A Project Report On

“STUDY OF GRID CONNECTED INDUCTION GENERATOR FOR

WIND POWER APPLICATIONS”
In partial fulfilment of requirements for degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
Electrical Engineering

SUBMITTED BY:
Ajit Kumar Patro(10010148)
Meeta Mohanty(10010186)

Under the Guidance of

Mrs. Shanti Behera

Department of Electrical Engineering

Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla
 Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “STUDY OF GRID CONNECTED

INDUCTION GENERATOR FOR WIND POWER APPLICATIONS” submitted by
Ajit Kumar Patro and Meeta Mohanty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of Bachelor of Technology Degree in Electrical Engineering at Veer Surendra Sai
University Of Technology is an authentic work carried out by them under my guidance.
To the best of my knowledge the matter embodied in the project has not been submitted
to any University/Institute for the award of any B tech Degree.

Mrs. Shanti Behera Prof. (Dr.) S. Panda

Lecturer in Head of Department
Dept. of Electrical Engineering Dept. of Electrical Engineering
VSSUT, Burla VSSUT, Burla

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to express our deep gratitude to our project guide Mrs Shanti
Behera who has always been source of inspiration and firm support for carrying out the
project.

We express our gratitude to Prof. (Dr.) S. Panda, Professor and Head of the
Department, Electrical Engineering for his invaluable suggestions and constant support
all through the project work.

We would also like to convey our sincerest gratitude and appreciation to all other
faculty members and the staff of Department of Electrical Engineering, VSSUT, Burla
who conferred their great effort and guidance at appropriate times without which it would
have been very difficult on our project work.

Submitted by:

Ajit Kumar Patro

Roll No. : 10010148

Meeta Mohanty
Roll No. : 10010186

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 ABSTRACT

Wind Energy is the most promising energy for the energy. In order to meet power
needs, taking into account economic and environmental factors, wind energy conversion
is gradually gaining interests as a suitable source of renewable energy. One of the most
significant problems in this way is the low power quality problem due to the installation
of wind turbines. It is well known that the power delivered by wind turbines directly
coupled to the grid is not constant as a result of the wind variability. In the absence of
storage systems, a fluctuating power supply produced, can lead to voltage variations in
the grid and flicker. Another disadvantage of most induction machines utilized in the
wind turbines is that the required reactive power varies with wind speed and time. These
problems can make the use of double fed induction generators attractive for wind turbine
applications. Depending on wind speed, a DFIG based variable speed wind turbine is
capable of operating in sub-synchronous or super-synchronous mode of operation using
power electronic converters. The power flow in the rotor circuit is controlled for
maintaining the stator power constant by effecting rotor voltage in sub-synchronous mode
and in the super-synchronous mode. The operation of the proposed scheme is illustrated
in different operating conditions i.e. above and below synchronous speeds using
simulations.

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 NOMENCLATURE

Pm - Mechanical power captured by the wind turbine and transmitted to the rotor
Ps - Stator electrical power output
Pr - Rotor electrical power output
Pgc- Cgrid electrical power output
Qs - Stator reactive power output
Qr -Rotor reactive power output
Qgc- Cgrid reactive power output
Tm -Mechanical torque applied to rotor
Tem- Electromagnetic torque applied to the rotor by the generator
Wr - Rotational speed of rotors
Rs ,Rr - the stator and rotor resistances of machine per phase, respectively
Lls ,Llr -are the leakage inductances of stator and rotor windings, respectively
θ s ,θ r- are the stator and rotor flux angle, respectively
Te ,Tm - are the electromagnetic and mechanical torques, respectively
Ps ,Qs- are the stator-side active and reactive powers, respectively
Pr ,Qr- are the rotor-side active and reactive powers, respectively
D, J- are the moment of inertia and damping coefficient, respectively
P - are the Number of poles
R,L- are the resistance and inductance of input filter, respectively
V1, I1- are the input filter line voltage and current, respectively
E - is the DC-link voltage
C - is the DC-Link capacitance
PDC- is the DC-link active power
J - Combined rotor and wind turbine inertia coefficient
Ws- Rotational speed of the magnetic flux in the air-gap of the generator, this speed is
named synchronous speed. It is proportional to the frequency of the grid voltage and to
the number of generator poles.

