one distinct meanings, every single one which is false-to-fact”2. This may
mean that we either do not understand the problem or rather prefer to restrain from defining it properly.
Roots of such situation may be found in over politization of problems of the modern societal
development, as well as in culture of political correctness, which does not allow giving proper definitions
even to the most harmless things3.
Still considering the circumstances, plenty of things that are normally rather easy to understand
become hard to explain. As a result we deal with situation rather accurately described in The Guardian
back in 2002 – “In one clip, economics editor Evan Davies referred to "globalisation - whatever that
means". A panelist replied: "Well if he doesn't what it means, how the hell are we supposed to?" 4
Ironically enough such situation prompted us to develop one more definition of globalization, which
might be used as a starting point in comprehensive analysis of this phenomenon. The main criteria
applied to this definition were – it should address underlying causes, not visible effects of globalization;
should be politically neutral, should not attempt to evaluate globalization as such, be easy to
comprehend.
Here is the definition -
Globalization is a system of relations that enables the leading world power(s) to initiate and
to some extent influence processes (directly or through their agents), which in the end define
societal development trends throughout the world.
Hence globalization is not the process of diffusion of various phenomena (physical or other)
worldwide, as it’s commonly perceived. Growth of number of internet users or mobile phone owners
worldwide, intensification of global financial transactions, global sprawl of transnational corporations,
emergence of common cultural values, expansion of McDonalds or Hollywood culture after all – all
these are not globalization, but rather its secondary consequences (often unforeseen), one may even
use term – “symptom”.
Globalization, as it is, lie in the deep structural changes that occur in the modern society, which in
turn create enabling environment for all phenomena mentioned above. It’s impossible to develop and
spread Internet worldwide (even if all necessary technologies are at hand) if there is no universally
acknowledged and often legalized principle of freedom of exchange of information. No corporation,
1
Although in the majority of cases this happens as in quotation from National Geographic given below- A group of
American tourists arrived in Italy not long ago. “Amazing!” one said to their tour guide, a friend of mine: “You have
pizza here too.”
A group of Japanese Boy Scouts landed in Chicago. “Amazing!” they told their troop leader. “They have McDonald’s here
too.”
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, August 1999, http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/2000/culture/global/main.html
2
Robert A. Heinlein “Elsewhen”, Assignment in Eternity, The New American Library, USA, copyright 1941.
3
It is also justified from the point of view of pluralism of scientific opinion, to say nothing about the “publish or die”
principle.
4 mcdelobam gamoiwvia germaniis agresiis eskalacia da omi. demokratiul msoflios ar unda
Simon Jeffery, What is Globalization?, Thursday October 31, 2002,The Guardian
122
mSeneblobis procesSi klasobrivi brZolis aucileblobis poziciebidan. garda amisa,
danarCen msoflioSic, koloniur qveynebis nawilsa da laTinur amerikaSi, komunisturi
doqtrina warmoadgenda mCagvrelebTan brZolis popularul ideologias.
meore mxriv, ssrk-m, meore msoflio omSi gamarjvebis Sedegad, ganicada uzarmazari
zarali, romelic am gamarjvebas faqtiurad abaTilebda. mxolod mosaxleobis danakargebi
am omSi, sxvadasxva monacemebiT - 27-33 milion adamians aRwevda. misi ekonomika mTlianad
samxedro yaidaze iyo gadawyobili, xolo misi yvelaze ganviTarebuli seqtorebi,
dasavleT ruseTsa da ukrainaSi, ubralod “piridan miwisa iyo agvili”. misTvis
ganviTarebis upirveles amocanas warmoadgenda ekonomikis aRdgena sakuTari Sida
resursebis xarjze.49
imis gamo, rom is klasikur aziur, piramidul sazogadoebriv sistemas warmoadgenda,
sabWoTa kavSiri obieqturad Zalze mouqneli, xisti, da naklebad reformirebadi iyo.
Tavisi arsiT, is agreTve Caketil sistemas warmoadgenda, romlisTvisac kontroli
aRmosavleTi evropis nawilze etyoba, im maqsimums warmoadgenda, romlis “atanac” mas
SeeZlo.
rogorc ruseTis imperiis axal inkarnacias, mas agreTve ar gaaCnda geostrategiuli
interesebi tradiciuli imperiuli gavlenis sferoebis gareT (Sua da axlo aRmosavleTi,
gansakuTrebiT sparseTi, da aRmosavleTi azia). mas principSi ar sWirdeboda globaluri
eqspansia, romelic misTvis uSualo, pozitiuri Sedegis momtani ar iyo. rogorc
TviTkmari, centralizebuli ekonomika, is ar, da verc iRwvoda, axali bazrebisa, Tu
resursebis wyaroebis kontrolisaken —mas amis arc survili, arc realuri meqanizmebi ar
gaaCnda. metic — misTvis nebismieri Ria, sabazro konkurencia wamgebiani iyo.
amave dros, aq arsebobda realuri, xiluli winaaRmdegoba mis ekonomikur
moTxovnilebebsa da mis oficialur ideologiur doqtrinas Soris. komunisturi
ideologia, romelic qadagebda sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis axali tipis realizacias
mTels msoflioSi, Tavisi arsiT eqspansionisturi iyo. is moiTxovda ssrk-Si arsebuli
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis eqsports mis farglebs gareT, miT umetes, rom msoflio
koloniuri sistemis daSlis procesSi masze sakmaod didi moTxovnileba arsebobda.
realuri problema imaSi mdgomareobda, rom es moTxovnileba modioda pirdapir
winaaRmdegobaSi sabWoTa kavSiris realur ekonomikur potencialTan. rodesac aSS
axorcielebda da axorcielebs sakuTari demokratiuli faseulobebis eqsports msoflios
masStabiT, am eqspansiis ukan dgas, da mas mxars ubams, msoflios yvelaze mZlavri
ekonomika. sabWoTa kavSirs ki ideologiuri eqspansiis ekonomikuri uzrulvelyofis
meqanizmebi ubralod ar gaaCnda, xolo aseTi meqanizmebis gareSe is saboloo jamSi, ara
marto araefeqturi, aramed wamgebianic xdeboda.
SesaZlebelia gamoiyos “oTxi nabiji”, romelic gadaidga dasavleTSi sabWoTa kavSirTan
konfrontaciisa da civi omis dawyebis mimarTulebiT -
aSS-ssrk-s konkurenciis formaluri dasawyisi SeiZleba daukavSiroT e.w. “grZel
depeSas”, romelic 1946 wlis 22 Tebervals moskovidan, aSS saxelmwifo departaments
gaugzavna jorj kenanma, sabWoTa kavSirSi aSS-s diplomatiuri misiis xelmZRvanelis
imdroindelma moadgilem.50 es depeSa cnobili gaxda imiT, rom masSi pirvelad Camoyalibda
ssrk Sekavebis doqtrina. misi yvelaze cnobili Tezisebia — “sabWoTa xelisufleba
Seuvalia saRi azrovnebisa”, magram “uaRresad mgrZnobiarea Zalis mimarT”.51 aqve iyo
Camoyalibebuli ramdenime Tezisi, romelsac Semdgom daefuZna aSS civi omis politika:
• sabWoTa kavSiri ganixilavs sakuTar Tavs kapitalizmTan mudmivi omis pirobebSi;
• socializmi da socialisturi demokratia ganixilebian mis mier rogorc mtrebi, da
ara rogorc mokavSireebi;
• sabWoTa kavSiri iyenebs mis mier kontrolirebad marqsistebs kapitalistur
samyaroSi, rogorc mokavSireebs;
• Tavis safuZvelSi, sabWoTa agresia aris dakavSirebuli ara rusi xalxis
warmodgenebTan, Tu ekonomikur realobasTan, aramed istoriulad arsebul rusul
qsenofobiasa da paranoiasTan;
• sabWoTa xelisuflebis struqtura ar iZleva saSualebas miiRos Sida, Tu gare
realobis, obieqturi Tu zusti suraTi.
am depeSas mohyva igive 1946 wlis 5 marts, amerikul qalaq fultonSi, didi britaneTis im
dros yofili premier-ministris u. CerCilis gamosvla, romelSic man mouwoda
demokratiul msoflios, eswavla istoriis gakveTilebi. misi TqmiT, nacizmis daSoSminebis
gaemeorebina sabediswero Secdomebi, unda gaerTianebuliyo im axali totalitaluri
31
seria, romelic Tavisi gavleniT, rogorc uSualod aSS-s, aseve globaluri
sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis tendenciebze, Tanamedroveobis erT-erT yvelaze
mniSvnelovan movlenas ganekuTvneba.
amerikelebic warmodgendnen meoce saukunis did eTnosebs Soris yvelaze axalgazrda,
aqtiur da warmatebul eTnoss. am eTnosisaTvis, iseve rogorc qveynisaTvis mTlianad,
eqspansia warmoadgenda ara marto moTxovnilebas, aramed aucileblobasac. misi SezRudva,
aqtiurobis tradiciuli arealiT, ewinaaRmdegeboda mTlianad sazogadoebis pozitiuri
ganviTarebis moTxovnilebebs, safrTxes uqmnida maT.
aSS-m, absoluturad minimaluri zaralis xarjze, miiRo maqsimalurad SesaZlebeli
mogeba meore msoflio omSi monawileobidan. is faqtiurad, meore msoflio omSi
erTaderTi realuri gamarjvebuli iyo. am omis procesSi dagrovebuli uzarmazari
samxedro sawarmoo potenciali agreTve moiTxovda eqspansias omis Semdgomi trans-
formaciisa da restruqturizaciis procesis SedarebiT umtkivneulod Casatareblad.
am qveynisaTvis “civi” globaluri konfrontacia sakuTari interesebis realizaciis
idealur pirobas warmoadgenda, is misTvis momgebiani iyo. mas ukve SemuSavebuli, da
warmatebiT gamocdili hqonda, saxelmwifosa da biznesis urTierTobis meqanizmebi axali
bazrebis Seqmnisa Tu arsebul bazrebze SeRwevis, da maTze kontrolis damyarebis
procesSi. am SemTxvevaSi, kavSiri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ZiriTad amocanebsa da aSS-s
globalur eqspansias Soris, uSualo da naTeli iyo. am procesis ideologiuri
uzrunvelyofa (igive Pax Americana-s idea magaliTad), realurad mis Sesabamis damxmare
rols TamaSobda.
am droisaTvis, qveyana potenciurad (gansakuTrebiT ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
moTxovnilebebis TvalsazrisiT), mzad iyo globaluri eqspansiisaTvis. amave dros, iq
arsebuli izolacionizmis mZlavri tradicia xels uSlida am potencialis praqtikul
realizacias. sabWoTa kavSirTan gardauvali konfrontacia demokratiuli faseulobebis
dasacavad, mSvenier sababs warmoadgenda aSS-s gamarTlebuli globaluri ambiciebis
cxovrebaSi gasatareblad.
amerikelebi arc malavdnen Tavis globalur imperiul ambiciebs. rogorc erTxel aSS-s
prezident trumens wamoscda, amerikis pasuxismgebloba msoflios winaSe ufro didi iyo,
vidre odesme gadayria “darius pirvelis sparseTi, aleqsandres saberZneTi, adrianes romi
Tu viqtorias britaneTi”. rogorc trumeni ambobda -“msoflios totalitarizmisagan
gadarCenis” erTaderTi gza “mdgomareobs msoflios mier amerikuli sistemis aTvisebaSi”,
radganac “amerikuli sistemas SeuZlia gadarCena mxolod msoflio sistemad gadaqcevis
gziT”.45
amave dros, wamyvani dasavleli politikosebisaTvis (upirvelesad yovlisa ser uinston
CerCilisaTvis), sabWoTa kavSiri sruliad gamarTlebulad warmoadgenda ruseTis imperiis
axal inkarnacias, mxolod ufro xists, daundobelsa da agresiuls, naklebad sandos. xolo
(pirvel rigSi inglisis) mcdeloba, ar daeSvaT “rusi barbarosebi civilizebuli xalxebis
ojaxSi”, wamyvani evropuli qveynebis politikis erT-erT amosaval ideas warmoadgenda.
ruseTi daJinebiT cdilobda “gaeWra sarkmeli evropaSi”, xolo evropelebi, Tavis mxriv,
cdilobdnen sakuTari sasicocxlo interesebis sferoebidan rac SeiZleba Sors
SeeCerebinaT rusuli eqspansia. rusebs iTmendnen, maT iyenebdnen rogorc cocxal Zalas
mravalricxovan Sida-evropul samxedro garCevebSi, Tu sadamsjelo operaciebSi
(romelTa umetesobaSic ruseTs araviTari realuri sakuTari interesi ar gaaCnda), magram
wamyvani msoflio saxelmwifoebis ojaxis sruluflebian wevrad ar iRebdnen.46
am politikis sawinaaRmdegod, meore msoflio omis Sedegad, sabWoTa kavSirma/ruseTma
SeaRwia evropis SuagulSi da kontroli daamyara faqtiurad mTel aRmosavleT evropaze
(rasakvirvelia aSS da didi britaneTis formaluri kurTxeviT)47. ukve es faqti sakmarisi
iyo imisaTvis, rom dasavleTis mkveTri winaaRmdegoba gamoewvia da masTan konfrontaciaze
wasuliyo. miT umetes, rom ssrk am dros warmoadgenda totalitalur sazogadoebas,
romlis farglebSi masobrivi represiebi warmoadgendnen yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
ganuyofel nawils. aseTi sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis eqsportis SesaZleblobac ki,
namdvilad uqmnida seriozul safrTxes msoflios potenciur pozitiur, demokratiul
ganviTarebas.48
am situacias agreTve arTulebda is garemoebac, rom sabWoTa kavSiri, rogorc qveyana,
romelmac Tavis zurgze gadaitana faSistur germaniaze gamarjvebis tvirTis udidesi
nawili, uaRresad popularuli iyo evropaSi, gansakuTrebiT safrangeTsa da italiaSi,
rogorc axali tipis komunisturi sazogadoeba. komunisturi ideologiac, am dros,
sakmaod bevr xalxs izidavda, xolo sabWoTa kavSiris pirobebSi realizebuli misi
konkretuli modeli, maTTvis mosaTmeni Tu gamarTlebuli iyo, axali sazogadoebis
30
however powerful, can become transnational, if countries where it wants to operate do not acknowledge
universal principles of freedom of trade and inviolability of a private property (even if under pressure
and as regards this very company). Only such approach may move globalization from the realm of
inexplicable (as it often happens today), into the realm of opportunities. Whether and how various
actors operating worldwide are able to use these opportunities for their personal ends, is quite another
problem, which should be addressed on local, rather than the global level.
As to the leading world power(s), they may be represented by any subject that is directly involved in
decision making processes or is able to affect decision making by the others. I.e. such may be any
person (private or public) or organization (also private or public; national or supranational, government
or non-government), able to generate an initiative, which in the end might lead to world-wide systemic
alterations. Naturally in the vast majority of cases these are sovereign states and international bodies,
which possess enough power to generate such changes.5 Besides today to be effective these changes
should be codified, formalized and legalized, whether on the international and/or the national levels,
which again points out states and international organizations as the major perpetrators of globalization.
Globalization is based on such quite primitive and well known process as expansion. Expansion is a
standard tool for solving intra-systemic problems by moving them outside the system. Today this term
bears mainly negative connotations being often associated with the Cold War era propaganda
(communist, imperialist expansions) or debacles by the weak, dictatorial regimes (Argentina invading
Falklands in 1982 or Iraq occupying Kuwait in 1990). In reality expansion is more often the result of
adjustment of positive development trends and at least in case of the leading world countries is subject
to standard planning procedures (take EU expansion for instance). What particular forms may acquire
any given expansion process or what concrete mechanisms are applied to keep it moving does not
matter, as long as it is not the military one.6
Factually globalization may also be characterized as expansion, which reached its logical limit [within
the limited Earth space]. On the other hand planned expansion is from the very beginning aimed at the
concrete, finite result and takes place in the controlled environment. Already mentioned EU expansion
is the classic case of such. Despite its utmost importance it will never acquire the global character
(something like the Global EU), since Europeans do not have enough motivation to aim at such target
and moreover are not able to generate enough impulse to implement such plan, even if the necessity
arises.
If one uses analogy from the modern physics, globalization may have a dual nature, like light, which
is both waves and discrete particles. It may simultaneously be situation and process. Globalization
processes may succeed only within the framework of the given system of relations, while the very
existence of this system is prompted by the necessity to develop these processes.
In principle processes causing globalization may be compared to waves that spread in various
directions from their source. The closest analogy in this case may be concentric waves created by
stone dropped into the water. Such waves may spread in all directions, or may be relatively narrow and
intensive. In any case, processes that may cause changes worldwide can not be subjected to any
effective control, although initiators may try to influence them with no or less guaranteed results.
Since globalization processes spread through the highly inhomogeneous medium, they move with
different speed into the various directions, may be amplified coming into contact with the other similar
processes, or be cancelled out. They may be considerably altered (sometimes all the way to the
opposite), manifest themselves in a form very much different from the original and thus return to their
initiators.
Today overcoming physical space or constraints [within the Earth] causes no problems for those,
who are able to initiate global processes. Thus these processes are basically altered, slowed down,
accelerated or extinguished in economic, social, cultural spaces. As a result quite often territories
located near the source of globalization processes may be excluded from them, or be subjected to them
later than the others, or in a pretty distorted form.7 On the other hand, territories located far from it may
become the active, full-fledged actors of globalization.
Simultaneously there exists another kind of expansion – less amenable to control and spontaneous
that craves for absolute results. This type of expansion was always found as an exception and with
5
Of course some initially very weak push may in the end lead to global alterations – so called “butterfly effect”, although
probability of such occurrence seems to be very low.
6
It may be political, economic, cultural, etc.
7
We intentionally use term “territory” instead of “country” or “state” since globalization obviously do not manifest itself
within boundaries codified by men (often rather arbitrarily).
123
“maturing” of the humanity manifests itself less often. Still it caused all large scale changes first at
various regional and quite recently on the global levels. Today the only society that is able to pursue
such one, is the US, although even in this case the process has obviously passed its peak and more
and more acquires properties of an expansion of the first type.
It looks like that conditions leading to emergence to this type of [spontaneous] expansion may be
found only once during the life span of any ethnos existing on the planet. It happens when such ethnos
starts to perceive itself as independent entity able to oppose the outside world, to challenge it. This time
the ethnos is full of energy, restless, it can surmount any obstacles, is motivated to reach maximum
goals. More importantly, it’s able to generate ideas, promote values, it’s proactive, while all others are
just able to react to its activities, are reactive. Its internal energy is looking for outlet and sooner or later
it erupts in form of expansion. Ethnos in such state expands not because it wants it, or either that an
expansion meets its needs, but rather because it has to. As it is, such spontaneous expansion is rather
primitive and straightforward process. It continues as long as the ethnos is able to overcome resistance
of environmental factors (both natural and man made).
The actual size of ethnos involved in such expansion does not matter much- they are able to infect
with their energy and drive other people, much more numerous than themselves and use them to their
own ends.
Still the following factors often play the decisive role in emergence and success of spontaneous
expansions – 1/ Geographical situation of ethnos immediately before the expansion and at its early
stages. This factor defines whether ethnos is able to survive unavoidable pre-consolidation crisis
(manifesting itself in various forms of civil strife). It also defines what kind of obstacles ethnos will run
into during the expansion as well as a direction of expansion. 2/ Type of culture. This defines form of
organization of the ethnos and how efficiently is it able to conduct the expansion. More importantly it
defines how efficiently is the ethnos able to keep in possession and exploit resources acquired as a
result of the conquest.
Besides for successful expansion and preservation of its results ethnos should possess at least as
developed technology as its main rivals, or exceed it.
In many cases throughout the human history spontaneous expansions brought under control vast
territories, Spanish expansion have already reached kind of the pre-global span. Still it was the second
half of 19-th century when European colonial expansion, led by Britons, acquired the truly global
dimension. This manifested decisive qualitative changes in development of the humankind. Following
major factors contributed to this –
1. Final establishment of market economy and primate of private property in the leading countries
of the world. This made possible to make exploitation of resources that fell under their control as
a result of expansion highly efficient and profitable. Spain, for instance, where there was not a
trace of such relations at the peak of its expansion success virtually rot atop the pile of riches
hoarded in America, being unable to direct it to development and improvement of a well-being
of population.
2. Industrial revolution, which contributed to development of technologies in the leading world
powers that in turn led to enormous increase in efficiency of exploitation, transportation and
processing of resources at their disposal as well as gathering and processing information on
actual or potential adversaries, its delivery to decision-making persons, speedy reaction to
events developing in any part of the world by transferring there additional resources (people
and military equipment), securing decisive advantage over the enemy on the battle-field.
Factually global events during this period were based on steamships, railway, telegraph and
rifle (later a machine gun).
3. Development of a new system of social relations within which people became citizens, who
could consciously, without coercion, participate in processes initiated by their countries, defend
their interests and use profits acquired in this process for their personal enrichment.
Although since then globalization has undergone number of important changes (see Chapter 1),
some basic principles still remain. These are –
1. Does not matter which country, group of countries or any other subject initiate global processes.
These may be represented by anyone who is able to generate strong enough processes for
long enough time that in the end may be felt throughout the world. Globalization of the late 19-th
century was mostly result of colonial expansion of the British empire and number of other
European powers. Post WW II globalization resulted from competition of two antagonistic social
systems.
124
realurad globaluri iyo. isini, isevdaisev, iqmneboda wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis
elitaluri klubis wevrebis mier (ZiriTadad evropelebis), efuZneboda maT warmodgenebs
msoflioSi arsebul problemebisa da maTi regulirebis meqanizmebis Sesaxeb, emsaxureboda
maT interesebs. miuxedavad amisa, am organizaciebis Camoyalibeba moaswavebda sazoga-
doebrivi ganviTarebis principulad axali etapis dadgomas, rodesac suverenuli
saxelmwifoebi ama Tu im saxiT gadascemdnen Tavisi uflebebis nawils iseT struqturebs,
romlebic maTi uSualo, formaluri iurisdiqciisa da kontrolis gareT imyofebodnen.
meore globalizacia xasiaTdeba regionalizaciis procesis mkveTri gaZlierebiT. is
dResdReobiT warmodgenilia dedamiwis nebismier kuTxeSi, da ramdenime arSemdgari, Tu
Crdilo koreis tipis, msoflioSi mimdinare procesebidan gariyuli, saxelmwifos garda,
yvela danarCeni warmodgenilia erT an ramdenime regionalur organizaciaSi. miuxedavad
imisa, rom regionalizaciis procesi, ase Tu ise, viTardeba yovlismomcveli
globalizaciis CarCoebSi, is didwilad mis paralelur, ufro rTul movlenas
warmoadgens. globalizaciisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic ZiriTadad warmoadgens sazoga-
doebis mier naklebad kontrolirebad, spontanuri eqspansiis process, regionalizacia
momdinareobs eqspansiis Segnebuli mcdelobidan iseTi arealis farglebSi, sadac
sazogadoebrivi aqtiurobis procesebis kontroli SesaZlebelia. e.i. regionalizacia
gegmiuri, regulirebadi wamowyebaa. sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis nebismieri subieqti
bunebrivad iRwvis maqsimaluri Sedegis misaRwevad. magram, Tu misi eqspansiis pirveladi
biZgi SedarebiT Zlieria, gansazRvruli zRurblis (ZiriTadad sivrciTi) gadalaxvis
Semdeg procesebis kontroli friad rTuli, Tu saerTod SesaZlebeli xdeba.
regionalizacias adgili aqvs, rodesac xdeba rogorc am pirveli biZgis, aseve misi
Sedegebis, saguldagulo gaTvla maTze kontrolis SenarCunebis mizniT (ramdenadac es
SesaZlebelia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi). garda amisa, regionalizacia SesaZlebelia
warmoadgendes reaqcias (Segnebuls?), globalizaciis ukontrolo procesebze, erTgvar
damcvel meqanizms am procesebis winaaRmdeg. dResdReobiT msoflio moiTvlis 36
organizacias, romelic formalurad regionalur xasiaTs atarebs. Tumca maTi moqmedebis
areali, funqciebi da wevrebis raodenoba, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba damokidebuli maT
miznebze da gansakuTrebiT imaze, Tu rogor da ra donis gavlenas axdens ama Tu im
organizaciaSi gawevrianeba misi monawileebis suverenitetze. am TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze
“Sors wasuli” regionaluri organizacia evrokavSiria, Tumca aqac politikuri
integracia jer ver damTavrda erTiani konstituciis miRebiT.
2.2. meore globalizacia
2.2.1. gansxvavebiT pirvelisagan, meore globalizacia Camoyalibda ori antagonisturi
sazogadoebrivi wyobis sistemuri konkurenciis procesSi (ixileT, konkretuli SemTxveva
1). oTxi aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi msoflio cxovrobda e.w. “civi omis” pirobebSi da ori
antagonisturi ideologiis masiur dawolas ganicdida. am periods axasiaTebda
globaluri ganxeTqileba qveynebis im or bloks Soris, romelTac saTaveSi aSS da sabWoTa
kavSiri edgnen. TiTqmis yvela im politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miReba, da maTze
dafuZnebuli qmedeba, romelic saboloo jamSi gavlenas axdenda globaluri ganviTarebis
yvela elementze, xdeboda am konkurenciis farglebSi, da ganpirobebuli iyo mis mier.
aseTi konfrontaciis gareSe, rogorc aSS-is, aseve sabWoTa kavSiris aqtiuroba, etyoba
didwilad Semoifargleboda maTi Sesatyvisi SedarebiT viwro geografiuli arealebiT.
sabWouri muqara rom ara, aSS SesaZlebelia Segueboda Tavisi interesebis Semofargvlas
tradiciuli Crdilo-samxreTis RerZiT, romelic orive amerikas moicavda. igives Tqma
SeiZleba sabWoeTis globalur aqtiurobazec. realurad arsebuli, Tu moCvenebiTi
safrTxeebi, aiZulebdnen am qveynebs ganexilaT mTeli dedamiwa rogorc maTi “garCevebis”
potenciuri asparezi, da ama Tu im saxiT, CaeTriaT sakuTar urTierTobebSi praqtikulad
nebismieri damoukidebeli politikuri subieqti msoflioSi.
am sistemuri konkurenciis wamyvani monawileebi, Tavisi struqturisa da funqci-
onirebis ZiriTadi parametrebiT, da Sesabamisad, globalur procesebSi monawileobis
motivaciiT, erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavdebodnen.
meore msoflio omis dasasrulisaTvis amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi warmoadgenda
axali tipis axalgazrda sazogadoebas, romelic efuZneboda demokratiul faseulobebsa
da sabazro ekonomikis principebs. mas gaaCnda zrdis uzarmazari potenciali da udidesi
Sinagani energia. misi socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri struqturebi uaRresad
moqnili iyo, da SedarebiT advilad reformirebadi. 1929 wlis msoflio ekonomikuri
krizisis Semdgom wlebSi, qveyanaSi gatarda ekonomikuri da socialuri reformebis mTeli
29
saSiano saqmeebSi. samagierod aSS apirebda neitralitetis dacvas omebSi, romelsac adgili 2. Does not matter in what sphere of activity (political, economic, cultural, etc.), when and where
eqneboda evropul saxelmwifoebs Soris, anda evropul saxelmwifosa da mis kolonias Soris, are globalization processes initiated as long as they work.
garda im SemTxvevebisa, Tu aseT oms adgili eqneboda amerikaSi. am SemTxvevaSi, aSS ganixilavda 3. Anyone (this being country, organization or person) able to initiate global processes is acting in
mas, rogorc mis winaaRmdeg mimarTul mtrul qmedebas. 1904 wels prezidentma teodor its (his, her) own interests. Factually globalization may also be described as the global
ruzveltma Seitana mniSvnelovani Sesworeba am doqtrinaSi, romlis Sesabamisad, aSS iZenda manifestation of local processes.Virtually no process that in the end leads to changes on the
uflebas, Careuliyo laTinuri amerikis qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi, faqtiurad Tavis Tavze global level is deliberately designed and implemented as such (this being hardly possible).
iRebda saerTaSoriso policiur uflebebs. es politika gaxmovanda rogorc “ilaparake Cumad, Besides the current stage of globalization also led to emergence of some typical features, such as –
magram moimarjve didi keti”. am doqtrinam udidesi roli Seasrula globaluri politikuri a/ All processes within the globalization framework are open and two-way. There is a feedback between
urTierTobebis sistemis CamoyalibebaSi, radganac faqtiurad gadaaqcia laTinuri amerika aSS-s initiators of globalization and its objects. I.e. any initiative inevitably comes back to its initiator one or the
“ukana ezod”, sadac mas SeeZlo daecva sakuTari interesebi, rogorc adgilobrivi suverenuli other way. This reverse motion may on principle be as strong or even exceed the initial action. Any
saxelmwifoebis, agreTve sxva wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebis initiative being spread throughout the world is inevitably being altered, distorted. In the end it may even
gareSe, gansakuTrebiT civi omis periodSi. become the opposite of what it was initially. b/ Any country in the world may make the decision about
joining globalization processes. Although on practice quite often this choice is voluntary-coercive as this
yvelaze kargad aseTi politikis efeqturoba gamovlinda panamis arxze kontrolis was brilliantly coined back in the USSR. Terms and conditions of such joining are quite well known,
damyarebasTan dakavSirebul movlenebSi. me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi am arxis mSeneblobas although not properly formalized as such. In the end these terms and conditions boil down to
udidesi roli eniWeboda globaluri satransporto komunikaciebis sistemis CamoyalibebaSi. development of market economy, creation of competitive markets, opening borders for free flow of
is orjer amcirebda manZils atlantikis okeanedan wynar okeaneSi. wamyvani globaluri goods and capitals and unrestricted access of transnational corporations into domestic markets of the
moTamaSe, romelic moaxerxebda am arxze kontrolis dawesebas, mZlavr damatebiT argumentebs affected countries. b/ Windows of opportunities to join globalization processes are being created for
iZenda Tavis konkurentebTan urTierTobaSi.44 kolumbia, romlis teritoriazec frangebi virtually any country of the world (for some - more than once) that any can use to join ranks of the
warumateblad cdilobdnen arxis mSeneblobas, uars ambobda am mSeneblobis uflebebis aSS-ze leading world powers (although so far only very few actually succeeded). The competitive advantage of
gadacemaze. Sedegad, 1903 wlis bolos, dRevandeli panamis teritoriaze moxda adgilobrivi these leading powers over the rest of the world is so huge that so far they did not shy the emergence of
msxvili miwaTmflobelebis ajanyeba, romlebmac aSS-s uSualo mxardaWeriT gamoacxades new competing powers. c/ Globalization processes are selective. They may possibly affect only some
damoukidebloba kolumbiisagan. aSS iyo pirveli, vinc aRiara am qveynis damoukidebloba da select, infinitesimal (although important) spots of Earth and simultaneously leave outside their spheres
gaagzavna jari mis dasacavad. samagierod man miiRo panamis teritoriaze arxis mSeneblobisa of influence not only parts of countries, whole countries, but whole regions as well. If globalization
da misi uvado gankargvis ufleba. panamis arxi gaixsna 1914 wels. Tumca 1999 wels aSS-m is da affects such places at all this happens because it’s hardly possible to control large processes and part
misi mimdebare teritoriebi panamas gadasca, man daitova samxedro intervenciis formaluri of information or material flows inevitably “escapes” the main stream. d/ Both formal and factual
ufleba, Tu mis erovnul interesebs safrTxe Seeqmneboda. responsibility of the leading world powers over processes that take place on the planet (including the
paralelurad, wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis mravalricxovani mravalmxrivi aqtiu- processes they initiate themselves) is relatively low. They are factually able to turn their backs to such
robis regulirebisa da kontrolis moTxovnilebam gamoiwvia Sesabamisi maregulirebeli processes and events that do not directly fall into their spheres of interests. Even if such processes are
reJimebis Seqmna da ganviTareba. es reJimebi efuZneboda mTel rig dasavlur komerciul, very important locally (leading for instance to wars, civil strife, genocide and like) these powers are still
finansur Tu mTavrobaTaSoris politikur organizaciebs. formalurad es procesi daiwyo able to restrict themselves to much ado and imitation of mitigating activities.
1865 wels saerTaSoriso satelegrafo kavSiris daarsebiT, xolo ukve pirveli msoflio Fact that the US and its closest allies play today the decisive role in establishment of global relations
omisaTvis, globalur urTierTobaTa mniSvnelovani seqtorebi eqvemdebarebodnen saerTa- and initiation of global processes does not mean that globalization is result of some plot by these
Soriso organizaciebis regulirebas. am procesSi safuZveli eyreboda ekonomikuri, soci- countries, as many imply. Simply at the modern development stage these countries represent the most
aluri da kulturuli procesebis transnacionalur kontrolsa da marTvas. 1914 wlisa- active agents of globalization and in turn are the most intensively influenced by it. Plenty of other ethnos
Tvis ama Tu im saxiT xdeboda am procesebis regulireba 4 did sferoSi (ixileT cxrili 2.1.) or countries played the similar role of such development agents throughout the human history. As time
cxrili 2.1. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, 1914 wels(pasuxismgeblobis sferoebis mixedviT) passes one stage of development is replaced by the other and they inevitably yield their positions to
others, more active and purposeful players.
regulirebis sfero organizaciebis raodenoba Besides globalization, as it is, as any natural (in this case – quasi-natural) process is absolutely
samrewvelo ganviTareba - neutral towards objects of its influence. What kind of impact it actually makes on any given ethnos or
infrastruqtura 8 country depends in the end on their ability to learn to apprehend this phenomenon and use it for their
samrewvelo standartebi da inteleqtualuri sakuTreba 4 own end. Also one should not overestimate the role of conscious human will in inception and
vaWroba 3 development of processes on the global scale. Concise human will may lead to decision, which in turn
potenciuri socialuri konfliqtebis marTva - leads to some concrete action. Whether this action will lead to changes on the global scale hardly
SromiTi urTierTobebi 1 depends on a will of its inceptors. Has not that being so, one might watch development of process
soflis meurneoba 4 according to the “Deutchland Uber Alles” scenario, which Thanks God is impossible.
saxelmwifoebisa da saxelmwifo sistemis gaZliereba
sazogadoebrivi wesrigi da administracia 2 Today there is just one global factor that unites all people disregarding their level of development or
saxelmwifoTa Soris konfliqtebis mogvareba 2 type of civilization. This factor is – fear. The only thing that can today bring all the mankind within the
sazogadoebis gaZliereba - single global system is existence of weapons of mass destruction that are potentially able to destroy the
adamianis uflebebi 1 life on the planet. As such this system has developed sometimes between August of 1945 and October
1957 – i.e. when the US used nuclear bombs against Japan and when the USSR by launching first
socialuri dacva da daxmareba 1
earth satellite proved that there was not any place on the planet left outside the reach of nuclear arms.
jandacva 3
ganaTleba da mecniereba 4
Case-Study 1 – Two Social Systems – is Competition Still Going On?
wyaro: D. Held, A. McGrew, D. Goldblatt, J. Perraton, Global Transformations, Politics, Economics and It looks like that the modern Western social science recognizes just one social system known as
Culture, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1999, pp. 44-45.

