S1 

Winter Session ‐ Chapter 6 Manipulations of Polynomials
Exercise 6.1
Level 1
Simplify each of the following expressions and use index notation to represent the answer. (1 – 18)
1. a4 a4 2. 3a2 4a

3. b6 b3 4. 8b8 ( 2b3)

5. (c2)6 6. 3(c3)3

7. ( 2k)4 8. (3k2)2

9. (m2)2(m3)3 10. ( mn3)2(3n)4

3 3
a2 a
11. 12.
b b3

2 2
y2 x3
13. (2 x)3 14. ( xy )3
2x y2

15. ( 2)3 22 25 16. [( 5)3]2

17. ( 3)6 ( 3)4 18. ( 6)7 ( 2)7

Level 2
Simplify each of the following expressions. (19 – 40)
19. 5a3b2 ( 4a2b2) 20. a2 a3 ( 2a4)

21. 2m4 ( 3m3) ( 4m2) 22. 3m2 (4m3n2) ( mn3)

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 48a 2b3
23. 24. –22ab4 (–11a3b2)
8a 2b

7u 5 17 w3 3w2 6 w5
25. 26.
21u 7 u 2 51w 2 w4 3w6

6 x3 y 2 xy 2
27. 28. 20x2y3 (5x3 y4x)
3x 2 y 4

( a 3 )3
29. (b2)3 (b3)3 (b4)2 30.
a5 a7

31. [ 2x2 ( y3)]3 32. (2x2y3)3 (xy2)3

2 2
3a 2 ( 2a ) 2 3a
33. ( 2ab)3 34.
2b3 (3b)3 2b3

2 2
5 p2 3q 5 (4a 3 9b3 ) 2 a 2
35. 36.
2q 7 2 p7 (2a 2 3b 2 )3 3b

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 2 2
5 x 2 2 x3 ( x3 y)2
37. 38.
3 y 2 ( 2 y)2 ( x 2 y)4

2 3 2
2 p2 6 pq 3 4a 2 3b3 2(ab3 )3
39. 40.
3q 3 12q 4 5a 3 6b 2 5a 5b6

Simplify each of the following expressions, where n is a positive integer. (41 – 44)

41. (36n 62n)3 42. (1252n 25n)2

27 812 n 4 n 8n 2
43. 44.
3 93 n 2 n 32 n 2

45. If yn = 4, where n is a positive integer, find y3n.

46. If xm = 9 and xn = 81, where m and n are positive integers, find

(a) xm + n,
(b) xm – n.

SMART CORNER
Open‐nd 
am an
47. It is given that p
a 5 , where m, n and p are distinct positive integers. Write down a set of
a
possible values of m, n and p.
Answers: 
Q1  a8  Q2  12a3    Q3  b3    Q4  4b5    Q5  c12  Q6  3c9  Q7  16k4  Q8  9k4  Q9  m13   
6 3 9
a a x
Q10 81m2n10  Q11   Q12     Q13  2xy4    Q14     Q15  210  Q16  56  Q17  32  Q18  37 
b3 b9 y
2b2 1 1 4x2
Q19   20a5b4  Q20  2a9  Q21  24m9      Q22  12m6n5  Q23  6b2  Q24  a2   Q25  3u4  Q26  w Q27  y
4 1 18a7 a4 225
Q28   x2y    Q29  b23  Q30  3
    Q31  8x6y9    Q32  8x9y15 Q33  b3  Q34  3b9  Q35  16p10q4   
a
2a2 25x10 1 32p 2
Q36   b     Q37  36y8  Q38  x4y4    Q39  9q3     Q40  5b Q41  612n Q42  516n Q43  32n + 2
1 1
Q44  2n + 4    Q45  64  Q46  (a)  729  (b)  9 Q47  m = 6, n = 2, p = 3 (or other reasonable answers)

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Exercise 6.2
 
Level 1
1. Determine whether each of the following algebraic expressions is a monomial.

(a) 2x (b) 1
1
(c) 3x2y3 (d)
y

y 1 3x 2 y
(e) (f)
3 4

2. Determine whether each of the following algebraic expressions is a polynomial.

1 1
(a) x2 – 2x + 1 (b)
x y
y2 3
(c) –1 (d)
2x
1 3 y3 4 y2 x y 1
(e) x2 2x 3 (f)
x 2 3 4 5

Write down the coefficient and the degree of each of the following monomials. (3 6)

3. 4b2c 4. 5xy3
2a 4
5. 6. –x2y4
3

Complete the tables below and fill in the blanks. (7 8)

7. Consider the polynomial x3 + 8x2 5x 12.

Term x3 8x2 5x 12
Coefficient

Degree

The degree of the polynomial is ______.