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 LIST OF DIAGRAMS AND GRAPHS:

Sl.NO NAME OF DIAGRAM OR GRAPH PAGE NO

Wind energy conversion scheme

1 9

Power curve
2 10

Doubly Fed Induction Generator type WT

3 12

Sub synchronous operating mode of dfig

4 15

Super synchronous operating mode of dfig

5 16

Synchronous operating mode of dfig

6 17

The Turbine Cp curve

7 21

The turbine power, the tip speed ratio lambda and the Cp
8 values as function of wind speed. 22

Simulink diagram
9 23

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CONTENTS:

ACKNOWLEDGEMET 3

ABSTRACT 4

1. INTRODUCTION 8

1.1 Power conversion scheme

1.2 Electrical Power Control and Wind Electric Generators.

2. DOUBLY FED INDUCTION GENERATOR 12

2.1 Structure
2.2 Power flow/Operating Mode

3. WIND TURBINE MODEL 20

4. SYSTEM UNDER STUDY 22

5. SIMULINK DIAGRAM 24

6. GENERATOR DATA, TURBINE DATA AND

CONTROL PARAMETERS. 25

7. SIMULINK RESULTS 27

8. CONCLUSIONS 30

9. FUTURE WORK 31

10. REFERENCES 32

11. APPENDIX 33

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 INTRODUCTION
In recent years, wind energy has become one of the most important and promising
sources of renewable energy, which demands additional transmission capacity and better
means of maintaining system reliability. The evolution of technology related to wind
systems industry leads to the development of a generation of variable speed wind turbines
that present many advantages compared to the fixed speed wind turbines. These wind
energy conversion systems are connected to the grid through Voltage Source Converters
(VSC) to make variable speed operation possible. The studied system here is a variable
speed wind generation system based on Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). To
harness the wind power efficiently the most reliable system in the present era is grid
connected doubly fed induction generator. The aerodynamic system must be capable of
operating over a wide wind speed range in order to achieve optimum aerodynamic
efficiency by tracking the optimum tip-speed ratio. Therefore, the generator’s rotor must
be able to operate at a variable rotational speed. The DFIG system therefore operates in
both sub- and super-synchronous modes with a rotor speed range around the synchronous
speed. The stator circuit is directly connected to the grid while the rotor winding is
connected via slip-rings to a three-phase converter. For variable-speed systems where the
speed range requirements are small, for example ±30% of synchronous speed, the DFIG
offers adequate performance and is sufficient for the speed range required to exploit
typical wind resources. An AC-DC-AC converter is included in the induction generator
rotor circuit. The power electronic converters need only be rated to handle a fraction of
the total power – the rotor power – typically about 30% nominal generator power.
Therefore, the losses in the power electronic converter can be reduced, compared to a
system where the converter has to handle the entire power, and the system cost is lower
due to the partially-rated power electronics.

Wind Energy Conversion Systems:

Figure 1 represents the complete wind energy conversion systems (WECS) ,[ Satish
Choudhury, Kanungo Barada Mohanty, B.Chitti Babu, ―Performance Analysis of
Doubly-Fed Induction Generator for Wind Energy Conversion System‖, Proc. PSU-UNS
International Conference on Engineering and Technology (ICET-2011)]which
converts the energy present in the moving air (wind) to electric energy. The wind passing
through the blades of the wind turbine generates a force that turns the turbine shaft. The
rotational shaft turns the rotor of an electric generator, which converts mechanical power
into electric power. The major components of a typical wind energy conversion system
include the wind turbine, generator, interconnection apparatus and control systems.
The power developed by the wind turbine mainly depends on the wind speed, swept area
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of the turbine blade, density of the air, rotational speed of the turbine and the type of
connected electric machine.

