WELCOME

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2020 GRID OF THE FUTURE WEBINAR SERIES

The emerging need for improved power quality

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About the presenters
View full presenter bio in the presenter tab

Gary Rackliffe Robert Lowe

Vice President, Market Development and Innovation Business Development Manager, High Voltage Products
ABB Power Grids North America ABB Power Grids North America
Gary.Rackliffe@us.abb.com Robert.Lowe@us.abb.com

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1 Why Power Quality?

2 Renewable applications

3 Utility applications

4 Q&A
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Why Power Quality

What is the cost of a blackout?

$1 billion For one hour

We take our electricity for granted

until the unexpected happens:

- Blackout - Generation loss - Reverse power flow

- Congestion - Harmonics - Sensitive loads
- Contingencies - Overvoltage - Voltage collapse
- Flicker - Power oscillation - Voltage unbalance
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Key challenges

Need to maximize up-time leads to very high

requirements for reliable, uninterrupted
power supply and availability of power
source due to the nature of the underlying
primary process as well as requires minimal
restoration time of unplanned outages

100

80

60
Cost ($m)
Downtime/year (h) 40

20

0
99.50% 99.90% 99.99%
Availability

Source: Joint CEER-EURELECTRIC Workshop on VQM, Brussels, 18 November 2009

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The changing power landscape
Many drivers – one common need

Generation Consumers
Increasing energy Increasing power
production consumption

Integration of New grids in

renewables emerging markets
Need for good
power quality
Distributed Faster and stronger
generation transportation systems

Transmission and Distribution

Aging Changing regulations Energy trading Reversible

infrastructure grid code compliance between regions power flow
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Future drivers and challenges
Power quality is under pressure from
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What is power quality?
The broader definition

Insuring the continuity of supply
Consumers can utilize electricity from the
supplying network efficiently, without
interference or interruption. Suppliers can
generate power consistently over a planned
life expectancy.
i.e. less number of interruptions/year
Enhancing the electrical parameters
The technical shape of voltage waveform
and all electrical parameters are according
to specifications and defined limits.
i.e. Pure sine-wave
Optimizing the commercial quality
The speed and accuracy of restoration when
interruptions occur.
i.e. Fast outage management response

Good power quality is a measure of the availability, quality, and efficiency of the electricity being supplied and utilized on a consistent
basis.
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Power Quality

Drivers Needs Solutions

• Increased trends of connected
Emerging Electricity Renewables
Markets/clients • Lot of PV connected to LV/MV
• Developing Grid Codes & regulations
• Energy Efficiency
• Reliability & availability of the supply
• Passive technologies
• Capacitors & filters
• Shunt & series reactors
• As the % of renewable increases, the
active technologies will pick up.

• Increased volume of connected DG
including Renewables
Mature Electricity
• Integration of EV chargers & heat pumps
Markets/clients
• Power Electronics interference loads
• Grid Codes, regulations and environment.
• Advanced automation applications • Active technologies (passed on Power
Electronics)
• Energy Efficiency
• Communication, monitoring &
• Reliability & availability of the supply
control solutions
• Reduction of CO2 emission

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Consequences of poor power quality

Wind power generation Railway

Not able to connect to the grid in case of over voltage or Non-compliance, penalties, frequent outages and
under voltage, or if harmonics are too high. downtime, reduced operational efficiency.

Marine Solar power generation

Non-compliance, not allowed to connect to grid, increased Not able to connect to the grid in case of over voltage
running costs, frequent outages and downtime. or under voltage or if harmonics are too high.

Conventional power generation Infrastructure

Higher stress on generators leading to premature Penalties, frequent outages and downtime, reduced
failure/erratic behavior, higher running costs. equipment life, potentially higher CO2 emissions.

Industry Residential and small commercial

Non-compliance to grid codes, not allowed to connect to Poor power factor and harmonics resulting in
grid, penalties, lower productivity, potentially higher CO2 inefficiency and high energy bills.
emissions.
Microgrid
Power distribution Power quality is an issue for any generation resource.
Not able to connect to the grid- in case of over voltage or
under voltage or if harmonics are too high.

