A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ON ENGLISH DERIVED

VERBS USING THE SUFFIX –IZE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillments of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters

By

ADISTI HERLININGTYAS

Student Number: 044214018

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2008
A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ON ENGLISH DERIVED
VERBS USING THE SUFFIX –IZE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillments of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters

By

ADISTI HERLININGTYAS

Student Number: 044214018

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2008

i
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 DO THE BEST YOU CAN DO IN
YOUR LIFE AND NEVER GIVE UP
UNTIL THE END OF YOUR LIFE

Whatever you do in words or deed,

do all in the name of the Lord
Jesus.
(Colossians 3:17)

iv
 FOR

MY BELOVED JESUS CHRIST

MY BELOVED PARENTS, MOM and DAD

MY BELOVED BROTHER AND SISTER

MY BELOVED FAMILY

MY BELOVED LECTURERS

MY BELOVED SPECIAL CLOSE FRIEND

MY BELOVED BEST FRIENDS

v
vi
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I want to dedicate this thesis to those who had supported me from the

first semester until I graduated from Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta

on this year. First, I am very thankful to Jesus Christ, who always blesses me

and my family and also people around me along my life no matter whether

we are in good or bad condition.

Second, I am grateful with Dra. Bernardine Ria Lestari, M.S. as the

advisor for my thesis who always helps me when I have trouble with this

thesis and thanks for the book title “The Pronunciation of English: A Course

Book in Phonology” that she lend me. She always gives her suggestion in the

writing of this study patiently. Then, Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. as my co-

advisor, who read and gave a lot of suggestion and correction to this study.

Third, I want to dedicate this thesis for my Mom, my Dad, though he

has the kidney’s problem, and also my younger brother Yus, who helps me

when I have trouble with my computer. I want to thank so much for your

pray, hope and desire. It will give motivation for me to work hard to be a

successful woman, to be more energetic also stronger.

Fourth, I want to say thanks for my beloved chubby Yohanes Adi

Kusumo Kristianto Putro, who loves me with grateful heart and also

accompanies with me along this time in every condition. Then, for his

parents, his younger brother Dani, and his younger sister Fica too.

vii
 Fifth, I am also thankful for my lovely friends from Sanata Dharma

University from English Letters Faculty, Siska, Indri Nesta, Bu Guru Atur,

Dita Ndutz, Sheilla, Nofi, Lutfi, Rani, Martha, Risa “Cha2”, Elin, Deta,

Astrid, Intan, Ci’e Amel, Pita, Corry, Ririn, Dede’, Lisis, Mas Jati, Soni, Sis,

Rizqi, Edward, Nanang, Feme, Bang Ison, Mas Vitra, Ferdi “sapi putih”,

crew of play performance “In the Blood” (Donny, Fred, Crisci, Jojo, Ucok),

members of KKN Ponggok XXXIV (Dimas “Jantro”, Franky “Pepeng”,

Vembri “Tata”, Wisni, Heni, Lucy, Wenni, Theo, and Mace Rini), and so on.

Thanks for being my friend, I love them all.☺☺☺☺☺☺

Sixth, I want to say thanks to my lovely sister in my second home in

Jogja, Sister Lina “Tamara”, Sister Widhi, and Younger Odhie, also my

family in my second home Mr. Edy, Mrs. Nancy and Kevin. Then, for my

friends in AATC office, Mba Indy and Bu Eny, who gave me suggestion and

support me to be a good woman. Then, for my friends from Agriculture

Faculty of Gadjah Mada University, Mas Abid, Mas Mono, Mas Gembuz,

and Shinta. At last, all of my best friends who always support and encourage

me. I would like to thank so much for Astria, Veni, Mas Rukhi, Dian

Polwan, Rani, Nida, Wenni, Renita, Dita Karlos, Dyarike, Brian, Popo,

Agnes, Fenty “Jepunk”, Frida, Troy “Trondol”, Ika, Ajeng, Adri, Angger,

Bambang, Jack, Sogol, Gudheg, Mas Tomy, Pandhoe, Yosep, Mas Ian, Koh

Andre, Maya, Zil, Angga “Bro”, Giri, Sani, Ari, Aji’x, Sulis, Topan, Adi

“Gimbal”, and so on.

Adisti Herliningtyas

viii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE .. .................................................................................................. i

APPROVAL PAGE ........................................................................................... ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...................................................................................... iii
MOTTO PAGE .................................................................................................. iv
DEDICATION PAGE ....................................................................................... v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................. vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. ix
LIST OF TABLE ............................................................................................... x
ABSTRACT ..... .................................................................................................. xi
ABSTRAK ....... .................................................................................................. xii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 1

A. Background of the Study ................................................................................ 1
B. Problem Formulation ...................................................................................... 3
C. Objectives of the Study ................................................................................... 3
D. Benefit of the Study......................................................................................... 4
E. Definition of Terms ....................................................................................... 5
1. Morphology . .................................................................................................. 5
2. Suffix ........... .................................................................................................. 5
3. Morpheme ... .................................................................................................. 5
4. Derivation ..... .................................................................................................. 6
5. Morphophonemic Process .............................................................................. 6
6. Causative ..... .................................................................................................. 6

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW .................................................... 7

A. Review of Related Studies ............................................................................. 7
B. Review of Related Theories ........................................................................... 8
1. Theories of Morpheme ............................................................................... 8
2. Theories of Allomorph ............................................................................... 13
3. Theories of Morphophonemic Processes .................................................... 15
4. Theories of Affixation ................................................................................ 17
5. Theories of Derivation ................................................................................ 17
6. Theories of Causative Verbs ....................................................................... 19
7. Review on the suffix -ize ............................................................................. 20
C. Theoretical Framework .................................................................................. 20

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ................................................................. 22

A. Object of the Study ......................................................................................... 22
B. Method of the Study ....................................................................................... 23
C. Research Procedure ........................................................................................ 24
1. Data Collection ........................................................................................... 24
2. Data Analysis .............................................................................................. 25

CHAPTER IV : ANALYSIS .............................................................................. 26

A. The Stem of the Suffix [-ize]......................................................................... 28

ix
 1. Adjectives .................................................................................................. 28
2. Noun........ .................................................................................................. 28

B.The Function and Meaning of the Suffix -ize29

3. The Function of the Suffix –ize ................................................................. 29
4. The Meaning of the Suffix –ize ................................................................. 31
C.The Distribution of the Suffix -ize35
1. The Affixation of the Suffix –ize............................................................... 35
2. The derivatives formed with two morphemes ........................................... 35
3. The derivatives formed with three morphemes ........................................ 36
4. The derivatives formed with more than three morphemes ....................... 38
5. The Suffix that can be attached before the derivatives of suffix –ize........ 38
6. The Suffix –al ............................................................................................ 39
7. The Suffix –an............................................................................................ 39
8. The Suffix -ar............................................................................................ 40
9. The Suffix -ic ............................................................................................ 40
10. The Suffix -ile ....................................................................................... 41
11. The Affix that can be attached after the Derivatives of Suffix –ize....... 41
12. The Suffix –ion....................................................................................... 41
13. The Suffix –er......................................................................................... 42
14. The Prefix de-......................................................................................... 42
15. The Prefix dis-........................................................................................ 43
D. The Morphophonemic Processes Occuring in the Suffixation of
Suffix –ize .. .................................................................................................. 44
1. Stress Shift ................................................................................................. 44
2. Consonant Change ..................................................................................... 46
3. Vowel Change............................................................................................ 47
4. Insertion .. .................................................................................................. 48

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ......................................................................... 51

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 54
APPENDICES .. .................................................................................................. 56
Appendix 1 : words using suffix –ize which stem some from adjective.......... 56
Appendix 2 : words using suffix –ize which stem some from noun ................ 78
Appendix 3 : Phonetic transcription from words using suffix –ize.................. 103

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. The data of words of suffix {-ize} taken from Random House Webster’s
College Dictionary and Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary……………………………………………………………………………...…27

Table 2. The classification of the lexical meaning of suffix -ize based on Random
House Webster’s College Dictionary and Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary…………….……………………………………………………………….….33

Table 3. The measurement of the data based on the classification meaning from
Random House Webster’s College Dictionary and Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary………………………………………………………………………………34

Table 4. The process of consonant change from the words

Italicize…………………………………………………………………………………....46

Table 5. The processes of consonant change from the words

romanticize……………………………………………………………………….…..…..46

Table 6. The processes of vowel change from the words oxidize……………….47

Table 7. The processes of vowel change from the words

fertilize…………………………………………………………………………………...48

Table 8. The process of the insertion schwa (∂) from the word
modernize…………..….……………………………………………………………….49

Table 9. The processes of the insertion consonant (r) from the word
popularize……………………………………………………………………………..49

Table 10. The processes of the insertion consonant (t) from the word
dramatize………………………………………………………………………49

xi
 ABSTRACT

Adisti Herliningtyas. A Morphological Analysis on English Derivational Verbs

Using Suffix –Ize. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters,
Sanata Dharma University, 2008.