rasakvirvelia, xsenebuli organizaciebis arseboba ar niSnavda, rom maTi saqmianoba

28 125
capitalism.8 It’s usually understood as system based on a market economy, democratic governance,
primate of private property, rule of law, human rights, division of powers, civil society, etc. From the
historical standpoint it’s still very young and as it is today it was formed sometimes after the world
economic crisis of 1929. It leads development on the planet at least since 19-th century. Still for all its
obvious merits and success it largely remains the European regional project, which involves 24-30 fully
developed capitalist societies. All these states except Japan may be attributed to the European
civilization. Close to these countries stand South Korea, Taiwan in Asia, as well as countries of the
former Soviet block in Europe (including Baltic countries).
As to the other parts of the world – Latin America thanks to long-standing (although less
appreciated) persistent efforts of the US is firmly following the route of transformation into full fledged
capitalist societies although rather hesitantly at times and with various success. Sub-Saharan Africa is
still in process of sorting out numerous problems which emerged after withdrawing colonial powers
created plenty of hardly viable states. It may still take decades to reach some kind of stability here in
order to speak definitely about the course of development these countries may actually follow.9
The rest of the world, starting from the Muslim states of Northern Africa and Byelorussia-Russia in
the Eastern Europe, plus whole Asia (except countries mentioned above) lives inside the social system
sharply different from the capitalist society.10 Representatives of the modern social sciences are
hesitant to recognize its existence to the extent that this system mostly goes unnamed, if is mentioned
at all. Still it was well known and recognized back in the Ancient Europe and led the world development
before emergence of capitalist society in Europe. The same Marx for instance mentioned it as “the
Asian mode of production”. In the second half of 20-th century it for quite vague reasons (probably
ideological) became known as communist, although has nothing to do with this highly fictitious system.
It looks like that such system was the initial one within the framework of which first stable state
systems evolved in the process of disintegration of primitive communal systems. It’s based on the
symbiosis of power and property, the state mode of production.11 It invariably evolved everywhere
where centralization of resources (human resources first of all) in a course of implementation of large-
scale economic or political projects led to huge social gains. This task was supplemented by defense
function, especially when pastoral civilizations were endangered by nomads. At least at the initial stage
of development the prime function of such state was [physical] survival of society in face natural and
military threats. Unlike the capitalism, such social system was universal and evolved independently
across civilizations throughout the world, in regions isolated form each-other (including for instance pre-
Columbus Central and South America), but where roughly similar conditions led to the same solutions.
The latest additions to the system were Islamic states and much later – Russian [Muscovite] state.12
The fully developed, mature systems of this kind (China or Russia for instance) share the following
similar characteristics –
• The state based on this system is extremely centralized and strives for total control of material,
information and energy flows existing inside it. Its social structures are rigid to the maximum and
are virtually unable to evolve. As a result such society is hardly resilient and has difficulties of
adapting to changing environmental conditions. Hard external pressure usually leads to demise of
this society, but as soon as this pressure is removed or weakens it rebuilds itself virtually to the
same state, as it was before.
• State evolving inside such system is based on the static equilibrium, whereas capitalist society
maintains a dynamic equilibrium, based on a change, development. Thus pyramidal society shies
changes, which are harmful for it. Such changes include not only large scale social or economic
transformations, but the most commonplace technological innovations too.
• The system is based on the direct, address management meaning that majority of decisions are
made in the single centre. Thus on the country level the chains of command are usually very long.
In relatively large and complex systems this usually leads to mismanagement and chaos.
• The system eventually starts to experience shortage of goods and services and can not satisfy
the most basic needs of population. As a result it has to allow some kind of relatively free
production and exchange of goods and services (all the way up to development of some kind of a
proto-market). When sooner or later this process starts to undermine the centralized governance
8
Although this term is more often used in its more restricted meaning of economic system as sub-system of a larger
social system.
9
There are of course exceptions, but such are few.
10
It looks like that Ukraine, Georgia; Armenia under the proper guidance may be successfully transformed into capitalist
societies. Turkey also largely remains outside the main Asian context.
11
It is also sometimes referred to as pyramidal society, after its organizational structure.
12
Western Europe being factually the rather isolated peninsula did not possess conditions (both natural and political) that
favoured centralization.
126
dacema, pirvel rigSi, materialuri da informaciuli nakadebis gacvlis moculobisa
da siCqaris Semcirebis xarjze. me-20 saukunis ocdaaTian wlebSi globalizacia ar
Semwydara, is ubralod uaRresad dabalintensiuri gaxda.
• rarig paradoqsulad ar unda JRerdes, orive msoflio omis dros globalizaciuri
procesebi ar Semwydara. piriqiT, maT Tavisi intensivobisa da gamovlenis masStabebis
mwvervals miaRwies. swored am omebis dros xdeboda sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis
procesebis maqsimaluri daCqareba da koreqcia (Tumca uaRresad uxeSi).
globalizaciis am koloniurma stadiam, sakmaod paradoqsulad, gamoavlina maSindeli
wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis SedarebiTi sisuste. koloniuri saxelmwifoebi xelSi
igdebdnen uzarmazar teritoriebs da maTze uSualo kontrols amyarebdnen ZiriTadad
imis gamo, rom maT ar hqondaT saimedo informacia am teritoriebis Sesaxeb, romelic
miscemda maT saSualebas SerCeviT emoqmedaT. garda amisa, maT ar hqondaT sxva marTvis
meqanizmebi uSualo kontrolis garda, miuxedavad misi araefeqturobisa da arasaimedobis.
swored uSualo kontrolis araefeqturobam gamoiwvia, pirvel rigSi, koloniuri
sistemis daSla meore msoflio omis Semdeg. am droisaTvis is fasi, romelsac
metropoliebi ixdidnen koloniebze uSualo kontrolis SesanarCuneblad, bevrad
aRemateboda im mogebas, romlis miRebac maT SeeZloT am teritoriebidan. mxolod yvelaze
naklebad ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi (portugalia magaliTad), tovebdnen Tavis
koloniebs iq mimdinare SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegobis Sedegad. TiTqmis yvela danarCen
SemTxvevaSi, koloniuri saxelmwifoebi tovebdnen koloniebs imis gamo, rom maTi Senaxva
Zalze Zviri jdeboda (finansuri, materialuri, organizaciuli, a.S.).
erT-erTi uZlieresi dartyma koloniur sistemas, da Sesabamisad pirveli globalizaciis
procesSi Seqmnil urTierTobaTa sistemas, miayena SeerTebulma Statebma. 1941 wlis
agvistoSi, meore msoflio omis yvelaze mZime momentSi, aSS-m gaaforma did britaneTTan
cnobili atlantikuri qartia, romelmac gadamwyveti roli Seasrula omis Semdgomi
globaluri urTierTobebis sistemis CamoyalibebaSi, m.S. gaeros SeqmnaSi. imave wlis
seqtemberSi am qartias SeuerTda rigi sxva qveynebisa, m.S. sabWoTa kavSiric, miuxedavad imisa,
rom stalins am qartiis rva punqtis ZiriTadi debulebebi maincdamainc ar moswonda.
am qartiis mesame punqtis Sesabamisad — “[xelismomweri mxareebi] pativs scemen yvela
xalxebis uflebas airCion mmarTvelobis is forma, romelSic maT unda icxovron; maT
agreTve surT dainaxon, rom aRdgenil iqneba yvela im xalxebis suverenuli uflebebi da
TviTmmarTveloba, romelTac es uflebebi ZaliT hqondaT warTmeuli.”42 faqtiurad am
punqtSi laparaki iyo xalxebis TviTgamorkvevis uflebaze.
am punqtis Setana qartiaSi ganpirobebuli iyo aSS-Si am droisaTvis gabatonebuli Rrma
rwmeniT koloniuri mmarTvelobis miuReblobis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, (Tumca es mosazreba
rasakvirvelia ar iyo gaxmaurebuli) arsebuli koloniuri mmarTvelobis sistema ubralod
xels uSlida aSS-s sakuTari globaluri interesebis realizaciaSi.
britaneTis premieri, ser uinston CerCili, sakmaod ukmayofilo iyo qartiis am punqtis,
romelic faqtiurad moaswavebda britaneTis imperiis aRsasruls. is SemdgomSi
reguralurad cdilobda misi mniSvnelobis gabaTilebas da ambobda, rom es punqti mxolod
germanelebis mier okupirebul teritoriebs exeboda. miuxedavad amisa, SemdgomSi yvela,
vinc ki ibrZoda TviTgamorkvevisaTvis koloniuri imperiebidan, am punqts eyrdnoboda,
rogorc maTi moTxovnebis formalur gamarTlebas.
amave dros, xdeboda transnacionaluri organizaciisa da aqtiurobis iseTi axali
formebis aRmoceneba, romelic ZiriTadad efuZneboda Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi
multinacionaluri korporaciebis interesebs. es ukanasknelebi, koloniuri
saxelmwifoebisagan gansxvavebiT, ibrZodnen imisaTvis, rom moepovebinaT kontroli
bazrebze, da ara im teritoriebze, romelic am bazrebs Seicavda. faqtiurad me-20 saukunis
dasawyisSi arsebobda erTaderTi saxelmwifo — aSS, sadac kerZo korporaciebi da mTavroba
erTad muSaobdnen erToblivi interesebis realizaciis procesSi. es exeboda upirvelesad
yovlisa laTinur amerikas, sadac monros doqtrinaze dayrdnobiT, aSS-s mTavroba da
amerikuli korporaciebi, ereodnen formalurad damoukidebeli qveynebis saSinao
saqmeebSi maTze uSualo kontrolis damyarebis gareSe.43
monros doqtrina — doqtrina gamocxadebuli 1823 wels, jeims monros prezidentobis dros.
am doqtrinis Sesabamisad evropul saxelmwifoebs erTmeodaT ufleba moexdinaT amerikis
kolonizacia, anda Careuliyvnen amerikis kontinentebze arsebuli suverenuli saxelmwifoebis
27
 es sistema sabolood Camoyalibda daaxloebiT im droisaTvis, rodesac ase Tu ise
damTavrda britaneTis imperiis formireba — daaxloebiT samxreT afrikaSi, burebis
respublikebis winaaRmdeg omis dasrulebisaTvis (1902 w.). Tumca am dros, es procesi
rogorc globalizacia ar aRiqmeboda da laparaki msoflio politikis inter-
nacionalizaciaze iyo.
am sistemam Tavisi dasrulebuli saxiT faqtiurad mxolod aTiode weli gastana:
pirveli dartyma mas pirvelma msoflio omma da amis Sedegad am procesidan ruseTisa da
germaniis gamoTiSvam miayena, xolo 1929 wlis msoflio ekonomikurma krizisma msoflios
wamyvani saxelmwifoebi sabolood Caketa Tavis binebSi da erTmaneTisagan gaTiSa.
mTavari, rac am globalizacias Semdgomi globalizaciuri procesisagan ganasxvavebda,
mdgomareobda imaSi, rom msoflios udidesi nawili imyofeboda ramdenime [dasavleT]
evropuli saxelmwifos (britaneTis imperia, safrangeTi, germania, holandia, belgia,
italia, portugalia), plus ruseTis uSualo politikuri kontrolis qveS.39 ufro
SezRuduli iyo im qveyanaTa jgufi, romelsac xelewifeboda globalur urTierTobaTa
sistemis formireba — britaneTis imperia, safrangeTi, germania, avstria-ungreTi, aSS,
ruseTi. maTTan axlos idga italia da gansakuTrebiT ruseTTan 1906 wels mogebuli omis
Semdeg — iaponia (ix. danarTi 2.).40 damatebiT, urTierToba wamyvan globalur moTamaSeebs
Soris (TanamSromloba Tu konkurencia), mimdinareobda erTi [kapitalisturi] socialur-
ekonomikuri da politikuri sistemis farglebSi. is faqtic, rom ruseTi am sistemas ar
ekuTvnoda (ixileT, konkretuli SemTxveva 1), situacias ar cvlida — es qveyana daJinebiT
atarebda reformebs, romelic am sistemaSi integraciaze iyo mimarTuli.41 e.i. meore
msoflio omis Semdgomi globalur sistemuri konkurenciis tipis urTierTobas am dros
adgili ara hqonia.
am dros arsebobda wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis Zalian viwro jgufis mier
wamowyebuli globaluri ganviTarebis trendebis translaciis formaluri SesaZlebloba.
Sedegad, msoflio politikuri da ekonomikuri integraciis xarisxi aSkarad ufro maRali
iyo, vidre dRes.
agreTve, ufro maRali iyo, globalizaciuri procesebis iniciatorebis (pirvel rigSi
britaneTis imperiis), uSualo pasuxismgebloba msoflioSi mimdinare procesebze, iseve
rogorc maTi SesaZleblobebi, gaekontrolebinaT es procesebi. es imasTan iyo
dakavSirebuli, rom am procesebis udidesi umetesoba mimdinareobda sul ramdenime
erTian politikur-ekonomikur sivrceSi.
garda globalizaciis ramdenime damoukidebeli subieqtisa (axali tipis erovnuli
saxelmwifosi), dedamiwaze mcxovrebi yvela sxva eTnosis CarTva globalur procesebSi
xdeboda ZaliT, maTi neba-survilis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. es iwvevda imas, rom
globalizaciis procesSi xSirad xvdebodnen iseTi eTnosebi, romelTa iq monawileoba
araefeqturi, anda aSkarad wamgebiani iyo.
minimumze iyo dayvanili uku kavSirebi globalizaciis subieqtebsa da maTi gavlenis
qveS myofi globalizaciis obieqtebs Soris, rac agreTve amcirebda procesebis
efeqturobas. ufro metic, gverdi-gverd mdebare uzarmazari teritoriebi, xSirad
erTmaneTTan urTierTobdnen mxolod maTgan aTasobiT kilometriT daSorebuli
metropoliebis meSveobiT.
mTlianobaSi, maSindeli globaluri urTierTobaTa sistema sakmaod xisti da mouqneli
iyo, ar gaaCnda evoluciuri srulyofis saSualeba. zog evropul koloniur saxelmwifosa
(did britaneTSi upirvelesad yovlisa) da aSS-Si mainc, im droisaTvis ZiriTadad
CamTavrebuli iyo sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis da demokratiuli sazogadoebis
mSeneblobis procesebi. magram is urTierTobaTa principebi, romelic aucileblad iyo
aRiarebuli am qveynebis SigniT, da metwilad am qveynebs Soris urTierTobisas, ar
vrceldeboda am “elitaruli klubis” gareT darCenil saxelmwifoebsa da xalxebze.
globaluri procesebis xasiaTi ar emTxveoda sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis tips,
romelic ukve miRweuli iyo maT wamomwyeb qveynebSi da is aSkarad “taqtidan iyo
amovardnili”. faqtiurad evropis wamyvani qveynebi Tavis koloniur imperiebs aziuri
piramiduli sazogadoebebis yaidaze agebdnen (ixileT, konkretuli SemTxveva 1).
ori SeniSvna globalizaciis mimarT:
• erTxel dawyebuli globalizaciis Sewyveta principulad SesaZlebelia mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu raime globaluri katastrofis Sedegad, komunikaciebi dedamiwis
sxvadasxva nawilebs Soris (pirvel rigSi aRmosavleT da dasavleT naxevarsferoebs
Soris), daubrundeba kolumbis mogzaurobamdel mdgomareobas. nebismier sxva
SemTxvevaSi, xdeba mxolod globaluri procesebis Sesusteba, maTi intensivobis
26
system, which leads to restoration of the total control. As a result, through the history such states
are moving like pendulum – between the less restricted and more rigid systems.
• Obviously the state craves for total control of property in general, means of production and
financial flows. Market, private property, money circulation and exchange of goods are acceptable
for it only within the strict limits, which it establishes and under its total control. Again, weakening
of such control leads to development of dynamic processes that in the end lead to destabilization
of such state.
• Such system is notorious for primacy of interest of the state (which is identified with society) over
interests of individuals. People in such societies do not enjoy status of person, but are rather
regarded as easily substitutable, disposable units of a huge state mechanism. Human rights in
their modern Western meaning have no place in such societies. No constructive relations
between the state and the people can exist here on principle. Nothing even remotely reminding a
public policy can evolve here. There is just one source of political will – the government, which is
regarded as the only initiator of processes in the country. There is very little back feed from
population to the state. Thus population per se is left the only option to request or carry out
changes – through direct pressure on the government institutions (often forcible).
• Contacts in such society are generally vertical. Rights are usually delegated from top to bottom,
while responsibilities are organized in the opposite direction. Law is applied in accordance to
these principles too. More or less fairly law is applied only within the same social stratum. Legal
acts are usually applied selectively, based on expediency principle (expediency itself being
determined by the government).
• The state is usually personified in its leader, who often (at least formally) enjoys unlimited powers
and can not be held responsible for anything. In such state (which is sometimes dubbed as
paternalistic) relations between the authorities (ruler) and its subjects remind relations between
the shepherd and his flock. The real problem is that the vast majority of people here reconcile
themselves to state of affairs, willingly delegate their rights to the state and wait passively how it
will decide their fate. Authorities in general and the ruler in particular are perceived as providers of
livelihoods for the subjects. Thus even during the large-scale social shocks, when people are on
principle able to follow the more acceptable course of development, they fight to bring upon
themselves the better ruler.
• Such states, often being dependent on personal properties of a single person are extremely
vulnerable for this same reason. Good ruler is able to lead such state to prosperity, while
incompetent one may destroy it. There are no actual control mechanisms of such leaders. Still
more often than not the real power in such states belongs to appointed bureaucrats, who are
responsible only to such persons who appoint them. Usually government bureaucrats enjoy
almost unlimited powers over population. Their activities can only be limited by their superiors and
unwritten corporative laws. In the end all these leads to abuse of power and omnipresent
corruption. This also leads to development of rather peculiar social psychology of type – you are
the chief I am the fool; I am the chief you are the fool. Besides government administrators
(especially today) often become the largest owners of hybrid private-state property thus getting
hold of one more powerful lever of control.
At least half of world’s population lives today within the system described above. Obviously
countries belonging to it are not homogeneous, although they share the basic systemic characteristics.
Some are follow relatively soft model of the state, others are extremely rigid. Such Asiatic or Pyramidal
system is diametrically opposed to the modern Western society. This does not mean that they should
become antagonistic, but still they are poorly compatible and competitive. Opposition between them
starts on conceptual level – both are based on sharply different value systems, evaluation criteria, and
behavioural stereotypes. That does not mean that values and criteria of Asiatic system are inferior to
these of the Western society – they are simply different.
Still speed of changes in spheres of economics, finances, technology is so high that it undermines
the rigid pyramidal society, based on vertical ties. In the modern world the successful society should be
able to modify itself in search of the optimum decision-making models. But this is that less adaptable
traditional societal systems are hardly able to do. Fast changes, instability (even if created by positive
development), innovations (especially social or economic) – i.e. everything that is associated with
globalization are hardly acceptable for them. The globalization process proper, led by the Western
powers undermines and destabilizes them. The state of relations of any such state with the developed
world does not matter today – sooner or later it loses the competition (the USSR being the most typical
example).
Thus based on the most primitive survival principle such countries are either to adopt themselves to
requests of the modern development or at least turn to the systemic mimicry in order to escape the
127
mounting external pressure. This actually means such minimal systemic alterations that may lead to
acquisition of image acceptable to (or tolerable by) the developed world, engagement of such country
into globalization processes and doing it without destabilization of the traditional societal system.13
It is important to mention that there is no example of successful transformation of such society into
fully developed modern capitalist one. Japan is the bad example since like Western European countries
it has never evolved into pyramidal society. South Korea is more appropriate one, but this is the country
where all societal sub-systems were devastated as a result first of the Japanese occupation, followed
by one of the bloodiest wars of the last century. The US factually dealt with its post-war reconstruction
as with the nation-building project and it still took almost exactly 40 years to transform it. Although so far
this transformation is not formally acknowledged as complete and this country is not usually included
into formal classifications of the developed states.14
Given such circumstances virtually any country can be in the end transformed into something close
to the idea of the modern capitalist society. Problem is that such experience was truly unique and can
hardly be duplicated. In all other cases genuine attempts to modernize such societies in the long run
lead to their destabilization and sometimes even disintegration, with subsequent re-establishment of
very rigid societal systems. The most typical examples of such failed modernizations are Russia at the
beginning of 20-th century and the modern Iran.15 Today world factually witnesses the second failure of
systemic transformation in Russia after disintegration of the Soviet empire in 1991.
The real problem is that the same Russia sets the example of how China will inevitably end its
ongoing progressive development. Still so far it is turning into the real rival of the modern Western
society, this inevitable antagonism determined by the systemic factors described above. Thus the
modern world after ending of one phase of the global systemic opposition between the USA and the
USSR is at the verge of entering into the new one – where Asian social system will be backed by its
most typical representative.16
Chapter 1.The Globalization of Politics
Irrespective of its structural organization, type and level of development any given human society
implements the following main tasks (if not formally acknowledged): a/ to set up stable balance between
needs of members of this society secured by means of production at its disposal and ability of natural
environment to satisfy these needs;17 b/ to distribute obtained wealth among members of society in a
way that keeps society stable. Factually these tasks set up the minimum necessary conditions for
functioning of a human society.
Although generally politics is described as the process and method of decision-making for groups of
human beings, within the given societal context it may be considered as the set of measures that create
a framework for implementation of the above tasks.
That does not mean that ties between the above mentioned tasks and any given set of politics is
direct and obvious. Politics serves these tasks in the end, while umbilical cord connecting them may be
long (obviously very long in the complex modern societies). Disregarding any other reasons any society
may malfunction if this umbilical cord becomes entangled or is severed. Most typically this takes place
when societal development becomes too dependent on some ideological doctrine, which disregards
objective needs of everyday life. Take for instance the USSR, where dependence on Communism
ideology, especially in the later period of its existence, came totally at odds with the above tasks of
societal development, creating one of the main reasons of its downfall.
Within any given historical context society may be considered as developed if it has at its disposal
the efficient, working tools, which enable it to implement successfully the above tasks for a relatively
long period of time with relatively minor adjustments, which do not alter the basic societal structures.
The less developed society is the one that either does not possess such mechanisms, or the existing
ones are malfunctioning. Thus in order to function in a sustainable mode, to preserve itself as an entity,
it needs to undergo structural transformations.
13
The relatively successful examples of such adaptation are for instance Jordan, Malaysia or Thailand.
14
Taiwan, one more country which looks like example of successful systemic transformation, is not such in reality, since
it was created from the group of displaced persons who had lost all contacts with traditional society from which they
were forcibly removed.
15
Frankly systemic transformation represented long and pretty hard process even for absolutist European states
(France, Spain), which nevertheless had never stood close to the traditional pyramidal systems.
16
And this happens alongside the ongoing antagonism with the Moslem world which is on principle caused by the same
systemic differences.
17
Obviously “natural environment” in this case includes mineral resources too.
128
amocanebis gadasaWrelad.37
es ar niSnavs rasakvirvelia, rom kavSiri zemoT moyvanil amocanebsa da nebismier
mocemul politikas Soris, uSualo da aSkara unda iyos. politika emsaxureba am amocanebis
gadaWras saboloo jamSi, xolo maTi SemaerTebeli Wiplari SesaZlebelia grZeli iyos
(rTul Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi Zalian grZeli). amis sxva winapirobac rom ar
arsebobdes, nebismieri sazogadoebis funqcionirebaSi SesaZlebelia gaCndes Seferxebebi,
Tu es Wiplari zedmetad daixlarTeba, anda saerTod gawydeba. amis yvelaze gavrcelebuli
magaliTebi dakavSirebulia iseT SemTxvevebTan, rodesac sazogadoebis ganviTareba
zedmetad damokidebuli xdeba romelime ideologiur doqtrinaze, romelic
ugulvebelyofs yoveldRiuri cxovrebis obieqtur moTxovnilebebs.
es xdeboda vTqvaT sabWoTa kavSirSi, sadac damokidebuleba komunistur ideologiaze,
gansakuTrebiT misi arsebobis gviandel etapze, mTlianad winaaRmdegobaSi movida
sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis zemoT ganxilul amocanebTan, rac misi dacemis erT-erTi
gadamwyveti mizezi gaxda. magaliTad, 1961 wels sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis
maSindelma pirvelma mdivanma, nikita xruSCovma, gamoacxada kursi qveyanaSi komunisturi
sazogadoebis mSeneblobaze 1980 wlisaTvis. TavisTavad es amocana sruliad ararealuri
da Seusrulebeli iyo (rac “warmatebiT damtkicda” qveynis Semdgomi ganviTarebis
procesSi). magram im dros, mis gadasaWrelad, sruliad realurad xdeboda didZali
finansuri da sxva resursebis dabandeba, romelic daaklda ekonomikisa da socialuri
sferos im nawilebs, sadac maTze obieqturi moTxovnileba arsebobda.
nebismier mocemul istoriul konteqstSi sazogadoeba SeiZleba CaiTvalos
ganviTarebulad, Tu mis gankargulebaSi arsebobs efeqturi, muSa instrumentebi, romelic
aZlevs mas saSualebas warmatebiT gadaWras ganviTarebis ori ZiriTadi amocana, SedarebiT
grZeli periodis ganmavlobaSi (etyoba minimum saukune da meti), ZiriTadi sazogadoebrivi
struqturebis iseTi SedarebiT umniSvnelo cvlilebebis xarjze, romelic maT arss ar
cvlis. SedarebiT naklebad ganviTarebulia is sazogadoeba, romelsac aseTi meqanizmebi an
saerTod ara aqvs, anda arsebuli gaumarTavia.38 Sedegad imisaTvis, rom mdgradad
ganviTardes, SeinarCunos Tavi rogorc erTobam, aseT sazogadoebas struqturuli
gardaqmna esaWiroeba.
rogorc ukve iTqva, gamoiyofa globalizaciis ori stadia, anu ori globalizacia. swored
pirveli globalizaciis dros, me-19 saukunis meore naxevridan moyolebuli, kavSiri
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ZiriTad amocanebsa da maSindeli wamyvani globaluri
moTamaSeebis politikas Soris, uSualo da aSkara iyo. mzardi ekonomikisa da mosaxleobis
gadaudebelma moTxovnilebebma ubiZga rig evropul saxelmwifoebs eqspansiisaken, im mizniT,
rom xelSi CaegdoT bunebrivi resursebi, bazrebi da teritoriebi mosaxleobis im nawilis
dasasaxleblad, romelsac sakadrisi adgili ar moeZebneboda metropoliis farglebSi.
evropuli saxelmwifoebis koloniuri eqspansia saukuneebs moiTvlida iqamde, sanam
globalizaciuri procesis xasiaTs SeiZenda. me-19 saukunis meore naxevramde koloniebSi
Seqmnil krizisebze metropoliis reagireba, obieqturi mizezebiT, ZiriTadad imdenad
dagvianebuli iyo, rom es krizisebi ase Tu ise ganimuxteboda umaRlesi xelisuflebis
uSualo Carevis gareSe. metic, am xelisuflebis dagvianebuli reaqcia ukve ararsebul
situaciaze, zogjer axal krizisebs iwvevda. koloniebis marTva xSirad imdenad
araefeqturi iyo, rom rig SemTxvevebSi metropoliebi nebayoflobiT ambobdnen maTze
uars. magaliTad, mravalwliani uSedego cdebis Semdeg aeTvisebina alaska, ruseTi
iZulebuli iyo 1867 wels mieyida is aSS-Tvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom oqros umdidresi
sabadoebi im droisaTvis iq ukve aRmoCenili iyo. sainteresoa, rom gayidvis iniciatorad
TviT ruseTi gamodioda, da imisaTvis, rom daeTanxmebinaT amerikelebi am garigebaze,
rusebs aSS-s kongresis lobirebac ki mouwiaT.
eqspansia gaxda globalizaciuri, upirvelesad yovlisa, transportisa da
komunikaciebis saSualebebis ganviTarebis Sedegad, ramac misca centralur xelisuflebas
saSualeba moexdina efeqturi reagireba koloniebSi momxdar movlenebze yoveldRiuri
politikuri saqmianobis CarCoebSi.
es iyo pirveli SemTxveva kacobriobis istoriaSi, rodesac msoflios wamyvanma qveynebma
SesZles SeeqmnaT da SeenarCunebinaT urTierTobaTa iseTi sistema, romlis farglebSi maT
SeeZloT gavlenis moxdena sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis procesebze mTels msoflioSi.
Sesabamisad am qveynebis politikamac globaluri xasiaTi SeiZina — e.i. erTi an ramdenime
wamyvani moTamaSis politikuri gadawyvetilebebi da aqtiuroba, swrafad iwvevda
globalur gamoZaxils.
25
73 wlis manZilze), romelic gaaZliera dasavleTis dawolam da adgilobrivi mmarTveli
elitebis cvlis procesma. rogorc ki ase Tu ise Camoyalibda axali mmarTveli elita,
moxda SedarebiTi ekonomikuri stabilizacia msoflio bazarze navTobis fasebis zrdis
Sedegad, ruseTi isev miubrunda im ganviTarebis models, romelic mas xelewifeba —
damyarebuls Zalauflebisa da sakuTrebis simbiozze, saxelmwifo warmoebis wesze.33
rasakvirvelia, ruseTs am gziT Sors wasvlis naklebi Sansi gaaCnia — amisaTvis mas arc
organizaciuli resursi aqvs, arc mimzidveli ideologia. etyoba sakmaod male aq axali
wonasworoba Seiqmneba, rodesac qveyana imedia moaxerxebs tradiciul sistemasa da
kapitalizms Soris simbioturi sistemis Seqmnas, rogorc es moaxerxes igive malaiziam an
tailandma.
ruseTis socialuri sistemis evoluciis magaliTi imiTia mniSvnelovani, rom adre Tu
gvian mis mdgomareobaSi CineTi aRmoCndeba. im sistemis istoriuli ganviTarebis logika,
romlis farglebSic es qveyana arsebobs, amaze araorazrovnad miuTiTebs.
CineTi dReisaTvis bevrad ufro globalizebulia, vidre odesme ruseTi iyo. mas
ekonomikis yvelaze grZelvadiani, uwyveti, maRali zrdis tempi aqvs msoflioSi, is
ganviTarebuli qveynebis gareT ucxouri investiciebis yvelaze didi mimRebia,
praqtikulad nebismieri wiaRiseuli nedleulis yvelaze didi momxmarebelia msoflioSi,
bolos yoveli mexuTe adamiani dedamiwaze — Cinelia.
rasakvirvelia misi mmarTvelobis sistema bevrad ukeTaa organizebuli, vidre ruseTis,
mosaxleoba ufro disciplinirebuli da darazmuli qveynis xelmZRvanelobis garSemo,
reformebi ukeT dagegmili da organizebuli, magram is Tavis safuZvelSi isev
zecentralizebuli, arademokratiuli (zogierTis azriT — avtoritaruli), komunistur
ideologiaze damyarebuli saxelmwifoa.34
dResdReobiT CineTi sakmaod mokrZalebul rols TamaSobs globalur politikaSi, misi
xelmZRvaneloba ZiriTadad imiTia dakavebuli, rom ar dauSvas qveynis sistemuri
safuZvlebis moSla swrafi ekonomikuri zrdis pirobebSi (dasavleTis azriT, romelic
mravali welia mouwodebs CineTs Seanelos is — “aramdgradad” swrafis).
amave dros gasagebia, rom adre Tu gvian, aseTi modernizaciis Sedegebi winaaRmdegobaSi
mova sazogadoebis organizaciis sistemasTan - dRevandeli CineTis mmarTveli elitisa da
axali, mis mierve Seqmnili saSualo klasis interesebi erTmaneTs Seejaxeba.35.
Tu es SedarebiT adre moxdeba, maSin moxdeba minimum masStaburi ekonomikuri krizisi
(etyoba globaluri) da regionuri politikuri destabilizacia. Tu es saSualovadian
perspeqtivaSi ar moxda, maSin CineTi garantirebulad daiwyebs sul ufro aqtiuri rolis
TamaSs jer regionalur, Semdgom globalur politikaSi. da es politika garantirebulad
iqneba ara prodasavluri an demokratiuli, aramed nacionalisturi da antiamerikuli
(dResdReobiT CineTis samxedro doqtrina strategiul mowinaaRmdeged swored aSS-s
xedavs). faqtiurad CineTis gaZliereba ama Tu im saxiT kvlad daiwyebs im globalur
sistemur winaaRmdegobas, romelic meore msoflio omis Semdeg arsebobda msoflioSi.
aseTma politikam yvelaze naklebad sasiamovno Sedegi iqneba is, rom bevri
ganviTarebadi qveyana (gansakuTrebiT, afrikaSi da laTinur amerikaSi), romelic dRes
formalurad “xels awers” kapitalizmsa da demokratias, pirs ibrunebs ganviTarebis am
modelisagan. zemoT Tqmulidan gasagebia, rom sistemuri winaaRmdegoba dRevandel
msoflioSi mainc arsebobs, Tumca SedarebiTD Serbilebuli formiT.