Fig 1 Wind Energy Conversion Scheme

As shown in figure.1, there are primarily two ways to control the WECS. The first
is the Aerodynamic power control at either the Wind Turbine blade or nacelle, and the
second is the electric power control at an interconnected apparatus, e.g., the power
electronics converters. The flexibility achieved by these two control options facilitates
extracting maximum power from the wind during low wind speeds and reducing the
mechanical stress on the wind turbine during high wind speeds. The key idea behind the
aerodynamic control is the utilization of the power curve. The power curve is a piece of
information usually provided by the turbine manufacturer that describes the performance
of the wind turbine at each wind speed. Maximum mechanical power can be achieved by
controlling the wind turbine as constrained by the power curve. Figure.2 shows an
example of power curve. The curve displays the turbine mechanical power as a function
of turbine speed, for wind speeds ranging from 5 m/s to 16.2 m/s. To achieve maximum
power from the wind turbine, the WT is controlled in order to follow the thick (0-A-B-C-
D) curve. Below the cut-in wind speed (< 5m/s – point A), the power in the wind is too
low for useful energy production and so the wind turbine remains shut down. At higher
wind speeds but below the rated wind speed (i.e., between B and C), the wind turbine
power output increases due to a cubic relationship with wind speed. In this range, the
turbine is controlled in order to extract the maximum power from the wind passing across
the rotor disc. Between the rated wind speed and the maximum operating wind speed
(i.e., between C and D), the aerodynamic rotor is arranged to control the mechanical
power extracted from the wind, i.e., the mechanical power on the rotor shaft is
intentionally reduced in order to reduce the mechanical load/stress on the turbine. Finally,
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at very high wind speeds (beyond point D), the turbine is shut down to avoid damage.
Therefore, in this curve point A is referred to as the cut-in speed and point D is referred to
as the cut-out speed.

Fig 2 Power Curve

Electrical Power Control and Wind Electric Generators-

Depending on the type of power electronic apparatus used in the WG topology, on
the desired electric output power, and on the control scheme, a WG can be operated at
either fixed speed or variable speed:

(1) Fixed speed: This category of WG is not controlled by any interconnected power
electronics device and is typically composed of small to medium size wind turbines.
Permanent magnet synchronous or squirrel-cage induction generators are often used
because of their reliability and cost. They are directly connected to the grid and employ
stall control of the turbine blades. The speed variation from no load to full load is very
small, i.e., almost fixed, so this topology is also referred to as “fixed” speed WG. Because
this generator operates at nearly fixed speed (driven by the grid frequency), it yields
variations of the output power according to the wind speed. Therefore, large WG power
output can cause the grid voltage to experience fluctuations, especially if connected to

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weak AC systems. For this reason, with increased generation sizes (MW-level), variable
speeds WGs have become prevalent.

(2) Variable speed: This type of WG is regulated externally by interconnected power

electronics converters or similar apparatus to realize power control, soft start and
interconnection functions. Variable speed high power wind turbines can apply squirrel
cage or wound rotor type induction generators, as well as permanent magnet synchronous
generators or wound field synchronous generators. They are typically equipped with
forced commutated PWM inverters/rectifiers to provide a fixed voltage and fixed
frequency and apply Pitch Control of the turbine blades. Nowadays, effective power
control can be achieved in some wind turbines by using double PWM (pulse-width
modulation) converters, which provides a bidirectional high quality power flow between
the WG and the utility grid. These types of wind turbine can generate more energy for a
given wind speed. Active and reactive power can be easily controlled by these converters.
Depending on the connection of their power electronics apparatus, these types of WGs
can be categorized as single fed or doubly fed types. The doubly fed approach is an
alternative to the single fed approach. In this topology, the power captured by the wind
turbine is converted into electrical power by the wound rotor induction machine (WRIM).
This power is transmitted to the grid by both the stator (directly) and the rotor windings
(via power electronics converters). Therefore, due to the feature of double sided power
transfer to the grid, this type of wind turbine is referred to as the doubly fed Induction
generator (DFIG). The DFIG has been the most popular option for wind power generation
applications.

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DOUBLY FED INDUCTION GENERATOR

Fig 3 presents the topology of the DFIG, which will be thoroughly analyzed in this
Section.

Figure 3: Doubly Fed Induction Generator type WT

Structure:
As shown in figure 3, the DFIG consists of two bi-directional voltage source
converters with a back-to-back DC-link, a wound rotor induction machine, and the wind
turbine.

Wound Rotor Induction Machine:

The WRIM is a conventional 3-phase wound rotor induction machine. The
machine stator winding is directly connected to the grid and the rotor winding is
connected to the rotor-side VSC by slip rings and brushes.

