Resistors

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current
flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, biasactive elements, and
terminate transmission lines, among other uses.

Potentiometer

A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an

adjustable voltage divider.[1] If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as
a variable resistor or rheostat.
The measuring instrument called a potentiometer is essentially a voltage divider used for
measuring electric potential (voltage); the component is an implementation of the same
principle, hence its name.
Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices such as volume controls on
audio equipment. Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can be used as position transducers,
for example, in a joystick. Potentiometers are rarely used to directly control significant power
(more than a watt), since the power dissipated in the potentiometer would be comparable to the
power in the controlled load.

Ceramic Capacitors
 ceramic capacitor is a fixed-value capacitor in which ceramic material acts as the dielectric. It is
constructed of two or more alternating layers of ceramic and a metal layer acting as
the electrodes. The composition of the ceramic material defines the electrical behavior and
therefore applications. Ceramic capacitors are divided into two application classes:
Electrolytic capacitor

An electrolytic capacitor (e-cap) is a polarized capacitor whose anode or positive plate is made of
a metal that forms an insulating oxide layer through anodization. This oxide layer acts as
the dielectric of the capacitor. A solid, liquid, or gel electrolyte covers the surface of this oxide
layer, serving as the (cathode) or negative plate of the capacitor.

Diode

A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one direction
(asymmetric conductance); it has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and high (ideally
infinite) resistance in the other. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is
a crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two electrical
terminals.

Zener Diode

A Zener diode a particular type of diode that, unlike a normal one, allows current to flow not
only from its anode to its cathode, but also in the reverse direction, when the so-called "Zener
voltage" is reached. Zener diodes have a highly doped p-n junction. Normal diodes will also break
down with a reverse voltage but the voltage and sharpness of the knee are not as well defined as
for a Zener diode. Also normal diodes are not designed to operate in the breakdown region, but
Zener diodes can reliably operate in this region.
Inductor

An inductor, also called a coil, choke or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical

component that stores electrical energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through
it.[1] An inductor typically consists of an insulated wire wound into a coil around a core.

Photo resistor

A photoresistor (or light-dependent resistor, LDR, or photo-conductive cell) is a light-controlled

variable resistor. The resistance of a photoresistor decreases with increasing incident light
intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A photoresistor can be applied in
light-sensitive detector circuits, and light-activated and dark-activated switching circuits.

Photodiode

A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. The current
is generated when photons are absorbed in the photodiode. Photodiodes may contain optical
filters, built-in lenses, and may have large or small surface areas. Photodiodes usually have a
slower response time as their surface area increases. The common, traditional solar cell used to
generate electric solar power is a large area photodiode.
Photo Transistor

A phototransistor is a device that converts light energy into electric energy. Phototransistors are
similar to photoresistors but produce both current and voltage, while photoresistors only
produce current. This is because a phototransistor is made of a bipolar semiconductor and
focuses the energy that is passed through it. Photons (light particles) activate phototransistors
and are used in virtually all electronic devices that depend on light in some way.

IR Sensor

An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument which is used to sense certain

characteristics of its surroundings by either emitting and/or
detecting infrared radiation.Infrared sensors are also capable of measuring the heat
being emitted by an object and detecting motion.

Thermistor

A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance is dependent on temperature, more so than in

standard resistors. The word is a portmanteau of thermal and resistor. Thermistors are widely
used as inrush current limiter, temperature sensors (Negative Temperature Coefficient
or NTC type typically), self-resetting overcurrent protectors, and self-regulating heating
elements (Positive Temperature Coefficient or PTC type typically).
LED Diode

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n

junction diode that emits light when activated.[5] When a suitable voltage is applied to the
leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in
the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the
semiconductor. LEDs are typically small (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components
may be used to shape the radiation pattern.[6]

LED RGB

An RGB LED is actually three LEDs, red, green, and blue inside one package. LEDs need to be
turned on and off very fast for dimming (changing the voltage across it does not work like it does
in incandescent bulbs).

Light bulb
A light bulb is a device that produces light from electricity.[1] In addition to lighting a dark space,
they can be used to show an electronic device is on, to direct traffic, for heat, and many other
purposes.
Vibration motor

Vibration motor is a compact size coreless DCmotor used to informs the users of receiving the
signal by vibrating, no sound. Vibration motors are widely used in a variety of applications
including cell phones, handsets, pagers, and so on

DC Motor

A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts direct current electrical
energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces produced by
magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either
electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of current flow in part of the
motor.