Tavi 2. msoflio politikis globalizacia
2.1. pirveli globalizacia.
nebismieri sazogadoeba, misi struqturuli organizaciis, ganviTarebis donisa da tipis
ganurCevlad, cdilobs gadaWras Semdegi ori ZiriTadi (Tumca gamoucxadebeli) amocana:
a/daamyaros stabiluri balansi, erTi mxriv, sazogadoebis wevrebis moTxovnilebebs Soris
(romelic uzrunvelyofilia mis gankargulebaSi arsebuli warmoebis saSualebebiT), da
meore mxriv, bunebrivi garemos SesaZleblobebs Soris daakmayofilos es
moTxovnilebebi;36 b/gaanawilos mopovebuli simdidre sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris ise, rom
SeinarCunos sazogadoebis stabiluroba. faqtiurad, mocemuli amocanebis warmatebiT
gadaWra warmoadgens sazogadoebis funqcionirebis minimalur aucilebel winapirobas.
Tumca politika sazogadod ganisazRvreba, rogorc gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi
da meTodi adamianTa jgufebisaTvis, mocemul sazogadoebriv konteqstSi is SesaZlebelia
ganvixiloT rogorc RonisZiebebis nakrebi, romelic qmnis winapirobas zemoT mocemuli
24
On the other hand, in the late 19th century, during the first globalization, this connection between
main tasks and politics of then leading global players was all too obvious. Urgent needs of growing
economy and population pressed some Western European countries to expand in order to get hold of
new natural resource bases, markets as well as territories to settling of population, which could not find
appropriate place in home countries. This was the first time in the world history, when the leading global
players were able to establish and sustain set of relations, which enabled them to influence
development processes throughout the planet.
As such this system was fully developed approximately by the end of Boer war in South Africa,
which marked the final formation of the British Empire. In a fully developed form it existed for a very
short period of time –WW I marked the beginning of the end of this system, while the world economic
crisis of 1929 delivered it a final blow.
The main feature that differentiated that period from the ongoing globalization stage manifested
itself in a fact that the major part of the world was directly, often formally controlled by a few European
powers, plus Russia and the USA. As a result level of global political and economic integration was
obviously much higher, than it is today. Direct responsibility of leading global players (the British Empire
in the first place) for processes going worldwide as well as their ability to influence them was much
higher too. This was caused by situation when vast majority of processes on the planet took place
within limited number of integral political and economic spaces (mostly territorial empires). Apart from
few independent globalization subjects (mainly the modern nation-states) all other ethnos on the planet
were drawn into globalization processes by force, without taking into consideration their needs and
preferences.
As a whole the system of relations established that time was rather rigid and clumsy, it lacked
abilities to evolve. For instance feedback from objects of globalization to its subjects was reduced to
minimum, often huge territories bordering each other were able to set up relations only through centres
of respective colonial powers situated at distances of thousands kilometres from them. Besides at least
within the leading European colonial powers (the British Empire in the first place) and the US transition
to a market economy and democratic governance system was in its final stages. Still such system of
relations, which was generally acknowledged within leading global players, as well as system of
relations among these players, was not applied to countries and ethnos left outside this “elite club”.
This colonial stage of globalization also quite paradoxically manifested the relative weakness of
leading global players. Vast territories were grabbed and put under direct control simply because
colonial powers did not possess reliable information about them to select whatever they really needed
and besides they did not possess any other control mechanisms, besides regimes of personal order
and direct control, despite their haphazardness and uncertainties. Such new forms of transnational
organization and activity, as based mainly on the interests of evolving multinational corporations looking
for markets, rather than for territories that contained such markets, were just evolving. Factually at the
turn of 20th century the US was the only country where monopolies and the state worked hand in hand
to promote their mutual interests in Latin America in the first place, without establishment of direct
control over territories and states, which came within its sphere of interests.
Inefficiency of direct control over colonies had finally led to dismantling of colonial system after WW
II. By this time cost of responsibilities by colonial powers over territories they controlled by far exceeded
benefits they were able to receive from those very territories. Only the least developed colonial powers
(Portugal for instance) gave up their colonies due to a local armed resistance. Almost in all other cases
the ruling states abandoned their colonies because their maintenance became too expensive.
To the contrary of the most popular notions of global politics, which assume that politics acquired
global features only rather recently, it was global already during the first globalization, since served
interests and relations that had influenced development trends worldwide. Today global politics simply
manifests itself in more diverse and intensive forms. At the same time need to regulate and order
diverse domains of activities of the leading global powers led to establishment and development of
appropriate regulatory regimes, based on a plethora of Western commerce, finance and
intergovernmental political organizations. Already by the WW I significant sectors of global affairs were
subject to regulation by world organizations, thus creating a new infrastructure for the transnational
management and control of economic, social and cultural processes. Still all these regulations and
organizations were incepted within [Western] Europe and served interests of leading global players, all
others being brought within their confines by hook or by crook, without any regard to their actual
interests.
Another important feature, which was inherited by the world as a result of the first globalization, was
adoption of European nation-state as the principal type of political rule across the globe. There is
number of features, which distinguish this type of state from others, namely territoriality, monopolistic
control of the means of violence, an impersonal structure of power and a distinctive claim to legitimacy.
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The main variant of its particular political form evolved as liberal or representative democracy. Today
the vast majority of states of the world are organized in accordance with principles of democracy,
although more often than not these are adopted rather formally and hold of liberal democracy on
political communities are tentative and capable of reversal. In quite many places (in the post-Soviet
space for instance) this model of state-building is being adopted mainly because it makes easier access
to resources and privileges offered to such countries by the leading global players.
Second globalization is mainly different from the first one by two distinctive, albeit contradictory
features. At one hand there are much more formally independent political actors, which share global
arena with whole array of intergovernmental organizations as well as non-state actors such as
multinational corporations, transnational pressure groups, social movements and so on. On the other
hand, in the end, set of relations shaping global development is determined by a very small group of
leading global states. Of course, they are under the ever-growing pressure by all other actors
mentioned above, but still the final decision remains with them. Even the leading multinational
corporations, despite all their visible global reach and influence, can succeed if their activities do not
contradict general political preferences of governments of countries where they are based. Of course,
they are free and able to influence formation of these political preferences, but otherwise activities that
contradict their states or collective governmental bodies (the EU for instance) may be fatal for them.18
Starting from the famous 1946 Fulton speech by Winston Churchill till the fall of Berlin wall in 1989,
global politics was shaped within the confines of the cold war system. It was marked by the global rift
between groups of powers led by the US and the USSR, systemic competition of two antagonistic
societal systems. Political decisions and actions that in the end affected the whole spectrum of global
development took place almost exclusively within the framework of this competition and were
determined by it. Moreover, without such confrontation, activities of both the US and the USSR could
have remained within the confines of the respective geographical areas. The US especially could quite
easily restrict its activities along the traditional north-south axis embracing Americas, if not the Soviet
threat. The same consideration might be applied to the global activities of the USSR too. The actual or
imaginative threats made these countries to chase each other around the globe, involving into their
confrontation virtually any independent political entity on the planet.
Of these two systemic leaders the US was proactive, representing the young, active ethnos,
generating new values, ideas, relations et cetera. On the other side, the USSR – the Bolshevik
reincarnation of the Russian empire, was not able to present something viable, competitive with
American interests in the long run. From the very beginning this country was relegated the role of the
sparring-partner (albeit rather dangerous), fighting which the US developed and perfected whole array
of political, military and other instruments. Besides the cold war competition provided both countries
different opportunities, depending on their systemic features.
Cold war was used by the sides as pretext to meddle almost indiscriminately into internal affairs of
majority of formally independent countries of the world. Still such opportunity was pretty profitable for
the US since it used it for developing new markets for it ever-growing economy, to open-up the existing
markets previously inaccessible for them. Even the rush of armaments was pretty profitable for huge
sectors of American economy. On the other hand the USSR was typical representative of pyramidal
society, its interest on the global arena was purely ideological and political. Its economy was almost
totally self-sufficient. It did not understand market logic, did not need new markets outside its borders.
Instead of making profits it was loosing huge sums by investing them into political regimes of satellite
states, possessing no working mechanisms of retrieving this money. Besides militarization of economy
was negative sum game for this country, which in the end contributed significantly to its downfall.
Still the system of relations, which continues to determine development trends on the planet, was
mainly created as a result of compromise of conflicting interests of leaders of these two opposing
blocks. Huge amount of international regimes operating worldwide were developed (during the cold war
period) precisely as result of such compromises.19 They may be divided into three main parts – a/
regimes dealing predominantly with control and management of various elements of global transport,
communication and other infrastructures - for instance the global regime for international air transport
etc. They should be and are defined in precise terms, are indispensable parts of day-by-day activities of
mainly non-political actors and are easily controlled and verified. Although political element is easily
18
The same consideration may be applied to NGOs too. Their major part (if not the majority) simply acts as agents of
various governments and not necessarily the governments of countries where they are formally based.
19
International regime may be defined as “implicit and explicit principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures
around which actor expectations converge in a given issue area of international relations” Krasner, S. (1983)
International Regimes, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, p.2.
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idga zemoT daxasiaTebul “piramidul” sazogadoebebidan. safrangeTs dasWirda
ganuwyveteli sisxliani revoluciebis, omebisa da sazogadoebrivi areulobis TiTqmis
erTi saukune (moyolebuli 1789 wlis revoluciidan, vidre 1871 wlis parizis komunamde),
sanam moxerxda misi saboloo transformacia Tanamedrove kapitalistur, demokratiul
sazogadoebad. da mainc miuxedavad amisa, 2006 wlis martSi “niu-iork Taimsi” werda: “is
[safrangeTi] imarTeba rogorc didi korporacia, romelsac saTaveSi Zlieri prezidenti
udgas. nebismieri cvlileba ZalTa ganawilebaSi iwvevs kriziss. parlamenti, rogorc Cans
Zalian sustia imisaTvis, rom SezRudos es xelisufleba. protestebi faqtiurad
mTavrobis yuradRebis miqcevis erTaderT saSualebad gvevlineba.”32
igive absolutisturi espaneTis agonia mimdinareobda meTvramete saukunidan moyolebuli,
vidre 1930-iani wlebis samoqalaqo omamde da general frankos TiTqmis ormocwlian
diqtaturamde. misi sabolood gaformeba rogorc Tanamedrove, ganviTarebuli qveynisa,
moxda 1986 gaerTianebul evropasTan SeerTebis Semdeg, Tumca amaSi briuselSi mjdomi
biurokratebis damsaxureba etyoba aranaklebia, vidre TviT espanelebis.
SedarebiT warmatebulia transformaciis Sedegebi or iseT aziur saxelmwifoSi,
rogoricaa taivani da samxreTi korea. magram isini am regionis Zalian aratipuri
warmomadgenlebi arian. miT umetes, taivani, sadac aSS-m, faqtiurad moaxdina
kontinenturi CineTidan devnilebis Tanamedrove sazogadoebad gadaqcevis specialuri
proeqtis realizacia. samxreTi koreis socialuri Tu ekonomikuri struqtura mTlianad
moSlili iyo jer xangrZlivi iaponuri okupaciisa da 1950-1953 wlebis omis Semdeg. aqac
faqtiurad moxda axali sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba aSS-s uSualo xelmZRvanelobiTa da
monawileobiT. magram am process TiTqmis ormoci weli dasWirda, xolo analogiur
situaciaSi myofi Crdilo korea msoflioSi erT-erT yvelaze araadamianur sazogadoebad
Camoyalibda.
friad TvalsaCinoa am TvalsazrisiT ruseTis magaliTi. moyolebuli mecxramete
saukunis 60-iani wlebidan da vidre 1914 wlamde ruseTma Caatara etyoba dReisaTvis
yvelaze Sors wasuli modernizacia, namdvil, xist aziur sistemaSi arsebul saxelmwifoebs
Soris. es transformacia iyo sakmaod araTanabari, magram namdvilad warmatebuli
ekonomikur sferoSi (ruseTis ekonomikuri warmatebebi im dros cotaTi Tu
Camouvardeboda dRevandeli CineTis miRwevebs) da 1905 wlis revoluciis Semdeg —
socialurSic.
am faqtorebis kombinaciam gamoiwvia tradiciuli sazogadoebis sistemuri safuZvlebis
moSla. moxda sistemuri krizisi, romelic pirvel msoflio omSi qveynis warumatebel
monawileobaSi gamovlinda. Sedegi — 1917 wlis oqtombris gadatrialeba, romelmac
saboloo jamSi am qveyanaSi bevrad ufro xisti centralizebuli sistema Seqmna, vidre is
absoluturi monarqiis dros iyo. ruseTma (sabWoTa kavSiris saxeliT) gaiara kidev erTi
modernizacia — uaRresad warmatebuli centralizebuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis; magram
absoluturad miuRebeli Tanamedrove, ganviTarebul msoflioSi aRiarebuli moraluri
faseulobebis TvalsazrisiT.
aseTma ruseTma gaimarjva meore msoflio omSi da Caeba civ omSi ganviTarebul
msofliosTan, romelSic damarcxda, im mizeziT, rom sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa
sistema, romelzec is iyo dafuZnebuli, absoluturad arakonkurentunariani gamodga
Tanamedrove globaluri urTierTobebis sistemaSi. praqtikulad ssrk-s damarcxebam
dasavleTTan SejibrebaSi marTla gvauwya istoriis dasasruli im gagebiT, rom damTavrda
epoqa, romelSic tradiciul urTierTobaTa sistemaze awyobil saxelmwifoebs SeeZloT
warmatebiT ganecxadebinaT pretenzia globalur liderobaze da eCvenebinaT ganviTarebis
sxvisTvis misabaZi magaliTi.
sainteresoa, rom zustad aseTive Sedegi gamoiRo iranSi prodasavlurma sakmaod rbilma
modernizaciam Sah mohamad reza fexlevis dros. qveyanaSi 1979 wels moxda revolucia,
romelmac is mkveTrad Seabruna sakmaod xisti tradiciuli ganviTarebis modelisaken,
romelic amasTanave islamur ideologias efuZneba.
sayuradReboa, rom 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg ruseTis realuri
modernizaciis (e.i. demokratiuli, sabazro ekonomikaze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebis
mSeneblobis) cda praqtikulad ar momxdara. is, rasac 1992-2004 wlebSi am qveyanaSi
demokratiuli reformebis saxeliT aris cnobili, iyo ara imdenad Segnebuli qmedeba,
ramdenadac sazogadoebis Sokuri reaqcia imperiis daSlaze (sxvaTa Soris meore daSlaze
23
 ase rom, elementaruli TviTgadarCenis moTxovnilebebidan gamomdinare, aseT qveynebs
an adaptacia sWirdebaT ganviTarebis Tanamedrove moTxovnilebebisadmi, an sistemuri
mimikria mainc, romelic nawilobriv moxsnis maTze gare zewolas. laparakia swored
adaptaciaze e.i. iseT minimalur cvlilebebze, romelTa Sedegad aseTi qveyana SeiZens
dasavleTisaTvis misaReb (an mosaTmen) imijs, Caebmeva (ase Tu ise) globalizaciis
procesebSi da gaakeTebs amas tradiciuli sistemis destabilizaciis gareSe. SedarebiT
warmatebiT akeTeben amas, magaliTad, tailandi da malaizia samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi,
SesaZloa iordania.
“niu-iork Taimsi” werda 2002 wels — rom arsebobdes iseTi saxelmwifo, romelic qmnis
terorizmis mfarvel avtokratebs, iparavs milionobiT dolars maSin, rodesac Ratakebad
aqcevs sakuTar moqalaqeebs, Zirs uTxris sazogadoebriv ganaTlebasa da jandacvas, uSvebs
bavSvebis monobas, awamebs disidentebs da iTmens eTnikuri umciresobebis darbevas, maSin
Cven yvela davgmobT mas. erTi gamonaklisiT — samxreT aziaSi aseT sistemas demokratia
ewodeba.29 laparaki pakistanzea, romelmac yvela zemoT CamoTvlil sikeTesTan erTad
daarRvia birTvuli iaraRis gavrcelebis SezRudvis yoveli dawerili Tu dauwereli
principi, plus Talibebis mTavari sponsori iyo. miuxedavad amisa, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris
Semdeg aSS-ma gamoacxada is Tavis umTavres strategiul mokavSired natos farglebs
gareT.
pakistani warmoadgens politikuri mimikriis klasikur magaliTs gviCvenebs, Tu rogor
SeiZleba dRevandel msoflioSi warmatebiT iarsebos tradiciulma “aziurma” saxelmwifom
demokratiul demagogiaze dayrdnobiT.
yuradsaRebia is garemoeba, rom romelime aseTi tipis qveynis Tanamedrove
sazogadoebad warmatebuli transformaciis magaliTi namdvilad ar arsebobs. aseTad
sazogadod asaxeleben iaponias, rac etyoba principulad arasworia. iaponia, uiSviaTesi
gamonaklisis saxiT, tipuri zecentralizebuli “aziuri” sazogadoeba namdvilad ar
yofila. misi izolirebuli, kunZulovani mdgomareoba xsnida ucxouri intervenciis
saSiSroebas, xolo arsebuli mwiri bunebrivi resursebis centralizebuli marTva ar
iZleoda SesamCnev upiratesobas decentralizirebul meurneobis sistemasTan
SedarebiT.30 Tumca mravalricxovani, calkeuli feodaluri klanebi namdvilad
“piramidis” principiT iyo agebuli.
qveyana Zlier centralizebuli gaxda mxolod mecxramete saukunis meore naxevarSi,
meiZis revoluciis farglebSi mimdinare modernizaciis dros. meore msoflio omSi
damarcxebam zecentralizaciis aucileblobac moxsna da qveyanam kidev erTi warmatebuli
modernizacia gaiara. Tumca, ramdenad SeZlo man misTvis principSi ucxo, evropidan
mosuli sistemisadmi adaptacia, Zneli saTqmelia. 2006 wlis dasawyisisaTvis iaponiis
msoflioSi sididiT meore ekonomikam ganicada zedized oTxi recesia ukanaskneli aTi
wlis manZilze. am dros, mis ekonomikas principSi araferi ar sWirs, is saaTiviTaa
momarTuli da dResac dedamiwaze erT-erTi yvelaze efeqturia, rac TavisTavad friad
aZnelebs misi “mkurnalobis” efeqturi receptebis SemuSavebas.
rogorc Cans, am SemTxvevaSi saqme ufro gvaqvs sazogadoebrivi fsiqologiis
problemebTan, romelic swored adaptaciasTan aris dakavSirebuli. sanam iaponelebi
warmatebiT iTvisebdnen garedan Semosul inovaciebs, maT Soris socialurs, maT mkafio
mizani gaaCndaT, romlis miRwevac iyo saWiro. rogorc ki maT am mizans warmatebiT
miaRwies, aRmoCnda, rom Semdgomi winsvlis stimuli ubralod daikarga — is konkretuli
qcevis modeli, stereotipebi, stimulebi, romlebic TavisaTvis gamoimuSaves igive
amerikelebma, iaponelebisaTvis mainc ucxoa, sxva civilizaciis farglebSi aris
aRmocenebuli. Sedegad krizisi. mis warmatebiT gadasalaxavad iaponelebs etyoba
sWirdebaT an sakuTari civilizaciuri memkvidreobis did nawilze xelis aReba da
evropuli civilizaciisadmi adaptacia, an mZlavri gareSe krizisis warmoqmna, romelic
isev darazmavda maT misi daZlevis procesSi. sayuradReboa, rom 2006 wlis TebervalSi
“niusviqSi” gamoqveynda statia, romlis avtori amtkicebs, rom iaponelebma ukve
praqtikulad gaiares civilizaciuri adaptaciis periodi da faqtiurad pirvel
araevropel-evropelebad gvevlinebian.31
zemoT moyvanili magaliTi imisTvisaa saWiro, rom uCvenos tradiciuli sazogadoebebis
Tanamedrove, kapitalistur sistemaSi transformaciis sirTule. aseve Znelad
mimdinareobda aseTi transformacia TviT evropis SedarebiT centralizebul
saxelmwifoebSi, magaliTad absolutistur safrangeTSi, romelic amave dros Zalian Sors
22
traceable here, technological components prevail20; b/ predominantly economic (commercial, financial,
etc) regimes, which were developed almost exclusively in the interests of the US and its allies, since the
Soviet Union had little interests in this area, or was not economically powerful enough to pursue them
successfully. They are predominantly construed around such institutions as the WB, IMF and lately
WTO. Despite active position of the developing world as regards structure and configuration of these
regimes, the leading global powers are slow to give up such advantages and preferences, as they
acquired earlier. The WTO Hong Kong meeting of 2005 can serve as a good illustration of this case,
with plenty of rather vague promises by the developed West versus growing dissatisfaction of the
developing world; c/ regimes dealing predominantly with global security and related spheres of
activities, including for instance the human rights regime. It is mainly associated with the United
Nations, although not restricted to it. Here is the case when almost all existing treaties and
organizations, influencing global political affairs one or another way, emerged as a result or because of
direct confrontation between the opposing societal systems. As a result there is the huge array of
formal and informal standards and rules agreed or adhered to, which through and inside
intergovernmental and transnational activities creates intricate framework of regulatory mechanisms.
Many of these are hardly efficient since reflect situations when conflicting sides had to reach some kind
of compromise and in the process obviously tried both to have a cake and to eat it.
Among these rules one may find such arbitrary ones as “will of international community”, which can
assume the “status of law” or become basis for legal international activities under certain conditions. On
practice this “will” is mainly manifested by political preferences and needs of the same leading global
players and more often than not is used as pretext to intervene into domestic affairs of formally
sovereign states in cases when such intervention is not supported by the majority of countries
represented in the same UN (see for instance bombing of Serbia in 1999).
As a result these regimes are also applied arbitrarily, depending again on the actual preferences
and needs of the leading global players. Some countries may be severely punished for activities, which
go against the will of international community, while others may get away with the same ”will” turning it
blind eye on them. Countries, which play some necessary role in activities of these leading players, or
are simply situated in regions which do not interest these players are often able to violate a plenty of
formal or informal rules and regulations and get away with it. Many important regimes do not work on
practice simply because they do not possess the coercive power. The most telling example of such is
Treaty of the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. It was devised by the both conflicting sides of the
cold war, when they started to understand that farther spread of nuclear arms might endanger their own
security. Still their rivalry did not allow for efficient mechanisms that might lead to forceful restraining of
countries which violated its provisions. As a result Israel was the first who dare acquire its own nuclear
arsenal (allegedly the third largest in the world) without any consequences. It was later on followed by
India and Pakistan – the traditional bitter rivals, who maximum suffered few years of moderate
sanctions and formal displeasure by the US. Both are too important regional players to suffer more
drastic consequences. North Korea is blackmailing East Asia with its alleged nuclear weapons for many
years, but by the end of 2005 it was still getting away with it, since it is well outside the direct interests
of the US, while other neighbouring countries for various reasons are either not interested to act
decisively (South Korea, China) or can not (Japan). On the other hand the nuclear reactor constructed
by Iraq was erased from the earth by the Israeli air strike, since it might potentially endanger both Israeli
and American interests in the region and besides Israel was capable to violate international law and
suffer no consequences.
The UN is another most telling example of the cold war rudiment. Although its founding fathers
obviously never intended it as such, with the beginning of the cold war it turned into the organization,
which both the US and the USSR used to vent out their anger caused by the “unlawful activities” of the
other side. As a result during that time it was mainly immobilized as an autonomous actor on majority of
pressing issues (especially political). It had (and still has) a leeway as regards humanitarian,
educational, health-care or (to lesser extent) environmental activities, but is very restricted when its
activities may contradict political interests of the leading global players.
There are only two known cases when the UN acted decisively and efficiently being involved in
forcing problems of regional security. First was when North Korea invaded the South in 1949 and the
second when Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990. Still in the first case the Soviet Union boycotted the Security
Council, and in the second it counted it last days and was simply unable to go against will of the West.
The same peacekeeping operations, the “pride of the UN” mostly take place when the leading
global players are not interested to be directly responsible in participating of solution of some local
20
On the other hand the US is controlling such vital global system as Internet and refuses to give up this control in favour
of the UN sponsored one.
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problems. When they are directly interested to intervene some place they are easily doing this even
against the most expressed disagreement of the vast majority of the UN member states. Both the US
and the USSR were doing this on a regular base during the cold war, and the US continues to do this
today, intervening for instance in Iraq without any formal consent by the UN, although this again
contradicted all formally accepted international treaties and was done on a false pretext.
On the other hand developing countries are increasingly interested in UN as mechanism, which
allows them to at least present their pressing problems for global consideration and to make
themselves heard out. These attempts force the UN to act more independently in many cases, where
previously it would simply follow the same US or USSR. As a result both developing countries and the
US call for reform of the organization, the first because they render it too weak to promote efficiently
needs of the majority of the global community, while the US, charging it with corruption, obviously aims
to weed out such small sprouts of activities independent of the expressed will of America as exist today.
All in all demise of the Soviet Union did not to a large extent alter the cold war era system of the
global political relations. Even if one of the leading global players disappeared, the remaining one
continues to act predominantly unilaterally or gives just a lip service to collective political actions. In the
most broad terms the globalization of the world politics led to emergence of some striking features:
democracy in the current leading global players and their affiliated states and non-democratic relations
between these states and the rest of the world; pursuit of accountability and democratic legitimacy
inside state borders and the pursuit of national interest (and maximum political advantage) outside such
borders; democracy and human rights for those regarded as “insiders” and habitual negation of these
rights for those beyond their borders.
Also today finding solutions and undertaking mitigating measures as regards global political
processes lies predominantly within the sphere of responsibility of the US. Not that other countries do
not want to play roles independent of the US, to carry out policies contradicting the American interests.
Simply individually and even collectively (even EU) are not strong enough so far to devise and
implement sets of relations leading to alterations on the global level. On the other hand such situation
may endow strongly to erosion of the existing system of global politics. Despite all ensuing danger
decades long US-USSR rivalry in many cases led to some kind of division of labour and shared
responsibility for resolution of many complex global issues. Today the US virtually stands alone and
tries to make decisions not just for its own people, but for the majority of others as well. Thus the major
global problem is – in the current extremely complex and diverse world, is power and authority of one
superpower (even if sometimes supported by other important players) enough to tackle successfully
with the whole array of global issues? And besides in cases when it obviously acts unilaterally against
the expressed will of the rest of the world, can it be hold accountable and to whom and on what basis?
Case Study 2 – Terrorism – the New Global Player?
Although no generally acknowledged definition of terrorism exists, it is usually understood as an
attempt to provoke fear and intimidation in the main target audience, which may be a government, a
whole society, or a group within a society. Terrorist acts are therefore designed and may be deliberately
timed to attract wide publicity and cause public shock, outrage, and fear. The intention may be to
provoke disproportionate reactions from governments. It’s very difficult to distinguish the “genuine”
terrorist activities and for instance legitimate armed resistance to some occupying power. These two
kinds of actions are often used as synonyms, sometimes deliberately. It may be better to define as
terrorist only actions that are directed against the civilians, setting aside all attacks on armed forces or
police. Thus such actions that led to hostage taking for instance in Beslan school (Russia) in 2004
should be definitely defined as terrorist, while attacks on the local security forces in Nazran in 2004 or
elsewhere should be classified differently.
As the main task of terrorism is to provoke fear and intimidation, it’s often perceived as irrational by
governments and population subjected to it. Demands laid down by terrorist are more often than not
unrealizable on principle, even if targeted governments and societies are ready to meet them. Thus the
traditional, rational means of dealing with conflicts, adopted by the modern Western society, hardly
work with terrorism.
One of the main problems associated with terrorism is that it is usually perceived and dealt with as
an independent phenomenon. In reality though almost exclusively it’s a manifestation, symptom of a
much wider and complex set of social, economic, political or ideological problems; one may even say –
the extreme problem-solving tool. Although terrorists rarely meet their declared goals, even the
unintended consequences of isolated terrorist actions lead sometimes to the major alterations of history
of humankind. For instance a chain of events started by the consumptive Serb student in 1914, when
he murdered the Austrian archduke and his wife led to WW I. Also terrorists themselves rarely come to
power, but often help to come to power people and organizations that in the end turn to be the more
132
meqanizmebi ubralod ar arsebobs;
• saxelmwifo imarTeba daniSnuli biurokratebis mier, romlebic pasuxs ageben
mxolod maT mimarT, vinc maT Tanamdebobaze niSnavs. CineTSi mravali saukunis
manZilze moxeleebs irCevdnen formalurad meritokratiuli rTuli gamocdebis
safuZvelze, da isini saxelmwifos erTgulebaze debdnen fics. ruseTSi maT niSnavs
zemdgomi xelmZRvaneli, dawyebuli qveynis pirveli piridan, piradi erTgulebis
principidan gamomdinare; Tanamdebobebs es pirebi Tavis sarCenad iReben (sruliad
formaluri rusuli termini получить должность в кормление, Tumca dRes is Tavisi
pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT iSviaTad ixmareba). orive SemTxvevaSi aseT moxeleebs aqvT
mosaxleobaze gavlenis faqtiurad ganusazRvreli saSualebebi. maTi SemzRudavi
mxolod maTi zemdgomia da Sida korporaciuli dauwereli kanonebi. saboloo jamSi,
aseTi situacia iwvevs Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebas da yovlismomcvel
korufcias. is, agreTve, iwvevs iseTi tipis socialuri fsiqologiis Camoyalibebas,
romelic yvelaze kargad aRiwereba isevdaisev rusuli andaziT — ты начальник – я
дурак, я начальник – ты дурак. garda amisa, aseT qveynebSi, moxeleebi xSirad hibriduli
kerZo-saxelmwifo sakuTrebis udidesi mflobelebi xdebian da xelSi igdeben
qveynis marTvis kidev erT mZlavr berkets.
zemoT aRwerili sistemis farglebSi dRes msoflios mosaxleobis minimum naxevari
cxovrobs. rasakvirvelia, masSi Semavali qveynebi erTgvarovan masas namdvilad ar
warmoadgenen, Tumca ZiriTad sistemur principebs ase Tu ise mainc iziareben. maTi
umetesoba didi xania formalurad mainc aRiarebs sazogadoebis demokratiuli
aRmSeneblobis principebs, rac es maT Cveul arss iotisodenadac ar cvlis. SedarebiT
rbilia tradiciuli sistemuri maxasiaTeblebis gamovlineba, magaliTad, samxreT-
aRmosavleT aziaSi; magram xistia yvela danarCen muslimanur qveyanaSi, CineTsa da
ruseTSi. igive indoeTi, romelic dRemde ufro mravalricxovani didi erebis
konglomeratad gvevlineba, vidre Camoyalibebul erTian saxelmwifod, sakmaod
demokratiulia [iZulebiT] federalur, magram tradiciuli Statebis doneze.
aSkaraa, rom Tavisi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebiT, aseTi tradiciuli aziuri Tu
piramiduli sistema diametralurad sawinaaRmdegoa Tanamedrove ganviTarebuli
sazogadoebebisa. es ar niSnavs, rom es sistemebi aucileblad erTmaneTis antagonisturi
unda iyvnen, magram erTmaneTTan naklebad Tavsebadia da konkurentuli. maT Soris
winaaRmdegoba ukve konceptualur doneze arsebobs — orive agebulia mkveTrad
gansxvavebul faseulobaTa sistemaze, Sefasebis kriteriumebze, qcevis stereotipebze. es
ar niSnavs imas, rom aziuri sistemis faseulobebi da kriteriumebi dasavleTSi miRebulze
uaresia an amoraluri — bolos da bolos maTze dayrdnobiT msoflios uZvelesma
civilizaciebma mravalsaukunovani ganviTarebis gza gamoiares. isini ubralod sxvaa.
amave dros meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi ganaxlebis siCqare ekonomikur, finansur,
teqnologiur sferoebSi imdenad maRali gamodga, rom Zirs UuTxris vertikalur
kavSirebze agebul, mouqnel piramidul sistemas. Tanamedrove msoflioSi marTvis
efeqturi sistemebi damyarebulia paralelur gadawyvetilebebze, rodesac sistemas
SeuZlia sakuTari Tavis modificireba optimaluri gadawyvetilebebis ZebnaSi. magram
horizontaluri, naklebad SezRuduli informaciuli nakadebis arseboba SesaZlebelia
mxolod ganviTarebul samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi mZlavri saSualo klasiT. swored aseTi
nakadebi gamodian ekonomikis katalizatorebad, xdian qveyanas konkurentunarians.
yvelaze warmatebuli Tanamedrove qveynebi viTardebian adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis,
avtonomiebis uflebebis zrdis mimarTulebiT, xasiaTdebian qveynis SigniT
decentralizaciis maRali xarisxiT.
magram yvelaferi zemoT CamoTvlili aris is, rasac tlanqi, Znelad adaptirebadi
tradiciuli sazogadoebrivi sistema ubralod ver egueba. swrafi cvlilebebi,
arastabiluroba (Tugind ganviTarebiT gamowveuli), inovaciebi (gansakuTrebiT
socialur-politikur sferoSi) — e.i. yvelaferi, rac asociirebulia globalizaciasTan,
misTvis mavnebelia. TviT dinamiuri globalizaciis procesi, romelsac saTaveSi wamyvani
dasavluri saxelmwifoebi udganan, Zirs uTxris mas, iwvevs mis destabilizacias.
mniSvneloba ara aqvs, rogor damokidebulebaSi aris am sistemis warmomadgeneli esa Tu
is konkretuli saxelmwifo ganviTarebul msofliosTan. nebismier SemTxvevaSi,
kacobriobis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze, saboloo jamSi is agebs masTan
konkurentul brZolas (ssrk — amis yvelaze tipuri magaliTi).
