Gullas Law School

A REVIEW ON THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT ACT IN CEBU
CITY

Submitted to:
Atty. Marie Aileen Barrientos – Asejo
Natural Resources and Environmental Law Professor

January 16, 2021

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Background of Law...................................................................................................................... 1
a. Framework ....................................................................................................................... 1
b. Directive........................................................................................................................... 2
Purpose and Significance of Study .............................................................................................. 4
Methods Used .............................................................................................................................. 5

DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................. 6
Results.......................................................................................................................................... 6
Data .............................................................................................................................................. 7
Closure of Inayawan Sanitary Landfill .................................................................................... 8
Waste Collection, Management and Disposal ......................................................................... 8
Municipal Solid Waste ............................................................................................................. 9
Issues .......................................................................................................................................... 11
Compliance ................................................................................................................................ 11
Initiatives of the City .............................................................................................................. 11
City’s Waste Management Practice ....................................................................................... 13

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION .................................................................................. 14

REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 16
INTRODUCTION

Cebu City, historically a small fishing village, has developed into one
of the most urbanized areas of the Central Philippines. According to studies,
Cebu City is one of the largest growth centers in the Philippines it is due to
its strategic location and easy access by air and sea transport, information
and communication technology and tourism are propellant sectors leading
the city’s economic growth.1

As of 2020, Cebu City has a population of around 982,729 which led

to a lot of waste being deposited by each person as there is a higher demand
of consumption as against the previous years. Waste mismanagement has
serious environmental effects making the passage of the Republic Act 9003
or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, a landmark
environmental legislation in the Philippines. The law was crafted in response
to the looming garbage problems in the country.

RA 9003 declares the policy of the state in adopting a systematic,

comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program that ensures
the protection of public health and the environment and the proper
segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid
waste through the formulation and adoption of best environmental practices.
Moreover, it illustrates the potentials and benefits of recycling not only in
addressing waste management problems but also in alleviating poverty.

Background of Law

Republic Act 9003 - Ecological Solid Waste Management Act

a. Framework

RA 9003 is the leading legislation for the development and of

the environment in the Philippine islands. It was passed by the
congress in December of 2000 and subsequently signed by the
president to become a law in January 2001. The law is made of 7
chapters subdivided into 66 sections providing for directions for an
effective solid waste management programs in the country.2

1
Tholons (2016): Top 100 Outsourcing Destinations: Rankings and Executive Summary
http://www.tholons.com/TholonsTop100/pdf/Tholons_Top_100_2016_Executive_Summary_and_Ranking
s.pdf
2
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9003 [PDF]. (2001, January 26). Manila: Official Gazette.
An Act Providing For An Ecological Solid Waste Management Program, Creating The Necessary
Institutional Mechanisms And Incentives, Declaring Certain Acts Prohibited And Providing Penalties,
Appropriating Funds Therefor, And For Other Purposes

1
 The crafting of the Ecological Solid waste Management Act
was anchored from a firm mission by the Philippine government to
address the pressing issue of mismanagement on handling waste
disposal and looming garbage problems in the country. 3 This is in
adherence to the 1987 Philippine Constitution policy of protection and
advancing of the right of the people to a balanced and healthful
ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature; as well as
the protection and promotion of the right to health of the people.4

b. Directive

Following the pronouncement of said act, the Local Government

Units (LGUs) are mandated to have or form:

 Provincial Solid Waste Management Board, which primary

duty is to, inter alia, develop a provincial solid waste
management plan from the submitted solid waste management
plans of the respective city and municipal solid waste
management boards. It shall review and integrate the submitted
plans of all its component cities and municipalities and ensure
that the various plans complement each other, and have the
requisite components. (Sec 11)

 City and Municipal Solid Waste Management Board (Sec.12)

which shall prepare, submit and implement a plan for the safe
and sanitary management of solid waste generated in areas
under its geographic and political coverage. Their
responsibilities also include:

1. Develop the City or Municipal Solid Waste Management

Plan that shall ensure the long-term management of solid
waste, as well as integrate the various solid waste
management plans and strategies of the barangays in its
area of jurisdiction. In the development of the Solid
Waste Management Plan, it shall conduct consultations
with the various sectors of the community;
2. Adopt measures to promote and ensure the viability and
effective implementation of solid waste management
programs in its component barangays;

3
FFTC Agricultural Policy Platform
4
Const. (1987), Art. II,§ 15 .

2
3. Monitor the implementation of the City or Municipal
Solid Waste Management Plan through its various
political subdivisions and in cooperation with the private
sector and the NGOs;
4. Adopt specific revenue-generating measures to promote
the viability of its Solid Waste Management Plan;
5. Convene regular meetings for purposes of planning and
coordinating the implementation of the solid waste
management plans of the respective component
barangays;
6. Oversee the implementation of the City or Municipal
Solid Waste Management Plan;
7. Review every two (2) years or as the need arises the City
or Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan for purposes
of ensuring its sustainability, viability, effectiveness and
relevance in relation to local and international
developments in the field of solid waste management;
8. Develop the specific mechanics and guidelines for the
implementation of the City or Municipal Solid Waste
Management Plan;
9. Recommend to appropriate local government authorities
specific measures or proposals for franchise or build-
operate-transfer agreements with duly recognized
institutions, pursuant to R.A. 6957, to provide either
exclusive or non-exclusive authority for the collection,
transfer, storage, processing, recycling or disposal of
municipal solid waste. The proposals shall take into
consideration appropriate government rules and
regulations on contracts, franchises and build-operate-
transfer agreements;
10.Provide the necessary logistical and operational support
to its component cities and municipalities in consonance
with subsection (f) of Sec. 17 of the Local Government
Code;
11.Recommend measures and safeguards against pollution
and for the preservation of the natural ecosystem; and
12.Coordinate the efforts of its component barangays in the
implementation of the city or municipal Solid Waste
Management Plan.

3
 It is therefore imperative in this study that as we look into the
implementation of the RA 9003 in Cebu City, we review the
realization of the duties of the City Solid Waste Management Board.
It is also the goal of this study to monitor the implementation of other
directives found in this legislation, which includes, but not limited to:

 Reduction, recycling, composting plans;

 Solid waste facility capacity and final disposal;
 Reduction, recycling, composting plan implementation;
 Segregation and Storage of Solid waste;
 Collection and transport of Solid waste.

This study also hopes of not finding acts in Cebu city which are
prohibited in said law particularly Sec. 48 thereof.

Purpose and Significance of Study

Solid waste management is one of the most serious environmental,

public health and political issues in the Philippines.
The City’s mission is to ―Ensure an environmentally friendly,
financially dynamic, pro-active and self - reliant city‖ and a vision which is
―To deliver basic services, conduct information campaign through
participation of various stakeholders and have adequate environmental
facilities managed by competent personnel in sustaining the ever changing
needs of the general public.‖ In order to overcome growing economic, social
and environmental problems associated with waste disposal, Cebu City has
initiated a several legislative measures aiming to establish the regulatory
mandate of RA 9003 at the Local Government Unit (LGU) level. This has
resulted in a variety of innovative legal interventions, which, by way of an
integrated resource recovery approach, have brought demonstrated
improvements to Cebu’s MSWM system.
This paper would review the implementation of the Solid Waste
Management Act of Cebu City to assess the level of realization of the said
legislation. This would benefit the City of Cebu to strategize and formulate
other interventions that would be effective in addressing and responding the
solid waste management in the city.
This would also assess how economic growth, social, and
environmental problems affect waste disposal in the city. With this the
private sectors as well as individual households would be informed on how
to take part in the problem of proper waste management.
The overall significance of this paper would aim to the beneficial of
the environment and the people living in it and the future generations.
4
Methods Used