Language is important for human life in the world to communicate with

other people. Everyone knows more than one language including thousands even
tens of thousands of words. One example of the language is English. As we know
that English is the important language among the world and it is known as the
international language. When people study about words they know not only parts of
the words like root, stem, base, morpheme, syllable, prefix, and suffix but also the
morphophonemic processes including morphological processes and phonological
processes. This thesis is meant to analyze some words which are formed by
suffixation with the suffix -ize, such as: analyze, socialize, organize, modernize,
capitalize, formalize, and so on.
This study was designed to answer the problems from the research that are
formulated as follows: (1) What stems do the suffix -ize take? (2) What function and
meaning does the suffix -ize have? (3) What the morphophonemic processes occur
in the suffixation with the suffix -ize?
The researcher applied the method of empirical research to describe the
function of suffix -ize, to show which words can be attached to suffix -ize, and to
explain the morphophonemic processes occurring in the suffixation. In order to
collect the data, the researcher has made a library research. The primary data for the
qualitative research and analysis are words with the suffix -ize, its allomorphs and
also their phonetic transcription.
The results of this research can be drawn from the analysis of suffix -ize as
the answer of the problem formulation. The suffix -ize belongs to the English suffix
which are always added to the stem of noun or adjective. It means that the stem of
the suffix -ize comes from noun or adjective. The function of the suffix -ize is to
change noun or adjective into verb. Based on the change of the class of a word from
a noun or an adjective into verb, the process can be called verbalization.
Verbalization is the process of the formation of a verb from a noun or an adjective.
The suffix -ize does not change the meaning of the derived word entirely. It means
that the new meaning from the word with the suffix –ize is rather similar with the
meaning of the stem from that word. In morphological processes, suffix -ize can
attach to other suffixes that are used previously to form the new words in English
vocabulary such as: suffix -al, -an, -ar, -ic, and -ile. This suffix can also be used to
other suffix after attaching suffix -ize firstly, such suffix -ion and -er. The suffix -ize
may also be combined with the prefix de- or dis- to form the new derived words
without changing the class of word. In phonological processes we can find the stress
shift, consonant change from [k] into [s], vowel change and insertion of schwa [ə]
and the consonant [r] also [t] occurs in suffixation of suffix –ize.

xii
 ABSTRAK

Adisti Herliningtyas. A Morphological Analysis on English Derivational Verbs

Using Suffix –Ize. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas
Sanata Dharma, 2008.

Bahasa merupakan sarana yang sangat penting bagi kehidupan manusia

untuk berkomunikasi dengan orang lain. Setiap orang dapat menguasai lebih dari
satu bahasa termasuk ribuan bahkan jutaan kata-kata. Salah satu contoh dari
banyaknya bahasa tersebut yaitu bahasa Inggris. Seperti kita ketahui bahwa bahasa
Inggris merupakan bahasa yang dikenal oleh seluruh dunia dan bahasa Inggris
dikenal sebagai bahasa internasional. Ketika seseorang belajar tentang kata maka
mereka tidak hanya mengenal istilah kata dasar, morfem, suku kata, awalan, akhiran
tetapi juga proses morfofonemik termasuk perubahan bentuk serta bunyi. Tesis ini
disusun untuk meanganalisis kata-kata yang berakhiran -ize, seperti: analyze,
socialize, organize, modernize, capitalize, formalize, dan sebagainya.
Tesis ini disusun untuk menjawab rumusan masalah dari penelitian yang
disusun sebagai berikut: (1) Apa jenis kata dasar dari kata-kata yang berakhiran -ize?
(2) Apakah fungsi akhiran -ize dan arti dari kata-kata yang berakhiran -ize? (3)
Bagaimanakah proses morfofonemik terjadi pada kata-kata yang berakhiran -ize?
Peneliti menerapkan metode penelitian empirik untuk menjelaskan fungsi
akhiran -ize, menunjukkan kata-kata apa saja yang bisa diberi akhiran -ize, dan
menjelaskan bagaimana proses morfofonemik terjadi pada akhiran -ize. Peneliti
menggunakan studi kepustakaan dalam proses pengumpulan data. Data primer yang
dibutuhkan dalam penelitian kualitatif untuk dianalisis adalah kata-kata yang
menggunakan akhiran -ize beserta dengan simbol fonetiknya.
Hasil penelitian dapat diambil dari analisis tentang akhiran -ize sebagai
jawaban atas rumusan masalah yang diajukan. Akhiran –ize termasuk dalam akhiran
bahasa Inggris yang dapat dipakai pada kata-kata dasar yang tergolong kata benda
atau kata sifat. Ini artinya bahwa akhiran ss-ize menempel pada kata sifat atau
kata benda. Fungsi dari akhiran -ize adalah mengubah kata benda atau kata sifat
menjadi kata kerja. Berdasarkan perubahan kelas kata dari kata benda atau kata sifat
menjadi kata kerja, prosesnya disebut verbalisasi. Akhiran –ize tidak mengubah
seluruh arti kata dasarnya, maksudnya arti kata baru yang berakhiran –ize
mempunyai arti yang agak mirip dengan arti kata dari bentuk dasarnya. Dalam
proses morfologi, penggunaan akhiran -ize dapat dikombinasikan dengan akhiran
lain, misalnya: -al, -an, -ar, -ic, -ile, -ion, and -er. Tidak hanya akhiran tetapi
akhiran –ize dapat juga dikombinasikan dengan awalan lain seperti de- dan dis-
tanpa mengubah jenis kelas kata tersebut. Dalam proses fonologi, kita dapat
menemukan perubahan penekanan bunyi, perubahan konsonan seperti bunyi [k]
menjadi [s], perubahan vokal, dan sisipan dari bunyi ‘schwa’ [ə], bunyi konsonan [r]
dan [t] yang terjadi pada proses penambahan akhiran -ize.

xiii
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language is important for human life in the world. Every speaker of every

language knows thousands, even tens of thousands of words. People realize that

language is a main tool for communication, and conversation always happens by

producing many words. They also may produce thousands of sentences to express

people’s idea, feeling or attitude towards something everyday. Without knowledge

of the language, it is not even possible to tell how many words have been said.

Without knowing words people would not be able to convey their thoughts through

language.

Words are important parts of linguistic knowledge and constitute a

component of speaker’s mental grammars. Words are the smallest meaningful unit

of a language. Starting from words, people can produce sentences, paragraphs, texts,

even discourses. When people study about words they find some parts of the words,

such as: the root, stem, base, morpheme, syllable, prefix, and suffix. All of them are

included in morphology as the branch of linguistics which studies the nature and

arrangement of morpheme to form words. Morphology discusses the process of the

formation of words, the ways different classes of word are formed namely

morphological processes. It also discusses the phonological processes which occur

in the formation of words. In short, morphology is the study of word formation,

1
 2

while morphological analysis talks about the process of the word formation like

what the researcher does through this thesis.

Most of the English words are formed by affixation by adding a prefix, a

suffix, and an infix to the root of the words. Affixation is the most frequent and

wide-spread method of producing morphologically complex words in human

language. The commonest type of affixing found in various natural languages is

suffixation. As we know, the definition of suffixation in general is a process of

adding suffix in final position after the root or it is attached after its base. There are

many suffixes in English word. We can find the noun suffixes like the suffix –ion,

-ment, -ance, -age, -ure, -y, -ness, -ity, -acy, -ancy, -ism, -er, -ant, ry, -dom, and –ee.

We can find the adjective suffixes like the suffix –al, -ed, -ful-, -less, -free, -like,

-ish, and -able. We can also find the verb suffixes like the suffix –en, -ize, -ify, and

-ate. In this thesis, the researcher just analyze on suffix -ize whose function is to

create verbs from adjectives or nouns, see example, we can find some words with

the suffix -ize in some terms, such as: organize, carbonize, industrialize, and

modernize.

As we can see there are many words which are formed by adding suffix -ize

in English language. Students often hear those words when they are in the class,

such as: analyze, socialize, organize, recognize, modernize, capitalize, formalize,

industrialize, specialize, and many other words. Perhaps it might not only be in the

class but also outside of the class, but they use some words with the suffix -ize more

and more in their conversation.

This research is designed to analyze some words which are formed by

suffixation, especially with suffix -ize. It deals with one of the aspects of suffixation
 3

which will discuss derivational suffixes forming verbs. The aim of doing this is to

find out the morphological processes which occur in derivational causative verbs. It

is helpful for English learners to recognize verbs and use the right forms of verbs

with the right meanings. The suffixation of the suffix -ize has enriched English

vocabulary. The study of suffix -ize is expected to give deeper understanding about

the process, function, and meaning of the suffix -ize.

B. Problem Formulation

Based on the above discussion, the problems of this research can be

formulated as follows:

1. What stem does the suffix -ize take?

2. What function and meaning does the suffix -ize have?

3. What the morphophonemic processes occur in the suffixation with the suffix

-ize?