21
 moxmarebis” detalebi, romelsac saxelmwifo ewodeba. adamianis uflebebi im saxiT,
romliTac is miRebulia dRevandel dasavlur sazogadoebaSi, aq saerTod ar
aRiqmeba. raime saubari sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifos Soris konstruqciul
urTierTobebze aq zedmetia. aseT sistemaSi saerTod ar arsebobs is, rasac ewodeba
sajaro politika da rac warmoadgens sazogadoebis “qvemoT” formirebuli
survilebisa da miswrafebebis gamoxatulebas. arsebobs politikuri nebis
erTaderTi wyaro — xelisufleba, romelic aq erTaderTi aqtiuri sawyisia.
mosaxleobas, rogorc aseTs, raime cvlilebis moTxovna an gatareba SeuZlia
mxolod saxelmwifo struqturebze Zalismieri zewolis gziT.
am konteqstSi pretenziebi ruseTis mimarT, rom man xeli aiRo demokratiul
reformebze sakmaod usafuZvloa. am qveyanaSi aseTi rame ubralod ar iyo. zedmetia aseTi
tipis qveyanaSi demokratiaze laparaki. is ara arademokratiuli, aramed ademokratiulia
im gagebiT, rom misi sazogadoebrivi sistema am tipis urTierTobebs ubralod ver aRiqvams.
mas SeuZlia formalurad aRiaros demokratiuli sazogadoebis amosavali principebi,
xeli moaweros yvela Sesabamis saerTaSoriso dokuments (igive adamianis uflebaTa
deklaracias), danergos qveyanaSi demokratiuli institutebi, magram amave dros
warmatebiT ugulvebelyos yvelaferi es. bolos da bolos, yvela formaluri
demokratiuli atributi stalinis droindel sabWoTa kavSirsac ki gaaCnda.
aqedan gamomdinare, advilad gasagebia ruseTis prezidentis v. putinis sityvebi,
romelic man 2005 wlis 24 Tebervals bratislavaSi aSS prezident j.buSTan Sexvedris
Semdeg gamarTul pres-konferenciaze warmoTqva — Cven ar vapirebT araviTari rusul
demokratiis gamogonebas. Cven erTgulebi viqnebiT yvela demokratiuli principisa,
romelic damkvidrebulia mTels civilizebul msoflioSi. rasakvirvelia, demokratiis
yvela ZiriTadi principi da instituti ruseTis sazogadoebis dRevandeli ganviTarebis,
misi istoriis, tradiciebis adekvaturi unda iyos... demokratiis danergvas Tan ar unda
sdevdes saxelmwifos daSla da xalxis gaRatakeba.27
• kavSirebi aseT sazogadoebaSi ZiriTadad vertikaluri da erTmimarTulebiania.
uflebebi sazogadod nawildeba zevidan-qveviT, xolo movaleobebi qvevidan-zeviT.
Sesabamisad muSaobs kanonic. sazogadoebis ufro maRali fenis warmomadgeneli
yovelTvis marTalia masze dabal safexurze mdgarTan da, piriqiT. iseTi uZvelesi
sakanonmdeblo tradiciebis mqone qveyanaSic ki, rogoric CineTia, met-naklebad
obieqturad kanonmdebloba xorcieldeboda mxolod erTsa da imave
sazogadoebrivi Sris farglebSi. kanonebi sazogadod tardeba SerCeviT,
mizanSewonilobis principiT. rogorc Tavis droze ganacxada ruseTis imperatoris
nikoloz pirvelis erT-erTma yvelaze daaxlovebulma pirma — grafma berkendorfma
— kanonebi iwereba xelqveiTebisaTvis da ara ufrosobisaTvis;
• saxelmwifo sazogadod personoficirebulia mis liderSi, romelsac xSirad
(formalurad mainc) ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba gaaCnia da araferze pasuxs ar
agebs.28 aseT saxelmwifoSi (romelsac xSirad rogorc paternalisturs
moixsenieben) urTierToba xelisuflebasa (xelisufals) da sazogadoebas Soris
faqtiurad mwyemsisa da cxvris faris urTierTobis donezea dayvanili. sazogadod,
mwyemsi unda zrunavdes Tavis faraze, rogorc gulmodgine meurne Tavis
sakuTrebaze. magram Tavisi sakuTrebis winaSe is pasuxismgebeli ar aris (es ewera
petre pirvelis TviTmpyrobelis Sesaxeb kanonisE pirvel muxlSi). yvelaze cudi is
aris, rom aseT sazogadoebebSi mosaxleobis udidesi umetesoba, saboloo jamSi,
eCveva “faris” rols da aRiqvams xelisuflebasa da mis liders rogorc maTi
arsebobis pirobebis uzrunvelmyofels. adamianebs sazogadod urCevniaT
gadaulocon TavianTi uglebebi saxelmwifos da pasiurad daelodon, Tu rogor
gadawyvets maT beds xelisufleba. didi socialuri Zvrebis drosac ki, rodesac
adamianebs principSi SeuZliaT airCion TavianTTvis ufro misaRebi ganviTarebis
axali kursi, isini ibrZvian imisaTvis, rom “Tavze daisvan” ufro ukeTesi,
mwyalobeli xelisufali;
• erT pirovnebaze saxelmwifos aseTi damokidebuleba mas saboloo jamSi uaRresad
daucvels xdis, Tu es ukanaskneli ubralod cudad asrulebs masze dakisrebul
movaleobebs an viRaca axerxebs mis ZaliT gadayenebas. xelmZRvanelma,
damokidebuli mis personalur Tvisebebze, SeiZleba aaSenos anda daamxos aseTi
sazogadoeba (ixileT, magaliTad — wyvilebi: stalini _ xruSCovi sabWoTa kavSirSi;
mao Zeduni _ den siaopini CineTSi). aseTi xelmZRvanelebis kontrolis realuri
20
extremist than terrorists themselves. For instance, terrorist organization, known as Party of Socialist-
Revolutionaries was instrumental in bringing to power in Russia in 1917 Bolsheviks (who were not
averse to terrorism themselves) with all the pending consequences that the world felt throughout the
most part of 20-th century.
Both cases, described here, show the real danger of terrorist activities, since even some isolated
action may lead to changes (sometimes global) that by their scale by far surpass its direct results. This
is especially dangerous if some politicians and/or countries try to use any terrorist act as pretext to
pursue their private ends (WW I being the most typical case).
It’s widely assumed that terrorism is the traditional way for weak, outcasts and oppressed (or who
consider themselves as such) to attract public attention to their grievances. On the other hand pockets
of dissatisfaction and marginalization may exist in any society, however developed and stable, meaning
that terrorism may emerge virtually everywhere especially if there is some kind of ideology (religious or
secular) that may be in principle interpreted in a way, which suits terrorist goals. As the European
experience of 1960-s and 1970-s shows, existence of developed democratic society where everyone is
able to express his/her protest openly, within the framework of democratic procedures, does not render
such society immune to terrorism. In any society may exist marginal individuals, or groups of marginals,
who can not become popular enough to attract attention of the local public by the legal means and turn
to violence to peddle their ideas.
Number of factors has turned terrorism into rather powerful and efficient political tool since the end
of 19-th century. First – the modern means of communication and mass media often transmitting
scenes of terrorist actions in real time create the exaggerated image of terrorism dangers to existing
political and social structures, frighten people and make them to extend the disproportionate pressure
on governments. Besides mass media, even if involuntarily, act as means of attracting attention to
terrorists, which is what they actually need.21 Second – modern terrorist warfare is very efficient and
powerful enough to be compared with standard armaments used by modern armies. Besides modern
industrial and infrastructural facilities (especially chemical factories, nuclear power plants, etc.) even in
case of “common” accidents may inflict terrible damage on the people and environment and are
presenting tempting targets for terrorist attacks multiplying their negative effects. Third – terrorism is
cheap, in the direct meaning of this term, especially as compared with the cost of antiterroristic activities
(warfare and equipment, training of military/police personnel, planning and implementation of special
military and police operations, etc.). Technologies used by terrorists are relatively simple, material for
explosives for instance can be purchased easily since it’s used for the most common peaceful purposes
(agricultural fertilizers for instance), instructions for making them may be easily obtained on the web.
Besides number of people directly involved in terrorist activities and those who fight them is simply
incompatible, the later exceeding the former by the orders of magnitude. Terrorists are also marginally
trained or have no special training at all, which also makes them easily expendable and replaceable.
Terrorism corrupts. The very logic of such activity, which is directed to intimidation and destruction
of the innocent people, is contradicting the most elementary norms of moral accepted by any society. It
always carries the negative moral charge. Whatever “noble” goals may pursue any terrorist organization
or movement, in the end it inevitably turns into the shelter for various marginals and criminals, who are
controlled by the shrewd political manipulators. Besides any terrorist organization sooner or later starts
to use criminal methods to obtain financing or arms, to recruit supporters (blackmail), so the division
line between terrorist and criminal organization is usually rather blurred.
The modern terrorism may be divided into two rather distinctive parts. First is the local terrorism,
which more often than not is stemming from various forms of national liberation fighting and represents
illegal (and amoral) part of activities sometimes endorsed even by legal international documents. The
second is the kind of terrorism, which is considered today as the international terrorism presenting the
global peril.
Local terrorism is virtually represented everywhere throughout the world, including for instance Spain
and until very recently the UK as well. Despite the fact that many of such conflicts are going on for
generations, their influence rarely exceeds countries or regions where they take place. If they are
sometimes perceived as part of global terror this happens mainly because governments pursue their
narrow interests presenting them this way. This is basically true even as regards such long-standing
and widely publicised conflicts as Palestinian-Israeli and Chechen in Russia.
The first one for many years defined to some extent mode of relations of the two world superpowers,
since the US and USSR supported the opposite sides of the conflict (as it looks from the current
21
Still despite all the horror of the recent terrorist actions in the leading countries of the world the direct loss of human
lives resulting from them is about 30 times less than as a result of car accidents, which nevertheless are considered
as kind of sacrifice to be paid by people for comfort and affluence of the modern life.
133
perspective, mainly to spite each-other, rather than from pragmatic political considerations), although
it’s not so today. As it often happens, in case of both these conflicts the respective governments do not
possess any efficient working plans as well the appropriate policies, to deal with situations that cause
terrorism. In short, both Israel and Russia want to have the cake and to eat it. For both of them the
territories they currently control (Israel absolutely illegally), are too “hot” to handle, still they can not
decide how to get rid of them without excessive damage to national security while saving their faces
and not look like losers.
The generation long occupation of Palestinian territories by Israel has resulted so far in one of the
most successful nation-building projects in the recent history – creating Palestinian nation from often
unrelated groups of Arabs, who at the time of inception of Israeli state were mostly represented by the
recent job migrants, attracted by opportunities presented by the developing economy initiated by the
Jewish settlers in Palestine. This occupation also marginalized and to a large extent exiled the local
Christian Arabs, brought the Islamic factor into the Palestinian resistance (allegedly to some extent with
covert support of Israeli security agencies, who initially supported for instance Hamas to
counterbalance the secular Fatah movement). It also introduced as a long-standing factor of regional
policy, forces that are unrelated to both to the region and the conflict at hand, in form of Iran supported
Hizbollah movement, which to a large extent defines well-being of formally independent Lebanon as
well.
Involvement of the international community as the peace-brokers of this conflict has brought no
positive results so far, since it could not produce any peace plan, which may suit Israel and/or can not
extend the real pressure on both sides of the conflict to end it on the terms, which may suit this
community. Besides the excessive, mostly uncontrolled financial and other kinds of support of the
Palestinian administration by this same community became one of the major factors of corruption within
this administration, which together with other factors, turns people from the secular civil government
prototype towards religious, terrorist organizations. One of additional factors, further aggravating the
existing situation is that the anti-Israeli forces interpret any concession made by Israel (even if made
from the position of power, as withdrawal from the Gaza strip in 2005) as their victory. Thus there is the
danger that some kind of large-scale withdrawal from the Western Bank by Israel will spur terrorist
activities instead of bringing peace into the region.22
As to conflict that is known as the Russian-Chechen, since 2005 it will be more appropriate to say
that virtually all parts of North Caucasus with predominantly non-Russian population are on the wedge
of the popular uprising.23 The main reason of such situation is pretty clear – Russia as a state does not
need these territories. They came under its control as a “part of the package” when the country was
looking for the strategic access to South Caucasus. Today many Russians are strictly differentiating
local peoples from themselves – labelling them as Caucasians (together with Georgians and Azeri for
instance), as someone different from the rest of Russians.
For more than two centuries of possession Russia (the USSR as well) did very little to change this
region – to modernize it to some extent, especially to undermine the traditional clan structure of social
relations. Today these areas are the least developed in Russia, save may be the regions settled by the
aboriginal semi-nomadic peoples in the Northern polar areas. Unlike the rest of the country
demographic pressure here is extremely high, which together with underdeveloped economy (which is
in shambles after demise of the Soviet Union) leads to truly horrendous level of unemployment, which
by some estimates varies between 70-90% of economically active population, mass poverty. Model of
management, which the USSR applied to this region (and Russia continues to apply), is quasi-feudal.
Federal administration appoints (even in case of formal elections) some local strongman as the leader
of national autonomy, supplies him with money and other resources from the federal reserves (share of
such subsidies in local budgets reaches 80-90%), gives him free-hand in exchange for loyalty and
stability.
Obviously corruption here was ripe and social situation in general close to explosive. Still the system
worked pretty well for quite a long time since was based on rather efficient military and police power
base. As soon as the Soviet Union disappeared all its defects surfaced. Corruption reached the stage
when positions in local administrations, which promise some share in the federal money, are sold
through informal, although rather open auctions. The local specific manifests itself in a fact that losers
are often taking up arms in order to settle their grievances with winners and/or the auctioneers. So
called law enforcement agencies are either directly participating in this redistibution of federal funds, or
are protecting local strongmen turned government administrators. Level of oppression of the local
population, which does not participate in this distribution (i.e. the majority), is extremely high, violation of
22
Of course in this case Israel will have be left free to retaliate in full, but this will lead to a new round of hostilities, etc.
23
Except North Ossetia.
134
danarCeni msofliosagan gansxvavebiT dasavleT evropaSi (romelic faqtiurad erT did
naxevarkunZuls warmoadgens) bunebrivi pirobebis mravalferovneba ubiZgebda Sromis
sazogadoebriv danawilebasa da gacvlas, xolo reliefis danawevreba qmnida bunebriv
winaaRmdegobebsa da mosaxleobis dacvis saSualebas rogorc sakuTari feodalebisagan,
aseve gareSe mtrebisagan.
es pirobebi, agreTve, xels uwyobda mravalricxovani, SedarebiT mcire zomis
konkurenti saxelmwifoebis Seqmnas da erTdroulad ar iZleoda didi kontinenturi
imperiebis Camoyalibebis saSualebas, rogorc es aziaSi xdeboda. Sedegad evropaSi
sicocxlisunariani gamodgnen damoukidebeli qalaqebi da wvrili mewarmeobis sxvadasxva
formebi — momavali kapitalizmis kerebi. aziaSi am struqturebs centralizebuli
xelisufleba axSobda.
ra principebzea Camoyalibebuli is sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi, romelzec zemoT
gvqonda saubari? Zalian sqematurad, SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi:
• aseT sistemaSi Semavali saxelmwifo uaRresad centralizebulia da miiswrafis
gamavali informaciis, materialuri Tu energetikuli nakadebis totaluri
kontrolisaken. mas axasiaTebs gansakuTrebiT xisti sazogadoebrivi struqturebi,
romlebic praqtikulad moklebulia evoluciis unars. Sedegad, aseTi sazogadoeba
naklebad “elastiuria”, cudad egueba garemo pirobebis cvlas. seriozuli gareSe
dawola angrevs aseT sazogadoebas, magram Tu es dawola ixsneba (an sustdeba) is
faqtiurad iseTive saxiT aRdgeba, rogoric daSlamde iyo. amave dros is Zalian
efeqturia didi, totaluri proeqtebis realizaciis dros (magaliTad, omis dros
“qudze kacis gamoyvana”, Tu saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi reformebis gatareba,
rogorc es dRes CineTSi xdeba);
• aseTi sistemis saxelmwifo dafuZnebulia statikur wonasworobaze, gansxvavebiT
kapitalisturi saxelmwifoebisa, romlebic awyobilia dinamiur wonasworobaze,
romlis safuZvelSic cvlileba, ganviTarebaa. amitom mas ar unda, eSinia
cvlilebebisa, romlebic misTvis mavnebelia. aq saubaria ara marto socialur Tu
ekonomikur cvlilebebze, aramed banalur teqnikur inovaciebzec. igive Cinelebma
gamoigones im teqnologiebis didi nawili, romlebic mogvianebiT evropul
samrewvelo revolucias daedo safuZvlad, magram TviTon Cinelebi ar iyenebdnen;25
• sistema efuZneba e.w. uSualo samisamarTo marTvas, rac imas niSnavs, rom
gadawyvetilebaTa umetesoba miiReba marTvis erT centrSi da, principSi, unda
uSualod davides saboloo Semsruleblamde. SedarebiT did da rTul sistemebSi es
saboloo jamSi iwvevs qaoss da umarTavobas;26
• saxelmwifo aseTi sistemebis farglebSi gansakuTrebiT miiswrafis materialuri
sakuTrebis rogorc aseTis, warmoebis saSualebebisa da finansuri nakadebis sruli
kontrolisaken. bazari, kerZo sakuTreba, fuladi mimoqceva da sasaqonlo gacvla
misTvis misaRebia mxolod mis mier dawesebul farglebSi da misi sruli kontrolis
qveS. Sedegad, aseTi sistema sakmaod swrafad deficituri xdeba, ver akmayofilebs
mosaxleobis umetesobis sabazo moTxovnilebebs, rac mis arsebobas safrTxes
uqmnis. Sedegad, aq xdeba saqonlis, momsaxurebisa da ideebis SedarebiT SeuzRudavi
warmoebisa da gacvlis nebis darTva (raRaca donis “protobazris” Seqmnamde), magram
kontrolis moduneba iwvevs qveyanaSi dinamiuri procesebis ganviTarebas da
saboloo jamSi stabilurobis Sesustebas. igive CineTma Tavisi istoriis manZilze
araerTgzis “mouSva sadaveebi” da dauSva qveyanaSi sabazro urTierTobebi. Sedegad
qveyanaSi iwyeboda qonebrivi daSla da xazinis Semosavlebis mkveTri Semcireba,
rasac mosdevda moxeleebis zewolis zrda kerZo mesakuTreebze. ukmayofiloebi
iyvnen TviT es mesakuTreebic, romlebic sakmaod daculebad grZnobdnen Tavs
saxelmwifo warmoebis wesis farglebSi da iCagrebodnen sazogadoebrivi
destabilizaciis procesSi. ukmayofilo iyo xalxic, romelsac uWirda axal,
uCveulo pirobebTan Segueba. amitom aseTi gadaxvevebi seriozuli krizisiT
mTavrdeboda da qveyana isev cdilobda arsebobis Cveul wess mibruneboda.
faqtiurad, mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze aseTi sazogadoebebi qanqarasaviT
moZraoben — SedarebiT SeuzRudavidan — mkacrad SezRudul modelebs Soris;
• aseT sistemaSi aSkarad gamoikveTeba saxelmwifos (romelic gaigivebulia
sazogadoebasTan) interesebis prioriteti, pirovnebis prioritetebTan SedarebiT.
adamianebs aseT sazogadoebaSi ar gaaCniaT pirovnebis statusi. isini xSirad
ganixilebian mxolod rogorc im didi meqanizmis advilad cvladi, “erTjeradi
19
dedamiwaze arsebul saxelmwifoTa absoluturi umciresoba (daaxloebiT 24-30 — ixileT
Tavi 3). erTaderTi gamonaklisis, iaponiis garda, yvela es saxelmwifo, farTo gagebiT,
SeiZleba evropul civilizacias mivakuTvnoT. plus sadRac axlos am qveynebTan dganan
samxreTi korea da taivani aziaSi, iseve rogorc evropis yofili socialisturi qveynebis
umetesoba (baltiis qveynebis CaTvliT).
laTinuri amerika mTlianad etyoba nacrisfer zonaSia — aq SeerTebuli Statebi ukve
saukuneze metia (dasawyisSi uSualod, meore msoflio omis Semdeg ki saerTaSoriso
finansuri organizaciebis daxmarebiT) cdilobs Seqmnas srulfasovani kapitalisturi
sazogadoebebis Camoyalibebis winapirobebi, Tumca realuri Sedegebi sakmaod
mokrZalebulia. raime sxva mimarTulebiT es qveynebi aSkarad ver ganviTardebian —
ubralod realuri alternativa ar gaaCniaT. amave dros, verc sicocxlisunariani,
warmatebuli sabazro ekonomikuri sistemisa da gansakuTrebiT demokratiuli, samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis Seqmna maT ver SeZles (Cile etyoba erTaderTi gamonaklisia, Tumca isic
sakmaod pirobiTad). maqsimum, rac aq iqna miRweuli (isic ukanaskneli 10-15 wlis manZilze),
dabali donis (low-level) politikuri stabilizacia, da Tanac yvelgan ara (haiti, kolumbia,
etyoba venesuelac, peruc, boliviac sul sawinaaRmdego magaliTebs gviCveneben).
tropikuli afrika ZiriTadad imdenad daulagebelia, rom Tvalmisawvdom momavalSi
raime stabiluri situaciis Seqmnaze aq laparaki etyoba zedmetia, miuxedavad imisa, rom
formalurad aqac yvela kapitalistur sazogadoebas aSenebs. qveyanaTa umetesoba aq jer
kidev tradiciuli socialuri da ekonomikuri sistemebis daSlis procesSia. met-naklebad
dalagebuli da stabiluri saxelmwifo struqturebi aqvT mxolod imaT, vinc SesZlo
koloniuri epoqis memkvidreobis sakuTari miznebisaTvis gamoyeneba. aseTebia magaliTad
samxreTi afrika, kenia, miT umetes, botsvana, sadac Tanamedrove afrikuli administracia
Zalian warmatebiT iyenebs im struqturebs (upirvelesad yovlisad demokratiul
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis aparats da damoukidebel sasamarTlo sistemas), romelic mas
britanelebisagan darCa.
mTeli danarCeni msoflio, dawyebuli Crdilo afrikis muslimanuri saxelmwifoebidan
da belorusia-ruseTidan aRmosavleT evropaSi, mTeli aziis CaTvliT (zeviT xsenebuli
qveynebis gamoklebiT) mkveTrad gansxvavebuli sazogadoebrivi wyobis pirobebSi
cxovrobs.22
Tanamedrove socialuri mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebs am faqtis aRiareba Zalian
uWirT, im donemde, rom am sistemas ubralod formaluri saxelic ki ar gaaCnia. amave dros,
mis mkveTr gansxvavebas misTvis kargad cnobil antikuri demokratiisagan, yuradRebas jer
kidev aristotele aqcevda. maT Soris, vinc moixseniebda am sistemas, iyvnen adam smiTi,
volteri, hegeli da rasakvirvelia marqsi, romelmac mas “aziuri warmoebis wesi” uwoda.
praqtikulad yvela Tanamedrove istoriis saxelmZRvaneloSi moyvanilia centralizebuli
sazogadoebis “piramidis” gamartivebuli sqema, magram TviT es sazogadoeba gadaSenebulis
saxiT moixsenieba. meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi am sistemas komunisturi uwodes, Tumca
igive sabWoTa kavSirSi mas araferi saerTo ar hqonda masebisaTvis am sakmaod mimzidvel
ideasTan.23
rogorc Cans, aseTi sistema iyo pirveli, romlis farglebSic Camoyalibda dedamiwaze
stabiluri saxelmwifo struqturebi pirvelyofili Temuri wyobilebis daSlis procesSi
ramdenime aTasi wlis win. mas safuZvlad udevs Zalauflebisa da sakuTrebis simbiozi,
saxelmwifo warmoebis wesi.
is universalurad yalibdeboda yvelgan, sadac ki resursebis centralizacia (pirvel
rigSi, SromiTi resursebis) sameurneo amocanebis gadawyvetis procesSi, did
sazogadoebriv mogebas iZleoda. aseTi pirobebi arsebobda Tavis droze praqtikulad
yvela im didi mdinareebis gaswvriv, sadac masStaburi melioraciuli proeqtebi naklebad
ganviTarebeli sawarmoo saSualebebis pirobebSic ki sakvebiT stabiluri uzrunvelyofis
garantias iZleoda.24 amas praqtikulad erTdroulad daemata qveynis Tavdacvis funqcia,
gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu momxduri sxva civilizaciis warmomadgeneli iyo,
gansakuTrebiT momTabare.
saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis pirvel etapze misi ZiriTadi funqciebi sazogadoebrivi
samuSaoebisa da [totaluri] Tavdacvis organizaciaSi mdgomareobda. aseT principze aigo
faqtiurad yvela pirveli civilizacia aziasa da Crdilo afrikaSi (egvipte, SuamdinareTi,
indoeTi, CineTi). Tumca im dros maT Soris kavSiri ar arsebobda, ubralod daaxloebiT
erTnairma pirobebma msgavsi gadawyvetileba gamoiwvia. igive mimarTulebiT ganviTarda
saxelmwifo wyoba centralur da samxreT amerikaSi kolumbis wina epoqaSi. daaxloebiT
iseTive principebze aigo yvela islamuri saxelmwifo, da bolos — istoriulad yvelaze
gvian — [moskovis] ruseTis saxelmwifo.
18
human rights is routine.24
The situation should have exploded, and it exploded. That Chechens were first to revolt was to a
large extent determined by presence of oil deposits in this republic – a rather strong bargaining chip
with Moscow. Some experts even estimate that federal government will not be able to suppress
Chechen resistance as long as high oil-prices last. Even at the earlier stages Chechen resistance was
at a large extent based on terrorism and was characterised by the extreme brutality.25 Still it’s worth to
mention that apart from a rather small (albeit the most active) part of the local clans these people are
not looking for the total independence from Russia. Some of Chechen clans were at least neutral
towards Russians throughout all resistance, others turned to Russian side at some later stage of the
conflict. Maximum that majority there wanted to achieve - was to stay formally inside Russia in order to
have access to the federal funds and other resources (including using Russia as arena for semi-
criminal and openly criminal clan activities) while to be independent enough to stay clear of efficient
federal control (including the taxation in the first place). It should be said in all fairness that this is
exactly what Chechen republic has today in fact, if not formally.
If terrorist activities here are still going on and threaten to turn into popular uprising in the other parts
of North Caucasus, unrelated, even hostile to Chechen resistance, is determined by the number of
factors –
• Unlike Israeli, Russian government structures, including federal law enforcement forces as well as
army are not strong and organized enough to cope efficiently with direct military and terrorist
threats. Maximum they are able to achieve is intimidation of the local peaceful population
including kidnapping people, tortures and allegedly executions. Besides they are very corrupt and
are using the ongoing conflict as a source of income.
• Such smouldering conflict suits many in Russian leadership, since it provides very convenient
pretext for pressing forward plenty of unpopular political decisions on the federal level, like for
instance abolishing the system of popular elections of governors of large federal administrative
units. Besides participation of some Arab terrorists in Chechen terror activities (as well as
financing these activities) allow the Russian leadership to dub this purely internal conflict as part
of ongoing international Islamic terrorist threat and position itself alongside the leaders of the
other major world powers both as victims and fighters against it.
• Again local clans, which are based on mutual guarantees for its members and provide maximum
protection for anyone who violates formal laws, which clans do not recognize, turned to be ready-
made, close to perfect structures for terrorism, if any of them decide to undertake such
operations.
Interestingly local population has never been especially faithful Moslems. Chechens were even
known as “bad Moslems”. Fact that they start to turm for Islam en mass bespeaks mainly the absence
of any other viable ideology that may provide easy to understand explanations of processes that take
place in the modern globalized world and provide local population some consolation and hope in face of
quite real hardships and dangers they face daily.
International terrorism. In general September 11, 2001 is considered as the date of emergence of
the new wave of global terrorist Islamic movement. In reality though this was neither the first terror act
by the foreigners inside the US, nor the first such act carried out against the US interests worldwide.
Such active terrorist attracts against the US interests started at least 18 years before the 9/11, although
the US administration never considered them as the real danger to the national interests and fighting
them as a top policy priority. Still the 9/11 became the turning point in the formal acknowledgement of
dangers of the Islamic terrorism and launching active “war against terror” worldwide.
Still such war, however justified, is based on miscomprehension that an organization known as Al-
Qaeda and led by Osama Bin-Laden is basically responsible for organization and carrying out of
terrorist acts on the international arena. Accordingly all governments threatened by the Islamic terror
are mainly fighting it using standard methods of dealing with organized terror movements. In reailty the
name Al-Qaeda was invented by the FBI in 1998 during investigation of terror acts against American
embassies in Eastern Africa. It dubbed this way a pretty loose group of terrorists who gathered around
Osama Bin-Laden. Despite the fact that it possessed some kind of organizational structure, it had never
been the international terrorist network, as it is generally perceived. It was to a large extent engaged in
finding financing for already existing, independent terror organizations, established contacts among
them, provided consultancy, etc. Counter terrorist operations carried by Americans in Afghanistan as
24
It’s very important to underline that outside Chechnya (and nowadays even in Checnya proper) this opression is
delivered by the local “law-enforcers”.
25
Chechens were practicing mass torture and decapitating of captives long before the other extremists started to do it in
Iraq – back in 1992-1993 in Abkhazia.
135
well as by Pakistani government to a large extent undermined the ability of the terror cells based in
these two countries to plan and coordinate activities elsewhere. Still afterwards the Islamic terror
movement did not recede, but became more active. Here the world actually deals with the radical
ideology shared by numerous persons and organizations throughout the Moslem world (especially in its
Arab part). These persons and organizations are hardly connected with Bin-laden although they share
his ideas and methods of fighting. Israeli intelligence more appropriately calls such movement
“International Jihad” instead of Al-Qaeda.
One of the main problems associated with such kind of terrorism (as it usually happened throughout
the history of humankind) is that governments threatened by it started to use this absolutely real threat
as a pretext to pursue their own short-term political and economic goals. It’s especially true about the
US administration, which alongside the anti-terrorist operation in Afghanistan launched war in Iraq,
justified (at least in part) by the terrorist threat the ruling regime of this country presented to the civilized
world. Such threat have never been substantiated and after more than two years of occupation of Iraq,
in 2005 the US president had to akwnowledge that the enemy his country is facing in Iraq is a
combination of Sunni rejectionists (the biggest group), Saddamists (the next biggest group), and finally
“terrorists affiliated with or inspired by Al Qaeda.” This last group, even being the smallest is the most
dangerous of the all, since nonwithstanding the outcome of Iraq quagmire (as the former US president
Clinton described it) this conflict provides such terrorists the unique opportunity to train numertous
recruits from around the Arab world under the actual battle conditions in order to use them at some
other time against various targets throughout the world.
The most difficult problem, associated with this kind of terrorism is that both governments and
experts are mistakenly defining it mostly as the reaction on Western activities inside the Moslem world,
which are perceived as directed at humiliation and breaking up of Islam. Such approach is grossly
underestimating the situation. Although, frankly (especially the US) has done enough to provide quite
viable pretext to interpret its actions this way, it still is not enough to provide convincing explanation why
thousands of people are ready to sacrifice their lives in daily ruthless straggle. Hatred of Zionists,
American imperialists or the anti-Islamic West as a whole does not provide enough motivation for the
relentless resistance the West is running into inside the Moslem world.
The reality is much more complex. Today the world is dealing with crisis of Islam as religious system
as well as with systemic crisis of civilization based on its norms and postulates. Terrorism is just one of
manifestations of such crisis, but not the most important. Problem is that Islam has not changed much
since its beginning more than 13 hundred years ago. Attempts to live in today’s globalised world by
literally following commandments originating in 7-th century does not allow Moslem countries to
modernize successfully – especially in cultural and social spheres, to say nothing about the economy.
In reality there are just two relatively successful examples of modernization in the Islamic world –
Turkey and Malaysia. Factually all other Moslem countries are lagging far behind their non-Moslem
neighbours in global competition.26
Today Islam is facing inevitable reforms in order to prepare its flock to deal successfully with
challenges of globalization era. In itself such task is nothing new and insolvable. Christianity underwent
the pretty similar process during the Reformation. The difference is that Christian reformation (in this
case Protestant Reformation) was caused by the inherent logic of development of [Western] European
society. In case of Islam it has to reform in order to adapt to rules of the global game offered by the
competitive religions – Christianity and Judaism or either to propose new, more successful rules of the
game of its own. Besides Christianity could give this process as much time as it was necessary. Islam
is on the contrary is very short of time.
One may even interpret the ongoing process as clash of civilizations, where the active role played by
Moslem side is forced on it by the circumstances beyond its control. Fact that its reaction manifests
itself in the first place as mass fanaticism and terrorism should not come as a surprise. This is a specific
manifestation of protective mechanisms of the system. Reformation process is spontaneous and
depends rather little on will of people directly engaged in it, or these outside the Moslem world who
come in contact with it. Maximum the developed world is able to do under the circumstances – to try to
direct the processes in the direction, which may be the least damaging for both sides. Engagement in
the direct straggle against the terror worldwide in this case may in the end prove less efficient, than
reduction to the minimum attempts to inflict on the Moslem world changes that it can not and does not
want to accept.
26
This is of course with exception of some rather small Persian gulf states.
