INTRODUCTION TO DYNAMICS OF MACHINE

BY
SUDHEER KUMAR.B
SR.ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LAKIREDDY BALIREDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
 COURSE EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVE

THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THIS COURSE IS TO FAMILIARIZE THE STANDARD MECHANISMS USED FOR
SPEED AND STABILITY CONTROL UNDER THE EFFECTS OF VIBRATIONS.

COURSE OUTCOMES: At the end of the course, the student will be able to

CO1: Characterize the clutches, brakes and dynamometers & analyze the gyroscopic effects
on different vehicles.
CO2: Draw the turning moment diagram for different engines and energy storage in the
flywheels.
CO3: Analyze the speed regulations in various types of governors.

CO4: Comprehend the balancing of the moving parts (rotating & reciprocating) statically
and dynamically.
CO5: Understand the concepts of various types of vibrations for mechanical systems.
UNIT – I
CLUTCHES, BRAKES AND DYNAMOMETERS

• Friction clutches- Single plate clutch-Multiple plate

clutch- Cone clutch-Centrifugal Clutch - Block
• Brake- Band brake - Block & band brake - Internal
expanding shoe brake
• Dynamometers –Absorption and Transmission types-
General description and method of operations
• PRECESSION: Gyroscopes- Effect of precession –
Aeroplanes and Ships - Motion on the stability of moving
vehicles - Motor car and Motor cycle
 UNIT-11

TURNING MOMENT DIAGRAMS AND FLY WHEELS

Turning moment – Angular velocity and

acceleration of connecting rod – Crank effort
and torque diagrams – Inertia torque of
connecting rod - Fluctuation of energy – Fly
wheels and their design.
 UNIT – III
GOVERNORS

• Watt, Porter and Proell

governors.
• Spring loaded governors.
• Hartnell governor
Sensitiveness- Isochronism -
Hunting.
 UNIT-IV
BALANCING
Introduction – Balancing of Rotating
Masses – Single and Multiple – Single and
different planes - Primary and Secondary
balancing of reciprocating masses –
Analytical method - Unbalanced forces
and couples - Locomotive balancing –
Hammer blow- Variation of Tractive
efforts - Swaying couple
 UNIT-V
VIBRATIONS

Types of vibrations-Degrees of
freedom-Free longitudinal vibrations
Displacement, velocity and
acceleration-Inertia effect of the mass
of spring-Damped vibrations Forced
vibrations- Forced damped vibrations-
Vibration isolation and transmissibility-
Whirling of shafts.
 CLASSIFICATION OF TOM

TOM

KOM DOM

STATICS KINETICS
THEORY OF
MACHINES
The subject Theory of Machines may
be defined as that branch of
Engineering-science, which deals with
the study of relative motion between
the various parts of a machine, and
forces which act on them. The
knowledge of this subject is very
essential for an engineer in designing
the various parts of a machine.
 • Study of motion without considering the cause
of motion(i.e.Force)
Example:
KOM • Velocity Analysis (Rate of change of
displacement w.r.t Time)
(KINEMATICS
• Acceleration Analysis(Rate of change of velocity
OF w.r.t Time)
MACHINE)
• Jerk Analysis (Rate of change of acceleration
w.r.t Time)
 • Study of motion with considering the cause of
motion(i.e. Force)
DOM Force NSL(Newton Second Law)
F (external)=Rate of change of momentum
(DYNAMICS F=ma
OF
M=mass=physical parameter
MACHINE)
It measures the inertia
 • Dynamics of machine further divided in two part
1. Statics
2. Kinetics

DOM Statics:
The study of forces acting on various parts of
machines, when these are at Rest.
(DYNAMICS
OF
Kinetics:
MACHINE)
The study of forces acting on various parts of
machines, when these are at Motion.
BASICS FUNDAMENTALS
FORCE

Force is the external agent which can change

the position of an object.
Force NSL(Newton Second Law)

F (external)=Rate of change of momentum

F (external) =ma =Accelerating force

 MACHINE
&
MECHANISM

Machine: Machines are mechanical devices used to

accomplish work. A mechanism is a heart of a machine. It is
the mechanical portion of the machine that has the function
of transferring motion and forces from a power source to an
output.

Mechanism: is a system of rigid elements & linkages arranged

and connected to transmit motion and or force in a
predetermined fashion.
Mechanism consists of linkages and joints
MACHINE & MECHANISM EXAMPLES
TYPES OF CLUTCHES

Disc clutch
Multi plate Centrifugal
(single plate Cone clutch
clutch clutch
clutch)
 Torque Transmission

Gradual Engagement
REQUIREMENTS
OF A GOOD Compact size
CLUTCH
Inertia

Ease of operation
 CLUTCH APPLICATIONS
Disc clutch Centrifugal
Multi plate Cone clutch
(single plate clutch
clutch
clutch)

Automobiles
Machines and early
vehicles where torque and other
requirement is Cars,Trucks, Locomotive combustion
moderate Engines & Machines. engine
Heavy Machinery, transmission
Go-Karts, mopeds,
Commercial Vehicles,
lawn movers, chain
Special Purpose Military
saws and minibikes
Vehicles, Racing Cars, Bikes
 CLUTCH
• is a one of the form of coupling.
• Clutches is used to transmit the power from
driving shaft to driven shaft of machine which
may be required to start or stop frequently.
• It is so designed that the two members may be
engaged or disengaged.
• whenever required either by a hand operated
device or automatically by the action of some
power driven devices.
• Enables smooth vehicle movement.
• Allows the driver to smoothly change the gears.
WORKING
OF CLUTCH
DISC CLUTCH (SINGLE PLATE
CLUTCH
• A disc clutch consists of a clutch plate attached to a
spline hub which is free to slide axially on splines cut on
the driven shaft.