This qualitative legal paper applied the method of data mining for
information gathering, analysis and interpretation in congruence with the
study’s statements of purpose or objectives. Data mining is a knowledge
extraction process where relevant and useful information are taken and
interpreted from large data sets using any relevant data analysis techniques.5

Silahtaroglu (2008) postulated that data mining refers to the collection

and usage of different information taken from secondary sources from all
forms of media or materials. Such method tends to be complex as it requires
in depth knowledge of doing the critical steps from data gathering to giving
of implications.6

Data mining was done by the researchers in this study by: searching
the available data and information on the internet relative to the
implementation of solid waste management in Cebu City; those data
obtained were thoroughly examined in terms of relevance, reliability and
credence; validation was done; all qualified data were clustered, and
ultimately, the clustered data, anchored at the study’s objectives, were
analyzed, interpreted and given implications. 7

This study did not have respondents as the data to be collected were
secondary in nature, coming from the respective materials on the web. This
furthermore implied that this undertaking’s environment is the web itself.

There was no sampling technique utilized in this research as the

collection of data relied heavily on the researchers’ prerogative. However,
such discretion was guided by the criteria that the data selected must have:
reliability, relevance and credence – these as the bases, ensured the
objectivity and impartiality of data inclusion and exclusion with respect to
the study’s goals.

This legal exploration did not likewise use any questionnaire or

interview for it did not warrant appropriateness merely because the data
aimed to be collected were coming from secondary sources found on the
web.

Lastly, the data clustering, as described above, focused on creating

themes (which could be tabulated) to avoid duplication and redundancy of
5
Twin, A. (2020, September 20). Data Mining: How Companies Use Data to Find Useful Patterns and
Trends. Retrieved December 15, 2020, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/datamining.asp
6
Silahtaroglu, G. (2008). Data mining, Istanbul: Papatya Publishing.
7
Akpinar, H. (2000). Information discovery and data mining in databases, I.U. Business Administration
Journal, 29 (1), 1-22

5
concepts which were considered as answers of the study’s statements of
purpose. Analysis was done by simplifying the broader concepts that the
data presented. Interpretation was undertaken by elaborating what the data
conveyed. Implications in every data were generated as well to highlight the
different positive and/or negative practices of solid waste implementation,
thereby; concerns, issues, gaps and problems could be identified in order to
create viable interventions that would hopefully improve the solid waste
implementation compliance with the existing laws.

DISCUSSION

Results

After careful evaluation of the pertinent laws and the actual state of
the solid waste management of Cebu City, the researchers determined that
Cebu City, being one of the heavily populated cities in the Philippines, are
currently facing issues regarding its Solid Waste Management owing to the
permanent cease and desist order of the Inayawan Sanitary Landfill,
inefficiency of the garbage collection and little to no segregation and
recycling of garbage.

In order to combat this, Mayor Labella implemented the 10-year Solid

Waste Management Plan which involves the reduction of landfill use while
increasing trash sorting, relentless implementation of the eco-friendly
ordinances, and improvement of the material recovery facilities down to the
barangay level. And in fact, various ordinances have been put into effect in
order to put the Solid Waste Management Plan into action.8

But upon closer inspection of the actual state of the Garbage Disposal
Methods of the City, it is still far from the intended plan that the
Government of Cebu City wishes to attain. Cebu City has waste disposal and
processing centers which are:

 Sanitary Landfill - Consolacion Town 27 km North of Cebu

 EVO Private MRF - Barangay Inayawan, Cebu City
 Composting Center – Inayawan Landfill
 Barangay Composting Center - 61

8
10-year Solid Waste Management Plan. (n.d.). Retrieved December 16, 2020, from
https://www.cebucity.gov.ph/10-year-solid-waste-management-plan-of-the-cebu-city-government-swmp-
to-the-department-of-environment-and-natural-resources-in-iloilo-city/

6
 The city also began offering appropriate financing for
environmentally sound waste management at the barangay level. For
instance, Cebu City has allocated upwards of PHP 20,000 from its annual
municipal budget to support individual barangays with establishing
recycling programs and composting centers with this budget it can then be
used towards covering construction costs, purchasing required tools and
equipment, and initiating community education programs as necessary.