136
TanamSromlobaze uaris Tqma sul ufro Zviri ujdebaT da uZneldebaT.
zogi neoliberali Tvlis, rom gza mSvidobis da keTildReobisa isaa, rom
damoukidebelma saxelmwifoebma gaaerTianon resursebi da uaric ki Tqvan maTi
suverenitetis nawilze, raTa, Seqmnan integrirebuli erToba ekonomikuri zrdisa
uzrunvelsayofad da regionaluri problemebis mosagvareblad. isini, agreTve, miiCneven,
rom msoflio gaxda ufro pluralistuli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi CarTuli
moTamaSeebis TvalsazrisiT da es moTamaSeebi ufro urTierTdamokidebulebi gaxdnen.
neoliberalebi ganixilaven saerTaSoriso institutebs rogorc saerTaSoriso
sistemaSi TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis Suamavlebsa da saSualebebs. saerTaSoriso
reJimebi da institutebi daxmarebas uweven mTavrobebs konkurentuli da anarqistuli
saerTaSoriso sistemis marTvaSi. isini aqezeben, zogjer ki moiTxoven mTavrobebisagan
mimarTon mravalmxrivi politikis gatarebasa da TanamSromlobas, rogorc erovnuli
interesebis dacvis instrumentebs. amave dros, isini aRiareben, rom TanamSromlobis
miRweva ufro Znelia im sferoebSi, sadac maTi liderebi ver pouloben saerTo interesebs.
neoliberalebis nawils miaCnia, rom globalizacia dadebiTi Zalaa. saboloo jamSi,
yvela saxelmwifo naxavs mogebas im ekonomikuri zrdis Sedegad, romelic globalizacias
moaqvs. maT sjeraT, rom saxelmwifoebi ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodnen globalizacias an
Seecadon gaakontrolon is arasasurveli politikuri Carevis gziT.
zogi, agreTve, miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifoebma unda moaxdinon Careva imisaTvis, rom gza
gauxsnan kapitalizms “adamianuri saxiT”, iseve rogorc bazrebs, romlebic ufro
gulisyuriT moeqcevian yvela adamianis saWiroebebsa da interesebs. unda Seiqmnas axali da
gardaiqmnas Zveli institutebi, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli kapitalis araTanabari
gadaadgileba, miRweul iqnes mdgradi ekologiuri ganviTareba da daculi iyos
moqalaqeTa uflebebi.
konkretuli SemTxveva (Case-Study) 1 – ori sazogadoebrivi sistema — asparezoba
grZeldeba?
im mravalricxovan debulebebs Soris, romelsac sabWour skolaSi moswavleebs
azuTxinebdnen, erT-erTi, romelic exeboda sazogadoebis ganviTarebis stadiebs, etyoba
yvelas amaxsovrdeboda. am Tezisis Sesabamisad, sazogadoeba viTardeba pirvelyofili
Temuri wyobilebidan, monaTmflobelobisa da feodalizmis gavliT, kapitalizmamde, sanam
miaRwevs Tavisi ganviTarebis umaRles stadias — komunizms. am Tezisisa ise sjerodaT, rom
sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturma partiam, nikita xruSCovis piriT, 1960 wels isic ki aRuqva
xalxs, rom 1980 wlisaTvis qveyana komunizmSi icxovrebda. ra gamovida amisagan, yvelam
kargad icis, magram es sqema, rasakvirvelia, komunizmis xsenebis gareSe, faqtiurad
yvelganaa gavrcelebuli.
mis avtorobas k. marqss miawerdnen, Tumca rogorc bolos gamoirkva, am saxiT is 1930-
iani wlebis bolos i. stalinis miTiTebiT iyo dakanonebuli. amasTan, rogorc Cans,
aRniSnuli sqema maincdamainc zedmiweviT evropis warsul ganviTarebasac ki ver aRwers,
romlis safuZvelzec is viTom damuSavda. monaTmflobeloba arsebobda mxolod antikur
saberZneTsa da romSi da maTTan erTad gadaSenda. im xalxebma ki, vinc daikaves maTi adgili,
saerTod ar gaiares es stadia, da pirdapir feodalizmSi amoyves Tavi, romelic maTi
sakuTari gamogoneba iyo da ara imperiisagan memkvidreobiT miRebuli. igive indoeTsa da
CineTs “klasikuri” monaTmflobelobisa da feodalizmis stadiebi saerTod ar gauvliaT
da maTi sazogadoebrivi organizacia, romelic mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda evropulisagan,
aTeuli saukuneebis manZilze praqtikulad ucvleli iyo dRevandeli modernizaciis
etapis dadgomamde.21
rogorc Cans, Tanamedrove msoflioSi sabolood Camoyalibebuli saxiT mxolod ori
sazogadoebrivi sistema arsebobs. erT-erTi maTgani kapitalizmia, romelic efuZneba
sabazro ekonomikas, kerZo sakuTrebas, demokratiul mmarTvelobas, ZalauflebaTa
danawilebas, samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da adamianis uflebebis primats. es sistema
zedmiweviT kargad aris aRwerili da misi damatebiTi komentari saWiro namdvilad ar aris.
kapitalizmi, istoriuli perspeqtivis TvalsazrisiT, Zalian axalgazrdaa — misi
Camoyalibeba samrewvelo revolucias emTxveva da daaxloebiT or-naxevar saukunes
iTvlis. im saxiT, romliTac mas dRes vicnobT, man daiwyo transformacia aSS-Si “didi
depresiis” Sedegebis daZlevis procesSi 1930-ian wlebSi da metnaklebad dasrulebuli
saxe (ganviTarebis dRevandeli etapisaTvis) ukve gasuli saukunis bolosaTvis miiRo.
miuxedavad Tavisi wamyvani poziciisa, msoflioSi kapitalizmi ZiriTadad mainc
dasavlur-evropul regionul proeqtad gvevlineba, romelSic sabolood CarTulia
17
saxelmwifoebs rogorc potenciur mtrebs da maTi erovnuli usafrTxoebis safrTxes. es
undobloba qmnis usafrTxoebis dilemas, romelic ganapirobebs saxelmwifoTa umetesobis
politikas.
neorealistebi ar Tvlian, rom globalizacia cvlis saerTaSoriso politikis TamaSis
wesebs. saxelmwifoebi dResac saerTaSoriso politikis mTavari moTamaSeebi arian. isini,
agreTve warmoadgenen erTaderT Zalas, romelsac unari Seswevs gaakontrolos an marTos
globalizaciis procesebi. mTavari problema neorealistebisaTvis globalizaciasTan
dakavSirebiT gamomdinareobs usafrTxoebis im axal gamowvevebidan, romelsac es procesi
qmnis. upirveles yovlisa, isini gamowveulia uTanabro ekonomikuri globalizaciiT,
agreTve, im mniSvnelovani gavleniT, romelsac globalizacia axdens saxelmwifoTa
saSinao politikasa da Zalauflebis struqturebze. es gansakuTrebiT exeba
transnacionalur socialur moZraobebsa da maT mier Seqmnil globalur qselebs,
romlebic ecilebian saxelmwifos Zalauflebas politikis mTel rig sferoebSi.
neorealistebi ewinaaRmdegebian nebismier moZraobas, romelsac surs sajaro msjeloba
usafrTxoebis kritikul sakiTxebze. mTlianobaSi isini Tvlian, rom globalizaciis
miuxedavad, msoflio dResac winaaRmdegobrivi da gamourkvevelia, xolo saerTaSoriso
sistemis struqtura aqcevs Zalismier qcevas politikas dominantur paradigmad.
1.3.2. liberalizmi realizmisagan gansxvavebiT ar warmoadgens erTian Teoriul
sistemas da dRevandeli saxiT is ufro mravali gansxvavebuli ideis nakrebia. maSin,
rodesac realizmi ganixileba rogorc “samTavrobo” ideologia, liberalizmi ufro
opoziciisaken ixreba da misi ZiriTadi daniSnuleba etyoba Zalismieri politikis
liderebis “devnaa”. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobda SedarebiT mokle periodebi meoce
saukunis manZilze, rodesac liberalizmi axdenda mniSvnelovan gavlenas dasavleTis rigi
saxelmwifoebis politikur elitasa da sazogadoebrivi azris formirebaze. es
konkretulad exeboda pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom periods (e.w. “idealizmi”), meore
msoflio omis Semdgom gaeros daarsebiT gamowveul optimizmsa da aseve mokle periods
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, rodesac rig dasavlel politikur “guruebs” ratomRac
egonaT, rom “istoria damTavrda”.
zogierTi analitikosis azriT, liberalizmi dafuZnebulia TavSekavebulobaze,
zomierebaze, kompromissa da mSvidobaze — e.i. imaze, rac realur saerTaSoriso
politikaSi dResdReobiT praqtikulad ar gvxvdeba. es imas ar niSnavs, rom liberalebi
eguebian Zalismieri politikis logikas — isini Tvlian, rom aseTi politika garkveuli
ideebis realizaciis Sedegia, xolo saboloo jamSi, ideebi cvlilebebs eqvemdebareba. ase
rom, Tu msoflio dRes maincdamainc stumarTmoyvared ar eqceva liberalizms, es imas ar
niSnavs, rom ar SeiZleba odesme dadges liberaluri ideebis gamarjvebis xana.
liberaluri ideologiis centrSi politikaSi progresis SesaZleblobis rwmenaa.
liberalizmis ZiriTadi sazrunavi pirovnebis Tavisuflebaa. isini saxelmwifos daarsebas
ganixilaven rogorc am Tavisuflebis dacvis aucilebel elements sxva pirovnebebisa an
saxelmwifoebisagan. saxelmwifo yovelTvis unda emsaxurebodes koleqtiur nebas, da ara
marTavdes mas, xolo demokratiuli institutebi amis garantebad gvevlinebian. libe-
ralizmi ZiriTadad warmoadgens iseTi mTavrobis (marTvis) Teorias, romelic cdilobs
erTmaneTs Seurigos wesrigi (usafrTxoeba) da marTlmsajuleba (Tanasworuflebianoba)
mocemuli sazogadoebis farglebSi. saSinao da sagareo institutebs liberalebi afaseben
imis Sesabamisad, Tu ramdenadD SeswevT maT unari gaataron pirovnebis Tavisuflebis idea
praqtikaSi.
amave dros, bevri miiCnevs, rom reformebis warmatebuli gatareba ama Tu im
sazogadoebis “SigniT” SeuZlebelia, Tu Sesabamisi reformebi maT “gareTac” ar gatarda.
sanam saxelmwifoebi ganagrZoben erTmaneTTan iseTi saxiT urTierTobas, rogorc
calkeuli pirovnebebi velur bunebaSi, mSvidobisa da progresis liberalur ideebs
ganxorcieleba ar uweriaT.
liberalebs miaCniaT, rom saxelmwifoTa Tavisufleba warmoadgens saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis problemebis mniSvnelovan nawils da ara am problemebis gadaWris
saSualebas. Sesabamisad saxelmwifoebi unda gaxdnen saerTaSoriso organizaciebis
nawilebi da daeqvemdebaron maT wesebsa da normebs. funqciebis is nawili, romelTa
Sesruleba saxelmwifoebs ar SeuZliaT, unda gadaeces am saerTaSoriso organizaciebs.
dRevandeli neoliberalebi mxars uWeren Tavisufal vaWrobas da sabazro anu
kapitalistur ekonomikas, rogorc mSvidobisa da keTildReobis miRwevis instrumentebs.
amave dros, demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi ufro miiltvian maTi moqalaqeebis uflebebis
pativiscemisaken da arsebobs naklebi Sansi imisa, rom isini oms wamoiwyeben Tavis
demokratiul mezoblebTan. garda amisa, urTierTdamokidebulebis procesis ganviTareba
msoflioSi iwvevs imas, rom saxelmwifoebs calmxrivi moqmedeba da mezoblebTan
16
Transformation of Islam, as the religion as well as of civilization based on this religious system,
represents one of the very rare exceptions when there is direct causative relation between it and
globalization. Although here we deal with so called unforeseen consequences of globalization. If this
transformation develops in accordance with the least acceptable, bloody scaenario, there is a pretty
good chance that it may turn back globalization. In fact it may play the same role as WW I played in
relation to the first globalization.
Chapter 3. Consequences of Globalization. Economic Development and Globalization
Problems of the current stage of globalization are usually reduced to the following question – who
manages the global economy and in whose interests? Fact that politics and power in the modern world
to a large extent depend on economics is rather easy to explain – use of economic instruments by the
leading global players in the end is more efficient and profitable than of any other.
Exploitation of resources situated outside these countries based on economic mechanisms is much
more profitable than the model based on the direct control of territories at hand. Such approach also
enables global players to distant themselves from many unsavory processes that take place elsewhere
on the planet. Still today the planet is divided into two rather different parts based on the success of
economic development – the former colonial powers, their direct descendants and neighbours,
belonging to the developed countries and the rest of the world. These developed countries enjoy the
advantage over all others because they develop inside the working, efficient system of market
economy. Naturally this system is not without its drawbacks, but it proved its superiority during the
direct competition with so called socialist economic system. Thus one of the most important aspects of
globalization is how successfully the rest of the world is able to adopt the market economy – either by
its own good will and/or encouragement (sometimes coercion) by the developed countries. Factually
starting from 1950-s (i.e. since the most active stage of de-colonization) wealthy countries address the
poor ones like mantra – “do as we do, do together with as, do better than we do”. In general for any
developing country the problem boils down to the following – “Do you want to join the global economy,
become rich and stable? Then carry-out market reforms by the model and under the conditions we (the
rich) are offering you”. As a result of such encouragement/ coercion by the end of the last century the
world faced the income gap between the richest and the poorest countries as huge as it has never been
in the history (app. 74 to 1 as of 1997 when the last data was available).
This means that liberation from the colonial rule, transition to the market development model;
numerous optimistic reforms brought visible positive results only to the rather limited number of
countries. Throughout the whole 20-th century only four countries formally and finally joined ranks of the
developed countries – Japan, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Still two more (South Korea and
Taiwan) are close to it, but have not so far formally acquired this status. Furthermore 100 countries
according to their formal economic indicators are worse off than they used to be during the colonial rule.
The UN officially counts 50 countries as the least developed, factually meaning that any of these may
fail any day.
Many consider this as failure of globalization. For them the globalization understood as process of
integration into the world market is at least un-democratic, serves the narrow corporative interests, and
punishes poor countries and poor population in general. More pragmatic consider that market potential
is simply not adopted by the developing countries in full and in the end advantages of the market
economy will triumph over all the troubles which they bring at the initial stage of reforms.
One of the most difficult problems facing the current stage of globalization is based on the wide-
spread miscomprehension that the more developed countries should transfer their development into the
developing world, assist it in reforms and even be responsible for success of such. In reality though
developed countries act in the developing world based on their purely egoistic self-interests in order to -
a/ create enabling environments for their business to act successfully in the existing markets as well as
to assist them to create and enter new markets; b/ to ensure political and economic stability in regions
important for solution of the problem a/.
In general expectations about successful integration of all countries of the world into the market
economy system were exaggerated. It’s true for both developed as well as developing parts of the
planet. There is a rather simple law of uneven development of natural systems, which states that in
general systems of the same hierarchical level do not develop synchronously. While some of them
reach the higher level of development, others remain on the lower development level. Absolute
uniformity is simply impossible. Obviously this law may be quite justifiably applied to development of
137
social systems too.
Maximum what can be done in the process of economic globalization is to achieve increase of
average income level, both worldwide as well as inside any individual country. In the end this will lead
to social and economic stability, minimize poverty.
Factually this means development of the large, powerful layer of the middle income countries, while
the poorest will constitute the small minority with the average level of life considerably higher, than
today.27
Fact that development transfer does not work very well in case of majority of the developing
countries, may be ascribed to the following two factors –
1. Developing world is doing just enough to fulfill the tasks mentioned above, which is obviously
not enough to ensure serious, successful economic transformation in developing countries.
2. The model of development transfer adopted today as it is can not ensure success of the
process – either the model itself is faulty, or developing countries for various reasons are not
able to adopt it to their local settings.
At least at the initial stage of the global economic transformation indices of economic growth for the
majority of developing countries looked rather impressive. Both rival political blocks were engaged in
pumping up economies of their client countries through huge amounts of financial, material,
technological and logistical support and such approach worked for a while disregarding which model of
development (market or centrally controlled economy) these countries formally adopted. Trouble,
precipitated by oil crises of 1970-s started when developing countries in general exhausted potential for
extensive growth and faced need for deep structural reforms and institutional transformations.
By this time the Soviet Union was to a large extent out of the race since its economy needed
reforms itself, which ailing socialist system was not able to carry out. Thus almost unilaterally
developing countries found themselves within the confines of the Western type neo-liberal economic
development model. Policy of structural adjustment suggested by this model called for carrying out
market oriented strategies based on sharp reduction of the state involvement into economy and
opening up for the Western investments. Economic policies had to be export oriented in order to pay
accumulated debts. Besides it requested strict economy of government finances, which in majority of
cases led to folding of already weak social programs. These measures were augmented by floating
bank interest rates, which caused a dramatic increase of foreign debts of these countries, sharp drop of
prices of raw materials (leading export commodities for developing countries), and deteriorating trade
conditions when developed countries were applying protectionist trade barriers but denied the
developing ones the right to follow their example. Economies of majority of developing countries could
not withstand such pressure and entered 1990-s with much worse performance indicators, than at the
beginning of 1970-s for instance.
Besides even when any given country carries out structural adjustment by the book and to the end
this does not guarantee its eventual success. Such country simply starts to play by rules accepted by
the more developing countries with all the pending consequences, like for instance cyclic economic
crises with accompanying recessions and financial shocks. Whether such country is carrying out
successful and correct market policy does not matter much – it runs into the classic case of “market
failure”, which manifests itself in a rather asymmetric way. Developing countries are relatively weak
newcomers in a highly competitive global market and suffer much more in case of crises than the more
traditional and more powerful players. In case of crisis they can not even apply problem solving tools
used by the more developed economies and for instance have to address strict fiscal and monetary
policies in order to restore “market trust” instead of stimulating macroeconomic measures.
Even when developing markets are functioning properly, the less developed and weaker are still
punished. As it is the market does not create the equal opportunities. It obviously favours countries
which already possess productive capital – finances, land, other physical assets and the most important
in the current technology based economy – the human capital. Countries, which are already well ahead
of the others possessing stable political systems, guaranteed private property rights, reliable banking
systems, developed social services – are also enjoying much higher chances to employ the
opportunities provided by the single global market. Countries, which do not have such capital often
found themselves inside so called “institutional poverty trap”, although these are the vast majority of
developing countries (including many of the former Soviet republics). One of evidences of existence of
such “trap” is that the global capital is usually attracted to places where it is already abundant i.e. to
27
I.e. the difference between the current and future poor should be approximately as it is today between the Americans
and Africans formally living in poverty.
138
1.3. msoflio politikis Teoriebi
1.3.1. realizmi. realizmi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis gabatonebul Teorias
warmoadgens, xolo mis sawyisebs jer kidev antikur xanaSi SeiZleba mivakvlioT. arsebobs
sami ZiriTadi elementi, romelic gaigivebulia realizmTan — statizmi, gadarCena da TviT
daxmareba.
statizmi realizmis safuZvels warmoadgens. am Sexedulebis Sesabamisad: a/saxelmwifo
msoflio politikis yvelaze mniSvnelovani moTamaSea, xolo yvela danarCeni moTamaSeebi
naklebi mniSvnelobis matareblebi arian; b/saxelmwifo “suvereniteti” aRniSnavs
damoukidebeli politikuri erTobis arsebobas, romelsac aqvs iuridiuli Zalaufleba
Tavis teritoriaze.
yvela saxelmwifos upirveles mizans gadarCena warmoadgens. esaa upirvelesi erovnuli
interesi, romelic yvela politikurma moRvawem unda daicvas. yvela sxva miznebi, iseTebi,
magaliTad, rogoricaa ekonomikuri ganviTareba — meoradia (“mdabio politika”). imisaTvis,
rom daicvan saxelmwifos usafrTxoeba, misma liderebma unda aRiaron iseTi eTikuri
kodeqsi, romelic afasebs ama Tu im moqmedebas misi Sedegis Sesabamisad da ara imis
safuZvelze, is marTalia Tu tyuili. politikuri realistebisaTvis raime universaluri
moraluri principebis arsebobis konkretizacia SesaZlebelia mxolod calkeuli
politikuri erTobebis farglebSi.
TviTdaxmarebis principi aRiarebs, rom ar SeiZleba sxva saxelmwifos ndoba sakuTari
damoukideblobis uzrunvelsayofad. saerTaSoriso politikis struqtura dauSvebels
xdis megobrobas, ndobasa da patiosnebas. arsebobs mxolod mudmivi gaurkvevloba,
romelic gamomdinareobs globaluri mTavrobis ararsebobidan. Tanaarseboba
SesaZlebelia mxolod ZalTa Tanafardobis SenarCunebis gziT. SezRuduli TanamSromloba
SesaZlebelia mxolod iseTi urTierTobebis dros, rodesac realisti saxelmwifo met
mogebas naxulobs, vidre sxva saxelmwifoebi.
realistebi xSirad imeoreben, rom ukanaskneli ocdaxuTi saukunis manZilze msoflio
politikis xasiaTi ar Secvlila — mis safuZvelSia omebi, romlebic droebiT wydeba
momavali omebisaTvis mosamzadeblad. isini agreTve, amtkiceben, rom saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebisaTvis uwyvetoba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre cvlilebebi.
realizmis dRevandeli warmomadgenlebisaTvis anu neo-realistebisaTvis, politika
identificerulia kapitalizmisa da dasavluri demokratiuli faseulobebisa da
institutebis gavrcelebis xelis SewyobasTan. saerTaSoriso sistemis struqtura
ganapirobebs sagareo politikis nebismier arCevans. xolo zogierTi realistis
warmodgeniT, es struqtura, Tavis mxriv, ganpirobebulia saerTaSoriso sistemis
maorganizebeli principiT, romelsac anarqia warmoadgens. anarqiis qveS yvelaze xSirad
igulisxmeba is, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi xdeba iseT asparezze, sadac ar arsebobs
yovlismomcveli, centraluri xelisufleba, romelic calkeuli suverenuli
saxelmwifoebis nakrebze maRla dgas. damatebiT, aseT sistemaSi, ufro Zlier
saxelmwifoebs, sazogadod meti gavlena aqvT.
tradiciuli realistebi aRiareben, miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs Zalauflebis
gansxvavebuli elementebi (magaliTad, ekonomikuri resursebi anda teqnologia), samxedro
Zala saxelmwifos Zlierebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani (aSkara) nawilia. miuxedavad imisa, rom
neorealistebic Tvlian, rom samxedro Zala dResac saxelmwifos marTvis ganuyofeli
nawilia, maTi azriT, Zalaufleba ufro metia, vidre saxelmwifos mier samxedro
resursebis mobilizaciisa da mis mier am Zalis gamoyenebis unari sistemis sxva
saxelmwifoebis dasayolieblad da maTze kontrolis gansaxorcieleblad. isini xedaven
Zalauflebas rogorc saxelmwifos SesaZleblobebis naerTs. saxelmwifoebi
gansxvavdebian sistemaSi maTi Zalis da ara maTi funqciebis Sesabamisad. Zalaufleba
aniWebs saxelmwifos adgils, anu pozicias, saerTaSoriso sistemis farglebSi da es adgili
ganapirobebs mis qcevas.
saxelmwifoebi funqcionalurad msgavsi elementebia im gagebiT, rom ganicdian erTi da
imave SezRudvebis gavlenas, romelTac anarqia qmnis da cdiloben SeinarCunon TavianTi
pozicia sistemaSi. gansxvavebebi ori qveynis politikas Soris ganpirobebulia
gansxvavebebiT maT Zalebsa da SesaZleblobebSi. tradiciuli realistebis msgavsad bevri
neorealisti Tvlis, rom ZalTa Tanafardoba warmoadgens sistemis weswyobilebis
centralur elements.
saxelmwifoebi sakuTari interesebis dacvaze arian orientirebulebi, xolo
anarqistuli da konkurentuli sistema ubiZgebs maT upiratesoba mianiWos
TviTdaxmarebas, TanamSroblobasTan SedarebiT. saxelmwifoebi racionaluri (gonivruli)
moTamaSeebi arian, romlebic irCeven strategiebs im TvalsazrisiT, rom Seamciron
danakargebi da maqsimalurad gazardon mogeba. saxelmwifoebi ganixilaven yvela sxva
15
 zog skeptikoss miaCnia, rom “globalizacia” saerTod warmoadgens moxerxebul
politikur Teziss, romelic gamoiyeneba arapopularuli orTodoqsuri neoliberaluri
ekonomikuri strategiebis gasamarTleblad.
1.2.3. transformacionalistur Teziss safuZvlad udevs imis rwmena, rom axali
aTaswleulis gariJraJze globalizacia warmoadgens im swrafi socialuri, politikuri
da ekonomikuri cvlilebebis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalas, romlebic saxes ucvlian
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebsa da msoflio wesrigs. am warmodgenis mxardamWerTa azriT,
globalizaciis Tanamedrove procesebi istoriulad imdenad uprecendentoa, rom
sazogadoebebi da mTavrobebi mTels msoflioSi iZulebulebi arian Seewyon msoflios,
romelSic ukve aRar arsebobs mkafio gansxvaveba saerTaSoriso da Sinagan, sagareo da
saSinao urTierTobebs Soris. am TvalsazrisiT, globalizacia warmoadgens mZlavr
gardamqmnel Zalas, romelic pasuxismgebelia im “masiur Seryevaze”, romelsac ganicdian
sazogadoebebi, ekonomikebi, marTvis institutebi da msoflio wesrigi.
transformacionalistTa warmodgeniT gaugebaria, sad SeiZleba migviyvanos am
“Seryevam”, radganac globalizacia warmoadgens SemTxveviT, Znelad gasaTvaliswinebel,
winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse istoriul process. skeptikosebisa da hiperglobalistebisagan
gansxvavebiT, transformacionalistebi ar gansazRvraven globalizaciis samomavlo
ganviTarebis traeqtorias. isini agreTve ar cdiloben gansazRvron globalizacia raRac
martivi, mkafio, idealuri “globalizebuli msoflios” saxiT, iqneba es globaluri bazari
Tu globaluri civilizacia. isini ufro aRiqvamen mas rogorc grZelvadian istoriul
process, romelic savsea winaaRmdegobebiT da romelic didwilad yalibdeba iseTi
faqtorebis xarjze, romlebic garemoebaTa damTxvevis meSveobiT aRmoCndnen erTad.
aseTi frTxili midgoma globalizaciis momavlis mimarT ar gamoricxavs warmodgenas
imaze, rom globaluri ekonomikuri, samxedro, teqnologiuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri
da kulturuli nakadebis gamovlineba istoriulad uprecedentoa. maTTvis msoflios
nebismieri qveyana [Tu maTi teritoria da/an sazogadoeba mTlianad ara], ama Tu im
TvalsazrisiT, funqcionalurad, warmoadgens ufro didi (globaluri) sistemis nawils.
amave dros erTiani globaluri sistemis arseboba ar ganixileba rogorc, vTqvaT, erTiani
msoflio sazogadoebis Seqmnis mtkicebuleba. piriqiT, transformacionalistebisaTvis
globalizacia gaigivebulia globalur stratifikaciasTan, romlis farglebSic
zogierTi qveyana, sazogadoeba Tu Temi sul ufro ebmeba globalur erTobaSi, maSin
rodesac sxvebi sul ufro gariyulebi xdebian. garda amisa, aRar moqmedebs tradiciuli
ierarqiuli Sromis saerTaSoriso ganawileba, agebuli Crdilo-samxreTis, pirvel-mesame
samyarod danawilebaze. piriqiT, CrdiloeTi da samxreTi, pirveli da mesame samyaro
gverdigverd arseboben msoflios nebismier did qalaqSi.
amas ukavSirdeba, agreTve, ekonomikuri aqtiurobis “deteritorizacia” imasTan
dakavSirebiT, rom finansuri da samewarmeo saqmianoba sul ufro globaluri da
transnacionaluri xasiaTis xdeba. transformacionalistur warmodgenas safuZvlad
udevs rwmena imis Sesaxeb, rom Tanamedrove globalizacia axdens erovnuli mTavrobebis
Zalauflebisa Tu funqciebis reorganizacias. maT eWvi ar eparebaT, rom saxelmwifoebs
jer kidev aqvT saboloo legaluri Zaufleba yvelaferze, rac xdeba maT gankargulebaSi
myofi teritoriebis farglebSi. amave dros isini, amtkiceben, rom xdeba am Zalauflebis
“gadaxlarTva” im mzard ZalauflebasTan, romelsac iZenen saeTaSoriso marTvis
institutebi, an im SezRudvebTan Tu pasuxismgeblobebTan, romlebic gamomdinareoben
saerTaSoriso samarTlidan. rTuli globaluri sistemebi — finansuridan ekologiuramde,
gadaxlarTaven iseTi Temebis Bbed-iRbals, romlebic msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeebSia
ganlagebuli.
skeptikosebisa da hiperglobalistebisagan gansxvavebiT, transformacionalistebi
amtkiceben, rom xdeba axali “suverenuli reJimis” Camoyalibeba, romelic ikavebs
saxelmwifoebriobis tradiciuli koncepciis adgils. maTi warmodgeniT dRes
suvereniteti naklebadaa teritoriulad gansazRvruli barieri da ufro vaWrobis
saSualebaa im politikaSi, romelic ganisazRvreba rTuli transnacionaluri qselebiT.
garda amisa, globalizacia ukavSirdeba agreTve, mZlavri, axali arateritoriuli
ekonomikuri da politikuri organizaciis formebis aRmocenebas globalur sivrceSi,
rogorebicaa multinacionaluri korporaciebi, transnacionaluri socialuri
moZraobebi, saerTaSoriso maregulirebeli saagentoebi, da a.S.
Sesabamisad, imis magivrad, rom moetana “saxelmwifoebis aRsasruli”, globalizacia
ubiZgebs mTeli rigi “SeguebiTi” strategiebis aRmocenebas da gansazRvrul wilad, ufro
aqtiuri saxelmwifos ganviTarebas. aucilebeli araa, rom erovnuli saxelmwifoebis
Zalaufleba Semcirdes. piriqiT, xdeba misi gadaxaliseba da restruqturizacia marTvis
procesebis sirTulis zrdasTan erTad urTierTdakavSirebul msoflioSi.
14
countries, where the government and associated institutions are relatively efficient and the return on the
invested capital is guaranteed.
Interestingly that in such cases neither form of government (democracy or dictatorship), nor
associated additional factors (i.e. existence of civil society, observation of human rights, freedom of
press, etc.) play any noticeable role – the most important is guaranteed capital circulation within the
stable economic and social environment. That’s why about 2/3 of foreign direct investments in the world
are going into developed countries, while 2/5 of the remainder goes to China and Hong Kong.
Even if in general development transfer process is not as effective as one might have expected,
virtually all developing countries are engaged in it one or another way, while the most successful
(China, for instance) are playing the increasing role in economic globalization. Obviously this mainly
happens because the developing world has no viable development alternative. Still some kind of control
over the global economic processes is necessary even if to reduce risks of global market failures and
provide the poorest countries better development opportunities than they enjoy today.
Today there are two major mechanisms of such regulation – the World bank and the International
Monetary Fund. Both were created after WW II for purposes pretty different form these they pursuit
today, but later they almost exclusively shifted their priorities towards servicing global integration and
economic reform processes in the developing world. Still as time passes their credibility and efficiency
(especially as regards corruption) raise more and more questions.
They are mainly charged with excessive intervention into the internal affairs of debtor countries and
abuse of power, especially as regards the smaller developing countries. First of all this concerns the
number and nature of conditions they apply to financial support rendered to developing countries. If
back in 1980-s the number of such conditions varied between 6 and 10, since 1990-s it increased to 25
(there are known cases than they exceeded 100!). Number of spheres of government administration
that needed improvement, strengthening or renewal as demanded by these organizations grew
correspondingly. As a result, quite often the developing countries are enforced to subscribe to reforms
that are neither politically sustainable, nor efficient in the least.
Activities of both organizations are entirely based on Anglo-Saxon neoclassic economic ideas and
they press the developing countries to adopt the appropriate economic policies disregarding the fact
whether they are going to work within the particular context of any given country. In part such approach
is determined by the rather limited number of development models both the WB and the IMF are able to
propose countries that apply for their support, while it’s still an open question what kind of development
option may be successfully applied to one or another particular country.28 Besides quite often one may
be left with impression that these countries are offered development options and concrete mechanisms
that are not working properly even in places of their inception in the most developed countries, or were
rejected there altogether.
As a result there is a widespread opinion that instead of supporting the development these
organizations are actually harming developing countries, for instance by forcing them to adopt
privatization programmes that in the end lead to enrichment of a small group of local corrupt officials. At
the same time both bodies look extremely helpless dealing with governments of countries that can not
meet conditions set by loan agreements. Such cases are abundant and universally these conditions are
revised and payments rescheduled. This is especially true as regards the poorest countries. Their
outsdanding debts are pardoned and more loans are scheduled. Of course there may be plenty of
objective reasons why poor developing country can not meet loan terms, still it looks like that some kind
of strange game is going on when both lenders and borrowers know that these terms can not be met,
but still pretend that everything is going as it should be.
As a matter of fact such type of relations with donor organizations suits corrupt elites of many
developing countries – presence of large number of various conditions in loan agreements that these
countries can not satisfy actually means that they may use this as a pretext to reallocate provided
resources in a way that minimizes their efficient allocation for population while increasing personal
profits of the said elites. Relations of such type also lead to development of some queer kind of
dependency, akin to the Dutch disease. For many developing countries, especially the poorest ones,
with weak, corrupt governments foreign loans and grants play the same role as natural resources play
in case of the typical Dutch disease. Why invest received funds into the real market reforms and
democratization if such support will still go on disregarding the fact how they are actually used (or rather
misused)? Besides the overall efficiency of programmes implemented by the same WB in developing
world is generally rather low because of the high transaction costs – the major part of loans never leave
the donor countries being used by the local firms and individual consultants. This part of problem is
serious to the extent that it prompted the US Senate in 2005 to approve a special legal act calling for
28
Just at the begging of the century the WB was quite officially operating with just 5 such models.
139
corruption monitoring in the international donor organizations.
Situation as such may be quite easily interpreted in terms of general political motivation of the
whole system of global development transfer. Naturally leaders of the both WB and IMF as well as
leaders of the leading donor countries are quite well aware of fact that successful integration of 5/6 of
global population into the economic space which the remaining 1/6 created proceeding from its own
interests is hardly possible. They are also well aware of the fact that for many developing countries
(especially African) carrying out the real market reforms is impossible on principle. In this case all these
strongly remind the process that in the late USSR was dubbed as “building the socialism bypassing the
capitalist development stage”.