C. Objectives of the Study

The first objective from this study is to identify what stems that the suffix

–ize take. In this study, the researcher will separate words with the suffix -ize into

free morpheme and bound morpheme. Then, the researcher classifies the stems from

words with the suffix -ize as the free morpheme based on the part of speech. The

part of speech can be defined as the class of word, e.g: noun (N), adjective (A), and

verb (V).

The second objective from this study is to identify what function and

meaning in which the suffix –ize have. Analyzing the stems from words with the
 4

suffix -ize are significant because not all stems can occur with the suffix -ize. From

the bases analyzed, we can know the change from the stem into the new derived

words and draw a conclusion about the function of suffix -ize. On the other hand, the

meaning of the stem from words with the suffix -ize can be taken by looking up in

the dictionary.

The third objective from this study is to analyze what the morphophonemic

processes in the suffixation with the suffix –ize occur. For the learners, it is also

important to describe the speaker’s morphological competence by recognizing

words as being well-formed or ill-formed through morphological processes and to

define how the words by adding suffix -ize are formed to any morphological

analysis. For instances, the word specialize (V) consist of two morphemes between

special (Adj) recognized as a stem as the free morpheme and suffix -ize as the bound

morpheme, so suffix -ize as the bound morpheme attaches to that free morpheme.

Moreover, the suffix will change the word both morphologically and phonologically.

In other words, the word will experience some changes at morphological and

phonological level. In short, these processes are called morphophonemic processes.

D. Benefit of the Study

It is expected that the findings from this study will give more contribution to

the study of word formation. Furthermore, it can be a starting point for those who

are interested in studying about word formation to make other researchers to develop

the subsequent study of linguistic field. The study of English suffix -ize will

distribute one more study of suffixation to complete our knowledge about English

structure. This study is also useful for students of English to enrich their
 5

vocabularies. Not all of the words can attach to the suffix –ize. They will know

which words with using the suffix -ize and also the meaning of those words by

looking up in the dictionary.

E. Definition of Terms

To avoid misinterpretation and misunderstanding, it is necessary to give

definitions of terms used in this study. These definitions are:

1. Morphology

According to Akmajian, et al (1984:55), morphology is the subfield of

linguistics that studies the internal structure of words and the relationship

among words. For example: the word organ cannot be broken down into any

meaningful parts. In contrast, the word organize seems to be made up of two

parts: the word organ as the root form and an additional element of suffix -ize.

2. Suffix

According to Carolyn McManis, et al (1987:119), a suffix is one kind of

affixes which attached to the end of a word or morpheme. When suffixes are

attached to other morphemes they change the meaning or the grammatical

function of the word in some way. According to Victoria Fromkin, et al

(1991:68), a suffix belongs to part of words that are called bound morphemes

which distinct from free morphemes. Suffix always occurs following other

morphemes.

3. Morpheme

According to Carolyn McManis, et al (1987:119), a morpheme is the

minimal linguistic unit which has meaning or grammatical function.

 6

Morphemes are taken from words which can be broken down into smaller units.

While the other definition according to Victoria Fromkin, et al (2000:67), a

morpheme may be defined as the minimal linguistic sign, a grammatical unit in

which there is an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning that cannot be

further analyzed.

4. Derivation

According to Szymanek (1989:274), derivation is an affixation process that

forms a word with a meaning or category distinct from that of its base. While

according to Laurie Bauer (1988:76), derivation is the process of adding affixes

to change sub-categorization features associated with the base.

5. Morphophonemic Process

According to Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (2001),

morphophonemics is the study of the relations between morphemes and their

phonological components. Katamba (1993:34) gives another definition that

morphophonemic refers to the rules of this kind that account for the realization

of phonologically conditioned allomorphs of morphemes.

6. Causative

According to Walter A. Cook (1989:77), a causative is a derivational unit

which converts an intrinsic or derived process verb into a derived action-process

verb. The addition of the causative derivational unit will require the addition of

an agent noun to the structure as the process verb become an action process verb.

The derive process verb is the verb which shows the process of doing something

to achieve a certain purpose, while the action-process verbs are derivationally

related to state verbs which may occur with both process and action verbs.
 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Review of Related Studies

The commonest type of affixation of English words seems to be

suffixation. Some kinds of suffix like: -ing, -ic, -al, -ity, -ion, and –ous have been

discussed by some other students. For example, Dalan Mehuli Perangin-Angin

(2000) has discussed suffix -ion in his thesis “A Morphological Study of the

English Noun Suffix -ion.” The thesis analyzes that suffix –ion has nine

allomorphs like –ion, -ation, -ition, -tion, -cation, -action, -ution, -iation, and

–sion. The grammatical meaning of suffix –ion has a structural function to change

the word category of the stems verb into noun. That is why it is called a noun

suffix.

The other example, Mariana Setyorini (2005) has discussed suffix

–al in her thesis “A Morphological Study of the English Adjective Suffix –al.”

The thesis analyzes that suffix –al has a function to form the adjectives from

nouns. It also has four allomorphs like –ual [u∂l], -ial [i∂l], -inal [in∂l], and –ar

[∂r] also two types of consonant change.

The previous thesis must be different from this one because this

thesis analyzes the suffix –ize which has a function to form the verbs from

adjectives or nouns, and the allomorphs and morphophonemic processes will be

analyzed in the next chapters.

7
 8

B. Review of Related Theories

This chapter discusses some theories used in this study. They are theories

on morphemes, allomorphs, morphophonemic processes, affixation, derivation,

and causative verbs. Each subchapter discusses each subject of these theories.

1. Theories of Morphemes

A morpheme is an important part of word arrangement. It also

belongs to morphology as a branch of the linguistic study of words building.

There are some definitions of morphemes based on research from linguists.

According to Adrian Akmajian, Richard A. Demers and Robert M. Harnish in

Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication, the definition is:

The basic part of a complex word that signify the different building
blocks that make it up are called morphemes. For instances, each of
the plural noun listed in the words boys, rakes, lips, dogs, and
brothers is made up of two morphemes. The words boy, rake, lip,
dog, and brother are known as a base morpheme and a plural
morpheme –s, which is attached to the base morpheme. In short,
morphemes are the minimal units of word building in a language.
Morphemes cannot be broken down any further into recognizable or
meaningful parts (Akmajian et al, 1984:58).

A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language because it

cannot be broken into smaller units without destroying its meaning. H. A

Gleason in An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics said that:

Some morphemes can be usually described as the smallest

meaningful units in the structure of the language. The smallest
meaningful unit means a unit which cannot be divided without
destroying or drastically altering the meaning. For example, the
words strange recognizes as a morpheme which is the smallest
meaningful unit in the structure of the language (Gleason, 1955:53).

For example, the morpheme table cannot be broken into ta- and ble,

each of which does not have any meaning. The word table means a piece of
 9

furniture which has a flat top surface and also one or more than one leg used to

write, eat, and do some other works. The morpheme of the compound windbreak

can be broken into wind and break. Although wind and break each have a

meaning, their meanings are not related in any way with the meaning of

windbreak. The meaning of windbreak is a row of trees, wall, or screen

providing shelter from the wind, while the meaning of wind is the perceptible

natural movement of the air, especially in the form of a current blowing from a

particular direction, and the meaning of break is separate or cause to separate

into pieces as a result of a blow, shock, or strain.

H. A Gleason also analyzed the relation between words, morphemes,

and phonemes in his same book and states that

A morpheme is the unit on expression side of language which enters

into relationship with the content side. A morpheme is typically
composed of one to several phonemes. Morphemes also have
meaning. The morphemes enter into combinations in accordance with
definite and intricate patterns. The simpler words of English are
morphemes, while other words consist of two or more morphemes
(Gleason, 1955:11).
Morphemes are generally short sequences of phonemes. A morpheme consists of

phonemes and has meaning. Phonemes are arranged to form morphemes, then

morphemes will form a new word. Phonemes are the individual sounds that

appear in the basic form of morpheme, for example: the basic form /s/ for the

English regular plural morpheme. Phonemes represent the way in which sounds

are kept in people’s mind. The symbol for the phoneme is placed between

slashes / /.

A morpheme is meaningful because as a unit of sounds it has a

relation with a unit in people’s word of experience. The meaning of morpheme

 10

does not necessarily refer to an object in the real world like paper, glasses, and

dictionary but also an abstract concept like hesitation, prohibition, and anger.

A morpheme is different from a word. A word must be a morpheme

but a morpheme must not be a word. A word may consist of one or more than

one morphemes. The word carbonize consists of two morphemes: carbon and -

ize while the word dispute only consists of one morpheme: dispute. The

meaning of a word depends not only upon the morphemes that are present but

also on the order of their occurrence.