To this end, the city provides training opportunities for the barangay
staff on composting practices and methods; a number of demonstration sites
have also been set up with the assistance of BEO volunteers for this purpose

Data

According to the Republic Act 9003 (RA 9003), Municipal Solid

Waste (MSW) produces by the city included a combination of domestic,
commercial, institutional and industrial wastes and street sweepings. In
1982, for example, the city generated roughly 212 tons/day of municipal
waste, increasing to 420 tons/day by 2010.

Although there is no accurate data available on waste generation in

the city, present estimates suggest that Cebu produces about 630 tons of
MSW per day in 2016, based on national calculations, which consider
average per capita waste generation to comprise 500 grams/person in
provincial capitals.910

The Department of Public Services (DPS) is the principal office of

Cebu City in charge of collecting waste from commercial and institutional
establishments as well as households located along main access roads. DPS
operates in three shifts over 24 hours making use of garbage and barangay
trucks. Moreover, each barangay is responsible for collecting waste within
their respective administrative units using their own vehicles or trucks
provided by the city.11

9
IGES (2017): Development of Work Plan for Reducing SLCP from MSWM in Cebu City, Philippines,
CCAC-MSWI
10
Premakumara, J.D.G (2017). Planning and Implementation of Integrated Solid Waste Management
Strategies at Local Level: The Case of Cebu City. Retrieved from:https://www.ccet.jp/sites/
default/files/2017-10/CCET%20Cebu%20Case%20Study_PrintingVer0718.pdf
11
Navarro, R. (2015). Solid Waste Management City Profile -City of Cebu. Retrieved from:
https://www.waste.ccacoalition.org/sites/default/files/files/cebu_msw_factsheet.pdf

7
Closure of Inayawan Sanitary Landfill

The Inayawan Sanitary Land Fill in the City of Cebu is closed and can
never be used again.

The ruling of the Supreme Court of the Philippines affirmed the

closure of the said landfill last March 2019. This was a consequence of the
filing of Temporary Environmental Protection Order (TEPO) in September
2016 by a City Counselor by citing various environmental and health
violations over the years in the use of the Inayawan Landfill.

For this, the Environment Management Bureau Regional VII (EMB-

7) has been monitoring the activities and dealings inside the perimeter of the
site to ensure that the city is complying with the order of the court. The said
department randomly conducts inspections in the landfill in order to prevent
further dumping of garbage inside the landfill.12

On the same year, the Full Advantage Phils. International Inc. (FAPII)
submitted to the city government a Safe Closure and Rehabilitation Plan
(SCRP) of the 15.41 hectare Inayawan Sanitary Landfill. Included in the said
plan is the proposal to construct Waste-to-energy (WTE) facility in the
service area of the place. Also, the said agency made recommendation to the
city government of having three options as to what they will do with the
rehabilitated dumping site. These include economic or industrial zone;
recreational eco-park; and renewable energy center.13

On the part of the city government, its Department of Engineering and

Public Works realized the programs of works and prioritized its drainage
system as part of the landfill’s rehabilitation program.

Waste Collection, Management and Disposal

Under the existing laws, the Local Government Units must pass their
own local solid waste management plans which present their framework for
reusing, recycling, and composting waste in their own jurisdictions. The
National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC) is charged by
law the task to approve and oversee the implementation of these solid waste
management plans.

12
Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) VII, DENR, Philippines: www.emb.gov.ph/regions/region7
13
Demecillo, J.M. (March 22, 2019), On Inayawan Landfill Closure, Rehab City Compliant with Court
Order. Retrieved from: https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-news /2019/03/22/1903615/inayawan-
landfill-closure-rehab-city-compliant-court-order/amp/

8
 The communal method, whereby common waste receptacles are
strategically located in public areas, as well as individual household
collection carried out by garbage trucks. In addition, private waste collectors
are in operation of collection from commercial establishments such as
shopping malls. According to DPS, average waste collection of the city
increased to 460 tons/day in 2015 and maintains a coverage rate of 100%.