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1 Why Power Quality?

2 Renewable applications

3 Utility applications

4 Q&A
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Market Overview

• Over the last 10 years on average 50%

of new generation that comes on line
comes from Renewables
• The boom and bust cycle was
previously tied to tax credits
• Going forward RPS standards will drive
a large percentage of growth.
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Renewables Growth Is Set to Continue

• In 2020 76% of new electric

generation will come from
renewables
• Over the next 5 years more than
57% of forecasted new generation
is from renewables
• This growth is coming from all over
the country

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What Does This Mean For the Grid
New non-traditional power producers have an ownership stake in power quality

• Bulk generation has traditional been

managed by regulated transmission
operators

• Renewables by nature of being variable

generating plants require the need to
contribute to system voltage and
reactive power regulation

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Reactive Power Regulation - Wind

Wind farms require a lot of space per turbine

This leads to long MV cable runs creating capacitive power issues
Reactors and Capacitors are cost efficient reliable solutions to maximize generating capacity

Slide 15
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Harmonic Regulation - Wind
Large wind farms can create harmonic resonance issues that need compensation to protect equipment
Advancements in converter
technology have led to low
harmonics at the turbine
Slide 16
Issues can arise when dozens or Solutions
hundreds of WTGs are connected at
the POI
1) Active Filter – LV
1) Best solution – dynamic and doesn’t
need kvar support
2) Detuned Capacitor Bank
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Reactive Power Regulation - Solar

• Inverters are inductive loads

• With large projects you need capacitors to inject

capacitive loads to meet distribution and
transmission PF requirements in the interconnect
agreements

• Impact studies at the time of project origination

will establish the reactive power requirements for a
solar (or wind farm).

Slide 17
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Harmonic Regulation - Solar
Large solar farms can create harmonic resonance issues that need compensation to protect equipment

• The filters on the inverters are remarkably

efficient and easily comply with IEEE 519, well
below 3%THD

• Inverters are tested at a product level, not a

project level.

• What happens if you have 40 inverters on site

tied together at the POI?

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Reactors

1) If you have a leading power factor – reactors are used

inject inductive power into the network to maintain
0.95pf
2) Inverters & Converters can be sensitive tor transience
caused by capacitor switching – In rush reactors can
protect the equipment
Solutions
• Inrush outrush reactors
• Detuned Reactors
• Shunt Reactors
• Neutral Grounding Reactors
• Fault Limiting Reactors
• Line Traps

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Power Quality Solutions

LV: HV:
• LV Capacitors • Modular cap banks (skid
• Harmonic Filters mounts)
• LV MECB • Open rack shunt banks
• LV Cap Banks • STATCOMs
• Dynamic Var Compensators • SVCs
• Fixed Compensation • Reactors

MV:
• Open rack shunt banks
• MECBs
• Modular cap banks
• Mobil cap banks
• VVMS
• Reactors
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Power Quality solutions

Low voltage products Medium voltage products High voltage products

• LV Capacitors • Open rack shunt banks • Modular cap banks (skid mounts)
• Harmonic Filters • MECBs • Open rack shunt banks
• LV MECB • Modular cap banks • STATCOMs
• LV Cap Banks • Mobil cap banks • SVCs
• Dynamic Var Compensators • VVMS • Reactors
• Fixed Compensation • Reactors
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1 Why Power Quality?