• The clutch plate is made of steel and has ring of friction

lining on each side. The engine shaft supports a rigidly
fixed flywheel.
• A spring loaded pressure plate press the clutch the plate
firmly against the flywheel when the clutch is engaged.
• When disengaged the springs press against a cover
attached to the fly wheel. Thus both the flywheel and the
pressure plate rotate with the input shaft.

• The movement of the clutch pedal is transferred to the

pressure plate through a thrust bearing.
CONTD
• Figure shows the pressure plate pulled back by the release levers and the friction linings
on the clutch plate are no longer in contact with the pressure plate or the flywheel the
flywheel rotates without driving the clutch plate and thus, the driven shaft.
• When the foot is taken off the clutch pedal, the pressure on the thrust bearing is
released.As a result the springs become free to move the pressure plate to bring it
contact with the clutch plate.
• The clutch plate slides on the splined hub and is tightly gripped between the pressure
plate and the flywheel.
• The friction plate between the linings on the clutch plate and the flywheel on one side
and the pressure plate on the other, cause the clutch plate and hence the driven shaft
rotate.
Application – Machines and early vehicles where torque requirement is moderate
 MULTI PLATE CLUTCH
• A multi-plate clutch is a type of clutch that transmits more power from
the engine to the transmission shaft of an automobile vehicle and also,
makes up for the torque loss due to slippage. Multiple clutches consist
of more than three discs or plates so that it is able to provide more
torque output.
• Multi-plate clutches as the name suggests, consists of multiple plates
or friction discs and work similarly in the above fashion.
• Multiple disc offer more area to be in contact with each other. More
the number of plates more the torque transmitting capacity. Thus for
same radius of friction disc used in single plate ones, multi-plate
clutches transmit significantly high power.
• They heat up quickly and this is one of their biggest disadvantage.
Hence the whole clutch assembly containing plates is filled with oil to
dissipate the heat faster.
• Applications – They have a wide variety of applications in cars, trucks,
locomotive engines & machines. Heavy machinery, commercial
vehicles, special purpose military vehicles, racing cars, and bikes use
this type of clutch. Scooters and motor-cycles use multi-plate clutches
due to limited space in their gearboxes.
 CONE CLUTCH
• The cone clutch consists two cones , one internal
cone fixed to the driven shaft and another cone
fitted on the driven shaft.
• In engaged position, the friction surfaces of the two
cones are in complete contact due to spring
pressure that keeps one cone pressed against the
other all the time.
• When the clutch is engaged ,the torque is
transmitted from the driving shaft to the driven
shaft through the flywheel and the friction cones.
• For disengaging the clutch the cone (female drum)
is pulled back through a lever system against the
force of the spring.
• The main advantage of a cone clutch is that the
normal force on the contact surface is increased.
• It is very simple and required less axial pressure to
disengaged the clutch.
CONE
CLUTCH
WORKING
VIDEO
 CONE CLUTCH WORKING

• Clutch is engaged position

Engine Female Friction Male Clutch

shaft cone mtrl cone shaft

• Clutch is disengaged position

Splines Male cone Power is cut

Pedal is
move Spring press disconnected from from i/p to o/p
pressed
forward female CONE shaft

• Applications: Automobiles and other combustion engine transmissions.

 CENTRIFUGAL CLUTCH
• A centrifugal clutch has a driving member consisting of
four sliding blocks as shown in fig..
• These blocks are kept in position by means of flat
springs provided for the purpose.As the speed of the
shaft increases, the centrifugal force on the shoes
increases.
• When the centrifugal force exceeds the resisting force
of the springs, the shoe move forward and press against
the inside of the rim and thus the torque is transmitted
to rim.
• In this way, the clutch is engaged only when the motor
gains sufficient speed to take up the load in an effective
manner.
• The outer surface of the shoes are lined with some
friction material.
 APPLICATIONS

Centrifugal clutches are used in

Go-Karts, mopeds, lawn movers, chain saws
and minibikes to:
Keep the internal combustion engine from
stalling when the blade is topped abruptly,
disengage load during startimg and idle.
MATHEMATICAL
REPRESENTATION
OF CLUTCH PLATE
FRICTION CLUTCH THEORY
OF ANALYSIS
• Uniform Pressure Theory
• Uniform Wear Theory New clutch plate

Used clutch plate

 SINGLE PLATE CLUTCH
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

• Let T = Torque transmitted by the clutch,

• p = Intensity of axial pressure with which the contact surfaces
are held together,
• r1 and r2 = External and internal radii of friction faces, and
• µ = Coefficient of friction.
• Consider an elementary ring of radius r and thickness dr as
shown in fig. We know that area of contact surface or friction
surface
• We know that area of contact surface or friction surface ,
= 2 π r.dr
Normal or axial force on the ring,
 W = Pressure × Area = p × 2 π r.dr
 • Frictional force on the ring acting tangentially at radius r,
Fr = m.W = m.p × 2 p r.dr
There fore Frictional torque acting on the ring,

Tr = Fr × r = m.p × 2 p r.dr × r = 2 p × m .p.r2 dr

Considering uniform pressure:
• When the pressure is uniformly distributed over the entire area of the friction face, then the
intensity of pressure w
p      (1)
  r1    r2  
2 2
 