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Voltage Source Converters:
This type of machine is equipped with two identical VSCs. These converters
typically employ IGBTs in their design. The AC excitation is supplied through both the
grid-side VSC and the rotor-side VSC. The grid side VSC is connected the ac network.
The rotor side converter is connected to the rotor windings. This grid side VSC and the
stator are connected to the ac grid via step up transformer to elevate the voltage to the
desired grid high voltage level. The VSCs allow a wide range of variable speed operation
of the WRIM. If the operational speed range is small, then less power has to be handled
by the bi-directional power converter connected to the rotor. If the speed variation is
controlled between +/- 30 %, then the converter must have a rating of approximately 30
% of the generator rating. Thus the required converter rating is significantly smaller than
the total generator power, but it depends on the selected variable speed range and hence
the slip power. Therefore, the size and cost of the power converter increases when the
allowable speed range around the synchronous speed increases. [Modeling of Doubly Fed
Induction Generators for Distribution System Power Flow Analysis by Amit Kumar
Dadhania].

DC-link with Capacitor:

The capacitor connected to the DC-link acts as a constant, ripple-free DC voltage
source, an energy storage device and a source of reactive power. Moreover, the DC-link
provides power transmission and stabilization between both unsynchronized AC systems.

Control System:
The control system generates the following commands: the pitch angle command,
which is used by the aerodynamic Pitch Control to control the wind power extracted by
turbine blades; the voltage command signal Vrc, which is intended to control the rotor
side VSC; and the signal Vgc , which is intended to control the grid side VSC (to control
the electrical power). In turn, the rotor-side VSC controls the power of the wind turbine,
and the grid-side VSC controls the dc-bus voltage and the reactive power at the grid
terminals. By implementing pulse width modulation, it is possible to control the VSCs to
generate an output waveform with desired phase angle and voltage magnitude, and at the
same time reduce lower order harmonics . [Modeling of Doubly Fed Induction
Generators for Distribution System Power Flow Analysis by Amitkumar Dadhania]

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Operating Principle:
A wide range of variable speed operating mode can be achieved by applying a
controllable voltage across the rotor terminals. This is done through the rotor-side VSC.
The applied rotor voltage can be varied in both magnitude and phase by the converter
controller, which controls the rotor currents. The rotor side VSC changes the magnitude
and angle of the applied voltages and hence decoupled control of real and reactive power
can be achieved.

a.The rotor-side VSC controller provides two important functions:

- Variation of generator electromagnetic torque and hence rotor speed.

- Constant stator reactive power output control, stator power factor control or stator
terminal voltage control.

b.The grid-side VSC controller provides:

- Regulation of the voltage of the DC bus capacitor.

- Control of the grid reactive power.

The DFIG exchanges power with the grid when operating in either sub or super

Synchronous speeds. These operating modes are analyzed as follows.

Power flow/Operating modes:

The DFIG stator is connected to the grid with fixed grid frequency (fs ) at fixed
grid voltage (Vs) to generate constant frequency AC Power during all operating
conditions and the rotor is connected to the frequency converter/VSC having a variable
(slip/rotor) frequency (fr = s . fs). At constant frequency fs, the magnetic field produced
in the stator rotates at constant angular velocity/speed ( 𝜔𝑠 = 2 π fs), which is the
synchronous speed of the machine. The stator rotating magnetic field will induce a
voltage between the terminals of the rotor. This induced rotor voltage produces a rotor
current (Ir), which in turn produces a rotor magnetic field that rotates at variable angular
velocity/speed (ωr = 2 π fr). Usually the stator and rotor have the same number of poles
(P) and the convention is that the stator magnetic field rotates clockwise. Therefore, the
stator magnetic field rotates clockwise at a fixed constant speed of ωs (rpm)= 120 fs / P.
Since the rotor is connected to the variable frequency VSC, the rotor magnetic field also
rotates at a speed of ωr (rpm)= 120 fr / P.

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Sub-synchronous speed mode:

Figure 4 illustrates the case where the rotor magnetic field rotates at a slower
speed than
the stator magnetic field.