A morpheme is also different from a syllable. A syllable is simply a

group of phonemes which consists of one vowel, diphthong, or syllable nucleus

with or without a consonant before and after it. The word modernize consists of

three syllables: /mo-dern-ize/ but it only consists of two morphemes: modern

and -ize. A morpheme may consist of only a single phoneme. The /d/ in pledged

is not only voiced sound but it is to indicate that the word pledged is the verb

with past form. Frequently two morphemes are alike in sound expression but

have different content, it is called homophonous. It means that they have similar

sounds but their meanings are different. For instances, the sounds of /d/ in the

words mode and dislodged. The /d/ in mode indicates as a noun with the

meaning is a formal way in which something is done while in dislodged

indicates as a verb with the past form with the meaning is force or knock out

something out of its position (Gleason, 1955:53-54).

A morpheme can be differentiated into two kinds: free morphemes and

bound morphemes. Free morphemes can stand alone as independent word. In

other words, free morphemes are morphemes which can occur by themselves in
 11

a large language unit. For example, a young brave teenager is a noun phrase,

which consists of four words a, young, brave, and teenager as free morphemes.

Free morphemes sometimes are known as root of the words. Free morphemes

can be classified into two elements. They are content words (open classes) and

function words (closed classes). Content words include nouns (computer, music,

chair, etc), verbs (write, read, count, etc), adjectives (smart, expensive, modern,

etc), and adverbs (well, carefully, hard, etc). Content words can stand by

themselves because it has meaning. Function words are conjunction (but, then,

and, etc), articles and demonstratives (a, an, that, this), pronouns (your, mine,

her, his, our, their) and prepositions (in, on, at, next, etc). Function words have

the grammatical meaning and it is important grammatically.

The other kind of morpheme is the bound morpheme that cannot stand

independently but must be attached to the beginning or at the end of a free

morpheme. It can be the form of affixes attached to an already existing word to

form a new word or to show a syntactic meaning. According to the position,

affixes can be prefixes when they are attached to the beginning of another

morpheme, like: unlimited, disconnect, indirect, enlarge, and pre-natal, and as

suffixes when they are attached to the end of another morpheme, such as:

government, coordination, industrialize, arrival, and sensitivity. (Akmajian et al,

1984:58, 65-67). The process of adding an affix to an already existing word is

called affixation. Affixation is the most productive morphological process in

English and the commonest affixation is suffixation. It is by adding suffix at the

end of the word. As a bound morpheme, an affix either prefixes or suffixes

always occur with a free morpheme.

 12

According to Victoria Fromkin, David Blair, and Peter Collins in An

Introduction to Linguistic, a morpheme may be defined as the minimal linguistic

sign, a grammatical unit in which there is an arbitrary union of a sound and a

meaning that cannot be further analyzed. They underline some characteristic of

morphemes. A morpheme is represented by a single sound, such as the

morpheme a- meaning ‘without’ as in amoral or asexual. A morpheme may be

represented by a single syllable, like child and boy. However, it can be

represented by more than one syllable: by two syllables, as in lady, father, or by

three syllables, as in barbarian, or by four or more syllables, as in

supplementary. Two different morphemes may have similar phonological

representation but the meaning is not always the same. The rule that adds –er to

verbs in English to produce a noun meaning ‘one who performs an action (once

or habitually)’ likes lover, examiner, reader, and so forth. On the other hand, the

suffix –er can also signify the degree of comparison that something is more than

another things in comparative, like higher, wider, and thicker (Fromkin et al

1991:67,77).

According to Adrian Akmajian, Richard A. Demers and Robert M.

Harnish, based on function affixes can be classified into inflectional and

derivational, and both of them are different. Inflectional affixes never change the

part of speech of the base morpheme to which they are attached. In contrast,

derivational affixes often change the part of speech of the base morpheme. For

instances, the suffix –s in noun or verbs indicates that it is plural noun or third

person without changing the part of speech from that words, while another

example suffix –ize is used to form a verb from noun or adjectives in which
 13

there is a change of the part of speech from the root. So, the suffix –s belongs to

inflectional affixes while suffix -ize belongs to derivational affixes.

The function of derivational affixes is to create new members for a given

part of speech class, whereas inflectional affixes are always attached to already

existing words without changing the part of speech class but it will give a change

on the grammatical meaning. In the case of inflectional affixes, the relation

between the meaning of stem morpheme and the meaning of the stem and affix

is quite regular. In contrast, the relation between the meaning of the base

morpheme and the meaning of the base and affix is sometimes unpredictable in

the case of derivational affixes.

2. Theories of Allomorph

John Lyons described the definition of allomorph in his book

Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics as follows:

A further point may now be made with regard to the relationship between
morphemes and morphs. It frequently happens that a particular
morpheme is not represented everywhere by the same morph, but by
different morph in different environments. These alternative
representations of a morpheme are called allomorphs (Lyons, 1968:184).

Victoria Fromkin, David Blair, and Peter Collins (1991:293) underline

that in English, the regular plural morpheme like [s], [z], [∂z] belongs to the

forms of allomorphs. The use of [s], [z], [∂z] will be determined by rules. The

voiced /z/ is preceded by a voiced sound, like bugs where /g/ is voiced. The

voiceless /s/ is preceded by a voiceless sound, like cats where /t/ is voiceless.

The sound /∂z/ occurs when a regular noun ends in a sibilant as in matches.

All the morphs that represent a given morpheme are called allomorphs of

that morpheme. In other words, allomorphs are the free variant of morpheme.
 14

There are two conditions of allomorph: phonological condition and

morphological condition. Phonological condition can be seen in the case of the

regular plural suffix which has three different pronunciations /-z/, /-s/, and /-iz/.

The change of the allomorph is conditioned entirely by phonological change. It

means that the choice of the allomorph from the regular plural suffix depends on

the phonetic nature of the preceding phonemes, such as: cats /kats/, dogs /dogz/,

and horses /ho:sez/. We can know that /-z/ occurs only after voiced sounds; /-s/

only after voiceless sounds; and /-iz/ only after fricatives and affricates (Spencer,

1991:6). Morphological condition means that if the selection is determined by

the specific morpheme or morphemes forming the contexts rather than by any

phonologic feature, example: the plural form of ox is oxen (Gleason, 1955:62).

The choice of allomorph used in a given context is normally

phonologically conditioned. It means that allomorph is selected to represent the

morpheme in particular context and a neighboring morpheme influences the

sounds of allomorph. The choice of allomorph may be grammatically

conditioned, for instances in certain verbs of English the form of past tense

morpheme require the specific rule. In past tense we can find the regular and

irregular verbs, for example: kiss→kissed, weep→wept, and put→put. The

choice of allomorph can be lexically conditioned like the use of a particular

allomorph may be obligatory if a certain word is present; for example, the plural

of ox is not oxes but oxen. The choice of the allomorph –en is lexically

conditioned (Katamba, 1993:28-30).

 15

3. Theories of Morphophonemic Processes

Morphophonemic processes are related to morphophonemic rules. The

rules which come into the alternations among allomorphs in the

morphophonemic processes are called morphophonemic rules (O’ Grady et al,

1989:116). Morphophonemic processes may result in phonological change.

Morphemes may appear in different phonological forms because of the effects of

general processes, for example the English regular plural suffix [s], [z], and [-iz].

So, phonological rules are allowed to influence with the phonological forms of

morphemes (Spencer, 1991: 53-57).

The rule that determines the phonetic form of the plural morpheme has

been called a morphophonemic rule because it combines both morphological

change and phonological change. When a morpheme has alternative phonetic

forms, these forms are called allomorphs. The sounds [z], [s], and [∂z] would be

allomorphs of the regular plural morpheme, and determined by rule. The sound

[z] occurs only after voiced sound in the words bugs. The sound [s] occurs only

after voiceless sound in the words carts. The sound [∂z] occurs which a schwa

[∂] is inserted before the plural ending when a regular noun ends in a sibilant as

in fishes. The past form rule like [t], [d], and [ed] like the plural formation rule

must include morphological change. After a vowel or diphthong the form of the

past tense is always [d], as shown by the words cared, tied, loved. When the

word is a verb and when the voiced consonant represents the past tense

morpheme, it must be a voiced [d], such as: rouged, judged, grabbed, etc. When

the voiceless consonant represent the past tense morpheme, it must be a

voiceless [t], as shown by the words reaped, peaked, kissed, wished, etc. A
 16

schwa [∂] can be inserted in the past tense of regular verbs ending with alveolar

stop, such as: stated, raided, etc. (Fromkin et al, 1991:293).

One of the commonest types of morphophonemic change is assimilation.

This is a label for the situation where some phonemes are more nearly like its

environment than is the phoneme sound in the base form. Gleason argues that

there are two kinds of allomorphs in assimilation conditioned. Progressive is a

kind of assimilation in which the assimilated sound follows the conditioning

sound. For instances, the word helped, judged, accepted, all of them are the form

of past verbs with the final sounds pronounced in different sound likes [t], [d],

[∂d] which the sound before influences the sound after. Regressive is also a kind

of assimilation in which the assimilated sound precedes the conditioning sound,

like the word imbalance, incorrect, inanimate, illegal, impossible the

pronunciation of these words will be different because the sounds after

influences the sound before (Gleason, 1955:83-84).