Where = Axial thrust with which the contact or friction surfaces are held together. Frictional torque
on the elementary ring of radius r and thickness dr is

Tr = 2 p m.p.r2 dr

Total frictional torque acting on the friction surface or on the clutch ,

       
r1 r1 3 3
 3
r r r
T   2pm. p.r .dr  2pm p    2pm p 
2 1 2

r2   r2
3  3 

Substituting the value of p from equation (i)

 r1    r2 
3 3
w
T  2pm X X
  r1    r2  
2 2
3
 
      
3 3
2 r r
 X mW  1 2
2 
 mW .R
  r1    r2  
2
3
where R = Mean radius of friction surface

2   r1    r2  
3 3

  2 2
3   r1    r2  
Considering uniform wear:
• In the above figure, let p be the normal intensity of pressure at a distance r from the axis of the clutch. Since the intensity of
pressure varies inversely with the distance, therefore

p.r. = C (a constant) or p = C/r ----------------(I)

and the normal force on the ring
C
 W  p.2p r.dr  X 2p C.dr  2p C.dr
r
Total force acting on the friction surface,
r1

W   2p C.dr  2p C  r r1  2p C (r1  r2 )

r
2
r2

w
C
2p  r1  r2 

We know that the frictional torque acting on the ring

C
Tr  2pm pr 2 .dr  2pm X Xr 2 .dr  2pmC.r.dr
r
• Total frictional torque on the friction surface,

r1
 r2 
r1
  r1 2   r2 2 
T   2pm .C.r.dr  2pm.C    2pm.C  
r2  2  r2  2 

W
 pm.C  r1    r2    pm X  r1 2   r2 2 
2 2
  2p  r1  r2   
1
X mW  r1  r2   mW .R
2
r r
where R= mean radius of the friction surface  1 2
2

Note: In general, total frictional torque acting on the friction surface (or on the clutch) is given by
T = n.µ.W.R
where n = Number of pairs of friction or contact surfaces, and
R = Mean radius of friction surface
• R=Mean Radius of the friction

• for uniform pressure

for uniform wear

For a single disc or plate clutch, normally both sides of the disc are effective. Therefore, a single disc clutch has two
pairs of surfaces in contact, i.e. n = 2.
Since the intensity of pressure is maximum at the inner radius (r2) of the friction or contact surface, therefore
equation (i) may be written as
pmax × r2 = C or pmax = C/r2
Since the intensity of pressure is minimum at the outer radius (r1) of the friction or contact surface, therefore
equation (i) may be written as

pmin × r1 = C or pmin = C/r1

w
The average pressure ( pav) on the friction or contact surface is given by Pavg=
p  r1    r2  
2 2
 
 AXIAL FORCE

Uniform pressure P=C(a Constant) Uniform Wear

normalforce   W 1
p
 W  p 2p r .dr r
r1 pr  C ( aCons tan t )
W   p 2p r .dr
r2
normalforce   W
r1  W  p 2p r.dr
 p 2p  rdr r1
r2 W  r  2p Cdr  2p C ( r1  r2 )
r1
r  2 r2
 p 2p   C  pmax r2  pmin r1
 2 r2
W  2p pmax r2 ( r1  r 2 )
W  p p  r1    r2  
2 2
 
 FRICTIONAL TORQUE

Frictional Torque Tr  2pm pr 2 dr Frictional Torque

Total frictional torque

Total frictional torque on the friction surface,

where R= mean radius of the friction surface

 MULTIPLE DISC CLUTCH

Let n = Number of discs on the driving shaft, and

1

n = Number of discs on the driven shaft

2

\ Number of pairs of contact surfaces,

n=n+n–1
1 2

and total frictional torque acting on the friction surfaces or on the clutch,
T = n.µ.W.R
R = Mean radius of the friction surfaces

for uniform pressure

for uniform wear

 PROBLEM:1
A single plate clutch, with both sides effective, has outer and inner diameters 300 mm and 200 mm respectively. The maximum
intensity of pressure at any point in the contact surface is not to exceed 0.1 N/mm2. If the coefficient of friction is 0.3,
determine the power transmitted by a clutch at a speed 2500 r.p.m.

Given : d1 = 300 mm or r1 = 150 mm ; d2 = 200 mm or r2 = 100 mm ; p = 0.1 N/mm2 ; µ = 0.3 ; N = 2500 r.p.m.
(or)
w = 2p × 2500/60= 261.8 rad/s.
Since the intensity of pressure ( p) is maximum at the inner radius (r ), therefore for
2

uniform wear,
p.r = C or C = 0.1 × 100 = 10 N/mm
2

We know that the axial thrust,

W = 2 p C (r – r ) = 2 p × 10 (150 – 100) = 3142 N
1 2

Mean radius of the friction surfaces for uniform wear,

r1  r2 150  100
R   125mm  0.125m
2 2
We know that torque transmitted,
T = n.m.W.R = 2 × 0.3 × 3142 × 0.125 = 235.65 N-m
...( n  2,for both sides of plate effective)
Power transmitted by a clutch,
P = T.w = 235.65 × 261.8 = 61 693 W = 61.693 kW
 PROBLEM 2:
A single plate clutch, effective on both sides, is required to transmit 25 kW at 3000 r.p.m. Determine the outer and inner
radii of frictional surface if the coefficient of friction is 0.255, the ratio of radii is 1.25 and the maximum pressure is not to
exceed 0.1 N/mm2. Also deter- mine the axial thrust to be provided by springs. Assume the theory of uniform wear.