Figure 1: Average waste collection rates of Cebu City 2005- 2015

Municipal Solid Waste

Figure 2: Waste composition and assessment of Cebu City

Most of the MSW in Cebu City has been found to originate from
households, accounting for about 54%; comparatively, commercial sources,
such as businesses, public and private markets contribute 25%, while
institutional sources such as government offices, educational and medical
establishments account for about 21%.14

14
Authorities Cebu City Government. (n.d.). Municipal Solid Waste Knowledge Platform. Retrieved
December 16, 2020, from https://www.waste.ccacoalition.org/participant/cebu-philippines

9
 Figure 3: Summary of waste generated in each sector

As found in Figure 3, 67% of this waste is organic and biodegradable;

21% is recyclable (i.e., paper, plastic, metal, glass) with the remainder
composed of hazardous and residual waste.

In 2020, the City Government of Cebu’s solid waste management plan

was approved, opening the way to implementation of various sanitary
activities and programs within the city. In relation to the said plan, the City
implemented the policy concerning the regulation of single-use plastic. This
is to minimize the sell by establishments of products placed, wrapped, or
packaged in a single-use plastic. The ban only coves the use of plastic bags
on Wednesdays, Fridays, and Saturdays, and the use of plastic and
Styrofoam in events or activities.

However, the City environment office believes that although the ban
on the use of plastic bags help in curbing waste, the local government still
end up having to process a lot of plastic because the of sachet is now part of
the Filipino culture. Further, the said agency also acknowledges the fact that
the department does not have enough equipment in collecting hazardous
waste. The city government usually hire private contractors to help them
with this issue.

Further, the City of Cebu has an ―Anti-Basura Action Team‖ which is

mainly tasked to ensure that waste segregation is being practiced by the
people in the city. The CENRO believes that the active participation of the
community, particularly in segregation process, is vital in realization and
compliance of the local government’s protocols of the ecological solid waste
and the so called 10-year old solid waste plan.15

15
Bagayas, S. (Dec.11,2020). PH Local Governments Juggle COVID-19 Response and Garbage Problem.
Retrieved from: www.rappler.com

10
 Since the pandemic lockdowns, the Cebu City has gone from
generating as much as 650 tons of waste a day to at least 400 tons for the
commercial establishments generated less waste than usual during the
pandemic. The waste collection of the city is constituted by plastic materials
at least 30%, and the households’ biodegradable waste increased to 70%.

Still, the Cebu City is in the process of having its 10-year old solid
waste management plans which been approved by the NSWMC.

Issues

The City of Cebu is now facing the problem of Solid Waste

Management. With the permanent cease and desist order of disposal of
garbage in the Inayawan Sanitary Landfill by the Supreme Court, it is a
challenge for the City Government as to where the Solid Wastes be
disposed.16 The city also faces the issues on the inefficiency of garbage
collection due to lack of garbage vehicles, as well as little to no segregation
and recycling of the garbage. 17

While the government faces these issues, the people of Cebu City
plays big role in the Solid Waste Management programs that the government
of the City of Cebu implemented. It is the people who have the capacity to
dispose and recycle these wastes. The problem that the government of the
City of Cebu will face with the people is on how they will be implementing
these laws and ordinances that the people will follow and obey the laws.

Compliance

Initiatives of the City

For the City to overcome the growing economic, social and

environmental problems related to waste disposal, Cebu City has initiated a
several legislative measures which aimed to realize the legal mandate of RA
9003 at the Local Government Unit (LGU) level. This has gave birth to a
variety of local and innovative legislative measures which have provided
palpable improvements to Cebu’s MSWM system.