8. Consider the polynomial 5a4 4a3b + 3a2b2 7ab3 b4 + 21.

Term 5a4 4a3b 3a2b2 7ab3 b4 21

Coefficient

Degree

The degree of the polynomial is ______.

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For each of the following polynomials, write down the degree of the polynomial, its number of terms and its
constant term. (9 12)

9. 3x4 2x + 3
10. 2 + xy3 7x2 + 8y
11. a2b2 + 2ab3 + 7 3a3b3 b4

12. x4yz2 7x2y + 8x2y2 2yz3 z4

Arrange the terms of each of the following polynomials in ascending powers of x. (13 15)
13. x3 + 3x 1 + 2x2
14. 4x + 6 5x3 + 2x4 3x2 + x5
15. 3x2 8 + 2x + 6x5 5x4

Arrange the terms of each of the following polynomials in descending powers of y. (16 18)
16. 7 + 6y 2y3 + 3y2
17. y2 + 3y 8y3 + 11y4 + 12
18. 18y5 + 2y3 + 2y + 7 5y2 + 9y4

19. Find the value of the polynomial y2 4y + 1 when

(a) y = 2,
(b) y = 1.

20. Find the value of the polynomial x3 7x2 + 13x 2 when

(a) x = 1,
(b) x = 2.

Level 2
21. Consider the polynomial x2y3 4xy2 + 3y x3.
(a) Arrange the terms of the polynomial in descending powers of x.
(b) Arrange the terms of the polynomial in ascending powers of y.
(c) Write down the term with the highest degree.

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22. Consider the polynomial 6xy4 + 3x3y3 + 8 x4y2 4x2y.
(a) Arrange the terms of the polynomial in descending powers of x.
(b) Arrange the terms of the polynomial in ascending powers of y.
(c) Write down the degree of the polynomial.

23. Consider the polynomial a5b5 + 3a2b4 + 6ab3 + 4a4b + 8a3b2 + 2.

(a) Arrange the terms of the polynomial in ascending powers of a.
(b) Arrange the terms of the polynomial in descending powers of b.
(c) Write down the coefficient of the term a5b5.

24. Find the value of the polynomial 3xy + 5x2y – 6y when

(a) x = 1 and y = 1,
(b) x = 2 and y = 1.

1 2
25. Find the value of the polynomial 2x2y + xy + 1 when
3
(a) x = 3 and y = 1,
(b) x = 1 and y = 6.

26. Consider the polynomial 18xy5 + 2x2y3 + 3x3y2 5xy + 9y4 6.

(a) Arrange the terms of the polynomial in descending powers of y.
(b) Write down the degree of the polynomial.
(c) Find the value of the polynomial when
(i) x = 0 and y = 2,
(ii) x = 1 and y = 1.

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27. Consider the polynomial x2 2x4 4x6 3.
(a) Arrange the terms of the polynomial in ascending powers of x.
(b) Find the value of the polynomial when
(i) x = 1,
(ii) x = 1.
(c) Could the value of the polynomial be a positive number? Explain your answer.

28. Write a polynomial in two variables x and y which satisfies all the following conditions.
(i) The polynomial has at least 5 terms.
(ii) The polynomial has a negative constant term.
(iii) The degree of the polynomial is 5.

SMART CORNER
29. In the figure, ABCD is a quadrilateral. (x3 + 3) cm  D 
(a) Find the lengths of AB, BC, CD and DA when x = 2. A 
(b) When x = 2, what kind of quadrilateral is ABCD?
(15 2x) cm  (4x2 5) cm
Explain your answer.