Given: n = 2 ; P = 25 kW = 25 ×103 W ; N = 3000 r.p.m. (or) w = 2π × 3000/60= 314.2 rad/s ; µ = 0.255 ; r1/r2 = 1.25 ; p = 0.1
N/mm2
Outer and inner radii of frictional surface:
Let r1 and r2 = Outer and inner radii of frictional surfaces, & T = Torque transmitted.
Since the ratio of radii (r1/r2) is 1.25, therefore r1 = 1.25 r2
We know that the power transmitted (P),
25 × 103 = T.w = T × 314.2
\ T = 25 × 103/314.2 = 79.6 N-m = 79.6 × 103 N-mm
Since the intensity of pressure is maximum at the inner radius (r2), therefore
p.r2 = C or C = 0.1 r2 N/mm and the axial thrust transmitted to the frictional
surface,
W = 2 p C (r1 – r2) = 2 p × 0.1 r2 (1.25 r2 – r2) = 0.157 (r2)2 ----------------------(1)

We know that mean radius of the frictional surface for uniform wear
We know that mean radius of the frictional surface for uniform wear
r1  r2 1.25r2  r2
R   1.125r2
2 2
We know that torque transmitted (T),
79.6 × 103 = n.m.W.R = 2 × 0.255 × 0.157 (r2)2 × 1.125 r2 = 0.09 (r2)3
\ (r2)3 = 79.6 × 103/0.09 = 884 × 103 or r2 = 96 mm Ans.
and r1 = 1.25 r2 = 1.25 × 96 = 120 mm Ans.
Axial thrust to be provided by springs
We know that axial thrust to be provided by springs,
W = 2 p C (r1 – r2) = 0.157 (r2)2 ...[From equation (i)]
= 0.157 (96)2 = 1447 N Ans.
Problem 3:A multiple disc clutch has five plates having four pairs of active friction surfaces. if the intensity of pressure is not
to exceed 0.127 n/mm2, find the power transmitted at 500r.p.m. the outer and inner radii of friction surfaces are 125 mm
and 75 mm respectively. assume uniform wear and take coefficient of friction = 0.3.
Given : n + n = 5 ; n = 4 ; p = 0.127 N/mm2 ; N = 500 r.p.m. or w = 2p × 500/60= 52.4 rad/s ; r = 125 mm ;
1 2 1

r = 75 mm ; m = 0.3
2

Since the intensity of pressure is maximum at the inner radius r , therefore

2

p.r = C or C = 0.127 × 75 = 9.525 N/mm

2

We know that axial force required to engage the clutch,

W = 2 p C (r – r ) = 2 p × 9.525 (125 – 75) = 2990 N
1 2

mean radius of the friction surfaces

r1  r2 1252  75
R   100mm  0.1m
2 2
We know that torque transmitted,
T = n.m.W.R = 4 × 0.3 × 2990 × 0.1 = 358.8 N-m
\ Power transmitted,

P = T.w = 358.8 × 52.4 = 18 800 W = 18.8 kW Ans

Problem 4:A multi-disc clutch has three discs on the driving shaft and two on the driven shaft. the outside diameter of the
contact surfaces is 240 mm and inside diameter 120 mm. assuming uniform wear and coefficient of friction as 0.3, find the
maximum axial intensity of pressure between the discs for transmitting 25 kw at 1575 r.p.m.
Given : n1 = 3 ; n2 = 2 ; d1 = 240 mm or r1 = 120 mm ; d2 = 120 mm or r2 = 60 mm ;
m = 0.3 ; P = 25 kW = 25 × 103 W ; N = 1575 r.p.m. or w = 2 p × 1575/60 = 165 rad/s

We know that the power transmitted (P),

25 × 103 = T.w = T × 165 or T = 25 × 103/165 = 151.5 N-m
Number of pairs of friction surfaces,
n = n1 + n2 – 1 = 3 + 2 – 1 = 4
mean radius of friction surfaces for uniform wear
r1  r2 120  60
R   90mm  0.09m
2 2
We know that torque transmitted (T ),
151.5 = n.m.W.R = 4 × 0.3 × W × 0.09 = 0.108 W
W = 151.5/0.108 = 1403 N
Since intensity of pressure ( p) is maximum at the inner radius (r2 ), therefore for uniform
p.r2 = C or C = p × 60 = 60 p N/mm
We know that the axial force on each friction surface (W ),

1403 = 2 p.C (r1 – r2) = 2 p × 60 p (120 – 60) = 22 622 p

p = 1403/22 622 = 0.062 N/mm2 Ans

PROBLEM 5:The Inner and the outer radii of a single plate clutch are 40mm and 80mm respectively. Determine the
maximum, minimum and the average pressure when the axial force is 3KN.
• SOL: The maximum pressure will be at the inner radius
F  2p pi R2 ( R1  R2 )
3000  2p pi X 0.04(0.08  0.04)
pi  298.4 X 103 N / m 2 (or )298.4kN / m 2
\ max imumpressure  298.4kN / m 2
The minimum pressure will be at the outer radius
F  2p pO R1 ( R1  R2 )
3000  2p pi X 0.08(0.08  0.04)
po  149.2 X 103 N / m 2 (or )149.2kN / m 2
\ min imumpressure  149.2kN / m 2