When we postulate a systematic morphological relation between sets of

words we will describe phonological change or sound change, for example,

when –able is attached to a base, the pronunciation of the base is augmented by

the phonetic sequence [-∂bl]. Then, a category change or part of speech change,

such as: suffix –able is attached to transitive verbs and converts them into

adjectives. Finally, a semantic change is related to the changing of meaning of

the words. For instances, if calculable from calculate + -able, then –able adds

the meaning ‘able to’, so the meaning of calculable is able to calculated

(Akmajian et al, 1984:76).

 17

4. Theory of Affixation

Affixation is the most common morphological processes for modifying a

root which occurs in English words. The definition of affixation is the addition

of an affix occurring before, after, inside of, or around the root. This process

needs an affix as a grammatical morpheme which must be bound to a root. An

affix can be classified into four kinds based on the position of affixation:

Affixes which attach to the right, or end, of a base are called suffixes.
Affixes which attach to the left, or front, of a base are called prefixes. In
addition to prefixes and suffixes, some languages make use of infixes, a
kind of affix that is inserted inside a lexical root. Infixation is less
common than suffixation or prefixation across the world’s languages.
Another unusual kind of affixation is cicumfixation, in which a two-part
or discontinuous morpheme surrounds a root (Fasold et al, 2006:66-67).

Affixation can be divided into three types: prefixation, suffixation, and

infixation. Prefixation is the process of giving a certain affix before the root,

such as: unhappy, disorder, enlarge, and so on. Infixation is the process of

giving the certain affix inside the root. English has very limited kinds of infixes.

Suffixation is the process of giving the certain affix after the root, such as:

generation, sadness, government, and soon. Suffixation is the commonest

affixation occurring in English.

5. Theory of Derivation

Derivation is the process of building a new word by giving a certain

suffix to change the meaning of the root. The important key of derivation is there

will be a change of the meaning and the class of words. For instances, the suffix

-ize in English create a verb from a noun or an adjective, such as: hospitalize,

vaporize, modernize, nationalize, and so on. Derivation can be divided into two
 18

types. Firstly, affixes often change in the consonant or vowel segment of the root

and may effect the placement of stress. For instances, the suffix -ize in publicize

shows that final consonant of the root changes from /k/ to /s/. Secondly, affixes

tend to be phonologically neutral because there is no effect on the consonant or

vowel segment of the root and the stress placement, such as: promptness,

hairless, hopeful, quietly, and selfish (O’ Grady et al, 2005: 118-122).

A derivational process needs derivational morphemes which are needed

to the root. We know that the words are not usually simple but it has a

hierarchical structure because there are some words which have more than one

morpheme like unsystematically, denationalization, etc. A derivational process

shows that there is a change of meaning and it gives the different grammatical

class from the root (Fromkin et al, 1991: 74-75).

Derivation and inflection belong to morphological processes in which

they have different functions. Derivation needs an affix to change the class of

words while inflection needs an affix without changing the class of words.

Derivation is the most common way among the world’s languages to change the

root into the new form. Derivation often occurs in English language. Derivation

often changes the class of word, or its meaning, or both. Several different affixes

sometimes have the same function, for examples: singer, violinist, magician, and

so on. From those examples, we know that not all the affixes can attach to any

root freely. The suffix -er for example, can only attach to verbs (singer), while

the suffix -ist attaches only to nouns or adjectives (violinist, cartoonist), and -ian

can only attach to noun (magician, mathematician, politician) (Fasold et al,

2006:74-75).
 19

6. Theory of Causative Verbs

The definition of causative is a derivational unit which converts a derived

process verb into a derived process action verb. The addition of an agent noun or

subject can be decided as a sign of changing to form of causative verbs. We

know that a process verb must be different from process action verb. A process

verb is a verb which involves motion without an agent like in the sentences: A

smell came across the harbor from the shark factory. The process verb from this

sentence is came across. An action verb expresses an activity which is being

done by someone. It combines between motion and agent for example in the

sentence: That young boy traveled in the desert for six months. The action verb

of this sentence is traveled. An action process verb expresses an action and a

process. An agent is required to this verb as a subject similar with people who do

something and as an object that people will accept the effect or be affected by

activity that has been done by the subject. For instance, Paul smelt something

burning and smoke rising. The agent from this sentence is Paul who becomes

the subject of this sentence (Cook, 1989: 77).

Francis Katamba said there are three ways of reflecting causatives in

English. First, lexical causatives come from the lexical meaning based on the

dictionary, e.g.: drop means ‘cause to fall’, kill means ‘cause to die’. Second,

morphological causatives are influenced by affixation especially derivational

affixation, e.g.: widen means ‘make wide’, shorten means ‘cause to become

short’, etc. Third, syntactic causatives by separating words in phrases and

clauses, e.g: make someone happy, and cause to riot (1993:213).

 20

7. Review on the suffix -ize

Random House Webster’s College Dictionary states that the suffix –ize

belongs to one of the most productive suffix in English language, and has been

commonly used since the late 16th century. The words with suffix –ize are

suddenly heard and seen everywhere, especially in the context of advertising,

commerce, education, and government.

The suffix -ize is widespread in borrowed and neo-classical words, e.g.:

epitomize, and organize. It is also very productive, especially in association with

abstract nouns in –ization, such as: generalization, rationalization,

nationalization, etc. The function of the suffix -ize is to form chiefly transitive

verbs from nouns and adjectives (Quirk, et al, 1972:1001). The suffix -ise is an

alternative spelling in British English. The British spelling -ise is becoming less

common in British English, especially in technical or formal writing chiefly

because some influential British publishers prefer to American form.

C. Theoretical Framework

This study uses the empirical analysis. It means that this study tries to

describe everything about suffix –ize based on the primary data that the

researcher had. Most discussion relates to morphemes, allomorphs, and

morphophonemic processes. Morphemes relate to morphological analysis, while

allomorphs relate to phonological analysis, and morphophonemic processes

combine both of them. From that analysis, we can know the process of how the

word is formed which includes the affixation, the sound change, the changing of

category or class of that word, and also the change of meaning.

 21

The morphophonemic system is the way in which the morphemes of a

given language are variously represented by phonemic shapes that can be

regarded as a kind of code. Therefore, the morphophonemic process is always

occurred in the forming of the words in every language. To make the analysis of

this topic more understandable, then the theories of morphemes, allomorphs, and

morphophonemic process are needed as the basic requirement of morphological

analysis, one of them cannot be ignored. In other hand, the theory of affixation,

derivation, and causative verbs are also needed as the additional requirement of

the morphological analysis.

 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The main object of this study is the words with the suffix –ize, such

as: modernize, specialize, categorize, etc. The class of words from the root

with the suffix -ize is either an adjective or a noun. The suffix –ize has the

alternative spelling in British English into –ise although both of them have

different sound but they have different function and meaning.

Based on the problem formulation in previous chapter, this study

focuses on the stems that the suffix –ize take, the function and meaning that

the suffix –ize take, and the morphophonemic processes occur in the

suffixation with the suffix –ize.

In collecting the data, the researcher had taken two kinds of

dictionaries namely Random House Webster’s College Dictionary and

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. The researcher used both

dictionaries to get the data completely. Random House Webster’s College

Dictionary is used to find the list of words and its meanings and Oxford

Advanced Learner’s Dictionary is used to find the phonetic transcription

from those words. From both sources, there are 353 words from the list of

words with using the suffix –ize that are used as the main data to be

analyzed.

22
 23

B. Method of the Study

The main purpose of the research in this study is empirical. The

empirical method is chosen because it depends on the primary data. As we

know that the primary data is the important material for the research to this

study. The primary data that are used in this study is the words with using the

suffix –ize, its meanings and its phonetic transcription that are taken from

Random House Webster’s College Dictionary and Oxford Advanced

Learner’s Dictionary. So, the researcher applied the method of empirical

research to describe the issues that are related to suffix –ize, e.g.: to describe

the function of suffix -ize, to show which words can be attached to suffix

-ize, and to explain how the morphophonemic processes of the suffix -ize

occur.

The researcher would like to provide the classification of the stems

and to show the alternate phonetic form. In order to collect the data, the

researcher has conducted a library research. The researcher has got the book

sources that are related to the linguistics and dictionaries. The primary data

for the qualitative research and analysis are words with the suffix -ize, its

allomorphs and also their phonetic transcription. To collect the data, all the

derived words with using the suffix –ize were listed by the order of

alphabets. To select the data as the example on the chapter of analysis is

taken randomly. The secondary data is the review of related studies which

concern on a morphological analysis of certain suffix.