The machine is operated in the sub-synchronous mode, i.e., ωm < ωs,

 if and only if its speed is exactly ωm = ωs - ωr >0, and

 both the phase sequences of the rotor and stator mmf’s are the same and in the
positive direction, as referred to as as positive phase sequence (ωr > 0).

This condition takes place during slow wind speeds.

In order to extract maximum power from the wind turbine, the following conditions
should be satisfied:

 The rotor side VSC shall provide low frequency AC current (negative Vr will
apply) for the rotor winding.

 The rotor power shall be supplied by the DC bus capacitor via the rotor side VSC,
which tends to decrease the DC bus voltage. The grid side VSC increases/controls this
DC voltage and tends to keep it constant. Power is absorbed from the grid via the grid
side VSC and delivered to the rotor via the rotor side VSC. During this operating mode,
the grid side VSC operates as a rectifier and rotor side VSC operates as an inverter.
Hence power is delivered to the grid by the stator.

 The rotor power is capacitive.

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 Figure 4: Sub-synchronous operating mode of DFIG

Super-synchronous speed mode:

The super-synchronous speed mode is achieved by having the rotor magnetic field rotate
counterclockwise. Figure 5 represents this scenario. However, in order to represent the
counterclockwise rotation of the rotor, which is analytically equivalent to inverting the
direction of the rotor magnetic field.

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 Figure 5: Super-synchronous operating mode of DFIG

The machine is operated in the super-synchronous mode, i.e., ωm > ωs,

 if and only if its speed is exactly ωm = ωs - (-ωr) = ωs + ωr >0, and

 the phase sequence in the rotor rotates in opposite direction to that of the stator,
i.e.,negative phase sequence (ωr<0) .

This condition takes place during the condition of high wind speeds. The following
conditions need to be satisfied in order to extract maximum power from the wind turbine
and to reduce mechanical stress:

 The rotor winding delivers AC power to the power grid through the VSCs.
 The rotor power is transmitted to DC bus capacitor, which tends to raise the DC
voltage . The grid side VSC reduces/controls this DC-link voltage and tends to
keep it constant. Power is extracted from the rotor side VSC and delivered to the
grid. During this operating mode, the rotor side VSC operates as a rectifier and the
grid side VSC operates as an inverter. Hence power is delivered to the grid
directly by the stator and via the VSCs by the rotor.
 The rotor power is inductive. [22]

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Synchronous speed mode:
The synchronous speed mode is represented by figure 6.

Figure 6: Synchronous operating mode of DFIG

The machine is operated in the synchronous speed mode, i.e., ωm = ωs,

 if and only if its speed is exactly ωm = ωs – 0 = ωs >0, and

 the phase sequence in the rotor is the same as that of the stator, but no rotor mmf is
produced (ωr =0).

The following conditions are necessary in order to extract maximum power from the
wind turbine under this condition:

 The rotor side converter shall provide DC excitation for the rotor, so that the
generator operates as a synchronous machine.

 The rotor side VSC will not provide any kind of AC current/power for the rotor
winding. Hence the rotor power is zero (Pr = 0).

 A substantial amount of reactive power can still be provided to the grid by the
stator.
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 As per the operating modes described above, at any wind speeds a wide range of
variable
speed operation can be performed to achieve maximum wind power extraction.

The mechanical power and the stator electric power output are computed as follows:

Pr=Tm *ωr

Pm= Tem*ωs

For a loss less generator the mechanical equation is:

J 𝝏𝝎𝒓 = Tm–Tem
𝝏𝒕

In steady-state at fixed speed for a loss less generator

Tm=Tem and Pm =Ps +Pr

and It follows that:

Pr=Pm – Ps =T m ωr – Tem ωs
Where
s= (ωs-ωr) /ωs is defined as the slip of the generator.

Generally the absolute value of slip is much lower than 1 and, consequently, Pr is
only a fraction of Ps. Since Tm is positive for power generation and since ωs is positive
and constant for a constant frequency grid voltage, the sign of Pr is a function of the slip
sign. Pr is positive for negative slip (speed greater than synchronous speed) and it is
negative for positive slip (speed lower than synchronous speed).