Piezzo buzzer

Piezo – piezo sounders contain a piezo electric vibration plate (also known as a piezo
element) within a moulded case. Sound is emitted when a voltage is applied and the piezo
element inside the case vibrates. Piezo buzzers generally use less current, have a higher
sound output and wider operating voltage.
Battery

9 Volt batteries are used in electronics that require higher voltage but not much current.
Fuse

In electronics and electrical engineering, a fuse is an electrical safety device that operates to
provide overcurrent protection of an electrical circuit. Its essential component is a metal wire or
strip that melts when too much current flows through it, thereby interrupting the current. It is
a sacrificial device; once a fuse has operated it is an open circuit, and it must be replaced or
rewired, depending on type.

Transformer

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or

more circuits through electromagnetic induction. A varying current in one coil of the transformer
produces a varying magnetic field, which in turn induces a voltage in a second coil. Power can be
transferred between the two coils through the magnetic field, without a metallic connection
between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction discovered in 1831 described this effect.
Transformers are used to increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric power
applications.

Bell

A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound

Push Switch

a push switch allows current to flow only when button is pressed. this is the switch
used to operate doorbell

Push to break switch

this type of push switch is normally closed (on), it is open(off) only when the button
is pressed.

On off switch

SPST = Single pole, single throw. An on-off switch allows current to flow only when it
is in the closed (on) position.

2 way switch
SPDT = Single pole, double throw. A 2 way changeover switch directs the flow of
current to one of two routes according to its position. Some SPDT switches have a
central off position and are described as 'on-off-on'.
Dual on off switch

DPST = Double pole, single throw. A dual on-off switch which is often used to switch
mains electricity because it can isolate both the live and neutral connections.

Reversing switch

DPDT = Double pole, double throw. This switch c an be wired up as a reversing

switch for a motor. some DPDT switches have a central off position.

Relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically

operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays
are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a separate low-power signal, or where
several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long
distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in from one circuit and
re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and
early computers to perform logical operations.
Rheostat

This type of variable resistor with 2 contacts (a rheostat) is usually used to contril
current. Examples include: adjusting lamp brightness, adjusting motor speed, and
adjusting the rate of flow of charge into a capacitor in a timing circuit.

Preset

This type of variable resistor (a preset) is operated with a small screwdriver or similar
tool. it is designed to be set when the circuit is made and then left without further
adjustment. Presets are cheaper than a normal variable resistors so ther are often
used in projectd to reduce the cost.

Variable capacitor

A variable capacitor is used in a radio turner #

Trimmer Capacitor
This type of variable capacitor (a trimmer) is operated with a small screwdriver or
similar tool. it is designed to be set when the circuit is made and then left without
further adjustment.
Transistor NPN

A transistor amplifies current. it can be used with other components to make an

amplifier or switching circuit.

Transistor PNP

A transistor amplifies current. it can be used with other components to make an

amplifier or switching circuit.

Microphone

A transducer which converts sound to electrical energy.

Piezo transducer
A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.
Amplifier

An amplifier circuit with one input. Really it is a block diagram symbol because it
reprsents a circuit rather than just one component.

Field effect transistor

The Field Effect Transistor, or simply FET however, uses the voltage that is applied to
their input terminal, called the Gate to control the current flowing through them
resulting in the output current being proportional to the input voltage.

Rectifier diode

A rectifier diode lets electrical current flow in only one direction and is mainly used for power
supply operation. Rectifier diodes can handle higher current flow than regular diodes and are
generally used in order to change alternating current into direct current.

Pin diode
A PIN diode is a diode with a wide, undoped intrinsic semiconductor region between a p-type
semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor region. The p-type and n-type regions are typically
heavily doped because they are used for ohmic contacts.
Tunnel diode

A tunnel diode or Esaki diode is a type of semiconductor that is capable of very fast operation,
well into the microwave frequency region, made possible by the use of the quantum mechanical
effect called tunneling.

Varicap diode

A tuning diode, also known as a varactor diode, variable capacitance diode, varicap diode or
variable reactance diode, is a diode that has a variable capacitance which is a function of the
voltage that is impressed on its terminals. Tuning / varactor diodes are operated reverse-biased,
and therefore no current flows.