B 
(6x 1) cm 
C 

 
Answers:
Q1  (a)  no  (b)  yes  (c)  yes  (d)  no  (e)  no  (f)  yes   
Q2  (a)  yes  (b)  no  (c)  yes  (d)  no  (e)  no  (f)  yes  2
Q3  coefficient: 4, degree: 3    Q4  coefficient: 5, degree: 4  Q5  coefficient: 3, degree: 4 
Q6   coefficient: 1, degree: 6  Q7  3  Q8  4    Q9  degree = 4, number of terms = 3, constant term = 3 
Q10 degree = 4, number of terms = 4, constant term = 2    Q11  degree = 6, number of terms = 5, constant term = 7 
Q12 degree = 7, number of terms = 5, constant term = 0    Q13  1 + 3x + 2x2 + x3  Q14  6 4x 3x2 5x3 + 2x4 + x5
Q15  8 + 2x + 3x2 5x4 + 6x5  Q16  2y3 + 3y2 + 6y – 7 Q17  11y4 8y3 + y2 + 3y + 12 
Q18  18y5 + 9y4 + 2y3 5y2 + 2y + 7 Q19  (a)  3  (b)  6  Q20  (a)  3  (b)  48 
Q21  (a) x3 – x2y3 4xy2 + 3y  (b)  x3 + 3y – 4xy2 – x2y3  (c)  x2y3 
Q22  (a)  x4y2 + 3x3y3 4x2y + 6xy4 + 8  (b)  8 4x2y x4y2 + 3x3y3 + 6xy4   (c)  6 
Q23  (a)  2 + 6ab3 + 3a2b4 + 8a3b2 + 4a4b + a5b5  (b)    a5b5 + 3a2b4 + 6ab3 + 8a3b2 + 4a4b + 2  (c)  1 
Q24  (a)  –4 (b)  –8 Q25  (a)  18 (b)  1
Q26  (a)  18xy5 + 9y4 + 2x2y3 + 3x3y2 5xy 6  (b)    6  (c) (i) 138    (ii)  11 
Q27  (a)  3 x2 2x4 4x6  (b) (i) 10  (ii) 10  Q28  Accept any reasonable answers. 
Q29    (a)  AB = BC = CD = DA = 11 cm  (b)  ABCD is a square or rhombus. Because the 4 sides of a square or a
rhombus are equal in length. (or other reasonable answers) 

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Exercise 6.3
 
 
Level 1
1. In each of the following pairs of terms, determine whether they are like terms or unlike terms.
3xy
(a) 2a2b, ab2 (b) 5xy,
4
y
(c) , 0.8y (d) 4p2q3, 6q3p2
2

Simplify each of the following expressions. (2 15)

2. 4a 3 a 3. y2 y + 5y

4. 2a 5 + 3a + 1 5. 5x + 2x2 + 3x – 4x2

6. 2ab 3ab + 2ba a2b 7. xy + 3xz + 2xy 5xz

8. (2a 5) + (4 5a) 9. (3x + 2) + (x 6)

10. ( 3b + 1) (2b 2) 11. (4y 9) ( y + 1)

12. (4a2 3b) (5b + 6a2) 13. (7x 5x2) (3x2 2x)

14. (1 2a2 + b) (2a2 + b) 15. (2x2 8x + 9) + ( 3x 5)

Complete each of the following calculations. (16 19)

16. a 9 17. 5y + 2
+) 2a + 3 ) 3y 3

18. x2 + 2x + 1 19. 2b2 3b + 2

+) 3x2 2x + 1 ) b2 + 2b 4

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Level 2
Simplify each of the following expressions. (20 40)
20. 4a 5ab + 7 2ab 6a – 4 21. 8x2 + 3x + 2x2 5x + 7 x2

22. a2 + 2a 2 + 3a + 4 + 3a2 23. 4x2y 5xy + 2xy2 2yx2 + 2xy y2x

24. ( 2a2 + 3a 2) + ( 5a2 7a 2) 25. (12y2 + 8y 1) + (7y2 13y + 4)

26. ( 8b2 6b 2) ( 4b2 4b 3) 27. (4x2 + 6x 5) (3x2 + 4x 8)

28. ( 5 + 2b2 + 2b) + ( 3b + 2 b2) 29. (11y2 + 4y 6) ( 2 4y2 + 6y)

30. ( 3a3 + 12a + 2) (7a3 + 4a 5 – 6a2) 31. (x3 + 2x2 6) + ( 3x2 + 5x + 4 + x3)

32. ( x2 + 3x 2) + (2x2 2x + 1) + (3x2 3x + 4)

33. ( 5a + a3 6) + ( a2 + a3 + 2 + 3a) + (2a2 + 1 a)

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34. (15y2 + 8y 1) + (6y2 11y + 4) (2y2 6y + 1)