Tota ln ormalforce 3000

  198.9 X 10 3
N / m 2
( or )198.9 kN / m 2

C  Sec tionalArea p  0.082  0.042 

The average pressure=
PROBLEM:6 A multiplate clutch transmits 55kW of power at 1800rpm. Coefficient of friction for the friction surface
is 0.1. Axial intensity of pressure is not to exceed 160kN/m2. the internal radius is 80mm and is 0.7 times the
external radius. Find the number of plates needed to transmit the required torque.
pi  160 X 103 N / m 2 Ri  0.08m
SOL:
m  0.1 Ro 
0.08
 0.1143m
0.7
N  1800rpm p  55kW

Assuming uniform wear conditions,

F  2p pi.R2 ( R1  R2 )  2p .160 X 103 X 0.08(0.1143  0.08)  2759 N

1 1
T  m F ( R1  R2 )  X 0.1X 2759 X (0.1143  0.08)  26.78 N .m / surface
2 2
P 55000
Total Torque transmitted    291.8 N .m
w 2p X 1800
60
291.8
Number of friction surfaces required   10.9(or )11surfaces
26.78
PROBLEM 7 A multi-plate disc clutch transmits 30 kw of power at 1800 rpm. It has four discs on the driving shaft
and three discs on the driven shaft providing six pairs of contact surfaces. the external and internal diameters of the
contact surfaces are 200mm and 100mm respectively.Assuming the clutch to be new, Find the total spring load
pressing the plates together. Coefficient of friction is 0.3.Also, Determine the maximum power transmitted when the
contact surfaces have worn away by 0.4mm. there are 8 springs and the stiffness of each spring is 15kn/m.

2p N 2p X 1800
SOL: w   188.4r / s
60 60
A new clutch has a uniform pressure distribution, but after the initial wear the clutch exhibits the characteristics of
uniform wear. P  T .w
30000  TX 188.4  159.23N .m
2  R13  R23 
Torque transmitted by new clutch T  m F  2 2
Xn
3  1
R  R2 

2  1003  503 
159.23  X 0.3F  2
X6
100  50 
2
3
F  1.137kN (or )1137 N
When the surfaces are worn out
Contact surfaces= number of pairs of contact x 2 = 6x2=12
Total wear=number of surfaces x wear of each surface = 12x0.4=4.8mm
Stiffness of each spring=15kN/m=15N/mm
Total stiffness of springs=stiffness x number of springs=15x8=120N/mm
Reduction in spring force=120x4.8=576N
New axial Load = 1137-576 = 561N
1 1
T m F ( R1  R2 )n  X 0.3 X 561X (100  50)  75735 N .mm  75.735 N .m
2 2

Maximum power transmitted

P  T .w  75.735 X 188.4  14.276kW

 SCHEMATIC OF CONE
CLUTCH
Let T = Torque transmitted by the clutch,

r1 = Outer radius of the cone clutch

r2 = Inner radius of the cone clutch
α= Cone angle (or) Half vertex angle of the cone
µ = Coefficient of friction.

b= face width of the clutch

Consider an elementary ring of radius r and thickness dr as shown in fig.

We know that area of contact surface or friction surface

Let area of the small ring= dA

We know that area of contact surface or friction surface,

dA = 2 π r.dl
 dr
sin  
dl
dr
dl 
sin 

dl  dr cos ec
dA  2p rdr.cos ec
• According to uniform pressure theory
W
Pressure = P 
A
LoadW  P. A

• Normal load acting on ring

 Wn  Pressure x area of ring
 Wn  Pn .2p rdr.cos ec
Axial load acting on the ring

 W   Wn sin   Pn .2p rdr.cos ec .sin 

 W  2p Pn .rdr

Total axial load transmitted to the clutch

r1 r1
W    W   2p Pn .rdr
r2 r2
r1
 2p Pn  rdr
r2

W  p Pn  r12  r2 2       (1)
• Frictional force on the ring
Fr  m . Wn
dF  m . Wn
 m .Pn .2p rdr.cos ec

• Torque transmitted to the ring

T  dF .r
T  m.Pn .2p r 2 dr.cos ec
• Total torque on frictional surface

r1 r1
T   p m   dr
2
dT 2 . . Pn cos ec r
r2 r2
According To Uniform Pressure Theory:
W
Pn 
p  r12  r2 2 

m .Pn cos ec  r13  r23 

2
T 
3
2
T  p .m .
3
W
p  r1  r2 
2 2  r1
3
 r2
3
 cos ec

2 
T  mW . 2
r13  r23 
cos ec
3  r1  r2 
2

T  mW .R cos ec

According To Uniform Wear Theory:

Pr .r  C (Cons tan t )
C
Pr 
r
 Wn  Pr .2p rdr.cos ec
  W   Wn sin   Pr .2p rdr
C
 .2p rdr  2p C.dr
r
Total Axial Load:
r1
W   W
r2

W  2p C  r1  r2 
W
C 
2p  r1  r2 
Frictional force:
dFr  m Wn
 m Pr .2p rdr.cos ec
• Torque transmitted to the ring:
C
dT  m . .2p r 2 dr. cos ec
r
dT  2pm .C.rdr. cos ec
r1
r1
 r2 
T   dT  2pm .C cos ec  
r2  2 r 2
T  pm .C cos ec r1
2
 r2 2 