2 Renewable applications

3 Utility applications

4 Q&A
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What does this mean for the grid

• Bulk generation has traditional been

managed by regulated transmission
operators

• Renewables by nature of being variable

generating plants require the need to
contribute to system voltage and
reactive power regulation
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Advanced Distribution Management System
Modular distribution operations platform

ADMS
— — — — —
Outage Network Analytics Distribution DERMS
management applications SCADA
system

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Network Manager ADMS
Product Overview
OMS and Dist. Ops
Trouble call , AMI, outage
notifications
Outage prediction
Auto-creation and management
of ETRs
Crew management
Planned work
Switch Order Management
SCADA Communications
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ADMS Analytics
Common Graphical User Interface
Network Applications SCADA DERMS
Topology processing Data acquisition Active Network Management
Real-time State Estimation Alarming Volt/Var Optimization
Simulation Power Flow Trending DER Forecasting*
Load Transfer Switching Real-time calculations DER Registration*
Fault Location Integrated data engineering Grid-edge monitoring and
Restoration Switching Historian control*
FLISR
Volt/Var Optimization
Short Circuit Analysis
Feeder Reconfiguration
Common Data Model, Simulation and Training
Communications
External Adaptors & Data Exchange
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Operational Challenges with higher penetration PV
Legacy grid interconnection standards did not consider impact of significant DER penetration

• Significant load / generation imbalance per phase Regulator

• Back feed generation to the grid on light load days
• Equipment and network protection not designed for two
LTC Load G G
way flows
• Utility distribution planning network model limitations X
Feeders
• Faults drop out inverters covering “ghost load” Capacitor
G

• Increased short circuit interrupting capability required

• Voltage and power variations from clouds and sunset G G G
G

• Forecasting DER and regulatory policy is difficult

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APM – minimize outages outages caused by equipment failure
A fleet-wide analytics platform to improve performance through risk-based optimization

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Advanced performance models for electrical assets
Optimize, simulate, predict, and automate

• Embedded experience is key driver for

short time to value
• Proven models incorporate industry
standards (IEEE, IEC, Cigre) and
operational customer experience
• Models are available for all your key
network assets
• Models include configuration options to
adapt to local circumstances

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Influence on Power Grid
Heavy Industry Loads

Heavy Industries often purchase power from Transmission

Companies at 138, 230 kV or even higher at 345 kV
Heavy Industry load comprises combination of:
• Rolling mills often driven by Thyristor-control DC Drives/ AC Drives
• Electric Arc furnaces needing large & fast varying reactive power (pf is 0.7
lag), & feeds many disturbances
• Induction motor starts can use 6 to 8 times current than normal
operation
• In process industries there is a reactive base load consisting of large AC
motors (pumps, etc..)

Supply agreements could be different -depending on loads, and

also depends on other existing consumers on same grid
• Flicker limits (Voltagefluctuations)
• Unbalance limits
• HarmonicLimits
• Max take-off active & reactive power. (e.g. pf of 0.9 lag implies MVAR
consumed ≈50 % of MW)

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Electric Arc furnace—why is an SVC needed
Full dynamic compensation

Secondary voltage without compensation Secondary voltage with filter compensation Secondary voltage with SVC

1.05 1.05 1.05

1 1
1

Usek (pu)
Usek (pu)
0.95
Usek (pu)

0.95 0.95

0.9 0.9 0.9

0.85 0.85 0.85

0.8 0.8
0.8
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Time (ms) Time (ms) Time (ms)

low mean voltage and large higher mean voltage and large mean voltage close to nominal and
voltage fluctuations voltage fluctuations significantly reduced voltage fluctuations

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Impact of renewable generation on transmission system reliability
Volatile Power Supply
Wind and PV are highly variable,
is there enough of controllable
power available and is there
economic incentive to keep a
portion of conventional
generation?
Transmission capacity?
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Declining System Inertia Frequency Quality Declining Fault Level
Insufficient inertia can lead to In a lot of systems the trend is Short circuit ratio, selectivity ?
rapid frequency drop causing already somewhat
load shedding. worrying……. addressed by adding rotating
Phasing out of synchronous mass (synchronous
generation leads to declining condensers)….
inertia.
Can be addressed by imposing
curtailment of generation and
power import…
or by adding other means of
rotating mass (synchronous
condensers)….
or maybe synthetic inertia ?
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Transmission – series capacitors

Series Capacitors
• More renewable power is being transmitted through
existing lines
• Series capacitors reduce line impedance, leading to
angular & voltage stability, and increased power flow
• Technology to reduce transient recovery voltage

Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)

• Elimination of sub synchronous resonance risks
• Damping of power oscillations

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The future power system

Solutions - SVC & SVC Light® (STATCOM)

• Dynamic controllable reactive power sources enhance the
transmission grid in a more robust, flexible, and predictable way.
They control reactive power injection or absorption, provide
dynamic voltage control, increase voltage stability, secure and
enhance power supply, and increase transmission capacity.