 24

C. Research Procedure

1. Data Collection

To collect the data, first of all the researcher decided on the source

data which was more accurate and trustable. The data analyzed in this study

is taken from Random House Webster’s College Dictionary as the most

complete dictionary to find the words which are attached by suffix –ize and

its meaning. The other source of that data analyzed is also taken from Oxford

Advanced Learner’s Dictionary because this dictionary uses the International

Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to find the phonetic transcription and also to

analyze the phonological changes. After deciding the sources, the researcher

gathered the data by looking up the words that were attached by suffix -ize in

those dictionaries.

This study focused to analyze the root of words with suffix –ize from

adjective, then the researcher divided into five groups, words with the base

form of the suffix –ize which most often end in –al in formalize, nationalize,

pluralize, -an in Balkanize, urbanize, -ar in popularize, regularize,

familiarize , -ic in eroticize, publicize, and -ile in infantilize, sterilize,

fertilize.

This study also focused to analyze the root of words with suffix –ize

from noun, then it was divided into five groups, words with the base form of

the suffix -ize which most often end in -ry in accessorize, allegorize,

memorize, -an in Africanize, womanize, Romanize, -y in agonize, analogize,

tyrannize, -al in canalize, hospitalize, journalize and -ic in narcoticize,

phoneticize, Arabicize.
 25

2. Data Analysis

Some steps were taken to analyze this subject. In analyzing the data,

the researcher implemented the analytical technique to solve the problem

stated in problem formulation on chapter I. There were three points of

problem to be analyzed: part of speech from the words which attached by

suffix –ize, the meaning, and the distribution of suffix -ize through the

morphophonemic processes.

The first was analyzing the data by separating words with suffix –ize

into free morphemes and bound morphemes. The second was classifying free

morphemes based on the part of speech of the root from words with suffix

–ize into noun (N) or adjective (Adj). The third was analyzing the meaning

of the derived words semantically or morphologically. To reduce errors in

classifying the words and also analyzing the meaning, the researcher used

Random House Webster’s College Dictionary. The fourth was finding the

phonetic transcription of the root and the words with the suffix –ize in order

to analyze the phonological changes. At this step, the researcher used Oxford

Advanced Learner’s because the dictionary uses International Phonetic

Alphabet (IPA). The reason was the IPA proposes one symbol for one sound.

It was helpful in the analysis on morphophonemic processes. The last was to

show the morphophonemic processes and to find the morphophonemic rule

in the suffixation of suffix -ize either morphologically or phonologically by

analyzing the root and the words with the suffix –ize.
 CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter will explain about the answer of the problem formulation in

chapter one. Based on the problem formulation, the researcher will discuss the stem

of suffix -ize, the function and meaning of the suffix -ize, and the morphophonemic

processes that occur in the suffixation of the suffix -ize. From both sources, Random

House Webster’s College Dictionary and Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,

there are 196 words with suffix –ize the stem of which comes from noun, and 157

words with suffix -ize the stem of which comes from adjective. From the data, we

can make the classification of the words with the suffix -ize based on the final letters

before creating the new words. In other word, the classification is based on the

writing system.

Table 1. The data of words of suffix -ize taken from Random House Webster’s
College Dictionary and Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary.

Words End Examples Occurrence Percentage

with Letters
-al Formalize, generalize, industrialize, 93 26.35%
legalize, nationalize, neutralize,
personalize, pluralize
-ar Familiarize, polarize, popularize, 10 2.83%
regularize, secularize, velarize,
vulgarize
-an Africanize, Americanize, Italianize, 15 4.25%
Balkanize, Christianize,
-ic Arabicize, fanaticize, publicize, 27 7.65%
historicize
-ile Fertilize, mobilize, sterilize, stabilize 8 2.27%
Consonant Westernize, solemnize, standardize, 141 39.94%
modernize, symmetrize, theorize,
victimize, synopsize, methodize,

26
 27

hydrogenize, fragmentize, categorize

Vowel Alkalize, anathematize, dramatize, 59 16.72%
acclimatize, corporatize, miniaturize,
satirize, pressurize, temporize
TOTAL AMOUNT 353 100%

From the table above, we can know that the suffix –ize can attach to the word

ends with letters –al, -ar, -an, -ic, -ile, consonant (b, d, h, l, m, n, r, t, y), and vowel

(a, e,i). The suffix -ize is attached to the stems which end with consonant letters,

such as: Westernize, solemnize, standardize, modernize, symmetrize, victimize,

synopsize, methodize, hydrogenize, fragmentize, categorize, and so on. The suffix

-ize is also attached to the stem which ends with vowel letters, such as: alkalize,

climatize, corporatize, miniaturize, satirize, pressurize, and temporize. The suffix

–ize is attached to the word ending with -al, for example: formalize, industrialize,

nationalize, personalize, etc. The suffix -ize attached to the word ending with –ic,

like in the words eroticize, fanaticize, publicize, and historicize. The suffix -ize

attached to the suffix -an, such as in the words Africanize, Americanize, Italianize,

Balkanize, Christianize, humanize, and urbanize. Fourth, the suffix -ize is attached

to the word ending with -ar, for example: familiarize, popularize, and secularize.

The suffix –ize can be attached to the word ending with -ile which can be seen in the

words fertilize, mobilize, sterilize, and stabilize. Before analyzing the data

furthermore, we can observe the stem attach to the suffix -ize, the function and

meaning of the suffix –ize. We have to realize that the word ending is different from

the word with using the certain suffix, so although the form looks similar but the

function is different.
 28

A. The Stem of the Suffix -ize

The stems attach to the suffix -ize are adjectives or nouns.

1. Adjectives

Most of the stems are adjectives to which the suffix -ize is

attached to as in the following examples:

Adjective Verb

Absolute Absolutize

Capital Capitalize

Christian Christianize

Erotic Eroticize

Fertile Fertilize

Interior Interiorize

Modern Modernize

Particular Particularize

From the example above, the words absolute, capital, Christian,

erotic, fertile, interior, modern, and particular belong to the

adjective before attaching to the suffix -ize. Thus, it can be said

that the suffix -ize takes an adjectives as its stem

2. Nouns

Based on the explanation above, the suffix -ize takes

adjectives as the stems. On the other hand, the suffix -ize can also

attach to nouns. This can be seen in the following example:

Noun Verb

Analogy Analogize
 29

Carbon Carbonize

Hospital Hospitalize

Motor Motorize

Symbol Symbolize

Tempo Temporize

Unit Unitize

Weather Weatherize

From the list, the words analogy, carbon, hospital, motor,

symbol, tempo, unite, and weather belong to the noun before

being attached to the suffix -ize. So, the researcher can say that

the suffix –ize also takes nouns as its stem.

B. The Function and Meaning of the Suffix -ize

1. The Function of the Suffix -ize

The stems of the suffix –ize can be nouns or adjectives. Quirk state

that the suffix –ize is used to form chiefly transitive verbs (Quirk et al,

1972:1001). It means that these verbs need a direct object as one of the

requirement of transitive verbs.

As we know that the suffix -ize is recognized as the bound morpheme

and the stems that come from adjective or noun are recognized as the free

morpheme. The function of the suffix -ize is to change adjective or noun into

verb. We can find some words with nouns as the stems such as: accessory,

canal, ebony, fossil, and hydrogen. When these words added with suffix -ize,

it will become accessorize, canalize, ebonize, fossilize, and hydrogenize. We

 30

can also find some words with adjective as the stem such as: annual, classic,

erotic, legal, modern, and so on. When these words are added with suffix

-ize, it will become annualize, classicize, eroticize, legalize, and modernize.

In other words, the suffix -ize belongs to the derivational morpheme because

it changes the class of words which come from adjective or noun into verb.

Suffix -ize can be found in some words of English language, such as:

Africanize, baptize, characterize, fanaticize, and so on after the process of

affixation especially suffixation.

Look at the following example:

From Noun (N) → Verb (V)

Atom + -ize → Atomize

Botany + -ize → Botanize

Canal + -ize → Canalize

Ozon + -ize → Ozonize

Phonetic + -ize → Phoneticize

From Adjective (Adj) → Verb (V)

Annual + -ize → Annualize

Classic + -ize → Classicize

Mobile + -ize → Mobilize

Regular + -ize → Regularize

Western + -ize → Westernize

The examples above show that words with nouns as the stems and the

derived word is verb. It means that the suffix -ize has the function to form

verbs from nouns. The suffixation of suffix -ize changes the stem from noun
 31

into verb. In addition, the following examples above show that the words

with adjective as the stems and the derived word is verb. It means that the

suffix -ize has the function to form verbs from adjectives too. The suffixation

of suffix –ize also changes the stem from noun into verb.

It can be concluded that the function of suffix -ize is to form verb.

Based on the change of the class of word from noun or adjective into verb,

the process can be called verbalization. Verbalization is the process of the

formation of a verb from a noun or an adjective. In this case, the suffix -ize

can be called as a verbalizer.