For super synchronous speed operation, Pr is transmitted to DC bus capacitor and

tends to rise the DC voltage. For sub-synchronous speed operation, Pr is taken out of DC
bus capacitor and tends to decrease the DC voltage.

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 Cgrid is used to generate or absorb the power Pgc in order to keep the DC voltage
constant. In steady-state for a lossless AC/DC/AC converter Pgc is equal to Pr and the
speed of the wind turbine is determined by the power Pr absorbed or generated by Crotor.
The phase-sequence of the AC voltage generated by Crotor is positive for sub-
synchronous speed and negative for super synchronous speed. The frequency of this
voltage is equal to the product of the grid frequency and the absolute value of the slip.

Crotor and Cgrid have the capability for generating or absorbing reactive power and
could be used to control the reactive power or the voltage at the grid terminals.

Wind Turbine Model

The concept and modeling approach of this model is well-known. The wind turbine
extracts wind energy from the swept area of the rotor disc and converts it into electrical
energy.
The energy available in the wind is given by

𝟏
Ewind = 𝝆𝒘𝟑 𝒕= Pwind t
𝟐

where ρ is the air density,

A is the swept area of the rotor (m2),
ωWind is the free wind speed (m/s),
t is the time (sec) and
Pwind is the instantaneous wind power.

Not all available wind power (Pwind) can be converted to mechanical power (Pm) by
the turbine blades. As per Betz theorem[T. Burton, D. Sharpe, N. Jenkins, E. Bossanyi,
“Wind Energy Hand Book”, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, pp. 6-45]. , the power coefficient
(Cp) determines the maximum power that can be extracted from the wind flow and is
defined as

Р𝒎
∁𝒑 = < 𝟓𝟗. 𝟑%
Р𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅

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Therefore, the actual mechanical power captured by the wind turbine can be obtained by

𝟏
Р𝒎 = ρA𝝎𝟑 ∁𝒑
𝟐

Knowing the value of wind speed, one may determine the from manufacturer
supplied curves (msc1), the value of tip speed ratio that gives the highest value of
power coefficient . Further, from manufacturer supplied curves (msc2), one may also
determine the value of blade pitch angle for a chosen value of such that power output
of the turbine is maximum.
Therefore, these manufactured supplied curves (msc) give:

λ=msc1(ωwind)

β=msc2(λ)

where ∁𝑝 is a function of the tip speed ratio (λ ) and of the blade pitch angle (β ), and is
defined as

∁𝟓
∁𝟐
∁𝒑(𝜷, 𝝀) = ∁𝟏( − ∁𝟑𝜷 − ∁𝟒)𝒆 + ∁𝟔𝝀
𝝀𝒊
𝝀𝒊

where C1 to C6 are constant coefficients given by C1=0.5176, C2=116, C3=0.4, C4=5,

C5=21, C6 =0.0068.

λi relates to λ and β through the following relationship:

𝟏 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟓
= − 𝟑
𝝀𝒊 𝝀 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝜷 𝜷 + 𝟏

Knowing λ, one may determine the value of turbine speed ωt that extracts maximum wind
power as below:

𝝀.𝝎𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅
𝝎𝒕 =
𝑹𝒕

where Rt is the radius to the tip of the rotor.

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 Summarizing, by knowing the wind speed (ωwind ), one may determine the values
of λ and β from the manufacturer supplied curves for maximum extraction of wind
power. By
substituting the values of λ and β in and above equation and one may find Cp. In turn
when this Cp value is used , one can obtain the maximum mechanical power developed
by the wind turbine for any particular value of wind speed ωwind and corresponding
value of turbine speed ωt is obtained.