Schottky diode

The Schottky diode (named after the German physicist Walter H.Schottky), also known
asSchottky barrier diode or hot-carrier diode, is a semiconductor diode formed by the junction
of a semiconductor with a metal. It has a low forward voltage drop and a very fast switching
action.

Voltage suppressor diode

A transient-voltage-suppression (TVS) diode, also transil or thyrector, is an electronic
component used to protect electronics from voltage spikes induced on connected wires.[1]
Constant Current diode

Constant-current diode is an electronic device that limits current to a maximum specified value
for the device. It is known as current-limiting diode (CLD), current-regulating diode (CRD).

Laser diode

A laser diode, (LD), injection laser diode (ILD), or diode laser is a semiconductor device similar to
a light-emitting diode in which the laser beam is created at the diode's junction.[1] Laser diodes
are the most common type of lasers produced, with a wide range of uses that include fiber optic
communications, barcode readers, laser pointers, CD/DVD/Blu-ray disc reading/recording, laser
printing, laser scanning and light beam illumination.

Display LED, 7 segments

A seven-segment display (SSD), or seven-segment indicator, is a form of electronic display

device for displaying decimal numerals that is an alternative to the more complex dot matrix
displays.

Selector switch
Selector switches use cams in combination with contact blocks to provide a wide range of circuit
openings and/or closings.
Limit switch

A limit switch is an electro-mechanical device that consists of an actuator mechanically linked to

a set of contacts. When an object comes into contact with the actuator, the device operates the
contacts to make or break an electrical connection.

Thermal switch

A thermal switch (sometimes thermal reset or thermal cutout (TCO)) is a device which normally
opens at a high temperature (often with a faint "plink" sound) and re-closes when the
temperature drops. The thermal switch may be a bimetallic strip, often encased in a tubular glass
bulb to protect it from dust or short circuit.

Thermal cutoff

A thermal cutoff is an electrical safety device that interrupts electric current when heated to a
specific temperature. These devices may be for one-time use or may be reset manually or
automatically.

Thermal fuse
A thermal fuse is a cutoff which uses a one-time fusible link.
Thermal circuit breaker

Thermal magnetic circuit breakers, which are the type found in most distribution boards,
incorporate both techniques with the electromagnet responding instantaneously to large surges
in current (short circuits) and the bimetallic strip responding to less extreme but longer-term
over-current conditions.

Oscillator

An oscillator is a mechanical or electronic device that works on the principles of oscillation: a

periodic fluctuation between two things based on changes in energy. Computers, clocks, watches,
radios, and metal detectors are among the many devices that use oscillators.

Voltage controlled oscillator

A voltage-controlled oscillator or VCO is an electronic oscillator whose oscillation frequency is

controlled by a voltage input.

Chip/IC
An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or
a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor
material, normally silicon. The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a small chip
results in circuits that are orders of magnitude smaller, cheaper, and faster than those
constructed of discrete electronic components.

CPU

The central processing unit (CPU) is the computer component that's responsible for
interpreting and executing most of the commands from the computer's
other hardware and software.

Pentode

A pentode is an electronic device having five active electrodes.

Heptode
a vacuum tube containing seven electrodes, usually a plate, acathode, a control electrode, a
nd four grids.

Nonode

A nonode is a type of thermionic valve that has nine active electrodes. The term most commonly
applies to a seven-grid vacuum tube, also sometimes called an enneode.
Thyratrons

A thyratron is a type of gas-filled tube used as a high-power electrical switch and

controlled rectifier. Thyratrons can handle much greater currents than similar
hard-vacuum tubes. Electron multiplication occurs when the gas becomes ionized,
producing a phenomenon known as Townsend discharge.

Thyristor

A thyristor is a solid-state semiconductor device with four layers of

alternating P and N-type materials. It acts exclusively as a bistable switch, conducting when the
gate receives a current trigger, and continuing to conduct while the voltage across the device is
not reversed (forward-biased).

Diac

The DIAC is a diode that conducts electrical current only after its breakover voltage, VBO, has been
reached momentarily. The term is an acronym of "diode for alternating current"

Triac
The TRIAC is a three terminal semiconductor device for controlling current. It gains its name from
the term TRIode for Alternating Current. It is effectively a development of the SCR or thyristor,
but unlike the thyristor which is only able to conduct in one direction, the TRIAC is a bidirectional
device.