35. ( 7b + 23b2 8) ( 3b2 13b 2) + (6b + 6 10b2)

36. ( 16x2 8) ( x2 12x + 2) (5x 3x2 + 7)

37. ( 3 + 2a) (a 2 + 2 3a) ( 4a + 3a2 4)

38. (8x3 – 6x + 5) – [(x3 + 5x – 4) – (2x3 + 1)]

39. (5 + 5y3 – 2y2) – [(–7y2 + 6 + 4y3) – (3y + 2)]

40. (–3x2 + x) – [(6 – 4x2 + 2x – 5x3) + (–7x + x3 – 3)]

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Simplify each of the following expressions in vertical form. (41 44)
41. (6x + 5 – 4x2) + (7x3 3x 8 + x2)

42. ( 1 + 3x2 + 5x3) ( 5x + 4x2 6 + 2x3)

43. (1 + 2y2 y) + ( 4 + 3y) ( 2y y2 + 3)

44. ( 3x3 2x + 2x2) (1 x3 + 4x) ( 3 + x3 3x)

45. (a) Simplify (a2 2b + c2) (c2 2a + b2) + (b2 2c + a2).

(b) Hence, find the value of the expression in (a) when a = 2, b = 3 and c = 4.

46. (a) Simplify (2x2 3xy + y2) [(x2 2xy) (2x2 + 4xy 3y2)].
(b) Hence, find the value of the expression in (a) when x = 1 and y = 2.
 
 
 
 
Answers:
Q1  (a)  unlike terms  (b)  like terms  (c)  like terms  (d)  like terms  Q2  3a 3 Q3  y2 + 4y
2 2
Q4  5a 4 Q5  2x 2x Q6  a b + a Q7  xy – 2xz  Q8  3a 1  Q9  4x 4  Q10  5b + 3
Q11 5y 10  Q12  –2a2 – 8b  Q13  8x2 + 9x  Q14  4a2 + 1  Q15  2x2 11x + 4 Q16  3a 6   Q17  2 y 5  
Q18  2 x 2 2   Q19  3b 2 5b 6   Q20  –2a – 7ab + 3    Q21  7x2 2x + 7 Q22  2a2 + 5a + 2
Q23 2x2y + xy2 3xy Q24  7a2 4a 4  Q25  19y2 5y + 3  Q26  4b2 2b + 1  Q27  x2 + 2x + 3
Q28 b2 b 3  Q29  15y2 2y 4 Q30  10a3 + 6a2 + 8a + 7 Q31  2x3 x2 + 5x 2 Q32  4x2 2x + 3
Q33  2a3 + a2 3a 3 Q34  19y2 + 3y + 2 Q35  16b2 + 12b Q36  12x2 + 7x 17 Q37  4a2 + 9a 1
Q38  9x3 11x + 10 Q39  y3 + 5y2 + 3y + 1 Q40  4x3 + x2 + 6x – 3 Q41  7 x3 3 x 2 3 x 3
Q42  3x 3 x 2 5 x 5   Q43  3 y 2 4 y 6   Q44  x 3 2 x 2 3 x 2   Q45  (a)  2a2 + 2a 2b 2c  (b)  2
Q46  (a)  3x2 + 3xy 2y2  (b)  1 

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Exercise 6.4
Level 1
Expand each of the following expressions. (1 18)
1. 2(x + 2) 2. 3(2y 1)

3. (a 4)a 4. (3 + b)( 2b)

5. 5(2a b + 1) 6. (3a2 2a + b)( 4)

7. x(4x2 6x + 5) 8. (7y + 8y2 2)( y)

9. (a 1)(a + 1) 10. (2 + x)(x – 4)

11. (b + 2)2 12. (3 y)2

13. (6b 1)2 14. (5x 3)(x 1)

15. (2a + 1)(3a + 2) 16. (4 – 7x)(3x + 2)

17. (4a – 5)(–6a – 1) 18. ( y + 1)( 5y + 2)

Complete each of the following calculations. (19 20)

19. 3x 1 20. 2y + 3
) 2x 4 ) 5y 7

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Expand each of the following expressions by long multiplication. (21 24)
21. (a + 5)(a 3) 22. (5b – 1)(b + 6)

23. (2x 3)(3x 2) 24. (4y + 3)2

Level 2
Expand and simplify the following expressions. (25 48)
25. 3x2(2x2 + 1) 26. y3(5y y2)