2. The Meaning of the Suffix -ize

The above explanation shows that the function of the suffix -ize is to

form a verb. The verbs are formed from nouns or adjectives. Although the

class of the derived word is different from the one of the stem, the meaning

of the derived word does not change entirely. It means that the derived words

still have the meaning or the characteristics of the stem. It is important to

know the meaning of some of the derived words with the suffix -ize in order

to know what suffix -ize means.

In this part, the researcher will discuss about the meaning of the

words with the suffix -ize based on the lexical meaning. To know the lexical

meaning, the researcher must use the dictionary because the meaning of the

words with suffix -ize are related to the meanings of the stems. Random

House Webster’s College Dictionary and Oxford Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary are used as the reference in analyzing the meaning of the suffix

-ize. The meaning of the derived words with the suffix -ize can be found in
 32

the dictionary which share similarities. According to both sources Random

House Webster’s College Dictionary and Oxford Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary, the suffix –ize has eight meanings. The meanings are “to cause to

be formed into”; “to conform to be like”; “to subject to an action”; “to act

upon in such a way as result in”; “to cause to combine with a specified

substance”; “to engage in or carry on an activity”; “to render make” and “to

convert into”. All of that meaning can be seen in the following examples

from words with using the suffix –ize:

Union (‘the action or fact of uniting or being united’) + -ize

→Unionize (‘to organize people into a made union’)
System (‘a set of things working together as a mechanism or
interconnecting network’) + -ize → Systemize (‘to arrange in or
according to a system’)
Critic (‘a person who expresses an unfavourable opinion of
something’) + -ize → Criticize (‘to indicate the faults of somebody or
something’)
Commercial (‘making or intended to make a profit’) + -ize →
Commercialize (‘to make money or try to make money out of
something’)
Hydrogen (‘a colourless, odourless, highly flammable gas, the
chemical element of atomic number 1’) + -ize → Hydrogenize (‘to
combine or treat with hydrogen, especially to add it to an unsaturated
organic compound’)
Philosophy (‘a set of theories of a particular philosopher’) + -ize →
Philosophize (‘to think or reason as a philosopher)
Actual (‘existing in fact’) + -ize → Actualize (‘to make actual or
real’)
 33

Drama (‘plays a genre or literary style’) + -ize → Dramatize (‘to

make something such as a novel or an event with a play’)

All of the meaning above can occur when suffix –ize is attached to the words

which belong to adjective or noun. The words with similar meanings are

often grouped to make the analysis easier and simple. The following part is

about the classification based on the lexical meaning and its explanation.

Table 2. The classification of the lexical meaning of suffix -ize based on

Random House Webster’s College Dictionary and Oxford
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary.
No Meaning Example
1 To cause to be formed into Unionize, diphthongize
2 To conform to be like Systemize, liquidize, Americanize,
crystallize
3 To subject to an action Criticize, plagiarize
4 To act upon in such a way as Brutalize, commercialize, rationalize
result in
5 To cause to combine with a Hydrogenize, oxidize
specified substance
6 To engage in or carry on an Botanize, philosophize, attitudinize
activity
7 To render make Actualize, fossilize, sterilize
8 To convert into Computerize, dramatize, itemize,
motorize

From the table above, we know that suffix -ize has the lexical

meaning. First, to cause to be formed into, such as: unionize, diphthongize.

Second, to conform to be like in the words systemize, liquidize, Americanize,

crystallize. Third, to subject to an action in the words criticize, plagiarize.

Fourth, to act upon in such a way as result in, such as: brutalize,

commercialize, and rationalize. Fifth, to combine with, such as: hydrogenize,

oxidize. Sixth, to engage in or carry on an activity in the words botanize,

philosophize, attitudinize. Seventh, to render make as in the words actualize,

 34

fossilize, sterilize. Eighth, to convert into as in the words computerize,

dramatize, itemize, motorize.

The researcher also classified the meaning of words with using the

suffix –ize into number and percentage as the following tables.

Table 3. The measurement of the data based on the classification

meaning from Random House Webster’s College Dictionary
and Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary.
No Meaning Number Percentage (%)
1 To cause to be formed into 45 12.7 %
2 To conform to be like 45 12.7 %
3 To subject to an action 50 14.2 %
4 To act upon in such a way as 56 15.9 %
result in
5 To cause to combine with a 37 10.5 %
specified substance
6 To engage in or carry on an 46 13.1 %
activity
7 To render make 41 11.6 %
8 To convert into 33 9.3 %
TOTAL AMOUNT 353 100%
From the measurement on the table above, we can know that the comparison

of one meaning to another meaning is not too extreme. It means that the

meaning of one word to another word with using the suffix –ize seems to be

similar but basically the meaning is different. Each word has its own

meaning which is different from one to another but the meaning from certain

words sometimes looks similar.

In conclusion, the suffix -ize does not change the meaning of the

derived word entirely. The characteristics of the stem are still predictable in

the derived words. The suffix -ize has the lexical meaning which can be

taken from dictionary. On the other side, the suffix -ize also can give the

causative meaning that are influenced by derivational affixation as ‘cause to

become…or to make into…”. For instances, the words aromatic has the
 35

meaning “to make into aromatic”. The other examples in the word centralize

which has the meaning “cause to become under the control of one central

authority”.

C. The Distribution of the Suffix -ize

1. The Affixation of Suffix -ize

In the derivative formed by the suffix -ize, we can find some complex

words, that is words which consist of more than one morpheme. In another

definition, a complex word is the word that consists of one free morpheme

and more than one bound morpheme either prefix or suffix, such as:

Americanize, aromatize, containerize, constitutionalize, decentralize,

disorganize, familiarize, immobilize, revolutionize, and so on.

In the derivatives, there is also the distribution of other suffixes as the

application of affixation. To know the distribution of each affix, then the

derivative form is divided into free morpheme and bound morpheme. They

can be divided into three types.

a. The derivatives with two morphemes

See the following example.

Analogy + -ize → Analogize

Canal + -ize → Canalize

Epitome + -ize → Epitomize

Modern + -ize → Modernize

 36

Public + -ize → Publicize

Secular + -ize → Secularize

Sterile + -ize → Sterilize

Urban + -ize → Urbanize

From the examples, we can know that the words with the suffix -ize

can be arranged from one free morpheme as the stem and suffix -ize as the

bound morpheme. The words analogize, canalize, epitomize, modernize,

publicize, secularize, sterilize, and urbanize are the new form of the words

analog, canal, epitome, modern, public, secular, sterile, and urban which

are attached to the suffix –ize.

b. The derivatives formed with three morphemes

Look at the following example.

America + -an + -ize → Americanize

Arab + -ic + -ize → Arabicize

Contain + -er + -ize → Containerize

Colony + -al + -ize → Colonialize

Family + -ar + -ize → Familiarize

Moist + -ure + -ize → Moisturize

de- + humanize → Dehumanize

{human + -ize →humanize}

dis- +harmonize → Disharmonize

{harmony + -ize →harmonize}

 37

im- + mobilize → Immobilize

{mobile + -ize →mobilize}

sub- + urbanize → Suburbanize

{urban + -ize →urbanize}

From the examples, we can know that the words with suffix -ize

can be arranged from one free morpheme as the stem and two affixes as

the bound morpheme. Two affixes consist of the suffix -ize and the other

affix which can be either prefix or other suffix. In this case, the affix can

be the form of the prefix likes de-, dis-, im-, and sub- or suffix likes -an, -

ic, -er, -al, -ar, and -ure. The words Americanize, Arabicize, containerize,

colonialize, familiarize, and moisturize are the new form of the words

American, Arabic, container, colonial, familiar, and moisture which

attach to the suffix -ize. The words dehumanize, disharmonize, and

suburbanize come from humanize, harmonize, and urbanize. We can see

that the addition of the prefix de-occurred after the process of suffixation

of suffix -ize to the stem. The prefix dis- and sub- in the words

disharmonize and suburbanize can occur after the suffixation -ize which

harmonize and urbanize. Those words also can occur before attaching to

suffix -ize from the words disharmony and suburban. These prefixes do

not function to change the class of word but to change the meaning, so

these words are attached to the suffix -ize firstly and attach to the prefix

then. For example, the word dehumanize is formed by the word-formation

rule as follows:
 38

Human

Human + -ize → Humanize

De- + humanize → Dehumanize

c. The derivatives formed by suffix with more than three morphemes

Institute + -ion + -al + -ize → Institutionalize

im- + person + -al + -ize → Impersonalize

From the example above, we also can see that the words

institutionalize, and impersonalize are formed from four morphemes.

They consist of one free morpheme and three affixes as the bound

morpheme. In the words institutionalize, the root is institute and the

suffixes are -ion, -al, and also -ize. Both of these words have the same

process from nominalization as the process of the formation of a noun,

then adjectivization as the process of the formation of an adjective, and

the last is verbalization. In the words impersonalize, the root is person,

and the affixes consist of one prefix -im, two suffixes -al and -ize.