T  pm
W
2p  r1  r2 
cos ec r 1
2
 r2 2 

r1  r2
T  mW cos ec .
2
T  mW .R cos ec

 mWn R
W
Wn   W cos ec
sin 
W  AxialLoad
Wn  NormalLoad
PROBLEM 8 :A cone clutch is used to transmit 20kW power at 1200 rpm. The coefficient of friction is 0.2, While the
permissible intensity of pressure 0.25N/mm2. The semi cone angle is 12.50, the larger diameter of the friction
surface is 240mm. If the overload factor is 1.25. Determine: 1) The dimensions of the clutch 2)Axial force required to
engage the clutch.
P  20kW  20 X 103W
• Data:
N  1200rpm
m  0.2
Pmax  0.25 N / mm 2
  12.50
D1  240mm  r1  120mm
K a  1.25

Let
2p NT 2p .1200.T
P  20 X 103   159.154 N  m
60 60
The design torque
Td  T .K a  159.154 X 1.25  198.94 N  mm(or )198.94 X 103 N  mm
Dimensions of the clutch : Axial force required to engage the clutch

W  2p Pmax r2 (r1  r2 )
2p X 0.25.r2 (120  r2 )
W  1.5707.r2 (120  r2 )    (1)
Td  mWn R
W r1  r2 1 W
 m. .  .m.  r1  r2 
sin  2 2 sin 
1 1.5707.r2 (120  r2 )
198.94 X 10  X 0.2.
3
(120  r2 )
2 sin12.5
198.94 X 103 X 2.sin12.5  0.2 X 1.5707.r2 (120  r2 ).(120  r2 )
86116.9935  0.31414 X 120r2  r2 2  X 120  r2 
86116.9935  0.31414 X 14400r2  120r2 2  120r2 2  r23 
86116.9935  0.31414 X 14400r2  r23
86116.9935
 14400r2  r23
0.31414
 r23  14400r2  274135.70  0
r2  109mm
fromEquation    (1)
W  1.5707.109(120  109)  1883.26 N

Dimensions of the clutch:

D0  2.r1  2 X 120  240mm
D1  2.r2  2 X 109  218mm
Face width of the clutch:
r1  r2
 sin 
b
120  109
sin12.5
b
b  50.82mm.
PROBLEM:9 A conical friction clutch is used to transmit 90 kw at 1500 r.p.m. the semi-cone angle is 200
and the coefficient of friction is 0.2. If the mean diameter of the bearing surface is 375 mm and the
intensity of normal pressure is not to exceed 0.25 N/mm2, Find the dimensions of the conical bearing
surface and the axial load require
Given : P = 90 kW = 90 × 103 W ; N = 1500 r.p.m. or w = 2 p × 1500/60 = 156 rad/s ;  = 20º ; m = 0.2 ; D = 375 mm
or R = 187.5 mm ; pn = 0.25 N/mm2
Dimensions of the conical bearing surface
• Let r1 and r2 = External and internal radii of the bearing surface respectively,
b = Width of the bearing surface in mm, and
T = Torque transmitted.
We know that power transmitted (P),
90 × 103 = T.w = T × 156
\ T = 90 × 103/156 = 577 N-m = 577 × 103 N-mm
torque transmitted (T),

577 × 103 = 2 p m pn.R2.b = 2p × 0.2 × 0.25 (187.5)2 b = 11 046 b

\ b = 577 × 103/11 046 = 52.2 mm

We know that r1 + r2 = 2R = 2 × 187.5 = 375 mm ...(i)

and r1 – r2 = b sin  = 52.2 sin 20º = 18 mm ...(ii)

From equations (i) & (ii)

r1 = 196.5 mm, and r2 = 178.5 mm
Axial load required
Since in case of friction clutch, uniform wear is considered and the intensity of pressure is maximum at
the minimum contact surface radius (r2), therefore
p .r = C (a constant) or C = 0.25 × 178.5 = 44.6 N/mm
n 2

We know that the axial load required,

• W = 2pC (r – r ) = 2p × 44.6 (196.5 – 178.5) = 5045 N
1 2
 PROBLEM:10 An engine developing 45 kw at 1000 r.p.m. is fitted with a cone clutch built inside the
flywheel. The cone has a face angle of 12.50 and a maximum mean diameter of 500 mm. The coefficient of
friction is 0.2. The normal pressure on the clutch face is not to exceed 0.1 N/mm2. Determine : 1. The axial
spring force necessary to engage to clutch, and 2. The face width required.
Given : P = 45 KW = 45 × 103 W ; N = 1000 r.p.m. (or) = 2p × 1000/60 = 104.7 rad/s ;  = 12.5º ; D = 500 mm or r = 250
mm = 0.25 M ; M = 0.2 ; P = 0.1 N/mm2
n

Axial spring force necessary to engage the clutch

let us find the torque (T ) developed by the clutch and the normal load (Wn) acting on the friction surface.
• We know that power developed by the clutch (P),
45 × 103 = T.w = Tw × 104.7 or T = 45 × 103/104.7 = 430 N-m
We also know that the torque developed by the clutch (T),
430 = m.Wn.R = 0.2 × Wn × 0.25 = 0.05 Wn
\ Wn = 430/0.05 = 8600 N
and axial spring force necessary to engage the clutch,
We = Wn (sin  + m cos )
= 8600 (sin 12.5º + 0.2 cos 12.5º) = 3540 N
Face width required
Let b = Face width required.