AC electric motor

An AC motor is an electric motor driven by an alternating current (AC). The AC motor commonly
consists of two basic parts, an outside stator having coils supplied with alternating current to
produce a rotating magnetic field, and an inside rotor attached to the output shaft producing a
second rotating magnetic field. The rotor magnetic field may be produced by permanent
magnets, reluctance saliency, or DC or AC electrical windings.

Linear motors

A linear motor is an electric motor that has had its stator and rotor "unrolled" so that instead of
producing a torque (rotation) it produces a linear force along its length. However, linear motors
are not necessarily straight. Characteristically, a linear motor's active section has ends, whereas
more conventional motors are arranged as a continuous loop.

Stepper motor
A stepper motor or step motor or stepping motor is a brushless DC electric motor that divides a
full rotation into a number of equal steps. The motor's position can then be commanded to move
and hold at one of these steps without any position sensor for feedback (an open-loop
controller), as long as the motor is carefully sized to the application in respect to torque and
speed.

CTR - Cathode Tube Ray

The cathode ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube that contains one or more electron guns and
a phosphorescent screen, and is used to display images.[1] It modulates, accelerates, and deflects
electron beam(s) onto the screen to create the images
Phono cartridge

A magnetic cartridge, more commonly called a phonograph cartridge or phono cartridge or

(colloquially) a pickup, is an electromechanical transducer used in the playback of analog sound
recordings called records on a record player, now commonly called a turntable because of its
most prominent component but formally known as a phonograph in the US and a gramophone in
the UK.

Magnetic head

an electromagnet used in magnetic recording for converting electrical signals into a

magnetic record on tape or wire, converting a magnetic recording into electrical
signals, or erasing a magnetic recording.

BJT transistor

A bipolar junction transistor (bipolar transistor or BJT) is a type of transistor that uses
both electron and hole charge carriers. In contrast, unipolar transistors, such as field-effect
transistors, only use one kind of charge carrier. For their operation, BJTs use two junctions
between two semiconductor types, n-type and p-type.

Auto transformer
An autotransformer (sometimes called autostep downtransformer) is an
electrical transformer with only one winding. The "auto" (Greek for "self") prefix
refers to the single coil acting alone and not to any kind of automaticmechanism.
Jumper

n electronics and particularly computing, a jumper is a short length of conductor used to close,
open or bypass part of an electronic circuit. They are typically used to set up or configure printed
circuit boards, such as the motherboards of computers.

coaxial cable

Coaxial cable, or 聽 coax 聽(pronounced 聽/藞 ko 蕣.忙 ks/), is a type of 聽 electrical cable 聽 that
has an inner conductor surrounded by a tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular
conducting shield. Many coaxial cables also have an insulating outer sheath or jacket.聽

Jack socket
A jack socket is a fixed electrical connector with one or more receptacles for a movable plug, also
known as a jack plug.

Computer fan

A computer fan is any fan inside, or attached to, a computer case used for active cooling, and
may refer to fans that draw cooler air into the case from the outside, expel warm air from inside,
or move air across a heat sink to cool a particular component.
Heat sink

A heat sink (also commonly spelled heatsink[1]) is a passive heat exchanger that transfers the heat
generated by an electronic or a mechanical device to a fluid medium, often air or a liquid coolant,
where it is dissipated away from the device, thereby allowing regulation of the device's temperature
at optimal levels. In computers, heat sinks are used to cool central processing units or graphics
processors. Heat sinks are used with high-power semiconductor devices such as power transistors and
optoelectronics such as lasers and light emitting diodes (LEDs), where the heat dissipation ability of
the component itself is insufficient to moderate its temperature.

Ferrite bead

A ferrite bead or ferrite choke is a passive electric component that suppresses high
frequency noise in electronic circuits. It is a specific type of electronic choke. Ferrite
beads employ high frequency current dissipation in a ferrite ceramic to build high
frequency noise suppression devices.

DIP switch

DIP switch is an electrical component that is used to disconnect or connect wires in

electrical circuit.

Opto Isolator
In electronics, an opto-isolator, also called an optocoupler, photocoupler, or optical isolator, is a
component that transfers electrical signals between two isolated circuits by using
light.[1] Opto-isolators prevent high voltagesfrom affecting the system receiving the
signal.[2] Commercially available opto-isolators withstand input-to-output voltages up to
10 kV[3] and voltage transients with speeds up to 25 kV/μs.[4]
JFET-P transistor

The junction gate field-effect transistor (JFET or JUGFET) is the simplest type of field-effect
transistor.[1] They are three-terminal semiconductor devices that can be used
as electronically-controlled switches, amplifiers, or voltage-controlled resistors.