Especially for the US all this basically (directly or through international financial institutions)
presents continuation of the foreign policy, albeith using different methods. Whether the money they
lend is going to bring upon some real economic progress in any given country is of a relatively little
importance. The main objective is to keep the ruling regimes in such countries loyal to the US. It’s
especially true as regards such weak countries that on principle may pose the threat to the US national
interest by falling into hands of various kinds of terrorists for instance.29
Besides any donor country is subjected to a strong pressure of its own civil society (especially
NGOs), which consider that developed countries are answerable for developing world, for its poverty
and underdevelopment. In addition the given model of global economic integration in general as well as
development transfer in particular are so deeply ingrained into the system of global international
relations that their restructuring in order to increase their efficiency may turn very painful both for the
donors as well as for “consumers” of their support.
Still against the rather gloomy picture of the global development transfer there are number of a
rather successful countries that managed to overcome dependency on the developed world and are
obviously aiming at the leading positions in the modern global affairs. First of all these are so called
Asian Tigers and lately China and Malaysia. Factually the problem is that the most successful
development transfer is restricted to a rather small region of the world, while 3 of the mentioned
countries are China one or the other way (Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong-Kong), while population of
Singapore is also predominantly represented by ethnic Chinese as well as the most active ethnic
minority in Malaysia.
The main positive feature shared by all these countries is the social capital of the highest quality
based on the highly motivated, diligent, disciplined labour force. Still they owe their success mainly to
the presence of extremely efficient, motivated governments. These governments purposefully
implemented and continue to implement their own economic policies which in general have rather little
to do with recommendations and development models of the international donors, although they borrow
huge amounts of money from them. Although some Western economic experts characterize their
economic policies as neo-liberal in reality we deal with various models of the state managed capitalism.
On the whole these examples of successful market development show that fears of the evil Western
money-lenders that exploit the poor developing countries are to a large extent exaggerated. Almost any
country with the efficient, strong, motivated government is able to put international donor organizations
into position they should properly occupy – money lenders and assistants, not the development
dictators.30
Thus it’s very important to understand that development transfer is primarily a two-way street – no
developed country and/or donor organization is able to impose any kind of positive transformations on
any developed country if it is not ready to adopt them or (and this is more important) if the local ruling
elites are not interested in such.
The leading global players set terms and conditions of development transfer based on their own
priorities and understanding of problems at hand. They are naturally eager to make the rest of the world
to adopt these terms and conditions as operating basis for their own development. On the other hand
this is the direct responsibility of governments of developing countries to make sound decisions as
regards models of development suitable for their countries; to review, revise and adopt the existing
ones or propose their own, original models. No leading global player is able to make decisions for these
governments; to make any country develop successfully, moreover can not do this on regional or global
levels. If country is not able to adopt and implement development policies, any outside assistance will
go for naught.
29
Stuart E. Eizenstat, John Edward Porter, and Jeremy M. Weinstein, Rebuilding Weak States, Foreign Affairs,
January/February 2005.
30
Efficient government does not mean that it’s for instance incorrupt or transparent – as the world practice shows such
features have little to do with the government efficiency. Very clean and transparent government may be quite
inefficient and vice versa.
140
TanamSromlobas. faqtiurad SesaZlebelia vilaparakoT “globaluri samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis” aRmocenebaze. am TvalsazrisiT, faqtiurad xdeba ekonomikuri da
politikuri Zalauflebis denacionalizacia da “gabneva”, rasac mosdevs erovnuli
saxelmwifoebis suverenitetisa da avtonomiis Semdgomi Ziris gamoTxra.
1.2.2. skeptikosebi, gansxvavebiT hiperglobalistebisagan, msoflio vaWrobis,
kapitaldabandebisa da Sromis nakadebis statistikaze dayrdnobiT amtkiceben, rom
moyolebuli mecxramete saukunidan, ubralod SedarebiT izrdeba internacionalizaciis
done, e.i. urTierToba ZiriTadad erovnul meurneobebs Soris. amtkiceben ra, rom
globalizacia miTia, skeptikosebi efuZnebian globalizaciis ekonomikur koncefcias da
aigiveben mas srulad integrirebul globalur bazarTan. miaCniaT ra, rom dRevandeli
ekonomikuri integraciis done Camouvardeba am “ideals” da, rom aseTi integracia bevrad
CamorCeba mecxramete saukunis bolos dones, isini askvnian, rom Tanamedrove
globalizaciis gamovlena friad gazviadebulia.
amasTan dakavSirebiT skeptikosebi askvnian, rom hiperglobalistebis mosazreba
Zirfesvianad mcdaria da politikurad miamiti imis gamo, rom is saTanadod ver afasebs
erovnuli mTavrobebis arsebul SesaZleblobebs marTon saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri
moRvaweoba. imis nacvlad, rom ukontrolod ganviTardnen, internacionalizaciis Zalebi
TviTon eqvemdebarebian erovnuli mTavrobebis maregulirebel Zalauflebas, raTa
uzrunvelyon mimdinare ekonomikuri liberalizacia.
skeptikosebis TvalsazrisiT, yvela arsebuli mtkicebuleba migvaniSnebs, imas rom
ekonomikuri saqmianoba ganicdis mniSvnelovan regionalizacias im dros, rodesac
msoflio ekonomika viTardeba sami ZiriTadi finansuri da savaWro blokis —evropis, azia-
wynari okeanisa da Crdilo amerikis Seqmnis mimarTulebiT. Sesabamisad klasikuri “oqros
standartis” epoqasTan SedarebiT msoflio ekonomika bevrad ufro naklebad
integrirebulia, xolo msoflio imperiebis xanasTan SedarebiT is ufro naklebad
globalizebulia geografiuli mocvis TvalsazrisiT.
skeptikosebi, agreTve ar Tvlian, rom erovnuli mTavrobebi eqvemdebarebian
saerTaSoriso tendenciebs. piriqiT, isini yuradRebas amaxvileben imaze, rom maTi roli
sazRvrebs gaRma ekonomikuri aqtiurobis ganviTarebasa da regulirebaSi sul ufro
centraluri xdeba. mTavrobebi internacionalizaciis pasiuri msxverpli ki ara, piriqiT,
misi ZiriTadi arqiteqtorebi arian. ufro metic, zogi ganixilavs internacionalizacias
rogorc ZiriTadad aSS-is mier inicirebuli mravalmxrivi msoflio ekonomikuri weswyobis
Tamnxleb produqts, romelmac meore msoflio omis Semdeg ubiZga erovnuli ekonomikebis
internacionalizacias. sxvebs saerTod miaCniaT, rom msoflio vaWrobisa da
kapitaldabandebebis mimdinare intensifikacia warmoadgens dasavluri imperializmis
axal stadias, romlis farglebSic erovnuli mTavrobebi gamodian monopolisturi
kapitalis agentebis rolSi.
miuxedavad azrTa garkveuli sxvadasxvaobisa, skeptikosebi erTxmad miiCneven, rom
internacionalizacias ar mohyva CrdiloeT-samxreTis uTanabrobis Semcireba. piriqiT,
xdeba savaWro da sainvesticio nakadebis zrda mdidar CrdiloeTSi, “mesame samyaros”
mravali qveynis mzardi marginalizaciis xarjze. isini, agreTve amaxvileben yuradRebas im
faqtze, rom ucxouri investiciebis nakadebis koncentrireba ZiriTadad xdeba
ganviTarebul kapitalistur saxelmwifoebSi, xolo multinacionaluri korporaciebis
umetesoba rCeba ZiriTadad maTi mSobliuri qveynebisa an regionebis qmnilebebad.
Sesabamisad skeptikosebi eWvis TvaliT uyureben warmodgenas imaze, rom
internacionalizacias Tan sdevs msoflio ekonomikuri urTierTobebis mniSvnelovani,
ufro metic — Zirfesvianad gardaqmna. isini aRiareben, rom uTanabroba da ierarqizacia
imdenad Rrmad aris gamjdari msoflio ekonomikaSi, rom, struqturuli TvalsazrisiT,
gasuli saukunis manZilze es situacia Zalze umniSvnelod Seicvala.
mravali skeptikosis warmodgeniT, aseTi uTanabroba xels uwyobs fundamentalizmisa
da agresiuli nacionalizmis warmoCenas, imis nacvlad, rom ubiZgos msoflio
civilizaciis Seqmnas, rogorc amas hiperglobalistebi varaudoben. piriqiT, xdeba
msoflios daqucmaceba civilizaciur blokebad da kulturul Tu eTnikur anklavebad.
warmodgena kulturuli erTobisa da globaluri kulturis Sesaxeb, agreTve, miTia.
globaluri uTanabrobis gaRrmaveba, saerTaSoriso politikis realobebi, iseve rogorc
“civilizaciaTa Sexla”, agreTve, aaSkaravebs “globaluri mTavrobis” ideis usafuZvlobas
— msoflios wesis organizacia mecxramete saukunidan moyolebuli umeteswilad
dasavleTis mTavrobebis xelSi imyofeba. am TvalsazrisiT, skeptikosebi ganixilaven
msoflio mmarTvelobasa da ekonomikur internacionalizacias rogorc ZiriTadad
dasavlur proeqts, romlis mTavari mizania SeinarCunos dasavleTis pirveloba msoflio
urTierTobebSi.
13
ganmartebas davsjerdeT, anu rogorc dRevandel inglisurSi amboben — “keep it simple, stupid”.
arc ise Soreul warsulSi, cnobili maTematikosi puankare daaxloebiT imave azrisa iyo,
rodesac ambobda — “rodesac adamians ar esmis problema, is bevr formulas wers, magram
rodesac bolos da bolos mixvdeba, raSia saqme — ukeTes SemTxvevaSi ori formula rCeba”.
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi es principi namdvilad muSaobs. rac Seexeba
sazogadoebriv mecnierebebs, aq situacia Zalian waagavs ZvelTaZvel indur igavs
moxetiale maTxovar brmebze, romlebic gzad spilos gadaeyarnen. erTi, romelmac spilos
xorTums waavlo xeli, amtkicebda, rom spilo gvelsa hgavs, meore, rom foTols, radganac
yuri SerCa xelSi, mesame boZs — is spilos fexs daejaxa, xolo kidev erTi gaiZaxoda, rom
spilo Tokia, mas Semdeg, rac kudi moqaCa. yvela Tavisas gaiZaxoda, bolos ver SeTanxmdnen
da erTmaneTs daerivnen. spilo didi xania Tavisi gziT wavida, isini ki isev mtverSi
goravdnen...
qvemoT koncentrirebuli, ganzogadoebuli saxiT ganxilulia ramdenime yvelaze
gavrcelebuli midgoma rogorc sazogadod globalizaciis procesisadmi, aseve msoflio
politikis ori yvelaze aRiarebuli Teoriuli midgoma (realizmi da liberalizmi). am
Tavis mizania, SeuqmnaT studentebs warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad SeswevT unari
gansxvavebul Teoriul midgomebs swored warmoaCinon is procesebi, romlebic
globalizaciis CarCoebSi viTardeba, anda ramdenad SeswevT maT unari, Tavis mxriv
imoqmedon msoflio politikis mimdinareobaze.20
1.2. globalizaciis Teoriuli aRqma.
1.2.1. hiperglobalistebi warmodgenilebi arian im mecnierebiT, romelTac miaCniaT, rom
kacobriobis istoriaSi dadga axali xana, rodesac tradiciuli erovnuli saxelmwifoebi
gadaiqcnen globaluri ekonomikis moZvelebul, ufro metic - usargeblo, zedmet
moTamaSeebad. aseT mosazrebas safuZvlad udevs ekonomikuri logika, romelic win ayenebs
erTian globalur bazarsa da globalur konkurencias, rogorc sazogadoebrivi
progresis mamoZravebel Zalebs. hiperglobalistebi amtkiceben, rom ekonomikur
globalizacias moaqvs ekonomikebis “denacionalizacia” warmoebis, vaWrobisa da
finansebis transnacionaluri qselebis Seqmnis gziT. aseT “usazRvro” ekonomikaSi
erovnuli saxelmwifoebi TamaSoben globaluri kapitalis ubralo “gadamcemi Rvedebisa”,
da saboloo jamSi Suamavlebis rols, romlebic eqcevian adgilobriv, regionul da
globalur marTvis organoebs Soris. am TvalsazrisiT, bevrs sjera, rom ekonomikuri
globalizacia qmnis socialuri organizaciis axal formebs, romlebic ikaveben an
saboloo jamSi daikaveben tradiciuli erovnuli saxelmwifoebis, rogorc globaluri
sazogadoebis pirveladi ekonomikuri da politikuri erTeulebis adgils.
hiperglobalistebs sjeraT, rom globalizacia ZiriTadad ekonomikuri movlenaa, rom
mzardad integrirebuli globaluri ekonomika ukve arsebos; rom globaluri kapitalis
moTxovnebis dawoliT nebismieri saxelmwifosaTvis politika “SesaZleblobis
xelovnebidan” gadaiqca “efeqturi ekonomikuri marTvis” xelovnebad.
garda amisa, arsebobs mosazreba, rom ekonomikuri globalizacia qmnis
gamarjvebulebisa da damarcxebulebis ganawilebis axal sqemas. amasTan dakavSirebiT,
Zveli “Crdilo-samxreTis” dayofis roli TandaTanobiT mcirdeba da adgils uTmobs
ekonomikuri Zalauflebis dayofis ufro rTul sistemas. amis gamo, mTavrobebi
iZulebulebi arian “marTon” globalizaciis socialuri Sedegebi imasTan dakavSirebiT,
rom globaluri finansuri da ekonomikuri konkurencia Zirs uTxris socialuri dacvis
social-demokratiul models da gvauwyebs sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos
modelis gadaSenebas. globalizacia SesaZlebelia, agreTve ukavSirdebodes globaluri
ekonomikis gamarjvebulebisa da damarcxebulebis mzard polarizacias. maT, vinc dRes
“gariyulia”, samomxmareblo ideologiis globaluri gavrceleba, agreTve, Tavs axvevs
axali tipis “piradobas”, romelic ikavebs tradiciuli kulturisa da cxovrebis wesis
adgils. liberaluri demokratiis gavrceleba, agreTve, aZlierebs erTiani globaluri
civilizaciis aRmocenebis SegrZnebas, romelic ganisazRvreba politikuri da
ekonomikuri organizaciis universaluri standartebiT. aseT “globaluri civilizacias”,
agreTve emsaxurebian marTvis sakuTari meqanizmebi, iseTebi, magaliTad, rogorc
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondia, xolo saxelmwifoebi da xalxebi sul ufro da ufro
eqvemdebarebian axal sazogadoebriv, kerZo globalur Tu regionul xelisuflebebs.
Sesabamisad erovnuli saxelmwifoebi sul ufro naklebad axerxeben imis marTvas, rac
maT sazRvrebSi xdeba an maTi moqalaqeebis moTxovnilebebis damoukideblad
dakmayofilebas. meore mxriv, kavSirgabmulobis globaluri infrastruqtura da mravali
saerTo interesis arsebobis SegrZneba xels uwyobs adamianTa Soris transnacionalur
12
Of course if the developed world may be in dire need of successful economic transformation of
some developed country as an isolated case, it may on principle do this, but on practice that means
imposing the direct colonial management model with all the pending consequences.
Chapter 4. Consequences of Globalization. Population and Environment.
4.1. Global Population Problem. This is one of the few exceptions when causative relationship
between globalization and its emergence is direct and obvious. The most plainly visible effect of this
problem manifested itself in unprecedented growth of the world population in the post WW II period,
known as “population explosion”. If in the period between 1900 to 1950 world population grew by about
17 million people per year, this number almost tripled to 50 million during years 1950-1960. As a result
the total world population reached 6 billion in 2000, or 2.4 times more than in 1950. Although population
growth rate is stearily declining since 1970, its amount is still expected to reach almost 9 billion by 2050
and may stabilize afterwards.
The lion’s share of population growth fell on developing countries. Today about 4/5 of the world
population lives in these countries, while about 2/5 lives in the two largest – China and India. By itself
such population growth is nothing unprecedented. The most developed countries in the world had
passed through the same stage of population development after beginning of industrial revolution. Still
that time this process was caused by objective development factors, affected relatively small part of the
global population (so called “golden billion”) and as a whole played positive role in global development.
Here population explosion was caused by a sharp drop in population mortality rates against the
traditionally high birth rates. It was caused by gradual improvement of quality of life and general growth
of population well-being. The same processes affected birth-rate as well but with the lag of decades at
least.
In developing countries (majority of which at the beginning of explosive population growth were still
colonies) mortality rates dropped virtually overnight – in a course of few years. It was caused by
introduction (sometimes purposeful, sometimes accidental) of the minimal innovations from the
developed countries – new medicaments (aspirin, penicillin), insecticides (DDT and like), elementary
understanding about personal hygiene. Anti-epidemic measures and vaccination was introduced to
some extent, population nutrition improved in some places too. All this was possible since all affected
countries and territories had already been included into the system of global relations that make
possible relatively smooth and unimpeded transition of innovations. Factually they received the first
development package from the more developed world, which required the absolute minimum of efforts
from the both sides involved in the process. On the other hand the next package involving
modernization, structural transformation, etc., leading in the end to economic development with
associated growth of level and quality of live as well as changing population reproduction patterns
(reducing fertility) was delivered much later and with various success.
Population explosion affected countries which had just started their independent life, lagged
centuries behind their former parent states by levels of development. Actually one may dub this process
population shock instead of explosion. Population growth did not result from their socio-economic
development,as it happened in the more developed world, they did not need, did not plan and could not
control it. Since at least at the initial stage this process was factually mechanical its dependence on the
type of civilization of any given country, culture of population, religion, etc. was minimal.31 Even
efficiency and type of governance played very little role in this case – relatively well and poorly
managed countries had found themselves in the same boat.
Demographic pressure did not allow the majority of affected countries to stand on their own feet,
contributed significantly to drop in the population level of life as compared with the colonial period (such
drop often up to 20% was registered in 100 countries), pushed billions into poverty and starvation.
Today population growth process in developing countries has been reversed and is generally
following trends of the more developed world – i.e. people are marrying later and have fewer children.
Average fertility rate here is about 2.8 (versus 6.2 in 1960-s), while in 20 countries births do not exceed
mortality. UN claim that this reversal resulted from decades’ long family planning policies it pursued in
31
This process was dubbed minimal because it happened primarily at the expense of a sharp drop of mortality rates,
which did not depent upon a social behaviour of population. This may be justified for instance by the fact that
absolutely the same “development scenario” was implemented in the isolated Soviet Central Asia as in the rest of the
world.
141
developing world. Although neither this nor improved quality of life (which was usually modest, if took
place of all) played significant role in this process. Its actual causes might be found in emancipation of
women, even if the actual process is relatively modest compared to the similar one that took place in
the last century in the more developed world. It looks like that in the vast majority of developing
countries just a few years of formal schooling are enough to alter significantly demographic behaviour
of women. This trend is for instance quite visible in Iran, which by no means can be considered among
the countries that favour female rights. Fertility here dropped almost 3 times during last 30 years and is
less than in the majority of Latin American countries.
As a result of unsustainable levels of population growth plenty of countries have found themselves
inside so called poverty trap. Even when such countries are governed by relatively efficient and less
corrupt governments, they are not able to cope with the problems they face, being simply too poor.
Even when the governments here are truly committed to positive development they lack funds
(especially collected through taxation) to invest into social sector, infrastructure, environmental
protection, into public administration itself. Besides virtually all these countries spend huge sums to
service foreign debts. Still in the absence of basic infrastructure, social capital and efficient governance
it’s impossible to attract private investments and pursue economic development; while without roads,
fertilizers, electric energy, cheap, efficient fuel, schools, hospitals, affordable housing, and water supply
people remain chronically hungry and sick. Besides in the majority of developing countries this situation
is further exacerbated by inefficient governance, corruptions, mistaken economic policies.
Furthermore – it’s virtually impossible to maintain human rights in such countries. Probability of
clashes among rival political or ethnic groups inside the single country, as well as among some
countries of such type in order to control mineral resources that may bring quick profit are extremely
high. Governments of such countries either can not restrict such criminal activities, or are directly
involved with them. Besides there is a direct causal relationship between poverty and sharp “shock”
drop of population incomes on one hand and armed conflicts on the other. Poverty initiates and
sustains them. Average 5% shock income drop increases probability of conflicts by 50%.32
From the formal standpoint current state of population of the developing world has significantly
improved as compared with 1990-s. For instance during 1990-2002 average incomes here increased by
22%, number of people living in extreme poverty reduced by 139 million, average life expectancy
increased by 2 years, etc. On the other hand this process mostly affected very restricted geographical
area of Eastern Asia, where all the progress was in turn achieved on the expense of the single country
– China.
From the formal standpoint current state of population of the developing world has significantly
improved as compared with 1990-s. For instance during 1990-2002 average incomes here increased by
22%, number of people living in extreme poverty reduced by 139 million, average life expectancy
increased by 2 years, etc. On the other hand this process mostly affected very restricted geographical
area of Eastern Asia, where all the progress was in turn achieved on the expense of the single country
– China.
Correspondingly number of extremely poor people in the rest of the world grew by 71 million.
Epicenter of this crisis is situated in sub-Saharan Africa where there is the highest concentration of
extremely poor, starving people and AIDS patients in the world. Approximately the same situation is
observed in Southern Asia, especially in Indian countryside and urban slams. Today the number of
people who survives at $1.08 per day factually coincides with population of the most developed
countries of the world. Besides such situation disproportionably punishes women, children, elderly and
disabled; population of countryside and urban slams in general. These people have high chances of
finding themselves inside the poverty trap.
Attempts to solve demographic problems worldwide take place for almost half a century. Part of
these efforts is directed at poverty eradication and population growth control within the framework of
numerous specialized programs. These programs are mainly executed by the UN and the WB. The UN
is actively involved in process since 1960 when such programs started to be implemented within the
framework of so called “development decades”. During this period the UN paid special attention to such
goals as eradication of illiteracy, development of school system, health care (including family planning),
infrastructural development (water supply, sewerage), etc.
Interestingly that all such UN programs truly come within the confines of the single global policy.
They result from understanding among all developed as well as developing countries. UN activities
32
Millenium Project. Report to the UN Secretary-General. Investing in Development. A Practical Plan to Achieve the
Millenium Development Goals. Overview. 2005., p.8.
142
qveynebi SesaZloa sxvanairad aRiqvamdnen globalur problematikas, maTi ganviTarebis
konkretuli prioritetebis Sesabamisad.
faqtiurad globaluri problemebis warmoqmna da maTi mogvarebis mcdeloba
xorcieldeba Semdegi sqemiT —warmoqmna calkeuli qveynis/regionis doneze — ganviTareba
globalur donemde [iSviaTad] da/an aRiareba rogorc globaluris [umetesoba
SemTxvevebSi] — A misi Seswavla, analizi da gadaWraze mimarTuli RonisZiebebis dagegmva
“globalur” doneze (samTavrobo Tu arasamTavrobo saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, vTqvaT
gaero, Tu didi rviani) —mogvarebis mcdeloba ama Tu im qveynisa Tu regionis doneze im
konkretuli SesaZleblobebis farglebSi, romelic adgilze arsebobs da am problemisadmi
lokaluri midgomis Sesabamisad.
faqtiurad wre ikvreba — problemebi iqmneba da saboloo jamSi gadaiWrebaa adgilobriv
doneze, imdenad, ramdenadac ama Tu im konkretul moTamaSes es xelewifeba.18
globalizaciam am tradiciul sqemaSi faqtiurad erTaderTi, Tumca friad mniSvnelovani
cvlileba Seitana — sul ufro xSirad e.w. globaluri problemebi Tavze atydeba imaT, vinc
maT SeqmnasTan araviTar kavSirSi ar imyofeba da maTi warmatebiT gadaWra sakuTari
SesaZleblobebis farglebSi principulad ar ZaluZs.19
arsebobs erTaderTi faqtori, romelic dedamiwaze mcxovreb yvela adamians
aerTianebs, miuxedavad, maTi ganviTarebis donisa, kulturis tipisa Tu religiuri
aRmsareblobisa. es faqtori SiSia. faqtiurad erTaderTi, rac adaminTa sazogadoebas
dRes erTi sistemis farglebSi aqcevs — misi fizikuri ganadgurebis potenciuri teqnikuri
SesaZleblobis arsebobaa. aseTi saxiT kacobrioba Camoyalibda daaxloebiT 1945 wlis
agvistosa da 1957 wlis oqtombers Soris — e.i. im periodSi, rodesac amerikelebma
gamoiyenes birTvuli iaraRi iaponiis winaaRmdeg, xolo sabWoTa kavSirma dedamiwis
pirveli xelovnuri Tanamgzavris gaSvebiT daamtkica, rom aRar arsebobda adgili
planetaze, sadac birTvuli Wurvis mitana ar SeiZleboda. savaraudoa, rom Tvalsawier
momavalSi SiSis damatebiT faqtorad gadaiqces globaluri ekologiuri problemis
Tanmxlebi movlenebi.
Tavi 1. globalizaciisa da msoflio politikis Teoriebi
1.1. Tanamedrove msoflio politikis Teoriul wanamZRvrebis mimarT sruliad
gamarTlebulad SeiZleba igive midgoma gamoviyenoT, rac termin globalizaciis mimarT
iyo gamoyenebuli. msoflio politikis dResdReobiT aRiarebuli Teoriebi erTiani
movlenis imdenad winaaRmdegobriv suraTs gvixataven, rom maT safuZvelze nebismieri
daskvnis gakeTeba iseTive warmatebiTaa SesaZlebeli, rogorc veraviTari pozitiuri
daskvnis gamotana.
amave dros, qveyanasa da konkretul istoriul situaciaze damokidebuli, esa Tu is
Teoria, xolo ufro xSirad ki konteqstidan amoglejili esa Tu is Teoriuli Tezisi,
SesaZloa did (zogjer gadamwyvet) gavlenas axdendes rogorc uSualod gadawyvetilebis
mimReb pirvel pirebze, agreTve, maTze, vinc am pirebis mier gadawyvetilebis momzadebaSi
monawileobs.
Teoriuli azrTwyobis Ria uSualo gavlenis magaliTebi Tanamedrove msoflio
politikaSi gamonaklisis saxiT gvxvdeba. magram imave dros sazogadod aRiarebulia, rom
realizmisa da neo-realizmis, iseve rogorc garkveul wilad neoliberalur
warmodgenebs, udidesi gavlena hqondaT aSS-is sagareo politikis formirebaze. aseve
aSkaraa, rom aSS prezident buSis pirveli administraciis (2001-2005 ww.) sagareo politika
didwilad neokonservatiuli Teoriis gavlenis qveS imyofeboda.
me-14 saukunis yvelaze gavleniani evropeli filosofosi, warmoSobiT ingliseli
uiliam okami, dRes ZiriTadad cnobilia universaluri samecniero principis
CamoyalibebiT, romelsac okamis samarTeblis saxeliT vicnobT. es principi, romelic
gamoiyeneboda crumecnieruli daskvnebis Tavidan asacileblad, JRers rogorc — “nu
amravleb arsTa raodenobas aucileblobis gareSe (nu dauSveb simravles aucileblobis
gareSe)”. zogadad es niSnavs, rom raime movlenis aRweris dros umjobesia yvelaze martiv
11
(informacia), vidre ramdenime aTeul wlamde (cvlilebebi ama Tu im sazogadoebis
socialur struqturaSi, faseulobebis sistemaSi, tradiciebSi, cxovrebis wesSi da a.S.).
globalizaciis Sedegebis nawili vlindeba globaluri sistemebis SeqmnaSi, romlebic
mkafiod gamoxatul qselur xasiaTs atareben. dResdReobiT dedamiwa faqtobrivad
gadafarulia sawarmoo, finansuri, savaWro, satransporto, sakomunikacio, sainformacio
da a.S. qselebiT. erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTuli qselebi viTardebian, arseboben sabazro
ekonomikuri urTierTobebis farglebSi da qmnian globalur ekonomikur sistemas. am
sistemaSi horizontaluri kavSirebi aSkarad dominireben vertikalurze, mas ar gaaCnia
erTiani samarTavi centri, is didwilad TviTregulirebadia da funqcionirebis procesSi
nakleb yuradRebas aqcevs msoflioSi arsebul formalur sazRvrebs.15
rasakvirvelia, qselebis sixSire araeTgvarovania — ganviTarebul msoflioSi (aSS-s
okeaneebisa da didi tbebis mimdebare arealebi, dasavleTi evropa, iaponia da a.S.) is
maqsimaluria, xolo mesame msoflioSi am qselebSi uzarmazi sicarielebia da
mcirericxovani ganviTarebis centrebi erTmaneTisagan didi manZilebiTaa daSorebuli
(ixileT, magaliTad, ruseTis uralis aRmosavleTiT ganlagebuli regionebi, Tumca
formalurad es magaliTi mesame msoflios ar exeba, anda igive afrika _ ix. danarTi 1.).
es qselebi ierTeben maTTvis mniSvnelovan bazrebs, sawarmoebsa Tu pirovnebebs, maSin
rodesac danarCenebi maTgan gaTiSulebi rCebian, da es SeiZleba moxdes (da xdeba kidec)
nebismieri calke aRebuli qveynis, regionis, dasaxlebuli punqtis da zogjer sawarmosa
Tu firmis farglebSi.
is, rom es qselebi globaluria, imas ar niSnavs, rom maTze modis dedamiwaze arsebuli
Sesabamisi nakadebisa Tu infrastruqturuli elementebis udidesi nawili. maTi
globaluroba gamoixateba Semdeg maxasiaTeblebSi — a/isini icaven erTsa da imave [maTTvis
damaxasiaTebel] TamaSis wesebs ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ra konkretul adgilobriv
pirobebSi da dedamiwis romel kuTxeSi uxdebaT arseboba; b/ droisa da manZilis faqtorebs
maTi ganuwyveteli funqcionirebisaTvis naklebi (xSirad minimaluri) mniSvneloba
gaaCniaT; g/maT SeuZliaT SeRweva dedamiwis nebismier kuTxeSi, sadac maTi arsebobisaTvis
minimalurad misaRebi pirobebi arsebobs.
isevdaisev, ama Tu im qselis warmatebuli ganviTarebisaTvis araviTari mniSvneloba ara
aqvs, Tu rogor aRiqveba is ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli moralis normebisa, Tu
sakanonmdeblo sistemis TvalsazrisiT. dRevandel msoflioSi arsebuli globaluri
qselebidan yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli da warmatebuli globaluri danaSaulis
sistemaa, romelic faqtobrivad globaluri ekonomikuri sistemis erT-erT qvesistemas
warmoadgens.
im SemTxvevaSi Tu globalizaciis procesSi ar xdeba axali sistemebis Camoyalibeba, misi
Sedegebi globaluri problemebis (gamowvevebis) saxiT mogvevlinebian. Tumca ise ar unda
gavigoT, rom es problemebi erTnairad exeba yvelas dedamiwaze. udides umetesoba
SemTxvevebSi saqme gvaqvs etyoba problemebTan, romlebic Tavisi gamovleniT uSualod an
mxolod qveynebis jgufebs, regionebs, Tu adamianebis jgufebs exeba, magram maTi meoradi
Sedegebi aiZulebs miiRon isini mxedvelobaSi imaTac, vinc maTi uSualo gavlenis sferoSi
naklebad xvdeba. aseTia, magaliTad, Cvens mier am kursSi ganxiluli mosaxleobis anda
terorizmis problemebi.
garda amisa, mimdinare sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis prioritetebi da politikuri
koniunqtura (ZiriTadad msoflios wamyvan qveynebSi) udides gavlenas axdenen imaze,
aRiqmeba Tu ara esa Tu is problema rogorc globaluri, misi gamovlenis konkretuli
xasiaTisa da masStabebis miuxedavad.
ase magaliTad, 2006 wlis erovnuli uSiSroebis strategiis farglebSi aSS-ma ase
Camoayaliba globaluri gamowvevebi —
• pandemiebis tipis (Sidsi/frinvelis gripi) sazogadoebrivi jandacvis
gamowvevebi;
• aralegaluri vaWroba, gansakuTrebiT narkotikebiTa da adamianebiT;
• bunebrivi garemos ganadgureba, miuxedavad imisa, gamowveulia is adamianis
qmedebiTa Tu bunebrivi megakatastrofebiT.16
ruseTma rogorc 2006 wlis didi rvianis xelmZRvanelma qveynam ase Camoayaliba is
globaluri problemuri sferoebi, romlebic unda moxvedriliyvnen am organizaciis
saqmianobis prioritetebis ricxvSi — globaluri energetikuli usafrTxoeba, brZola
infeqciur daavadebebTan da ganaTleba.17 gasagebia, rom igive am organizaciis sxva wevri
10
(including affiliated agencies and the leading international NGOs like Oxfam, Care, Save the Children,
etc.) in the above areas are all the more important since they represent one of the very rare successful
examples of globalization of world politics based on consensus while their reach as well their results are
truly global. Aims of such programs are basically easy to comprehend, transparent and specific. They
are politically neutral and generally hardly loaded with conditionality as for instance the WB or the IMF
programs. They are usually perceived by the targeted population as humanitarian.
Of course, taking into account the scale and complexity of problems facing such programmes it
comes as no surprise that their majority have never been implemented in full, although their influence
on the well being of population of developing countries is truly impressive.
Development of poverty and the other associated negative processes in the modern world follows a
quite primitive scheme – at the initial stage – demographic pressure + lagging behind the developed
countries economically + adoption of defective economic policies = current stage – mass poverty +
starvation + illiteracy + cultural underdevelopment + economic underdevelopment transforms into
development gap + [often especially in Africa, domestic and external conflicts, total dysfunction of
government]. Such process is factually cyclic, since all factors mentioned above “feed” and exacerbate
each other. For countries which find themselves inside such circle is extremely difficult to break it and in
the end this is possible only by mobilization of domestic resources and their own efforts. Foreign
assistance in this case may play only support role.
4.2. Global Environmental Problem. At the beginning of 21-th century global human-nature
relations have manifestly reached a stage when group of leading scientists, politicians and
businessmen felt confident to say that some time by 2015 the mankind would reach the point of no
return as regards global warming.33 Obviously these relations have never been pretty harmonious and
their disruptions had led to perishing of many ancient civilisations and even today are putting to the
brink of collapse a number of sub-Saharan countries. On the other hand this is the first time when they
are perceived as directly endangering well-being and the very existence of the human civilisation.
