PAKISTAN STUDIES TOTAL MARKS 40 Farzan Saleem Butt 9-A

QUESTION 1
The word monsoon means a season. These are seasonal winds that occur in South and South-East Asia. There are South-West
monsoon and North-east Monsoons. They bring heavy rain in short period of time and provide a wet season from

july to september.

The most rainfall is during July to September and the least amount of annual

rainfall is during october-January.The highest annual temperature 30°C–34°C

and it is in june which is right before the monsoos season start thus the

climate of lahore is typical for a monsoon climate.

July has a higher temperature with more humidity but December has a low temperature with less humidity.

In july moist air comes from the Bay of Bengal carrying water vapours while in December dry winds come

from land to sea. In july there is lower pressure on the land and higher on sea this leads to the movement

of monsoon winds from sea to land whereas in december there is a higher pressure on land

due to lower temperature and lower pressure on the sea so the winds more from the land to the see thus there is

less rainfall in december and more rainfall in july.

b)
 C
D

B
E

A
F

Label in the correct location

 Multan
Hyderabad

c)
 winds continent
summer winter

South-West monsoon cause heavy rain they originate from the Bay of Bengal. They

occur when the land is heated by the sun more quickly as compared to the oceans, the

air is heated and rises up creating a low pressured zone. The pressure over the sea is

higher so this brings the cool and moist air of the sea to the land. The winds containing

heavy amount of water are further moved inland resulting in a heavy amount of rainfall.
 Heavy monsoon rainfall causes the water in the reservoirs, dams to increase

leading to no water shortages and more water to irrigate crops and more water for

industrial and domstic use. More water could also mean more production of

Hydroelectricity leading to less power cuts. Heavy rainfall can also cause

the issue of waterlogging leading to destruction of crops and damage to the areas

the crops are grown in, it can greatly effect the economy of Pakistan as the destruction

of crops would mean a downfall of the agricultural industry and Pakistan is an

agriculture based country.

QUESTION 2

Source A
The Rowlatt Act entitled the British to arrest anyone found suspicious of plotting against the British
Raj. Under this act, those supposed to be involved in revolt against the British could be sentenced
to a term of up to 2 years in jail, without any trial. Any suspects could be arrested without warrant
and could be detained for indefinite period. The act also empowered the government to silence the
press in case they wanted to investigate on the reasons and the evidences. Resultantly, there was a
ban on public gatherings of any cultural or religious sort.

Source B
a) What does source A tell about the Rowlatt Act? (3)

From the source A I can infer that the Rowlatt Act was a committee formed in
1917 under justice Rowlatt to check the revolutionary in Indi. The committee
presented a report in 1918 and agreed that there was revolutionary rebellious
activity in india. Under this act, the people involved in the rebellion could be
kept in jail for 2 years and suspicious people could be arrested without any
warrant. This have the power to the government to confine any news for
investigation. This caused uproar in India and there could be no more public
gatherings of any sort.

b) What does Source B tell about the Jallian Wala Bagh Massacre? (5)
From the source B I can tell that it shows The Amritsar massacre also known as
Jalinawala Bagh Massacre. On 13th April 1919 thousands of Indian gathered in the
Jalinawala Bagh in the heart of Amritsar.

A crowd that had been proceeding towards the residence of the Deputy Commissioner of
Amritsar, to demand the release of two popular leaders against whom deportation orders
had been issued was fired upon by a military picket. Several banks, government and
private property were set on fire. Some foreigners were killed, railway lines were cut, and
telegraph and post were destroyed. Then British governor of Punjab Sir Michael O’Dwyer
declared martial law in Punjab and instructions were given “no gathering of person, nor
procession of any sort will be allowed”. Dyer ordered his men to open fire, and without
any warning to the crowd to disperse, the troops started firing. 1200 people were
wounded and 1600 rounds were fired.

c) Why did the Khilafat Movement fail? (7)

The Khilafat movement of 1919 to 1924 was a political and religious movement
among Muslims in the British colony of India. The goal of the movement was to
preserve the Ottoman caliphate as the spiritual center of Islam despite the
defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I.
The Ottoman Empire, centered in Turkey, was ruled by a sultan who held both
political power over the empire and spiritual authority as the caliph. Leaders of
the Khilafat movement, such as Shaukat Ali, Muḥammad Ali, and Abul Kalam
Azad, hoped to convince or pressure the British to allow the defeated sultan to
retain his spiritual authority as a symbol for Muslims worldwide. To achieve this
goal, they allied with Hindu nationalist leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi and
committed to a strategy of nonviolent protest in a campaign known as the Non-
Cooperation Movement.
This alliance between Indian Muslims and Hindus was initially successful at
putting a great deal of pressure on the British authorities governing India.
However, the Khilafat movement ultimately failed for many reasons.
 First, the unity of Muslim and Hindu Indians was shaken by several incidents,
including the emigration to Afghanistan of more than 18,000 Muslims as well as
the violence of the 1921 Moplah rebellion by Indian Muslims.

Second, the initial successes of the Non-Cooperation Movement provoked an

intense crackdown by British authorities, leading to Gandhi's arrest and
suspension of the Non-Cooperation campaign.

Third, Turkish nationalists in what was left of the Ottoman Empire did not share
the Khilafat movement's goal of protecting the Muslim caliphate. Turkish leader
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk officially abolished the sultanate in 1922 and then the
caliphate itself in 1924, putting an end to the political and spiritual authority of
the Ottoman Empire. Now that there was no longer a caliph in Istanbul, the
Khilafat movement lost its reason for existing.

d) Write in detail about the Lucknow Pact1916. (6)

When All India Muslim League came into existence, it was a moderate organization with its basic aim
to establish friendly relations with the Crown. However, due to the decision of the British Government
to annul the partition of Bengal, the Muslim leadership decided to change its stance. In 1913, a new
group of Muslim leaders entered the folds of the Muslim League with the aim of bridging the gulf
between the Muslims and the Hindus. The most prominent amongst them was Muhammad Ali Jinnah,
who was already a member of Indian National Congress. The Muslim League changed its major
objective and decided to join hands with the Congress in order to put pressure on the British
government. Lord Chelmsford's invitation for suggestions from the Indian politicians for the post World
War I reforms further helped in the development of the situation. As a result of the hard work of Mr.
Jinnah, both the Muslim League and the Congress met for their annual sessions at Bombay in December
1915. The principal leaders of the two political parties assembled at one place for the first time in the
history of these organizations. The speeches made from the platform of the two groups were similar in
tone and theme. Within a few months of the Bombay moot, 19 Muslim and Hindu elected members of
the Imperial Legislative Council addressed a memorandum to the Viceroy on the subject of reforms in
October 1916. Their suggestions did not become news in the British circle, but were discussed, amended
and accepted at a subsequent meeting of the Congress and Muslim League leaders at Calcutta in
November 1916. This meeting settled the details of an agreement about the composition of the
legislatures and the quantum of representation to be allowed to the two communities. The agreement
was confirmed by the annual sessions of the Congress and the League in their annual session held at
Lucknow on December 29 and December 31, 1916 respectively. Sarojini Naidu gave Jinnah, the chief
architect of the Lucknow Pact, the title of "the Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity".

Although this Hindu Muslim Unity was not able to live for more than eight years, and collapsed after the
development of differences between the two communities after the Khilafat Movement, yet it was an
important event in the history of the Muslims of South Asia. It was the first time when Congress
recognized the Muslim League as the political party representing the Muslims of the region. As
Congress agreed to separate electorates, it in fact agreed to consider the Muslims as a separate nation.
They thus accepted the concept of the Two-Nation Theory.