SYSTEM UNDER STUDY:

A 9 MW wind farm consisting of six 1.5 MW wind turbines connected to a 25 kV
distribution system exports power to a 120 kV grid through a 30 km, 25 kV feeder. Wind
turbines using a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) consist of a wound rotor
induction generator and an AC/DC/AC IGBT-based PWM converter modeled by voltage
sources. The stator winding is connected directly to the 50 Hz grid while the rotor is fed
at variable frequency through the AC/DC/AC converter. The DFIG technology allows
extracting maximum energy from the wind for low wind speeds by optimizing the turbine
speed, while minimizing mechanical stresses on the turbine during gusts of wind. The
optimum turbine speed producing maximum mechanical energy for a given wind speed is
proportional to the wind speed. In this model, the wind speed is maintained constant at 15
m/s. The control system uses a torque controller in order to maintain the speed at 1.2 pu.
The reactive power produced by the wind turbine is regulated at 0 Mvar. Wind turbine
power characteristics are given below and then click Apply. The turbine Cp curves are
displayed in Figure 1. The turbine power, the tip speed ratio lambda and the Cp values are
displayed in Figure 2 as function of wind speed. For a wind speed of 15 m/s, the turbine
output power is 1 pu of its rated power, the pitch angle is 8.7 deg and the generator speed
is 1.2 pu

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 Fig 7: The turbine Cp curve

Fig 8 : The turbine power, the tip speed ratio lambda and the Cp values as function of
wind speed.

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 In the wind turbine block menu there are the four sets of parameters specified for
the turbine, the generator and the converters (grid-side and rotor-side). The 6-wind-
turbine farm is simulated by a single wind-turbine block by multiplying the following
three parameters by six, as follows: the nominal wind turbine mechanical output:
6*1.5e6 watts, specified in the Turbine data menu the generator rated power: 6*1.5/0.9
MVA (6*1.5 MW at 0.9 PF), specified in the Generator data menu the nominal DC bus
capacitor: 6*10000 microfarads, specified in the Converters data menu .Control
parameters menu that the "Mode of operation" is set to " Voltage regulation". The
terminal voltage will be controlled to a value imposed by the reference voltage (Vref = 1
PU) and the voltage droop (Xs = 0.02 PU).

SIMULINK DIAGRAM:

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GENERATOR DATA:

TURBINE DATA:

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CONTROL PARAMETERS:

This is the block diagram for control parameters showing different modes of
operation in which we can select the voltage regulation mode and Var regulation mode.
Also we can set the external reactive current Iq_ref for grid side to zero which gives
flexibility to simulate various fault conditions. Here we input the required values of
voltage regulator gains (both proportional and integral), power regulator gains, current
regulator gains
their respective rate of change.

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SIMULATION RESULTS:
In this model we have observed the steady-state operation of the DFIG and its
dynamic response to voltage sag resulting from a remote fault on the 120-kV system. In
the “120 kV” block modeling the voltage source and a six-cycle 0.5 pu voltage drop is
programmed at t=0.05 s. Simulation was started and voltage and current waveforms on
the Scope was observed. Simulation starts in steady state. Initially the DFIG wind farm
produces 9 MW. The corresponding turbine speed is 1.2 pu of generator synchronous
speed. The DC voltage is regulated at 1150 V and reactive power is kept at 0 Mvar.
At t=0.05 s the positive-sequence voltage suddenly drops to 0.5 p.u. causing an
oscillation on the DC bus voltage and on the DFIG output power. During the voltage sag
the control system tries to regulate DC voltage and reactive power at their set points
(1150 V, 0 Mvar). The system recovers in approximately 4 cycles.

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Simulation results:

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Turbine response to a change in wind speed

In the "Wind Speed" step block specifying the wind speed. Initially, wind speed is
set at 8 m/s, then at t = 5s, wind speed increases suddenly at 14 m/s. Start simulation and
observe the signals on the "Wind Turbine" scope monitoring the wind turbine voltage,
current, generated active and Reactive powers, DC bus voltage and turbine speed.