Mosfet transistor

The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET) is a

type of field-effect transistor (FET), most commonly fabricated by the controlled
oxidation of silicon. It has an insulated gate, whose voltage determines the conductivity of the
device. This ability to change conductivity with the amount of applied voltage can be used for
amplifying or switching electronic signals. A metal–insulator–semiconductor field-effect
transistor or MISFET is a term almost synonymous with MOSFET. Another synonym is IGFET for
insulated-gate field-effect transistor.

Darlington transistor

In electronics, the Darlington transistor (commonly called aDarlington pair by those in the
electronics industry) is a compound structure of a particular design made by two
bipolar transistorsconnected in such a way that the current amplified by the firsttransistor is
amplified further by the second one.

Busbar
In electric power distribution, a busbar (also bus bar, and sometimes misspelled as buss
bar or bussbar) is a metallic strip or bar, typically housed inside switchgear, panel boards,
and busway enclosures for local high current power distribution.

quad 2-input NAND gate

The 74HC00; 74HCTOO is a quad 2-input NAND gate. Inputs include diodes. This enables the use
of current limiting resistors to interface inputs to voltages in excess of Vcc.

quad 2-input NAND gate, open collector outputs

these devices contain four independent 2-input NAND gates. The open collector
outputs require pull up resistors to perform correctly.

quad 2-input NOR gate

The 74HC02; 74HCTO2 is a quad 2-input NOR gate. Inputs include clamp diodes. This enables the
use of current limiting resistors to interface inputs to voltages in excess of Vcc.

Hex inverter

The 74HC04; 74HCTO4 is a hex inverter. Inputs include clamp diodes. This enables the use of
current limiting resistors to interface inputs to voltages in excess of Vcc.

hex inverter, open collector outputs

hex inverter, open collector outputs

The 74HC05 is a high speed Si-gate CMOS device that complies with JEDEC standard
np.7A. The 74HC05 contains six inverters. The outputs of 74HC05 are open-drain and
can be connected to other open-drain outputs to implement active-LOW wired-OR
or active-HIGH wired-AND functions. The open drain outputs require pull up resistors
to perform correctly

quad 2-input AND gate

The 74HC08; 74HCTO8 is a quad 2-input AND gate. Inputs include clamp diodes. This enables
the use of current limiting resistors to interface inputs to voltages in excess of Vcc.

triple 3-input NAND gate

The 74HC10; 74HCT10 is a triple 3-input NAND gate. Inputs include clamp diodes. This enables
the use of current limiting resistors to interface inputs to voltages in excess of Vcc.

triple 3-input AND gate

The 74HC11; 74HCT11 is a triple 3-input AND gate. Inputs include clamp diodes. This enables the
use of current limiting resistors to interface inputs to voltages in excess of Vcc.
hex Schmitt trigger inverter

The 74HC14 IC contains six Inverting Schmitt Triggers. Schmitt triggers can be used for creating a
sharp signal transition from a smooth curve. This is useful when feeding an RC-debounced
signal into a hardware interrupt.

dual 4-input NAND gate

The 74HC20 are high speed Si-gate CMOS device and are pin compatible with low
power schottky TTL(LSTTL). they are specified in complaince with JEDEC standard
no.7A the 74hc20/hct20 provide the 4 input NAND function.

dual 4-input AND gate

The 74HC21 is a dual 4-input AND gate. Inputs include clamp diodes. This enables the use of
current limiting resistors to interface inputs to voltages in excess of VCC

triple 3-input NOR gate.

The 74HC27; 74HCT27 is a triple 3-input NOR gate. Inputs include clamp diodes. This enables
the use of current limiting resistors to interface inputs to voltages in excess of VCC.

8-input NAND gate

The 74HC30; 74HCT30 is an 8-input NAND gate. Inputs include clamp diodes. This enables
the use of current limiting resistors to interface inputs to voltages in excess of VCC.

quad 2-input OR gate

The 74HC32; 74HCT32 is a quad 2-input OR gate. Inputs include clamp diodes. This enables
the use of current limiting resistors to interface inputs to voltages in excess of VCC.

quad 2-input AND gate, open collector outputs

This device contains four independent gates each of which performs the logic AND
function. The open-collector outputs require external pull-up resistors for proper
logical operation.