Research paper by (Abdollahi-Guilani and Nazari 2015):

Gardner and Lambert (1972) mentioned two types, or better to say, two orientations for
motivation: integrative-oriented motivation (language is learned as a desire to integrate
into the target language community) and instrumental-oriented motivation( language is
learned with the intention of achieving a certain external reason like getting a job).

Harmer (1983) categorized motivation into two major types;

Intrinsic motivation- deals with behavior performed for its own sake, in order to experience
pleasure and satisfaction, such as a sense of achievement, self-esteem, pride in solving
the problem, enjoyment of the class, being able to use the languages desired.

Extrinsic motivation involves performing a behavior as a means to an end and usually involves
other consequences of success on the task: such as prizes for doing well, getting the job
of one’s choice, a higher position, gaining some certificate on a test score.

Another influential affective factor influencing the success of students in learning a language is
attitude. Holmes (1992: 346) states that “people develop attitudes towards languages which
reflect their views about those who speak the languages, and the contexts and functions with
which they are associated. Kara (2009) stated that attitudes towards learning besides opinions
and beliefs have an obvious influence on students’ behaviors and consequently on their
performance.

Wenden (1991) suggested a broader definition of the concept “attitudes”. He says that the term
attitude contains three components namely, cognitive, affective and behavioral. A cognitive
component is made up of the beliefs and ideas or opinions about the object of the attitude. The
affective one refers to the feeling and emotions that one has towards an object, 'likes' or 'dislikes',
'with' or 'against'. Finally, the behavioral component refers to one consisting of actions or
behavioral intentions towards the object.

Abdollahi-Guilani, M. and Nazari, A. (2015) Motivation and Attitude towards

Learning English: A Case Study of Rasht Islamic Azad University. [online]
available from <http://dx.doi.org/> [8 January 2021]