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 At t = 5 s, the generated active power starts increasing smoothly (together with the
turbine speed) to reach its rated value of 9 MW in approximately 20 s. Over that time
frame the turbine speed will have increased from 0.8 PU to 1.21 PU. Initially, the pitch
angle of the turbine blades is zero degree and the turbine operating point follows the red
curve of the turbine power characteristics up to point D. Then the pitch angle is increased
from 0 deg to 0.76 deg in order to limit the mechanical power. We also observed the
voltage and the generated reactive power. The reactive power is controlled to maintain a
1 PU voltage. At nominal power, the wind turbine absorbs 0.68 Mvar (generated Q = -
0.68 Mvar) to control voltage at 1PU.
CONCLUSION :
DFIGs are enormously used in Wind farms because of their ability to supply power
at constant voltage and frequency. Characteristics of DFIG are studied in MATLAB. We
have discussed here the basic operation of DFIG and it’s controls using AC/DC/AC
converter. We simulated a wind turbine driven (connected to grid) induction generator.
Control techniques of DFIG have been analyzed. Best efficiency and control the DFIG
system is used which is connected to grid side. The rotor side converter (RSC) usually
provides active and reactive power control of the machine while the grid-side converter
(GSC) keeps the voltage of the DC-link constant. We simulated grid side and wind
turbine side parameters and the corresponding results have been displayed. Doubly fed
induction generator proved to be more reliable and stable system when connected to grid
side with the proper converter control systems. Turbine speed to the change in wind
speed was varied by varying the initial and final speed and the signals were observed
on the "Wind Turbine" scope monitoring the wind turbine voltage, current, generated
active and Reactive powers, DC bus voltage and turbine speed.
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FUTURE WORK:
The parameters of the controllers can be improved or advanced control methods
can be used in future to improve the stability and dynamic performance of grid connected
induction generator. We can analyse the system when a fault occur in the transmission
line.

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REFERENCES:
[1] ―Indian wind energy outlook 2011,‖ Global wind Energy council, April, 2011.

[2] Sherihan Ashraf Shaheen, Hany M. Hasanien , and M. Abd-El-Latif Badr, ―Study on
Doubly Fed Induction Generator Control‖ , IEEE press,2010.

[3] Z. Wang, Y. Sun, G. Li and B.T. Ooi, ―Magnitude and frequency control of grid-
connected doubly fed induction generator based on synchronized model for wind power
generation‖ , IET Renewable Power generation, 2010.

[4] Satish Choudhury, Kanungo Barada Mohanty, B.Chitti Babu, ―Performance

Analysis of Doubly-Fed Induction Generator for Wind Energy Conversion System‖, Proc.
PSU-UNS International Conference on Engineering and Technology (ICET-2011),
Phuket, Thailand, pp.532-536, May 2011.

[5] S. N. Bhadra, D. Kastha, S. Banerjee, ―Wind Electrical Systems‖, Oxford University

Press, New Delhi, 2009.

[6] O. A. Lara, N. Jenkins, J. Ekanayake, P.Cartwright, M. Hughes, ―Wind energy

generation: Modeling and Control‖, John Wiley and Sons, UK, 2009.

[7] Nicholas W. Miller, Juan J. Sanchez-Gasca, William W. Price, Robert W. Delmerico,

"Dynamic modelling of GE 1.5 and 3.6 mw wind turbine-generators for stability
simulations," GE Power Systems Energy Consulting, IEEE WTG Modelling Panel,
Session July 2003.

[8] J. A. Baroudi, V. Dinavahi, A. M. Knight, “A review of power converter topologies

for wind generators”, ELSEVIER-Renewable Energy, vol. 32, no.14, Nov.2007.

[9] T. Ackermann, “Wind Power in Power Systems”, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2005.

[10] The Mathworks Inc., “Simpower systemTM 5 Reference”, 2009, Modeling of Doubly
Fed Induction Generators for Distribution System Power Flow Analysis Amitkumar
Dadhania, Ryerson University.

[11] J. F. M. Padrón and A. E. Feijóo Lorenzo, “Calculating Steady-State Operating

Conditions for Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Wind Turbines”, IEEE Transactions
on Power Systems, vol. 25, no. 2, May 2010, pp. 922-928.
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APPENDIX:
DFIG RATING AND SPECIFICATION:

Sl.NO SPECIFICATION RATING

1 RATED POWER 9MW

2 STATOR VOLTAGE 575 V

3 STATOR RESISTANCE 0.023Ώ

4 ROTOR RESISTANCE 0.016 Ώ

5 STATOR INDUCTANCE 0.18H

6 ROTOR INDUCTANCE 0.16H

7 MUTUAL INDUCTANCE 2.9H

8 POLES 3

9 WIND SPEED AT NOMINAL SPEED AT Cp 11

MAX
10 DC LINK VOLTAGE 1150V

11 DC BUS CAPACITOR 10000μF

12 INERTIA CONSTANT 0.685

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