Factually one may come to conclusion that distorted human-nature relations has led to the
emergence of global environmental problem, which as many think may potentially affect our civilisation
as threat of global nuclear war affected and continues to affect it. I.e. we witness emergence of one
more factor that may unite the mankind based on fear.
On the other hand, nuclear threat, despite being quite real, did not lead to appropriate corrections in
global political relations. Today it’s as actual (may be even more so) as it was during the cold war, even
is not generally regarded as such. Still the emergence and solution of this problem depends on human
society and can be controlled by it. As to the global environmental problem, the human society is able
to control only that part of human-nature interaction processes, which take place within the society
proper. As soon as these processes emerge into the natural environment they factually evade any
direct control. This means that global environmental problem may in the end prove to be even more
difficult to tackle than any other properly societal problems.
Still from the practical standpoint, human-nature relations do not create new problems, they just
make evident (although in a pretty distorted form) problems already existing in human society. In the
vast majority of cases, the chain of events starts within human society, triggered by problems of societal
development (economic, social, etc.). These problems may then be imposed on nature, either
accidentally or deliberately, causing changes there. Afterwards, this chain of events causes feedback
effects on society, presenting what resembles an absolutely new set of problems that are perceived as
environmental ones. Any such problem may fade from sight for a time being, to emerge later rather
shape shifted, exaggerated, far from the place of inception, to fall on heads of people who did not
create it in the first place. Only results of relatively small scale local processes usually offset well-being
of people who initiated them (for instance, farmer felling trees on the steep slope directly above his
house), while initiators of large-scale processes (for instance shareholders of companies logging
tropical forests) usually turn-up with nice profits.
Even in case of unavoidable disastrous natural phenomena, perceived as acts of God, like earth-
quakes or hurricanes, tornadoes, etc. part of the chain of events still begins within the human society.
These are social-economic factors that determine why people are located in harm’s way in the first
place, what they know about a potential hazard and how well they are prepared to deal with it. Although
the actual share of societal factors in problems caused by the adverse natural phenomena naturally
varies to a great degree. It was for instance almost overwhelming in case of hurricane Katrina in 2005,
while much less in case of catastrophic tsunami in Southern Asia in 2004.
33
MEETING THE CLIMATE CHALLENGE, RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE
CHANGE TASKFORCE, JANUARY 2005 by The Institute for Public Policy Research (UK), The Center for American
Progress, The Australia Institute. http://www.americanprogress.org/site/pp.asp?c=biJRJ8OVF&b=306503
143
 Thus, even in cases when societal crises appear to be caused by environmental factors, their real
driving-forces may be socio-economic. Accordingly short-term visible effects of human interventions
into the nature (however drastic they might be) are not even marginally as important as medium and/or
short term reaction of natural environment on such interventions.
Causes of the global environmental problem are pretty well known – generally accepted (and the
most successful so far) model of societal development is based on constant growth of both total and
per-capita material consumption. This is the model that led to success of the leading global players.
Today it serves as basis for globalization and is being recommended for adoption for (or is imposed
upon) developing countries.
Such kind of development is obviously possible only based on appropriate growth of consumption of
natural resources (including the environmental ones), this so far being restricted only by availability of
technical means of their extraction. On the other hand efficiency of human society is extremely low –
95-97% of natural resources are lost to the environment even before they reach the final consumer.
This ran-off suppresses informational, material, information flows within the global ecosystem, causes
its degradation. In the end the mankind is facing the logically insolvable problem of constant material
growth within the finite physical space (planet Earth) based on the finite resource base.
Even today unsustainable development of the mankind is exceeding carrying capacity of global
ecosystem. Human activities are reducing assimilative and reproductive capacities of natural
environment to the extent when it is gradually loosing its properties as life-support system for man.
Thus the global environmental crisis may be perceived as degradation of the global ecosystem to the
extent when it ceases to support the development and very existence of the human society.
This crisis obviously belongs to unforeseen consequences of globalization and is basically created
by lack of proper understanding of functioning of natural ecosystems (including the global one),
underestimating their role in the development and very existence of the human society, discrepancy
between the needs of societal development safeguarded by the technology at its disposal and abilities
of natural ecosystems to support these needs (especially at the assimilative end).
Attempts to solve environmental problems inside and on the expense of nature (except for a very
few and specific cases, which only prove the general rule) are not usually very efficient and resemble
symptomatic treatment applied by medics, when they are unable to trace cause of ailment. Obviously
human-nature interactions are complex, causes and effects of particular problems are often so
intermingled that tracing them to their source is near-to impossible task. Associated difficulties in
planning and implementation of problem solving usually leads to absence of preventive initiatives,
mitigating measures are applied after a fact and to visible effects, rather than to causes of the problem.
But even when origins of problem inside the human society are too well known influencing them directly
may not be feasible and/or possible in the current socio-economic and political setting. Hence
application of palliative measures, aimed primarily at postponement of actual problem-solving as well as
calming-down criticism. The one more additional difficulty is caused by the fact that modern science is
hardly able to provide reliable analysis as regards the ongoing human-nature relations, especially about
the large-scale, long term processes. As a result such findings are often useless for the actual decision-
making.
As a whole today global system of human-nature relations is based on the following –
• Market - the most efficient problem-solving mechanism available to the modern society works
pretty badly as regards valuation of mineral resources and almost totally fails as regards state of
natural environment, especially while attempting to valuate biosphere resources, water, and air.
Environmental damage is also mostly non-quantifiable and remains outside system of values
operated by the market economy (especially at producers end). This means that effects of
economic activities on the natural environment can not be taken into proper consideration during
their valuation – the phenomenon known as externality. The best known example of such is the
tragedy of common, dealing with the public property.
• The situation is farther exacerbated by the fact that within the current system of global relations
some players are able to avoid taking into consideration problems associated with environmental
degradation. As a result they can offer their produce or services at lower prices than others who
take care of these problems, undermine existing regulatory mechanisms and conservation
attempts. Factually the whole system of business-nature relations may be considered as example
of market failure.
• Factually any decision (including the global one) as regards natural environment (for instance
about emission quotas, pollution levels, restrictions of environmentally damaging activities, etc.),
144
doneze xorcieldebodes. yvelaferTan erTad es tovebs globalizaciis CarCoebs gareT
ara marto calkeul qveynebs, aramed mTel regionebs. Tu aseT adgilebSi globalizaciis
gavlena ama Tu im saxiT mainc igrZnoba, mxolod imitom, rom didi procesebis
kontrolireba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia da informaciuli Tu materialuri nakadebis
raRaca nawili mainc “epareba” ZiriTad kalapots.
- msoflios wamyvani qveynebis formaluri da faqtiuri pasuxismgebloba dedamiwaze
mimdinare (m.S. uSualod maT mier wamowyebuli) procesebis Sedegebze SedarebiT mcirdeba.
maT faqtiurad SeuZliaT, umetes SemTxvevaSi zurgi Seaqcion im procesebsa da movlenebs,
romlebSic uSualo Careva maT konkretul interesebSi ar Sedis da Semoifarglon carieli
demagogiiT. es mkveTrad ganasxvavebs globalizacias Tanamedrove etaps misi
dasawyisisagan, rodesac koloniuri imperiebi iZulebulebi iyvnen ase Tu ise Careuliyvnen
planetaze mimdinare procesebis umetesobaSi, radganac isini maT mier uSualod
kontrolirebadi teritoriebis farglebSi mimdinareobda.
is, rom aSS da misi mokavSireebi dResdReobiT gadamwyvet rols TamaSoben
globalizaciuri procesebis warmoCenasa da realizaciaSi, ar niSnavs imas, rom
globalizacia am qveynebis SeTqmulebis Sedegia, rogorc es bevrs miaCnia. ubralod
sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze es saxelmwifoebi warmoadgenen am
procesis yvelaze aqtiur agentebs da Sesabamisad yvelaze intensiurad ganicdian mis
zegavlenas. aseTi “ganviTarebis agentebis” roli kacobriobis istoriaSi uamrav sxva
eTnossa Tu saxelmwifos uTamaSia. gadis dro, ganviTarebis erT etaps axali cvlis da isini
gardauvlad uTmoben adgils sxva, ufro aqtiur da mizandasaxul eTnosebs. aseTia
ganviTarebis logika.13
erT-erTi mTavari gaugebroba, romelic globalizaciis procesTanaa dakavSirebuli
isaa, rom misgan raRaca konkretul Sedegs moelian (dadebiTs, Tu uaryofiTs). ase
magaliTad, mravali weli mimdinareobs diskusia imis Sesaxeb, zrdis Tu ara globalizacia
adamianebis keTildReobas.14 sinamdvileSi globalizacia, rogorc aseTi, rogorc
nebismieri bunebrivi (am SemTxvevaSi kvazi-bunebrivi) procesi absoluturad neitraluria
misi gavlenis obieqtebis mimarT. amitom principulad arasworia misi xarisxobrivi
Sefaseba.
rogor gavlenas axdens globalizacia ama Tu im saxelmwifosa Tu eTnosze,
damokidebulia, pirvel rigSi, imaze, es ukanaskneli ramdenad kargad auRebs mas alRos da
SeZlebs mis gamoyenebas sakuTar interesebSi.
saerTod, ar Rirs adamianis nebis rolis gadaWarbeba iseTi masStabis movlenaSi,
rogoricaa globalizacia. adamianis nebazea damokidebuli Segnebuli gadawyvetilebis
miReba, romelsac mosdevs konkretuli qmedeba. gadaizrdeba Tu ara es qmedeba procesSi,
xolo, Tavis mxriv, gaxdeba Tu ara es procesi globaluri masStabis, adamianis neba-
survilze naklebadaa damokidebuli. ase rom ar iyos, maSin realuri gaxdeboda “Deutchland
uber alles” tipis scenarebis realizacia, rac madloba RmerTs — ararealuria.
globalizacia ar warmoadgens ama Tu im movlenis dedamiwis farglebSi gavrcelebis
process — vTqvaT satelefono xazebis an televizorebis, internetis momxmarebelTa
raodenobis, saerTaSoriso finansuri transaqciebis intensifikaciis, transnacionaluri
korporaciebis gavlenis, erTiani kulturuli faseulobebis, bolos da bolos,
makdonaldsebis an amerikuli kinos gavrcelebis da a.S., rogorc es sazogadod (m.S. bevri
mecnieris mier) aRiqveba. sinamdvileSi yvelaferi CamoTvlili ara globalizaciaa, aramed
misi meoradi Sedegi (xSirad gauTvaliswinebeli), SeiZleba vixmaroT sityva “simptomic” ki.
Gglobalizacis arsi mdgomareobs im Rrma struqturul cvlilebebSi Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, qmnian pirobebs yvela zemoT CamoTvlili movlenis
saarsebod. SeuZlebelia internetis danergva da gavrceleba mTels msoflioSi (Tugind
amisi teqnologia arsebobdes) Tu ar arsebobs universalurad aRiarebuli da xSirad
dakanonebuli principi informaciis gacvlis Tavisuflebisa. verc erTi korporacia,
ragind didi ar unda iyos is, ver gaxdeba transnacionaluri, Tu qveynebi, romelSic is
moqmedebs, ar aRiareben Tavisufali vaWrobisa da kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobis
princips (Tugind daZalebiT, da Tugind mxolod am ucxouri kompaniebis mimarT).
globalizaciis ZiriTadi konkretuli Sedegi isaa, rom man aqcia dedamiwa ziar
WurWlad, romlis romelime calke aRebuli nawilis izolacia ama Tu im mocemuli
sazogadoebrivi procesisagan principulad SeuZlebelia. Tumca TviT am procesebis
gavrcelebis siCqare friad araerTgvarovania da SeiZleba meryeobdes ramdenime saaTidan
9
globalizacia — ori antagonisturi socialuri sistemis (kapitalizmisa da socializmis)
konkurenciis Sedegi. iniciatorTa Soris SeiZleba moxvdes faqtiurad nebismieri
moTamaSe, romelsac regularulad, sakmao drois manZilze SeuZlia imdenad Zlieri
procesis (procesebis) generireba, rom misi Sedegebi saboloo jamSi aRiqmeba mTel
dedamiwaze.11
globalizaciis (globalizaciuri) procesia iseTi, romlis mimdinareobac iwvevs
xarisxobriv cvlilebebs sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis sistemebSi globaluri
masStabiT an sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis axali trendis formirebas. ar aris aucilebeli
aseT process globaluri gamovlena hqondes. aseTi procesebis magaliTebs meoce
saukuneSi miekuTvneba, vTqvaT, ruzveltiseuli “axali kursi” 1930-ian wlebSi aSS-Si, meore
msoflio omi, ssrk-is daSla. globaluria nebismieri procesi, romelic planetaruli
masStabiT vlindeba. is SesaZloa daemTxves globalizaciis process, Tumca es aucilebeli
ar aris.
b/ ara aqvs mniSvneloba, romel sferoSi (politikurSi, ekonomikurSi, kulturulSi . . . )
xdeba am procesebis inicireba.
g/ nebismieri qveyana Tu sxva subieqti, romelsac xelewifeba globaluri procesebis
inicireba Tavis moqmedebaSi pirvel rigSi sakuTari moTxovnilebebidan da interesebidan
gamodis. faqtiurad SesaZlebelia vilaparakoT, rom globalizacia aris lokaluri
procesebis globaluri gamovlena. arc erTi procesi, romelsac mosdevs cvlilebebi
globalur doneze, ar aris Tavidanve Cafiqrebuli rogorc aseTi. xSirad “pirveladi
biZgi” SeiZleba sakmaod susti iyos, magram ganviTarebis procesSi uzomod gadiddes da
globaluri xasiaTi miiRos, Tu xelsayrel pirobebSi moxvda — e.w. “peplis efeqti”.
d/ globalizacia, Zalian farTo gagebiT, qmnis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs, Tumca
msoflioSi momqmedi ama Tu im moTamaSis unari gamoiyenos es SesaZleblobebi sakuTari
miznebis misaRwevad, warmoadgens friad gansxvavebul problemas, romelic unda gadawydes
ara globalur, aramed adgilobriv doneze.
garda amisa, globalizaciis Tanamedrove etapi, agreTve, xasiaTdeba rigi kargad
gamoxatuli Taviseburebebisa, romlebic sakmarisia, imisaTvis, raTa masze mkafio
warmodgena SeviqmnaT.
1. yvela procesi globalizaciis farglebSi Riaa da ormxrivi. arsebobs ukukavSirebi
procesebis iniciatorebsa da maT obieqtebs Soris. e.i. nebismieri iniciativa ama Tu
im saxiT gardauvlad ase Tu ise ubrundeba iniciators. es ukureaqcia principSi
SeiZleba gautoldes an aRematebodes kidec TviT am iniciativas. nebismieri
iniciativa msoflio masStabiT gavrcelebis procesSi gardauvlad icvlis saxes,
maxinjdeba; SesaZlebelia saboloo jamSi Tavisi sawinaaRmdego saxec ki miiRos.
2. nebismier qveyanas SeuZlia airCios, SeuerTdes Tu ara am procesebs da ra saxiT.
Tumca, xSir SemTxvevaSi es arCevani, rogorc amas uwin sabWoTa kavSirSi uwodebdnen
— nebayoflobiT-daZalebiTia. aseTi “SeerTebis” wesebi da pirobebi cnobilia,
Tumca naklebad formalizebuli. saboloo jamSi, isini SesaZlebelia dayvanil iqnen
sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebamde, konkurentuli bazrebis Seqmnamde, sazRvrebis
gaxsnamde saqonlisa da kapitalis Tavisuflad gadasaadgileblad da
transnacionaluri korporaciebis SeuzRudav daSvebaze im qveynebis saSinao
bazrebze, romlebic globalizaciis procesebis gavlenas ganicdian. es mkveTrad
zrdis nebismieri calke aRebuli qveynis pasuxismgeblobas sakuTari keTildReobis
uzrunvelyofisaTvis.12 warumateblobis SemTxvevisaTvis damcavi meqanizmebi
arsebobs, magram sakmaod arasrulyofili, da maTi gamoyeneba xSirad mevaxSis xelSi
Cavardnis tolfasia.
3. msoflios wamyvani qveynebis upiratesoba sxvebTan SedarebiT imdenad didia, rom
isini aRar warmoadgenen “daxurul klubs”, rogorc es globalizaciis dasawyisSi
iyo. maT ar eSiniaT dedamiwaze meritokratiuli sistemis arsebobisa. piriqiT,
globalizaciis procesebis farglebSi nebismier qveyanas uqmnian “SesaZleblobaTa
sarkmels” (zogs ramdenjerme), romelic nebismiers SeuZlia gamoiyenos imisaTvis,
rom wamyvan saxelmwifoTa ricxvs SeuerTdes (rasakvirvelia, Tu amis unari gaaCnia).
4. dRevandeli teqnologiebi (marTvis, komunikaciuri, informaciis damuSavebis,
samxedro da a.S.) iseTia, rom msoflios wamyvan saxelmwifoebs dedamiwis nebismier
kuTxeSi SeuZliaT sakuTari interesebis dacva teritoriaze uSualo samxedro Tu
administraciuli kontrolis damyarebis gareSe. Aaqedan gamomdinare:
- globalizaciis procesebi SerCeviTia. isini SesaZlebelia wertilovani gavlenis
8 145
including legal acts, represents results of political compromise. Such compromise usually
depends on the multitude of mainly subjective factors and usually leads to the decision which
does suit no side involved in the decision-making process and works pretty bad from the very
beginning. This is true both for local as well as global decision-making, including international
treaties.
At the global level such compromises led to creation of international regime dealing with problems
of natural resources and environment. The first stage of its development took place as early as the end
of 19-th century, although it became the global in reality since 1972 when the UN conference on
“Human Environment” took place in Stockholm. The most important result of this conference seems
creation global and local environmental monitoring networks, establishment of United Nations’
Environmental Programme, as well as large scale political and institutional changes on the local level,
which led to establishment of environmental protection ministries or national environmental protection
and regulatory agencies by many governments. This also led to emergence of global network of
environmental non-governmental organizations.
Interest towards these problems continued to increase in the following years. As a result at the
beginning of 21-th century there were more than 130 multilateral and hundreds of bilateral treaties. One
may even speak about emergence of the global environmental politics, at least as this is reflected in
agenda of the leading formal and informal groups of the major global players including G8.
Unfortunately, despite the much ado, only very small part of these political efforts led to the real positive
results. The reason of such situation is again quite simple – fundamentals of the modern sciences
dealing with human-nature interactions do not allow presenting the conclusive, reliable results of
analysis dealing with the actual consequences of such interactions, possible threats as well as efficient
mitigating measures. As a result any global scale phenomenon may be considered as positive, negative
or even non-existent based on the same set of data. Thus any political decisions are reached based not
so much on the conclusive evidence, but rather on preferences of involved parties based on their own
interests. Besides the same situation leads to development of documents that are all too vague and
inconclusive, or extremely detailed, complicated and difficult to execute.
The most telling example of such approach is the famous Kyoto protocol which became the apple of
discord for the leading world powers. This protocol deals with problems of the global warming based on
the assumption that this process can be reversed through some conclusive human efforts. It is formally
supported by 150 countries, with the notorious absence of the US and China which produce the
majority of CO2 – the greenhouse gas. Factually only EU countries are implementing it since the
structure of their respective economics makes possible to reduce the overall amount of these gases
without undermining the economic growth. On the other hand the US is sabotaging this process since
its economic can not stand the restrictions imposed by the protocol and is looking for supporters for
implementation of some alternative scheme.
• Generally only the most developed countries assume the responsibility for mitigating negative
results of human-nature interactions on the global level.34 This happens because they are rich
enough to relatively easily accept restrictions imposed on them by such mitigating measures, plus
they possess efficient management mechanisms to successfully implement them.35 In general
well tended and managed ecosystems act as additional guaranties to reduce risks and human
vulnerability in case of some adverse natural phenomenon. One of the basic elements of success
of developed countries, besides their wealth, efficient governance and developed civil society is
that they are able to protect the natural environment inside their national boundaries at the
expense of exploitation of environment in other countries (mainly developing). One of the basic
global problem in regard of natural resources and environment is also that the wealthy (both
countries and individuals) have potential to use the best quality and richest resources exceeding
by far the potential of the poor, less developed countries and individuals.
• Developing countries (even such successful ones as China) generally either take the formal
attitude towards such mitigating measures or avoid participating in collective actions citing
negative effects of these measures on their economic development.36 Such attitude is basically
34
This is not true about all of them. Some, especially the US under the Bush administration try to avoid it.
35
Although such recent events as dealing with hurricane Katrina in the US as well as with excessive flooding of recent
years in Europe cast a shadow on the extent of the true capabilities of these countries.
36
This situation is further exacerbated by the fact that the US too started to shun some environmental treaties citing the
same concerns.
 caused by the fact that majority of developing countries simply can not allow themselves the
luxury of protecting the natural environment and resources. Society should be rich enough to start
protecting its natural resources and environment, not to subject them to ruthless exploitation.
Besides these are basically governments of the poorer countries that are ready to develop local
natural resources extensively, under any conditions in order to reach short-term socio-economic
stability. They do not want or can not be interested in the well-being of future generations of their
own people, as well as in possible global environmental catastrophe, while facing daily mass
famine or a civil strife. Also poor population (especially in countryside) simply does not possess
appropriate technology, financial, material, intellectual resources to manage and use efficiently
natural resource base at their disposal. Often this people are forced into the least productive and
easily degraded territories. Especially in places where demographic pressure is high, such people
simply eat the ecosystems on which they depend. As a result such ecosystems are easily
subjected to degradation as a result of famine, drought or flooding. This in turn farther increases
vulnerability of the local population.
• There is also problem of time-frame of natural and man-made systems’ activities. The more
developed and formalized becomes the society to the less extent its functioning coincides with
this of a nature. Two decisive formal players of developed countries – governments and markets
– act inside fixed time-frames which are at odds with the natural ones – former is based on
electoral circle, the former – on a fiscal year. On the other hand it often takes decades for some
societal action to cause appropriate effect in natural environment and even more so to create a
feed back into the human society. For instance, gases that affect the ozone layer at the beginning
of the current century were emitted back in 1960-s. Hence again the obvious difficulties in not only
perceiving problems of human-nature interactions, but in long-term perspective planning and lack
of preventive initiatives as well.
Unfortunately there is the definite shortage of ideas as how to tackle with the ongoing global
environmental crisis. The only such one, formally accepted by both the international community as well
as the national governments – sustainable development, is basically about such kind of development
that makes possible to satisfy the current societal needs without sacrificing needs of the future
generations and was first formulated back in 1987. In the following years this idea became
indispensable part of any political document dealing with development. In general terms this concept is
perceived as means to develop and implement such strategies that enable the mankind to achieve
economic and social development without degradation and pollution of natural environment, depletion
of resources.37
Remedies for the global environmental crisis within the framework of sustainable development are
quite well understood – reduction of human load on the global ecosystem until this will be within limits of
reproductive capacities of such ecosystem. This means drastic reduction of material consumption (total
and per capita) within the global society, with corresponding growth of production and distribution
efficiency and the most important – total revision of system of values of the modern society, which
values non-stop growth of material consumption above all.
What factors counteract the introduction of sustainable development principles on the global scale?
These are: first – sustainability is obviously a new societal development stage. Reaching this stage can
not be brought upon by understanding the inevitability of change, education and propaganda. It needs
systemic crisis, something akin to the world economic crisis of 1929, which happens when it happens
and does not depend on the will of people; second - real problem is that development trends worldwide
are determined by the leading global players that today (separately or collectively) obviously are not
experiencing any kind of systemic crisis caused by depletion of natural environment. That does not
mean that crisis does not exist – they are simply able to shift part of their problems into territories
outside their one; third – these players can not properly evaluate the actual state of their respective
societal systems. In modern societies the main criterion of success or failure is the state of market,
which for all its obvious merits is rather primitive mechanism. It evaluates any process or situation
through yes/no – black/white – profit/loss logic. From its point of view today there is no crisis caused by
deterioration of natural environment that requires fundamental changes in the system or it simply can
not read the signals.
Additional sustainable development problems may caused the by obvious fact that societal
development as such is not the uniform process. While some (usually minor) part of global society
reaches definite stage of development, others lag behind, more often than not – by far. As historic
experience shows no one can skip the stages of development – any country has to retrace stages
37
Promoters of this concept carefully avoid mentioning of the fact that in the current political, economic and institutional
setting such goals are mutually exclusive.
146
kvazibunebriv procesTan, romelic faqtobrivad niutonis pirveli kanonis Sesabamisad
viTardeba — e.i. procesi mimdinareobs iqamde, sanam SeuZlia garemos winaaRmdegobis
daZleva. is TavisTavad sakmaod martivia da sworxazovani.
aseTi spontanuri eqspansiis warmatebuli realizaciis yvelaze cnobili magaliTebia:
• aleqsandre makedonelis laSqroba;
• romis imperiis Seqmna;
• muhamedis droindeli arabebis eqspansia;
• monRol_TaTarTa dapyrobebi;
• espaneTisa da britaneTis koloniuri imperiebis Seqmna;
• me-20 saukunis meore naxevris aSS-s globaluri eqspansia.
EeTnosTa sidides umetes SemTxvevaSi principuli mniSvneloba ara aqvs — maT SeswevT
unari aiyolion da Tavis interesebSi gamoiyenon sxva xalxebi, maTze bevrad ufro
mravalricxovani, ise, magaliTad, rogorc es moaxerxes monRolebma, romlebsac sakuTar
warmatebebs ZiriTadad TaTrebis xeliT miaRwies.
amave dros, Semdegi faqtorebi TamaSoben xSirad gadamwyvet rols spontanuri
eqspansiebis ganviTarebasa da warmatebaSi:
1. eTnosis geografiuli mdebareoba eqspansiis uSualo winamaval periodSi da mis sawyis
etapze. es faqtori ganapirobebs, gadaurCeba Tu ara eTnosi konsolidaciis wina
gardauval kriziss (samoqalaqo dapirispirebas, oms, a.S.); agreTve, Tu ra winaaRmdegobas
(bunebrivs, adaminurs) gadaeyreba is eqspansiis procesSi, ra mimarTulebiT wava eqspansia.
2. kulturis tipi — romelic ganapirobebs ara marto eTnosis organizaciis formas da
mis efeqturobas eqspansiis procesSi, aramed (rac ufro mniSvnelovania) ramdenad
efeqturad SesZlebs is monapovaris aTvisebasa da SenarCunebas.
garda amisa warmatebuli eqspansiisa da misi Sedegebis SesanarCuneblad eTnosis
teqnikuri SeiaraRebis done an unda aRematebodes, an minimum toli unda iyos misi
ZiriTadi mowinaaRmdegeebisa.
rogorc zemoT moyvanili magaliTebidan sCans, yvela SemTxvevaSi eqspansiis Sedegad
aTvisebuli sivrce uzarmazari iyo. ukve espaneTis eqspansia Tavisi gamovleniT
globalurs uaxlovdeboda, magram mxolod me-19 saukunis meore naxevris evropulma
koloniurma eqspansiam daudo dasabami globalizacias rogorc aseTs. ram gamoiwvia es
gadamwyveti xarisxobrivi cvlileba kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi?
1. sabazro urTierTobebis da kerZo sakuTrebis damkvidreba msoflios wamyvan
qveynebSi saSualebas iZleoda efeqturad, didi mogebiT gamoeyenebinaT is
resursebi, romlebzec es qveynebi amyarebdnen kontrols, eqspansiis Sedegad.
espaneTi, sadac misi warmatebis pikze aseTi urTierTobebis natamalic ki ar iyo,
faqtiurad “daalpa” amerikaSi daxvavebul uzarmazar simdidres, radganac is
ganviTarebasa da mosaxleobis keTildReobis amaRlebaze ver mimarTa;
2. samrewvelo revoluciis Sedegad msoflios wamyvanma qveynebma miiRes
teqnologiebi, romlebmac ara marto uzomod gazardes maTi saSualebebi
moepovebinaT, gadaezidaT da efeqturad gadaemuSavebinaT maT gankargulebaSi
aRmoCenili resursebi, aramed moepovebinaT informacia potenciul Tu realur
mowinaaRmdegeze, miewodebinaT is gadawyvetilebis mimRebi pirebisaTvis, moexdinaT
swrafi reagireba msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi Seqmnil situaciebze iq damatebiTi
resursebis (jaris, teqnikis) gadasrolis xarjze, ezrunveleyoT gadamwyveti
upiratesoba mowinaaRmdegeze brZolis velze. faqtiurad globalizaciis pirveli
etapi dafuZnebuli iyo orTqlis gemze, rkinigzaze, telegrafsa da SaSxanaze
(mogvianebiT tyviamfqvevze);
3. sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis axali sistemis Seqmna, romlis farglebSi nebismier
moqalaqes SeeZlo Segnebulad, daZalebis gareSe mieRo monawileoba misi qveynis
mier inicirebul procesebSi, daecva misi interesebi da SeeZlo am procesSi
moxveWili simdidre legalurad gamoeyenebina sakuTari gamdidrebisaTvis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mas Semdeg globalizaciam ganicada rigi mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebisa, mas axasiaTebs ramdenime ucvleli ZiriTadi principi -
a/ mniSvneloba ara aqvs romeli qveyana, qveyanaTa jgufi Tu nebismieri sxva subieqti
arian globalizaciis procesebis iniciatorebi. me-19 saukunis meore naxevris
globalizacia ZiriTadad didi britaneTisa da dasavleTis rigi sxva wamyvani
saxelmwifoebis koloniuri eqspansiis Sedegi iyo. Mmeore msoflio omis Semdgomi
7
situaciis arseboba, Tavis mxriv, am procesebis mimdinareobazea damokidebuli.
principSi globalizaciis procesebi SeiZleba SevadaroT talRebs, romlebic Tavisi
wyarodan sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT vrceldebian. yvelaze axlo analogia am SemTxvevaSi
wyalSi Cagdebuli qviT Seqmnili koncentruli talRebia an calkeul SemTxvevebSi
miwisZvrisa, an birTvuli afeTqebis Semdeg agorebuli seismuri talRa, romelic dedamiwis
qerqSi, Tu wyalSi vrceldeba.
aseTi talRebis (procesebis) wyaroebi dedamiwaze uamravia (principSi nebismieri
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi organo), magram maTi “simZlavre” ZiriTadad mcirea da maqsimum
lokaluri gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia. dResdReobiT faqtiurad arsebobs erTaderTi
wyaro, romelsac iseTi procesebis generirebis unari Seswevs, romlebic mTeli dedamiwis
masStabiT vrceldeba, da ramdenime ufro mcire wyaro, romlebsac SeuZliaT Sesadari
simZlavris procesebis generireba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini ZiriTadi wyaros “sixSireze”
muSaoben.
talRebi SeiZleba wyarodan yvela mimarTulebiT vrceldebodes, an SedarebiT
intensiuri, viwrod mimarTuli iyos. nebismier SemTxvevaSi iseTi procesebi, romlebTac
mosdevT cvlilebebi, msoflio masStabiT, faqtiurad ar eqvemdebarebian kontrols.
Tumca maT iniciatorebs SeuZliaT maTze gavlenis moxdena naklebad an aragarantirebuli
SedegebiT.
imis gamo, rom garemo, romelSic es talRebi (procesebi) vrceldeba, friad
araerTgvarovania, isini sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT sxvadasxva siCqariT vrceldebian,
SesaZloa gaZlierdnen sxva Sesadari tipis procesebTan Sexebis Sedegad (interferencia)
an, piriqiT, Caqrnen. maT SeuZliaT sagrZnoblad Seicvalon xasiaTi (sawinaaRmdegomdec ki),
gamovlenis forma da aseTi saxiT miubrundnen mis iniciatorebs.
dResdReobiT fizikuri sivrcis gadalaxva an fizikuri winaaRmdegobis daZleva
globaluri procesebis iniciatorebisaTvis problemas faqtiurad aRar warmoadgens.
procesebis damaxinjeba, Seneleba, Caqroba xdeba ZiriTadad politikur, ekonomikur,
socialur, kulturul sivrceeebSi. amitomac xSirad globaluri procesebis wyarosTan
axlos mdebare teritoriebi SeiZleba an gamoTiSuli iyvnen maTgan an gvian da
damaxinjebulad aRiqvamdnen. da, piriqiT, Sors ganlagebuli, am procesebis srulfasovani,
aqtiuri monawileebi xdebodnen.
amave dros arsebobs eqspansiis naklebad kontrolirebadi, spontanuri procesi,
romelic absoluturi Sedegebis misaRwevad miiRwvis. aseTi tipis eqspansia yovelTvis
gamonaklisis saxiT gvxvdeboda da kacobriobis “daRvinebasTan” erTad misi gamovlineba
absolutur minimumamde daeca. Tumca swored aseTi saxis eqspansiasTanaa dakavSirebuli
yvela msxvilmastabiani cvlilebebi jer regionalur, xolo Semdgom globalur doneze,
romelic kacobriobas ganucdia. dResdReobiT erTaderTi sazogadoeba, romelsac Seswevs
aseTi tipis eqspansiis unari, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia, Tumca am SemTxvevaSic es
procesi aSkarad ukve Tavis piks gadacdenilia da sul ufro da ufro atarebs pirveli
tipis eqspansiis xasiaTs.
situacia, romelic iwvevs aseTi tipis eqspansiis warmoqmnas, rogorc Cans, nebismieri
eTnosis arsebobis manZilze xdeba erTxel — rodesac is iwyebs sakuTari Tavis, rogorc
iseTi erTobis aRqmas, romelsac Seswevs unari daupirispirdes gare samyaros.9 am dros
eTnosi savsea energiT, mousvenaria, misTvis ar arsebobs gadaulaxavi winaaRmdegobebi, is
uaRresad motivirebulia maqsimaluri Sedegis misaRwevad.10 rac ufro mniSvnelovania, mas
Seswevs unari moaxdinos ideebis generireba, Seqmnas axali faseulobebi. is aqtiuria,
flobs iniciativas, im dros, rodesac yvela danarCeni eTnosebi mxolod reagireben mis
moqmedebaze. misi Sinagani energia moiTxovs gamosavals da adre Tu gvian gardauvlad
xdeba misi “amofrqveva” gare eqspansiis saxiT.
etyoba gvxvdeba fsevdo situaciebic, romlebic iwveven spontanuris magvar eqspansias,
Tumca aseTi faqtiurad yovelTvis warumateblad mTavrdeba. es xdeba didi istoriuli
Zvrebis (omebis, revoluciebis) Sedegad, Tu aseTi Zvris obieqtSi jer kidev arsebobs
sakmarisi Sinagani energia. magram aseTi eTnosi saWiroebs xelovnur ideologiur
motivacias, qarizmatul liders da mkacr (xSirad represiul) organizacias. klasikuri
magaliTebi — germanelebi hitleris da rusebi stalinis dros.
aseT situaciaSi myofi eTnosi axorcielebs eqspansias ara imitom, rom mas ase unda an is
mis uSualo moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebs, aramed imitom, rom ase marTebs. saqme gvaqvs
6 147
passed by its more successful predecessors. Thus reaching the stage of sustainable development by
the most successful minority will not mean overcoming the global environmental crisis – the majority of
world population at this time will be at the peak of their unsustainable activities.38
4.3. Global Technology Transfer and Cultural Diffusion. One of the important consequences of
globalization is that Earth has simply become too small. From the practical standpoint there is no
problem of reaching any place on the planet, while gathering, processing; dissemination of information
as well as contacts among various individuals separated by significant distances is possible in a real
time. Obviously only individuals who are wealthy enough may enjoy such opportunities, but since
Reagan administration in the US and Thatcher’s administration in UK managed to deregulate and to de-
monopolize communication markets back in 1980-s, electronic media (television, internet, electronic
mail, mobile phone) became available to any citizen of any developing countries who live above the
poverty line, provided that some local dictator does not pursuit strict isolationist policy (like North
Korean leader for instance).