16
Osmeña vs. Garganera (2018), 859 SCRA 513
17
Republic of the Philippines, DENR. Laws and Policies | Solid Waste Management.
https://emb.gov.ph/laws-and-policies-solid-waste-management-3/

11
 For instance, in accordance with the City Ordinance No. 1361, which
institutionalizes a system of waste collection in the city and imposes
corresponding fees or fines, the City’s local executive created a Cebu City
Solid Waste Management Board (CCSWMB) which is charged with the
duty of providing advices and proposals to come up with necessary and
relevant policy, legal and institutional actions to manage waste based on the
well-known principle of the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse and Recycling).

Further, another legal intervention was passed on October 6, 2004,

City Ordinance No. 2017, 2004, one of the key mandates of the
CCSWMB— headed by the Mayor with relevant representatives from other
sectors— is to provide a long-term vision for waste management, including
the development and implementation of solid waste management plans
(SWMPs) to ensure the safe and sanitary management of MSW in Cebu.
Under this purview, a Barangay Solid Waste Management Committee
(BSWMC) was also established to oversee the implementation of SWMPs at
the community or local level, which includes the formulation of specific
measures or actions such as coordinating separated waste collection, and
establishing Material Recovery Facilities (MRF) and composting centers.
Likewise, with regards to technical assistance of Fort Collins, Colorado,
USA, a 10-year Plan for Solid Waste Reduction in Cebu City was drafted in
2005, supported by the Resource Cities Program of the International
City/County Management Association.

Under the Kitakyushu Initiative Network for a Clean Environment

(2000/2010), initiated by Kitakyushu City and IGES, with assistance from
the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the
Pacific (UNESCAP), the City has able to reduce land field waste disposal
target of 50% by 2015.18

Furthermore, City Ordinance No. 2013 was legislated to mandate

garbage segregation at source according to four waste classifications: i)
biodegradable or compostable wastes, ii) non-biodegradable wastes, iii)
reusable or recyclables wastes and iv) bulky wastes, with penalties for
violations. In addition, in adopting the ―No Segregation, No Collection
Policy‖ resolution in April 2011 and the City Ordinance No. 2343, otherwise
known as the "No Plastic Saturday Ordinance of the City of Cebu‖, the
prohibition of the use of plastic shopping bags as primary packaging for
goods in commercial establishments was implemented every Saturday. Non-
compliance therefrom has corresponding penalties.

18
Premakumara, D.G.J., 2012. Establishment of the Community-Based Solid Waste Management System
in Metro Cebu, the Philippines. In: KITA & IGES (Eds.), The Report for the Establishment of the Waste
Management System in Metro Cebu, Philippines, Kitakyushu, Japan.

12
 The following is a detailed list of City Ordinances crafted as legal
intervention for the waste disposal:

 City Ordinance No. 1361 October 6, 2004 - Established garbage

collection system and imposed fees.
 City Ordinance No. 2017 October 6, 2004 - Creation of the
Cebu City Solid Waste Management Board
 City Ordinance No. 2013 November, 2004 - Mandating garbage
segregation at source. Categorization of waste. Establishment of
fines.
 City Ordinance No. 2234 April 16, 2010 - Creation of the Cebu
City Environmental and Natural Resources Office (CCENRO)
 City Ordinance No. 2243 June 23, 2010 - Declaration of policy
to preserve and protect the sources of life - the trees, soil and
water - and to focus on sustainable development. Mandated the
submission by business establishments of their respective
Environmental Sustainability Action Plan (ESAP) when
securing or renewing Business License or Mayor's Permit
 City Ordinance No. 2343 December 12,2012 - Prohibits the
use of plastic shopping bags as primary packaging on Saturdays
 City Ordinance No. 2031 November 10, 2014 - Declaration of
adoption of a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid
waste management system

The implementation of waste program depends on the active

participation and environmental awareness of communities, Cebu City
initiated a series of annual competitions, including the ―Best Environmental
Barangay Award‖, which, in partnership with the private sector and local
media, seeks to motivate and strengthen community participation in
improving the neighborhood environment.