27. 2a[(a 4)(3a) 6a2] 28. [5y – 2y(3 4y)]( y)

29. (x 2)(x + 2) 2x(x + 1) 30. (y + 1)2 + (y 1)2

31. (x + 1)(x2 2) 32. (6y2 + 5)(2 y2)

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33. (8x – 3y)2 34. ( 2y + 9x)2

35. (x + 2y)(2x + y) 36. ( 2x 3y)(5x + 2y)

37. (7x – 5y)(–y + 3x) 38. ( 3y + 4x)(8x – y)

39. (1 3a)(a2 + a + 2) 40. ( 2 b)(b2 + 2b + 3)

41. (3a + 2)(2a2 a + 1) 42. ( b2 3b + 4)( 2b 1)

43. (x 1)(2x + 1)(x + 2) 44. (2y 3)(y + 1)( 2y + 5)

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45. [(a 1)2 + 2a]2 46. (2b 1)2(b 5)

47. (3x 1)(2x2 x 1) (2x2 1)(3x 2) 48. (2y + 3)(y 4)2 (4y 1)(3y + 1)y

Expand each of the following expressions by long multiplication. (49 52)

49. (3a + 2)(2a2 + a 2) 50. (5a – 7)( 4 a2)

51. (2 x3)(–3x + 2) 52. (1 + x2 x)(1 + x + x2)

53. (a) Expand (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3).

(b) Using the result in (a), simplify (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) (x3 + 5x + 6).
(c) Hence, find the value of the expression in (b) when x = 4.

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SMART CORNER
54. (a) Expand y(2y + 1)( y + 1)(3 2y) and arrange the result in ascending powers of y.
(b) Using the result in (a), expand 2x(1 4x)(2x + 1)(3 + 4x) and arrange the result in descending
powers of x. x cm

55. (a) In the figure, express the area of the shaded 2x cm

region in terms of x.
(5x – 2) cm
(b) Find the area of the shaded region when x = 2.

(3x + 4) cm

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Answers: 
Q1  2x + 4  Q2  6y + 3  Q3  a2 4a  Q4  2b2 6b  Q5  10a 5b + 5  Q6  12a2 + 8a 4b 
Q7  4x3 6x2 + 5x  Q8  8y3 7y2 + 2y  Q9  a2 1    Q10  x2 2x – 8    Q11  b2 + 4b + 4     
Q12  y2 6y + 9 Q13  36b2 12b + 1  Q14  5x2 8x + 3  Q15  6a2 + 7a + 2  Q16  21x2 2x + 8 
2 2
Q17  24a2 + 26a + 5  Q18  5y2 7y + 2 14 x 4   Q20  10 y 29 y 21   Q21  a 2
Q19  6 x 2a 15  
Q22  5b 2
29b 6   Q23  6 x 2
13 x 6   Q24  16 y 2 24 y 9 Q25  6x4 + 3x2    Q26  y5 5y4 
3
Q27  6a 24a2  Q28  8y3 + y2    Q29  x2 2x 4  Q30  2y2 + 2    Q31  x3 + x2 2x 2
Q32  6y4 + 7y2 + 10  Q33  64x2 – 48xy + 9y2 Q34  81x2 36xy + 4y2 Q35  2x2 + 5xy + 2y2  Q36  10x2 19xy 6y2 
Q37  21x2 – 22xy + 5y2   Q38  32x2 28xy + 3y2   Q39  3a3 2a2 5a + 2  Q40  b3 4b2 7b 6 
Q41  6a3 + a2 + a + 2    Q42  2b3 + 7b2 5b 4  Q43  2x3 + 3x2 3x 2   Q44  4y3 + 12y2 + y 15 
Q45  a4 + 2a2 + 1    Q46  4b3 – 24b2 + 21b – 5  Q47  x2 + x 1      Q48  10y3 14y2 + 9y + 48   
3 2 3 2 4 3
Q49  6a 7a 4a 4   Q50  5a 7a 20a 28   Q51  3x 2x 6 x 4   Q52  x 4 x2 1 
Q53  (a)  x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6   (b)  6x2 + 6x  (c)  72 
2 3 4 4 3
Q54  (a)  3y y + 8y 4y   (b)  64x 64x 4x2 + 6x 
Q55  (a)  (13x2 + 14x – 8) cm2  (b)  72 cm2 
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