We know that normal load acting on the friction surface (Wn),

8600 = pn × 2 p R.b = 0.1 × 2p × 250 × b = 157 b

\ b = 8600/157 = 54.7 mm
 PROBLEM-11A leather faced conical clutch has a cone angle of 30º. if the intensity of pressure between the contact surfaces
is limited to 0.35 N/mm2 and the breadth of the conical surface is not to exceed one-third of the mean radius, find the dimensions of
the contact surfaces to transmit22.5 kw at 2000 r.p.m. assume uniform rate of wear and take coefficient of friction as 0.15.
• Given : 2  = 30º or  = 15º ; pn = 0.35 N/mm2; b = R/3 ; P = 22.5 kW = 22.5 × 103 W ; N = 2000 r.p.m. or w = 2 p ×
2000/60 = 209.5 rad/s ; m = 0.15

We know that power transmitted (P), 22.5 × 103 = T.w = T × 209.5

\ T = 22.5 × 103/209.5 = 107.4 N-m = 107.4 × 103 N-mm

We also know that torque transmitted (T ),

107.4 × 103 = 2p m pn.R2. b = 2p × 0.15 × 0.35 × R2 × R/3 = 0.11 R3

\ R3 = 107.4 × 103/0.11 = 976.4 × 103 or R = 99 mm

Schematic of Centrifugal Clutch
m = Mass of each shoe,
n = Number of shoes,
r = Distance of center of gravity of the
shoe from the center of the spider,
R = Inside radius of the pulley rim,
N = Running speed of the pulley in
r.p.m.,
w = Angular running speed of the
pulley in rad/s = 2pN/60 rad/s,
w = Angular speed at which the
1

engagement begins to take place, and

m = Coefficient of friction between the
shoe and rim.
We know that the centrifugal force acting on each shoe at the running speed,

Pc = m.w2.r
and the inward force on each shoe exerted by the spring at the speed at which engagement begins to take place,

Ps = m (w1)2 r
\ The net outward radial force (i.e. centrifugal force) with which the shoe presses against the rim at the
running speed
= Pc – Ps
and the frictional force acting tangentially on each shoe,

F = m (Pc – Ps)
\ Frictional torque acting on each shoe,
= F × R = m (Pc – Ps) R
and total frictional torque transmitted,
T = m (Pc – Ps) R × n = n.F.R
PROBLEM 11: A centrifugal clutch has four shoes which slide radially in a spider keyed to the driving shaft and make
contact with the internal cylindrical surface of a rim keyed to the driven shaft. when the clutch is at rest, each shoe
is pulled against a stop by a spring so as to leave a radial clearance of 5 mm between the shoe and the rim. the pull
exerted by the spring is then 500 N. the mass centre of the shoe is 160 mm from the axis of the clutch.
If the internal diameter of the rim is 400 mm, the mass of each shoe is 8 kg, the stiffness of each spring is 50 N/mm
and the coefficient of friction between the shoe and the rim is 0.3 ; find the power transmitted by the clutch at 500
r.p.m.
Given : n = 4 ; c = 5 mm ; S = 500 N ; r = 160 mm ; D = 400 mm or R = 200 mm= 0.2 m ; m = 8 kg ;
s = 50 N/mm ; m = 0.3 ; N = 500 r.p.m. or w = 2 p × 500/60 = 52.37 rad/s

We know that the operating radius,

r1 = r + c = 160 + 5 = 165 mm = 0.165 m
Centrifugal force on each shoe,
Pc = m.w2.r1 = 8 (52.37)2 × 0.165 = 3620 N
and the inward force exerted by the spring,
P = S + c.s = 500 + 5 × 50 = 750 N
Frictional force acting tangentially on each shoe,

F = m (Pc – Ps) = 0.3 (3620 – 750) = 861 N

• We know that total frictional torque transmitted by the clutch,

T = n.F.R = 4 × 861 × 0.2 = 688.8 N-m

\ Power transmitted,
P = T.w = 688.8 × 52.37 = 36 100 W = 36.1 kW
• A single dry plate clutch transmits 7.5 kW at 900 r.p.m.The axial pressure is limited to 0.07 N/mm2. If the
coefficient of friction is 0.25, find 1. Mean radius and face width of the friction lining assuming the ratio of the mean
radius to the face width as 4, and 2. Outer and inner radii of the clutch plate.

A plate clutch has three discs on the driving shaft and two discs on the driven shaft, providing four pairs of contact
surfaces. The outside diameter of the contact surfaces is 240 mm and inside diameter 120 mm. Assuming uniform
pressure and m = 0.3; find the total spring load pressing the plates together to transmit 25 kW at 1575 r.p.m.If there
are 6 springs each of stiffness 13 kN/m and each of the contact surfaces has worn away by 1.25 mm, find the
maximum power that can be transmitted, assuming uniform wear
• A cone clutch is to transmit 7.5 kW at 900 r.p.m. The cone has a face angle of 12º. The width of the face is half of the mean
radius and the normal pressure between the contact faces is not to exceed 0.09 N/mm2. Assuming uniform wear and the
coefficient of friction between contact faces as 0.2, find the main dimensions of the clutch and the axial force required to engage
the clutch
 BRAKES
• A brake is defined as a mechanical device which is used to absorb the energy possessed by a moving system or
mechanism by the friction.
• The primary purpose of the brake is to slow down or completely stop the motion of moving system such as
rotating drum, machine or vehicle. It is also used to hold the parts of the system in position at rest.
• An automobile brake is used either to reduce the speed of the car or bring it to rest. It also used to keep the car
stationary on the downhill road.
• The energy absorbed by the brake can be either kinetic or potential or both. In automobile application, the brake
absorbs kinetic energy of moving vehicle.
• In hoists and elevators, the brake absorbs the potential energy released by the object during the braking period.
The energy absorbs by the brake converts into heat energy and dissipated to surrounding. Heat dissipation is a
serious problem in brake application
 CLASSIFICATION OF BRAKES
Brakes are classified into the following three groups
• (a)Mechanical brakes which is operated by mechanical means such as levers,
springs and pedals. Depending upon the shape of the friction material, the
mechanical brakes are classified as Block brakes, Band Brakes, Block and Band
Brake and internal or external shoes brakes.
• (b)Hydraulic brakes and pneumatic brakes which are operated by fluid pressure
such as oil pressure or air pressure.
• (c)Electrical brakes which are operated by magnetic force and which include
magnetic particle brakes, hysteresis brakes and eddy current brakes.
 BRAKE CAPACITY DEPENDS UPON THE FOLLOWING FACTOR.
(i) The unit pressure between the braking surface.