City’s Waste Management Practice

Through the years, the aforesaid sanitary landfill has turned into an
open dump site. It was partially closed on December 2011. Since then, the
Inayawan landfill was converted into a garbage transfer station. Garbage
collected from various barangays of the city are transferred through big
trucks capable of traveling the 30 kilometer distance from Cebu City
towards a private landfill facility located in barangay Pulog in Consolacion
town in northern Cebu province. In 2015, at least 40% of the city's waste is

13
being dumped at the Consolacion landfill for a fee of P700 per tonne while
the remaining 60% remains at the Inayawan landfill.

There are also a number of private shopping malls that are in

supporting community-recycling initiatives. For example, Ayala Mall
organized the Cebu Business Park and Neighboring Barangays Altruistic
Alliance Inc. (CBPNBAAI) which is aimed at strengthening partnerships
between business tenants and the surrounding barangays for the effective
implementation of recycling: and in return the businesses found in Ayala
Mall sell their recyclables, which are in turn purchased and reused by local
communities. Likewise, the mall SM City Cebu has designated every
Saturday as Waste Market day, where barangay residents can buy or sell
their recyclable materials.

Figure 4: Overall policy of RA 9003 based on waste management

hierarchy

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION

Improper solid waste management practices can have a number of

environmental and health impacts. It is one of those instances which can
greatly affect every single person found in the vicinity of Cebu City, may it
be a child or adult, resident or tourist. Waste management does not solely
belong to the government; it also is the responsibility of each and every one
who is in Cebu City to practice waste management. If it does not start
somewhere regardless of the number of legislations implemented it will not
stop the damage done to the environment.

The capabilities of Cebu City demonstrates that there is an advantage

in relation to how the conditions in residential areas can be improved by
establishing appropriate waste collection and treatment, while at the same

14
time enhancing environmental awareness among community residents. It
stresses the importance of resource recovery and recycling initiatives. 19

One of the suggestions upon the study conducted in Cebu City by the
CCAC MSW City Action Plan which is to conduct city-to-city exchange
programs and technical workshops with mentor cities to build the capacity of
stakeholders to implement the action plan;20 it illustrates that with the help
of a number of supportive policies along with strong public outreach and
community mobilization efforts it can work effectively in reducing
municipal solid waste thereby driving sustainable benefits at the local level.

Another idea to keep in mind is to implement a training program in

which different barangays and the barangay workers can learn more about
the proper management of the waste or composting areas located in their
respective barangays; this can help boost the awareness of a lot of people not
only in the cities where the scope is quite large. With this, the scope is
smaller but the impact will be huge.

19
Ancog, R.C., Archival, N.D., Rebancos, C.M., 2012. Institutional arrangements for Solid Waste
Management in Cebu City, Philippines. Journal of Environmental Science and Management 15 (2), 74–82.
20
Cebu City, 2012. Cebu City’s Community-Based Composting and Solid Waste Management. In:
Premakumara, D.G.J., et al. (Eds.) A Follow-up Seminar on KitaQ System Composting in Asia, 17-20 July
2012, JICA, IGES, Kitakyushu, Japan, pp. 15–16.

15
REFERENCES

1) Akpinar, H. (2000). Information discovery and data mining in

databases, I.U. Business Administration Journal, 29 (1), 1-22

2) Ancog, R.C., Archival, N.D., Rebancos, C.M., 2012. Institutional

arrangements for Solid Waste Management in Cebu City, Philippines.
Journal of Environmental Science and Management 15 (2), 74–82.

3) Authorities Cebu City Government. (n.d.). Municipal Solid Waste

Knowledge Platform. Retrieved December 16, 2020, from
https://www.waste.ccacoalition.org/participant/cebu-philippines

4) Cebu City, 2012. Cebu City’s Community-Based Composting and

Solid Waste Management. In: Premakumara, D.G.J., et al. (Eds.) A
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