Still development of communication technologies constitutes only relatively small part of the
immense influence that modern science and technological innovations have on globalization. Although
there is no direct causative relationship between these two processes. Technology is a powerful carrier
of global processes, while in turn introduction and diffusion of technology is possible only within the
enabling environment created for it by globalization.
It is generally accepted today that depending on their ability to create and adopt new technologies
countries of the world fall into three broad categories - technological innovators (the smallest group,
accounting for some 15% of global population, but providing nearly all world’s technological
innovations), technological adopters (about half of the world’s population who are able to make
productive use of innovations devised by others) and technologically excluded (the rest of the world,
technologically disconnected, neither developing, nor adopting new technologies).39 These last
countries are the obvious losers in the modern globalization process.
For all its obvious virtues such classification omits one extremely important factor – since
approximately the end of 19-th century technological innovation passed the experimental stage and
became totally dependent on fundamental science. At the same time development of fundamental
sciences stays mostly outside the influence of market mechanism and falls within the sphere of
government responsibility. Only countries that possess appropriate financial and technological potential,
educational and research infrastructure, and (this factor is may be the most important) aspire for
regional or global leadership can undertake responsibility for development of fundamental sciences.
Build-up of system of fundamental sciences depends predominantly on state initiative, financing and
management.
Since the end of WW II up to 1990-s only two countries of the world could support almost the whole
spectrum of fundamental sciences – USA and USSR. The rest of the most developed countries,
including the UK, France, Japan and Germany could support only some restricted sectors of
fundamental research, while in the rest of the world they were represented with some isolated research
centres. Today Russia manages to retain only relatively small part of its research potential, while being
gradually replaced by China (especially in mathematics and physics) and India. From the globalization
standpoint this indicates very important trend – however technologically developed may be some
country, it will always be dependent on the others who provide theoretical, fundamental foundation for
its technological innovations. This means that there is factually four tier system of technology
development in the modern world – its highest level will always be occupied by countries that are able
to lay down theoretical foundation of the modern technologies.
As to technology transfer from the more developed to less developed parts of the world, which
plays one of the decisive role in the modern global development, it may be divided into two parts –
First – deals primarily with technologies one which depend formation of productive potential of
developing countries and which in the end define their economic development. These technologies are
sold on the market and are available to anyone who can afford them.40 Even the most backward
countries are able to obtain modern productive technologies using foreign credits or assistance. After all
at least some part of this money is earmarked precisely for such purpose. Problems usually start at the
adoption stage. First of all adoption of technology needs correct understanding of technological
38
The very best example – petroleum crisis of 2004-2005, which could easily be predicted some ten years before it
started and proper mitigating measures undertaken, if markets were capable of such feats.
39
Obviously these excluded regions do not always coincide with national borders.
40
There are of course exceptions when some technologies are not available for regimes that may use them against the
developed world.
innovation necessity and its priorities, development of innovation programmes based on realistic,
achievable goals; correct estimate of resources existing in the country for this purpose (especially the
social capital), creation of enabling environment for (institutional and managerial) for this process.
In ventures of this kind state plays the decisive role. Especially at the initial stage when weak,
underdeveloped local business can not set strategic development goals, organize appropriate activities
and efficiently manage and control them, governments should be directly responsible for technology
transfer. Thus success of technology adoption processes of the first type basically depends on the
efficiency of governments. One more, often decisive hurdle on the way to successful adoption new
technologies is represented by the quality of local labour force – its drive, diligence, discipline, as well
as its physical working capacities, i.e. the whole set of cultural factors, including first of all respect for
education and drive to receive one, represented in local traditions. Thus successful transfer of
technologies for means of development (see Chapter 3) depend not so much on technologies proper,
as much on the readiness of receiving countries to adopt them.
Second – deals mostly with consumer technologies, which on principle are available for anyone
who is able to afford them. These include primarily life support, transportation and communication
technologies, especially radio, TV, phone (including mobile), passenger cars, PCs, household
appliances and like. Such appliances are intended for use by people with a minimum education, or
even with no education at all. Although in majority of developed countries they are mainly concentrated
in few development hubs, with intensive contacts with the outside world.
Transfer of such technologies completely depends on the market, while successful transfer is
defined not so much by the actual consumer demand, as on the successful marketing. The main result
of transfer of such technologies is basically not the actual growth of quality of life of consumers, but
rather cultural diffusion.
Mutual influence (as well as competition) of cultures is a spontaneous process, which takes place in
the contact area of any two different ethnos. Factually vital capacity and success of any ethnos may be
defined in accordance with its ability to adopt elements of other cultures and to use them to enrich its
own culture. Starting the second half of 20-th century processes of cultural diffusion processes
worldwide became extremely intensive thanks to the following factors – a/ they obtained such extremely
fast, highly efficient material transmitter as modern technologies. Moreover, technology from transmitter
of cultural values turned into their independent carrier, itself became the element of culture, and b /
culture (especially art) turned into market commodity, while its development and dissemination is
defined by market.
The ongoing process of cultural diffusion is mainly associated with production and dissemination of
such elements of mass culture, as films, TV programmes, pop-music, and computer games, i.e.
everything that makes minimum demands of intellectual or educational level of their consumers. The
same consideration is applied to unification of domestic cultural stereotypes (unification of cuisine for
instance and global spread of a junk-food).
Fact that this process is quite often dubbed as cultural colonialism (imperialism) bespeaks primarily
its high efficiency and influence on formation of cultural stereotypes and behavioural patterns of global
population. Especially in the age of internet, satellite TV, and other information media there is no place
on the Earth that remains outside this process, which is still carried out by means of technology,
depends on it and can not successfully develop without it. Today it’s extremely hard to define whether
development of new technologies intensifies process of cultural diffusion, or vice versa – demands of
intensifying cultural diffusion drive development of appropriate technologies.
The most obvious, visible result of this process is transformation of virtually any culture that finds
itself within its confines. Factually world is facing the unification of global cultures under influence of
imported stereotypes. At the same time there is nothing especially new in this process. Large scale,
spontaneous, overwhelming, very painful cultural transformations often took place throughout the
human history, especially through introduction of new ideologies (either religious or secular). This
happened for instance with introduction of Christianity, or Islam or either Communist ideology in the
former Russian Empire. Still the ongoing process of cultural diffusion can not be discerned as kind of
cultural imperialism. Situation here is simultaneously less complex when in case of “classic imperialism”
while still may lead to more wide spread and intensive transformations in the long term perspective.
Any active process of cultural diffusion is based on some idea, belief that system of values or
stereotypes that some society offers others (or force on them) is better than any other and has
preferential rights to exist. Contrary to that, the modern global cultural diffusion process is de-
personalized and de-ideologized to maximum. It’s carried out in interests of relatively small group of
businessmen, who treat it as a standard business-project – i.e. it’s managed by this people and works
for profit. Here term “culture” bears no ideological connotations. Culture is simply a market commodity,
which should be sold like any other merchandize, like cars or pampers. Fact that such commodity on
148
aSkaraa, rom yvela aseTi xasiaTis ganmarteba, miuxedavad imisa, is Zalian zogadia, Tu
zedmetad detaluri, ar xsnis globalizaciis arss da ar pasuxobs kiTxvebze ratom Dda
rogor? maT safuZvelze faqtiurad SeuZlebelia msoflio politikis globalizaciis
mizezebisa da Sedegebis adekvaturi Sefaseba, rac am kursis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, specialurad am kursisaTvis SemuSavebulia globalizaciis
ganmarteba, romelic, avtoris azriT, ufro Sesabamisia Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare
procesebisadmi da maTi ganzogadebuli aRqmis saSualebas iZleva.
es ganmartebaa — globalizacia aris urTierTobaTa sistema, romlis farglebSic
msoflios wamyvan moTamaSes da/an moTamaSeTa jgufs (uSualod an Tavisi
warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT) SeuZlia(T) iseTi procesebis inicireba da maTze ama Tu
im saxiT gavlenis moxdena, romlebic saboloo jamSi ganapirobeben sazogadoebrivi
ganviTarebis tendenciebs msoflios masStabiT.
rac Seexeba msoflios wamyvan moTamaSeebs, isini SeiZleba iyvnen warmodgenili
nebismieri subieqtiT, romelic uSualod monawileobs gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi
an Seswevs unari gavlena moaxdinos gadawyvetilebis miRebaze sxvebis mier. e.i. aseTi
SesaZlebelia gaxdes nebismieri kerZo pirovneba, sazogado moRvawe Tu organizacia
(kerZo, sajaro, erovnuli Tu zeerovnuli, saxelmwifo Tu arasamTavrobo), visac SeuZlia
moaxdinos iseTi gadawyvetilebis iniciireba, romelsac saboloo jamSi mosdevs msoflio
masStabis sistemuri cvlilebebi.
bunebrivia, rom dResdReobiT udides umetesoba SemTxvevebSi aseTebad gvevlinebian
suverenuli saxelmwifoebi romelTac ZiriTadad gaaCniaT aseTi cvlilebebis generirebis
unari.8 garda amisa, imisaTvis, rom esa Tu is cvlileba efeqturad ganxorcieldes, saWiroa
misi kodificireba, formalizacia da legalizacia saerTaSoriso Tu erovnul doneebze.
es isevdaisev mianiSnebs saxelmwifoebs rogorc globalizaciis mTavar agentebs.
globalizacias safuZvlad udevs procesi, romelic cnobilia rogorc — eqspansia —
(laTinuridan expansio — gafarToveba, gavrceleba) — anu [raRacis] zomis, moculobis,
raodenobisa an zRvaris gafarTovebaze mimarTuli qmedeba. faqtiurad globalizacia
SesaZlebelia daxasiaTdes rogorc — [dedamiwis sasrul sivrceSi] logikur zRvars
miRweuli eqspansia.
samwuxarod qarTul enaSi am nasesxeb termins civi omis periodis Semdeg sakmaod
Selaxuli reputacia aqvs. is ZiriTadad nagatiurad aRiqveba, radganac tradiciulad
ixmareboda iseT SesityvebebSi rogorebicaa “imperialisturi (komunisturi, koloniuri
da a.S.) eqspansia”.
sinamdvileSi eqspansia ZiriTadad aris Sida sistemuri problemebis mogvarebis
standartuli instrumenti, romelic amas aRwevs am problemebis sistemis gareT gatanis
xarjze. iTvleba, rom mas Zalian xSirad mimarTaven susti reJimebi, romlebic cdiloben
Tavisi ususurobis miCqmalvas saSinao problemebis mezoblebze gadabralebis gziT
(magaliTad, ixileT argentinis samxedro reJimis konfliqti did britaneTTan
folklendis kunZulebis gamo 1982 wels an sadamiseuli erayis mier quveiTis okupacia 1990
wels).
msoflios wamyvani saxelmwifoebisaTvis mainc ukve sakmaod didi xnis manZilze eqspansia
aris procesi, romelic ara marto uSualod eqvemdebareba dagegmvas, aramed xSirad
gegmiuri RonisZiebis xasiaTs atarebs. sakuTriv eqspansiis realizaciis konkretul
meqanizmebs principuli mniSvneloba ara aqvT. is SeiZleba iyos politikuri, ekonomikuri,
kulturuli da a.S.
msoflios ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze samxedro eqspansia am wamyvani
qveynebisaTvis gamonakliss warmoadgens. mas rogorc ukidures saSualebas mimarTaven,
Tumca arc ise didixnis win is eqspansiis ZiriTad saxes warmoadgenda.
“gegmiuri” eqspansia orientirebulia konkretul, sasrul Sedegze da mimdinareobs
kontrolirebad garemoSi. amis tipuri magaliTia evrogaerTianebis gafarToveba.
miuxedavad misi udidesi mniSvnelobisa, is globaluri procesis xasiaTs (e.i. daaxloebiT —
“gaumarjos “evroglobalur” gaerTianebas!”) ver miiRebs, radganac amisaTvis evropelebs
arc sakmarisi motivacia aqvT da verc sakmaris energias daagroveben.
savaraudoa, rom globalizacias, fizikidan motanil analogias Tu vixmarT - ormagi
buneba aqvs. iseve rogorc sinaTle, romelic talRac aris da diskretuli nawilakebic,
globalizaciac erTdroulad situaciacaa da procesic. globalizaciis procesebis
mimdinareoba SesaZlebelia mxolod gansazRvruli situaciis farglebSi, magram TviT am
5
 arc ise didixnis win amerikel turistTa jgufi italias ewvia. “sakvirveli!” — ganucxada
erT-erTma maTganma adgilobriv gamyols, Cems megobars: “Tqvenc gqoniaT pica?!”.
iaponel boi skautTa jgufi Cavida CikagoSi. “sakvirveli!” uTxres maT Tavis jgufis
xelmZRvanels — “maTac hqoniaT makdonaldsi?!”.1
“Хотели как лучше, а получилось как всегда” – viqtor Cernomirdini, Tanamedrove rusi
mWermetyveli.
Sesavali — ra aris globalizacia?
sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom daaxolebiT meoce saukunis meore naxevridan
sazogadoebrivi ganviTareba dedamiwaze mimdinareobs didi, erTiani procesis farglebSi,
romelic globalizaciis saxeliTaa cnobili.
aRiarebulia, agreTve, rom dedamiwaze mcxovrebi adamianebis udidesi umetesoba adre
Tu gvian, ama Tu im saxiT, xvdeba am procesis moqmedebis sferoSi, xolo yvelaze aqtiurebs
TavianTi ambiciebis realizacia mxolod mis farglebSi SeuZliaT.
Sesabamisad nebismieri adamiani, romelsac elementaruli ganaTleba mainc aqvs
miRebuli, icnobs sityvas “globalizacia”, iseve rogorc masTan axlos mdgar iseT termins,
rogoricaa globaluri. es sityvebi SedarebiT ganviTarebul qveynebSi mainc ukve didi
xania yoveldRiuri salaparako enis ganuyofel nawilad iqcnen.2 ase rom, yofiT doneze
mainc, uamrav adamians gaaCnia sakuTari ganzogadebuli warmodgena am procesis Sesaxeb da
pozicia (dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi) mis mimarT. Tumca umetes SemTxvevaSi es xdeba im saxiT
da im doneze, rogorc aRwerilia kursis epigrafSi moyvanil magaliTSi.
sul sxvagvaradaa mdgomareoba am terminis formaluri, mecnierulad dasabuTebuli
ganmartebis TvalsazrisiT. arsebobs globalizaciis imdeni ganmarteba, rom sabolooo
jamSi raime daskvnebis gamotana maT safuZvelze praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. situacia
Zalian waagavs imas, romelic aRwera cnobilma amerikelma mweralma robert hainlainma jer
kidev 1940-iani wlebis dasawyisSi. “magaliTad, - ambobda misi erT-erTi wignis gmiri — zmnas
yofna inglisur enaSi gaaCnia ocdaerTi gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba, romelTaganac arc
erTi ar Seesabameba sinamdviles”.3
am situaciis warmoqmna advilad gasagebia. is kargad aixsneba sazogadoebrivi ganviTa-
rebis problemebis zedmeti ideologiuri datvirTviT, iseve rogorc avadsaxsenebeli
politikuri koreqtulobis kulturiT, romelic ar iZleva saSualebas daarqva namdvili
saxeli sakmaod uwyinar movlenebsac ki.
aseTi mdgomareoba aSkarad awyobT politikosebs, radganac aZlevs maT saSualebas
daudon mecnieruli (ufro swored “wamecnierulo”) sarCuli faqtiurad nebismier
gadawyvetilebas. meore mxriv, mravali sakmaod advilad gasagebi movlena aseTi midgomis
farglebSi Znelad asaxsneli xdeba.
Sedegad viRebT imas, risi magaliTic moyvanili iqna inglisur gazeT “gardianSi” 2002
wels — erT-erTi gadacemis dros redaqtorma ekonomikis sakiTxebSi evan devisma axsena
“globalizacia — rasac ar unda niSnavdes es”. wamyvanma upasuxa: “keTili, Tu man ar icis es
ras niSnavs, eSmakma dalaxvros, maS Cven raRa mogveTxoveba?”4
globalizaciis dResdReobiT yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli ganmartebebidan SeiZleba
gamoiyos ramdenime yvelaze tipuri, rogorebicaa magaliTad:
— “[yvelaferi] rac gavrcelebulia an gamoiyeneba mTel msoflioSi” (uebsteris
leqsikoni).5
— “procesi, romelic saSualebas aZlevs finansur da sainvesticio bazrebs imoqmedon
saerTaSoriso asparezze, ZiriTadad deregulirebisa da gaumjobesebuli kavSirebis
Sedegad”(kolinzis leqsikoni).6
- “procesi, romlis saSualebiTac yoveldRiuri cxovrebis gamocdilebas, romelic
xasiaTdeba saqonlisa da ideeebis gavrcelebiT (difuziiT), SeuZlia gamoiwvios
kulturuli warmosaxvis standartizacia msoflios doneze” (britanuli enciklopedia). 7
Zalian uxeSad koncentrirebuli saxiT popularuli warmodgenebi globalizaciis
Sesaxeb SesaZlebelia daviyvanoT Semdeg 5 Tezisamde. Gglobalizacia aris —
a/ qveynebs Soris sazRvrebis moSla;
b/ globaluri, saerTo-sakacobrio problemebis aRmoceneba;
g/ ramdenime qveynis mier msoflioze Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba;
d/nebismieri sazogadoebrivi procesebis gavrceleba mTels msoflioSi;
e/ qveynebis mier sakuTari kulturuli TviTmyofadobis dakargva.
4 149
principle should possess some cultural value is of no importance. Such value may be created as by-
product of technological process, but producers are by no means obliged to pursue this goal. Process
of cultural diffusion based on such commodity is extremely efficient precisely because in the end it’s
faceless and indifferent towards consumer of such produce, moreover towards the product content –
the most important is to make consumer pay for it. In general this situation strongly reminds the old
adage about the hired gun, telling his victim seconds before pulling the trigger – “Sorry pal, there is
nothing personal, just a business”.
Culture of any society influenced by such expansion, undergoes transformation, sometimes to the
brink of stagnation and degeneration, emergence of hybrid “bastard” sub-cultures. As a result plenty of
people, especially young, perceive the world in a pretty distorted form, for them the actual situation
(especially as regards the US) is being replaced by some illusion created by marketing experts.
Naturally it would be an exaggeration to simply assess this global process as negative, although it’s
hard to find many positive aspects of it too. Although the objective inevitability of it should be accepted.
It’s pretty hard to resist this kind of process (if necessary at all) – it’s able to penetrate everywhere,
even into such isolated societies as the USSR used to be. Plus it does not look negative for the vast
majority of population – on the contrary the modern [popular] culture diffusion is pretty attractive for
many. Besides where such resistance takes place (for instance in France, which is notable for
protecting its own culture from the foreign encroachment) it’s mostly based on the direct government
intervention in form of subsidies or quotas, i.e. mainly non-market mechanisms that the majority of
developing countries can not apply efficiently or rather would not dare (mostly under the pressure of
international donors).
As to connecting this process directly to the US and branding it as American cultural aggression –
this is almost exclusively the private business venture and the US as a state has very little to do with it.
Situation when Americans play the most active role in the modern cultural expansion is mostly defined
by fact that they initiated treatment of cultural values as market commodities and even today still enjoy
comparative advantage over their competitors. Besides in this type of competition companies that
possess more marketing and distribution resources usually conquer markets – such companies again
being mostly American. Fact that many important American movie studios are owned by Japanese
nowadays plays little role in development of this process.
Whether the US is loved or hated in the modern world, for the global mass consumer of culture it
still remains the most attractive country (or rather its image created for mass culture) and consecutively
the mythology based on the US realities is the most influential. Neither for instance Italians, more over
so Indians or Brazilians can be used as role-models – the respective countries and their way of life are
not attractive enough so far.
Approximately the same considerations may be applied to a process of spread of English language
(rather its American version) throughout the world – the process plenty again dub as “linguistic
imperialism”. This again should not be perceived as deliberate expansion, but rather as a vital
necessity. Globalized planet simply needs a language of communication. There even were numerous
failed attempts to create such language artificially. Fact that in the end English emerged as language of
global communication is absolutely logical and simply reflects the existing realities – the place that is
occupied by the US (as well other English speaking countries) in the modern global development.
Moreover, the country where population speaks English, is more open to outside world, has much
better chances to attract foreign investments and as a whole enjoys considerable comparative
advantage over its neighbours who do not speak English.
Conclusion. The Globalization of World Politics Beyond Iraq.
Any large-scale phenomena, being that natural or societal are characterized by the huge inertia.
Processes, situations, relations persist long after causes that led to their emergence had disappeared.
The most telling example of such inertia is Africa. Problems that plague this continent today were
created during the first globalization when then leading world powers divided the continent as they
could, totally disregarding the local interests. So called decolonization process during the second
globalization simply formalized, legalized these arbitrary divisions and forced them upon peoples who
had never willingly participated in their creation in the first place. As a result apart from the North Africa,
the rest of the continent is mostly represented by hardly viable states, which exist within their formal
boundaries again because the leading world powers insist on preservation of the current state of affairs.
The same consideration may be applied to the second globalization too. The set of relations that
affects development processes worldwide today was established and developed in the process of
systemic opposition between blocks of countries led by the USA and the USSR. This process was
characterized by the following important features –
 • despite the obvious systemic incompatibility and open antagonism, in the long run relations
between these two blocks (especially the US and the USSR proper) might be characterized as
hostile partnership. Pursuing their own interests both superpowers established mutually
complimentary set of relations, which despite the numerous drawbacks helped to preserve
relatively stable balance of interests worldwide for at least four decades.
• the side led by the US (or to be more correct – the US proper) played the active role in these sarCevi
relations - generating ideas, promoting values, initiating processes that again in the long run
proved to be more attractive to the major part of the world and viable, as opposed to those
proposed by the USSR. The Soviet Union although by no means the passive participant of this gv.
competition, played nevertheless the reactive role in the sense that it mainly attempted to ward off
the opponent’s challenges. Especially in the end of confrontation it was relegated the role of Sesavali ..................................................................................................................................... 4
sidekick.
• this competition led to the directly opposing consequences for participating sides. For the US (and Tavi 1. globalizaciisa da msoflio politikis Teoriebi ................................. 16
its allies) pursuing their interests worldwide led among other things to opening and /or creation of
new markets with associated profits and boost to a general economic development. The USSR,
based on the state mode of production was unable to profit properly from control it established konkretuli SemTxveva (Case-Study) 1
(one or the other way) over countries and territories throughout the world. Quite on the contrary – ori sazogadoebrivi sistema— asparezoba grZeldeba? ............................. 17
almost any such ally presented heavy burden for the Soviet economy.
The USSR played its historic role and left the global arena in 1991, although left a huge void in Tavi 2. msoflio politikis globalizacia ............................................................... 24
global relations after itself. The main problem facing globalization today is whether the set of relations
which calls for two competitive, hostile partners to function properly can be preserved after one of major konkretuli SemTxveva (Case-Study) 2
players simply disappeared, or some new set of relations should be brought into play in order to
preserve the relative stability and positive development trends worldwide.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi — “uxaliso imperia” .................................... 51
On the other hand, set of global relations after the demise of the USSR has undergone a number of
visible alterations, while number of new problems has surfaced too, major part of which are related to Tavi 3. ekonomikuri ganviTareba da msoflio politikis globalizacia...... 60
the US as the only remaining leading global player.
Obviously the United States, in the absence of their formidable opponent are much freer to pursuit konkretuli SemTxveva (Case Study) 3
their own interest worldwide as they see fit, disregarding any opposition, including this by the formal terorizmi — msoflio politikis axali ZiriTadi moTamaSe? ................ 74
international institutions like the UN, as well as friendly opposition by their closest European allies.
Among other things this allows it to act selectively, to disregard countries, regions and processes, which Tavi 4. zogierTi globaluri problema. demografiuli da ekologiuri
do not come under its direct, current interests. For instance the US allows itself to disregard almost problemebi........................................................................................................................ 88
totally processes developing in sub-Saharan Africa, although this is the region, which needs close
attention of the leading world power most. Simultaneously this leads to temptation to intervene more
often and in more places in the world, where the US interests may seem endangered with associated
Tavi 5. zogierTi globaluri problema globaluri. teqnologiebi,
overstretch of available resources. kultura msoflio urTierTobebSi ...................................................................... 101
The price of failures (both domestic and international) for this country also increased dramatically,
since there is no opponent strong enough to write off consequences of flawed decisions as enemy daskvna — globaluri politika erayis Semdeg ....................................................... 109
intrigues. More other, the position of the US as the only remaining world superpower has literally put it
into the spotlight, has made it the easy target for criticism. For many (including America’s closest allies) Globalization of World Politics......................................................................................122
it has become virtually habitual to blame the US for any problems that occur globally, to interpret any
local failures and crises as results of American meddling into the domestic affairs of any given country.
The difficulties of development of set of relations that in the end lead to major alterations of
development trends worldwide have become manifold too. It’s relatively easy for a leading world power
to take into account rather well known properties (both positive and negative) of a relatively small
number of both allies and adversaries and plan from here. It’s much more difficult to plan and to act
efficiently, when the same power is dealing with a host of adversaries (many of which nowadays have
no formal status, managing center and precise location) with conflicting interests and/or no precisely
defined interests – the level of uncertainty is simply rising sharply. This situation is further exacerbated
by fact that countries, which are considered the US allies (or rather position themselves as such) are
not separately powerful enough to provide any real support in case of need, or oppose it if such
necessity arises. This is especially true about the European allies of the US, since the EU has so far
has not become the single, independent, efficient political unity, while separately even such local
heavy-weights Germany, France, the UK are not able to endow efficiently to formation of the current set
of global relations.
The main problem of the current stage of globalization as it seems today, is that the US is still acting
based on the old strategic thinking, inherited from the period of the global confrontation and has
summarily failed to produce and promote new values, ideas or policies, different from those used during
the cold war. Moreover the whole decade after the demise of the USSR global activities of the US
looked suspiciously like search for a new strategic antagonist to take place of the late one. After finding
(or rather appointing) one in the guise of the global terrorism American activities became at least more

150 3
socialur mecnierebaTa seria coherent and purposeful than before. Terrorism threat was used as the main pretext to invade Iraq in
2003 – a controversial step, which did not add to American popularity throughout the world to say the
mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili least of it. Still the invasion per se can not pose any threat to the existing system of global relations –
violating sovereignty of other countries without consent of international community used to be a rather
standard mode of behaviour for the leading global as well as the more aggressive local players
enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava throughout the whole period since the end of WW II. The real trouble is that the US exposed itself as a
major power unable to produce a coherent set of procedures to take care of the occupied territory after
the successful military campaign. The US administration was obviously at the sea about what to do in
dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi Iraq immediately after invasion, had no long-term occupation and transformation strategy and the more
important – no exit strategy.
Although many compare Iraq and Vietnam campaigns, despite the superficial similarities they are
different on principle. The real difference is that Vietnam, as country was (and is still) standing alone.
Departing from it (even through evacuating the last personnel by helicopters from the roof of American
embassy) truly meant disengagement with no prospect of future confrontation unless the US preferred
so. Iraq, on the other hand, is an integral part of large and lately rather aggressive Moslem world. Any
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006 kind of retreat save for leaving behind stable, united, well functioning country is going to be treated as
© Center for Social Sciences, 2006 victory of the extremist, anti-Western forces, meaning that terror will follow the outgoing army.41 Besides
any outcome of Iraq campaign but the ultimate victory will lead to loosing the face by the US, which
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10 under the current circumstances will strongly (if not ultimately) undermine its position as the
uncontested global leader. The US could allow itself to loose the face after Vietnam (although it was
el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge extremely difficult), since it could (and did) always point out the USSR and China as forces standing
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge behind it. In case of Iraq, there are no forces strong enough to use as justification in case of American
failure there. Even whatever is called the global terrorism, is more the idea, than the actual network or
organization, able to match the US might.
On the other hand, Iraq happened at time, when the new real strategic antagonist to the US – China,
is already looming on the horizon. The probable US-China strategic confrontation may affect the
existing set of global relations in the following way -
First – despite a plenty of superficial similarities this competition is not going to be like the US-USSR
hostile partnership. China is much better managed, organized and more purposeful country, than the
Soviet Union used to be, with tens of centuries of experience of building and promotion its imperial
wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa centris~
hegemony. For it the coming confrontation is one more episode in its millenniums long history – some
(Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria kind of rise and fall of the twenty second dynasty.
sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis mxardaWeris Second – the USSR entered the cold war after its Pyrrhic victory over Germany, from which it had
programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT never actually recovered, confrontation with the US being the major, but not the main factor of its
ultimate failure. China, on the other hand is approaching this confrontation as one of the most
successful countries of the modern world, still gaining power, still obviously far from the peak of its
economic success. Besides as country, which achieved the outstanding success through obviously
defying the US, China makes extremely attractive role-model for many countries (especially in Latin
America and Africa, which do not have the first-hand historical experience of dealing with imperial
China). Thus it may easily change the current setting of relations defining the globalization by building
The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by coalition of countries, considering themselves objects of the American hegemony (actual or
the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) imaginative).
of the Open Society Institute-Budapest. Third – the USSR was virtually self-sufficient economically and took almost negligent part in global
economic processes. At least it did not compete with the West about global markets and especially over
energy sources. The US-USSR confrontation took place almost exclusively in ideological, political,
military spheres. China, on the other hand is a major global economic player and is directly competing
with the West especially over raw materials (access to energy sources first of all). Need for safe access
to energy sources will configure its behaviour in the foreseeable future, meaning that it’s directly
interfering into territories and spheres of activities, which for many years were considered the exclusive
sphere of the Western (mainly American) strategic interests. Besides, the level of integration of Chinese
economy into the global market is already extremely high, as well as interdependence of the US and
Chinese economies. As the major holder of the US bonds China may more easily influence (and is
influencing) the US economy (especially the USD), than the US may influence Chinese economy.
ISBN: 99940 - 872 - 1 - 5 Among other things this means that any US-Chinese rivalry will have much stronger repercussions in
the global economy than the US-USSR confrontation might ever have (save for the global nuclear war,
which never took place).
Still despite all visible changes brought upon the world by globalization, it ultimately failed to perform

41
Fact that this wrath will mainly fall on the heads of Europeans who are still more easily accessible than the US proper,
does not change the general strategic outcome an iota.

151
the most important task – to unify the world to the extent, when the systemic confrontation would no
more be the main driving force behind formation of global relations. Globalization may refer
to the diminution or elimination of state-enforced restrictions on exchanges across borders and
the increasingly integrated and complex global system of production and exchange that has emerged
as a result.42 But this diminution did not eliminate need for confrontation of states on the systemic level.
Despite much ado about emergence of new unattached global players, which may ultimately shape socialur mecnierebaTa seria
the future of the world, like NGOs for instance, so far their influence falls short of this by the leading
states and besides at least some of them often ultimately act as agents of their respective countries.
The real problem is that two previous stages of globalization were initiated and led by the young ethnos
(personified in the respective states), which were able and eager to generate and promote new ideas,
values that ultimately reshaped the world. Besides when Britain was loosing its status as the leading
global power the younger US was ready to take its place. Today global relations are obviously set to be
shaped by the power that has already led the world through one globalization cycle (which is still going
on) and is obviously rather short of new ideas on one side, and world’s oldest remaining territorial
empire, which passed the stage of generation of new ideas approximately two millenniums ago. The
problem is, whether in the coming years, the world will face extension of the second globalization or
some different set of relations will shape the new globalization. In both cases there are two main
questions, to which there are no definite answers so far –
• if the current stage of globalization will go on, will such ideas and practices, which shaped it, be
viable enough, to sustain it?
• if there should emerge new stage of globalization, who is going to become generator of new ideas
and values, will emerge as new leading global player? msoflio
politikis
globalizacia

momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris

akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze

saleqcio kursi
socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis

valeri meliqiZe

Tbilisi
42
2006
See lecture by T. Palmer at http://www.polit.ru/lectures/2005/12/09/palmer.html

152