• SVC or SVC Light (STATCOM) are both doing a similar job. SVC is
based on thyristor technology and SVC Light is based on
transistor (IGCT/IGBT) technology. The requirements and
applications (network issues) determine what technology to be
used.

• Selection of technology can be part of manufacturer’s

optimization process, this will give the most optimal installation.

Klafastadir SVC, Iceland

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Synchronous Condensers
H-constant and Stored Energy

Synchronous generators have been used

Synchronous Condenser Synchronous Condenser with flywheel from the start of the power system
– 4 pole machine – 4 pole machine • They deliver services that we have, more or
less, taken for granted. They provide the
– SG = 70 MVA – SG = 70 MVA
power system with voltage control and short-
– J = 7500 kgm2 – J = Js_c+Jfw circuit power.
– n = 1800 rpm, ω = 60π rad/s – J = 7500 + 30000 = 37500 kgm2 • When we replace synchronous generators, for
⇒ H < 1.9 s – n = 1800 rpm, ω = 60π rad/s various reasons, with new production (wind or
solar) the connection to the grid is via a power
⇒ W < 133 MJ ⇒ H > 9.5 s electronic converter and inertia and short
⇒ W > 660 MJ circuit contribution is much less.
• Solutions to the potential problems that arise
when decreasing system inertia and short-
circuit power are today investigated.

A 70 MVA Synchronous Condenser with Flywheel gives the same stored energy and inertia as a 330 MVA unit.
The losses is 3-4 times lower in 70 MVA Synchronous Condenser with Flywheel compared to the 330 MVA unit.
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Background
Currently Operating Coal (red) & Nuclear (yellow) Generation vs. 2025 Scenario in the UK
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Impact on System Reliability
System Fault Level

• Fault Level ~ system strength

• Transferring Capability
• Lower Stability Margins
• Angular stability
• Voltage Stability
• System Protection Selectivity
• Susceptibility to harmonic distortion
• With decreasing fault levels, transmission
systems are becoming more susceptible to
disturbance – periods of varying voltage and
frequency

Source: National Grid Electricity Ten Year Statement, issued 2014

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Hybrid STATCOM - Synchronous Condenser

• Statcom provides dynamic

voltage support

• Synchronous condenser
increases system inertia
and available fault current
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Hybrid STATCOM - Synchronous Condenser

Synchronous
Cooling Condenser

Control &
Protection
~130 ft

Transformer
VSC Valve
VSC
Reactors

~230 ft
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HVDC Transmission
NREL Interconnection Seams Study

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DolWin 5 HVDC link for offshore wind

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Power quality technologies for a stronger, smarter, and greener grid

– HVDC
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Takeaways

Power quality presents challenges across the power grid landscape

Improve your overall production and ROI for renewable resources

Power quality solutions drive value for generation, utilities, and industrial operations, like:

Fewer interruptions Lower environmental Lower capital and

impact operational costs

Stronger, smarter and greener power supply for your customers

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—
2020 Grid of the Future webinar series

The emerging need for improved Top 5 reasons to switch to digitally-

power quality integrated power transformers
Today! May 19 at 2 PM EDT
Learn ways to improve reliability and availability Learn how to take advantage of these
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environment.

The utility pathway to digitalization Decarbonization and the role of

June 2 at 2 PM EDT
Learn how to achieve your digital business goals,
what emerging technologies you’ll need to get
there, and what challenges you may see along the
way.
transportation electrification
June 11 at 2 PM EDT
Learn what causes the need for decarbonization,
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this will impact as well as tie into the grid.

Find series webpage and promotional items in the Resource List Widget

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