(ii) The contacting area of braking surface.

(iii) The radius of the brake drum

(iv) The coefficient of friction between the braking surface

(v)The ability of the brakes to dissipate heat that is equivalent to the energy
being absorbed.
 ENERGY EQUATIONS
• The first step in the design of a mechanical brake is to determine the braking-torque capacity for the given
application. The braking-torque depends upon the amount of energy absorbed by the brake. When a mechanical
system of mass m moving with a velocity v1 is slowed down to the velocity v2 during the period of braking, the
kinetic energy absorbed by the brake is given by
1
KE  m(v12  v22 ) -----------------------------------------------(1)
2
Where, KE = kinetic energy absorbed by the brake (J)
m = mass of the system (kg)
v1 and v2 = initial and final velocities of the system (m/s)

Similarly, the kinetic energy of the rotating body is given by

1
KE  I (w12  w22 ) -----------------------------------------------(2)
2
1
KE  mk 2 (w12  w22 ) -----------------------------------------------(3)
2
• where, I =mass moment of inertia of the rotating body kg-m2)
• k = radius of gyration of the body (m)
• ω1, ω2 = initial and final angular velocities of the body (rad/s)
• In certain applications like hoists, the brake absorbs the potential energy released by the moving weight during the
braking period. When a body of mass m falls through a distance h, the potential energy absorbed by the brake during the
braking period is given by

PE =m g h ------------------------------------------------------ (iv)
where, g =gravitational constant (9.81 m/s2)
Depending upon the type of application, the total energy absorbed by the brake is determined by adding the respective
quantities of Eqs (i) to (iv). This energy is equated to the work done by the brake.
Therefore, E = Tb θ
where, E = total energy absorbed by the brake (J)
Tb = braking torque (N-m)
θ = angle through which the brake drum rotates during the braking period (rad).
 BLOCK OR SHOE BRAKE:
• A block or shoe brake consists of a block or shoe which is pressed against a rotating drum.The force on the drum
is increased by using a lever [Fig.(a)]. If only one block is used for the purpose, a side thrust on the bearing of the
shaft supporting the drum will act. This can be prevented by using two blocks on the two sides of the drum
[Fig(b)].This also doubles the braking torque.
• A material softer than that of the drum or the rim of the wheel is used to make the blocks so that these can be
replaced easily on wearing.Wood and rubber are used for light and slow vehicles and cast steel for heavy and fast
ones.
• Assuming that normal reaction Rn and frictional force Ff act at the mid point of the block.

• Breaking Torque  Frictional force ´Radius

TB mRn r

• The direction of the frictional force on the drum is to be opposite to that of its rotation while on the block it is in
the same direction.Taking moments about the pivot O [Fig. (a)],
F a  Rn b  mRn  c  0
F .a
Rn 
b  mc

b  mc
F  Rn .      (1)
a

• When b  mc , F = 0 which implies that the force needed to apply the brake is virtually zero, or that once contact is
made between the block and the drum, the brake is applied itself. Such a brake is known as a self – locking brake.

• As the moment of the force F about O is in the same direction as that of the applied force F, Ff aids in applying the
brake. Such a brake is known as a self – energized brake.
• If the rotation of the drum is reversed, i.e., it is made clockwise,
F  Rn [ b  mc  / a]
which shows that the required force F will be far greater than what it would be when the drum rotates counter – clockwise

If the pivot lies on the line of action of Ef , i.e., at O’, c = 0 and

which is valid for clockwise as well as for counter – clockwise rotation.

• If c is made negative, i.e., if the pivot is at O’’,

b  mc
F  Rn . for counter – clockwise rotation
a
b  mc
F  Rn . for clockwise rotation
a
• In case the pivot is provided on the same side of the applied force and the block as shown in Fig. (c), the
equilibrium condition can be considered accordingly.
• In the above treatment, it is assumed that the normal reaction and the frictional force act at the mid – point of the
block. However, this is true only for small angles of contact.When the angles of contact is more than 40°, the
normal pressure is less at the ends than at the centre. In that case, µ has to be replaced by an equivalent coefficient
of friction µ’ given by
PROBLEM 1: A single block brake is shown in fig.The diameter of the drum is 250 mm and the angle of contact is
90°. If the operating force of 700 N is applied at the end of a lever and the coefficient of friction between the drum
and the lining is 0.35, Determine the torque that may be transmitted by the block brake.
Given : D = 250 mm or r = 125 mm , 2q = 90° = p /2 rad, P = 700 N , µ = 0.35
• Since the angle of contact is greater than 60°, therefore equivalent coefficient of friction