2. The suffix that can be attached before the derivatives of the suffix -ize

As we know that the suffix -ize can be attached to adjective or noun,

the researcher wants to show that the suffix –ize can be attached to the

suffix -al, -an, -ar, -ic, and -ile.

 39

a. The suffix -al

The suffix -al is used to form a noun into an adjective, then

after attaching to the suffix -ize the word will be a verb, e.g.:

colonialize, commercialize, conceptualize, culturalize, externalize,

intellectualize, etc. We can see that the stems of these words are noun

likes colony, commerce, concept, culture, extern, and intellect. The

researcher has explained before that the stem for the suffix -ize is an

adjective.

Observe the following example

Colony + -al +-ize → Colonialize

Commerce + -al + -ize → Commercialize

Concept + -al + -ize → Conceptualize

Culture + -al + -ize → Culturalize

Extern + -al + -ize → Externalize

Intellect + -al + -ize → Intellectualize

b. The suffix -an

Suffix -an is used to form the adjectives or nouns, especially

from names of places, such as: African, American, and Italian. The

meaning of the suffix -an to form noun is a native person that comes

from those places, and the meaning of the suffix -an as the

adjectivizer is relating to the characteristic of those places.

The process of word formation can be seen in the example

below.
 40

Africa + -an + -ize → Africanize

America + -an + -ize→ Americanize

Italy + -an + -ize → Italianize

From these three examples, we can see that the roots are Africa,

America, and Italy as the name of place or country, when they are

attached to the suffix -an to be African, American, and Italian which

can be noun or adjectives. After being attached to the suffix -ize,

these words become Africanize, Americanize, and Italianize which

are altered to be verbs.

c. The suffix -ar

Based on the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, we can

find the words familiarize whose stem is as an adjective. The

meaning of word familiar as an adjective is “well known to

somebody that often seen or heard.” The word familiarize has two

suffixes as the bound morpheme, -ar and -ize. Suffix -ar is used to

form adjectives, in other words suffix -ar is an adjectivizer.

Family + -ar + -ize → Familiarize

d. The suffix -ic

Suffix -ic can be found in the words historic, Italic, and

romantic, as the stem of the words historicize, Italicize, and

romanticize. From these three examples, we know that the suffix –ic

has the function to form the adjective. After being attached to the
 41

suffix -ize, the class of word will be changed into verb. To make it

clear, look at the examples below.

History + -ic + -ize → Historicize

Italy + -ic + -ize → Italicize

Romance + -ic + -ize → Romanticize

e. The suffix -ile

From this word infantilize, we can know that the stem is

infantile. If we want to divide that word again into infant, it means

that this word has two suffixes –ile and –ize as the bound

morphemes. The suffix –ile is used to form the adjectives, and then

after attaching to the suffix -ize, it must be changed into a verb. If we

find the words fertilize, mobilize, and sterilize, we can draw the stems

from these words into fertile, mobile, and sterile,. From these stems,

we can’t say that these words have suffix -ile because fertile, mobile,

and sterile are the basic root. The origin of the words fertile, mobile,

and sterile comes from Old French based on American Heritage

Dictionary.

Look at the following example.

Infant + -ile + -ize → Infantilize

3. The affix that can be attached after the derivatives of the suffix -ize

a. The suffix -ion

The suffix -ion is used to form noun and this suffix can be

combined with suffix -ize. Some words can be formed by suffix

 42

-ization for instances, we can look at the words organization,

absolutization, Balkanization, legalization, and visualization, from

those examples we can know that after being attached to the suffix

-ion so the words organize, absolutize, Balkanize, legalize, and

visualize are changed to be a noun. We can formulate that the suffix

-ize + -ion = -ization, in other words we can combined both suffixes

of -ize and –ion to be one suffix of suffix –ization. The function of

the suffix -ization is to form a noun from a verb.

b. The suffix -er

The suffix -er is known to form noun, and suffix -er shows

about something or someone that is doing an activity generally. We

can look at the words, vocalizer, rationalizer, and neutralizer. We

can know that the stem from those examples are: vocalize,

rationalize, and neutralize, it means that the suffix -er is to change

from the verb into noun, especially as agent nouns. We can combined

both suffixes of -ize and –er to become one suffix of suffix –izer.

c. The prefix de-

The suffix -ize does not only attach to another suffix, for

example in the words organization, visualization, neutralizer,

organizer, visualizer. However, the suffix -ize can also be used

together by adding prefix de- into the stem one at a time to form the

new word without changing the class of word. We can look at the

examples of those words, such as: destabilize, depressurize,

 43

devitalize, demilitarize, denationalize, and depoliticize. In this case,

the prefix de- is attached after the words stabile, pressure, vital,

military, national, and politic are formed by the suffix -ize. The

addition of prefix de- does not change the class of word because the

function of the prefix de- has the similar function with suffix -ize,

which is to form the verb. For example, the word destabilize is

formed as follows:

Stabile + -ize → Stabilize

De + stabilize → Destabilize

d. The prefix dis-

The prefix dis- is usually used to give the negative meaning of the

words or to express negation. We can look at the example of the

words disorganize, and disharmonize. From both examples, the class

of word does not change but the meaning is added to be negative

expression. So, the prefix dis- is used to express negation and it does

not change the class of word. The prefix dis- in the word disorganize

is attached after the word organ attached to the suffix -ize. The prefix

dis- in the word disharmonize can be formed in two ways. First, the

prefix dis- is being attached after the word harmony attaching to the

suffix -ize. Second, the prefix dis- is being attached before the word

harmony attaching to the suffix -ize. For example, the word

disharmonize is formed as follows:

 44

(1) Harmony

Dis- + harmony → Disharmony

Disharmony + -ize →Disharmonize

(2) Harmony

Harmony + -ize → Harmonize

Dis- + harmonize →Disharmonize

D. The morphophonemic processes occurring in the suffixation of the suffix

–ize.

The phonological processes can’t only be seen in the allomorphs that

occur in certain environments such as in plural allomorphs (/-s/, /-z/, /-∂z/),

past allomorphs (/-t/, /-d/, /-ed/) but also as the effect of the morphological

process. The processes that show phonological process which is affected by

the morphological process are called morphophonemic processes. There are

four morphophonemic processes discussed in this study. They are stress

shift, consonant change, vowel change, and insertion. Each process will be

discussed separately.

1. Stress Shift

Stress shift is one of the morphophonemic processes that mostly

occur in word form using the suffix. In other word, stress shift is the most

frequent morphophonemic processes that occur in suffixation. Stress shift

shows the changes position of a stress in a new word.

 45

For the word consisting of two and three syllables before or after

attaching to the suffix -ize, the stress is not changed. It means that the stress

of the new derived word is the same as the stress of the stem. Look at the

following example.

(1) Economy /I’kon∂mi/

Economize /I’kon∂maiz/

(2) Internal /In’tЗ:nl/

Internalize /In’tЗ:n∂laiz/

The above examples show that the position of the stress in stems after

attaching to suffix -ize is still on the same place. However, it is different

from the word using suffix -ization. For example between the words

modernization and computerization, we can know that the stems from these

words are modernize and computerize. We can look at the position of the

stress from the following examples.

(3) Modernize / ‘mod∂naiz/

Modernization /mod∂nai’zei∫n/

(4) Computerize / k∂m’pju:t∂raiz/

Computerization /k∂mpju:t∂rai’zei∫n/

From these examples, we can see that after being attached to suffix

-ization the position of the stress is different from the words with suffix -ize.

The stress from the words with suffix -ization is placed on the final syllable

where the suffix -ization is placed.

 46

2. Consonant Change

Consonant change belongs to the morphophonemic process where the

consonant of the stem is changed after the suffixation. There is a consonant

change in the suffixation of the suffix -ize. In this case, consonant change

occurs from /k/ into /s/ as we can see from the words italicize, and

romanticize. For examples:

(1) Italic /I’tǽlik/

Italicize /I’tǽlisaiz/

(2) Romantic /r∂u’mǽntik/

Romanticize /r∂u’mǽntisaiz/

From these examples, we know that the word ending with -ic has the

sound /k/, but after attaching to the suffix -ize the sound of /k/ change into

/s/. These following tables show the consonant change that occurs in

suffixation of suffix -ize.

Table 4. The process of consonant change from the words

Italicize
Underlying form /Itǽlik/ + /-aiz/
Stress ‘
Velar softening s
Phonetic representation /I’tǽlisaiz/

Table 5. The processes of consonant change from the words

romanticize.
Underlying form /r∂umǽntik/ + /-aiz/
Stress ‘
Velar softening s
Phonetic representation /r∂u’mǽntisaiz/
 47

3. Vowel Change

Vowel change is rather similar with a consonant change but it has a

difference. In a consonant change, the consonant must be changed while in a

vowel change the vowel must be changed. We can say that a vowel change is

a morphophonemic process where the vowel of the stem is changed after the

suffixation. The following examples of the process of vowel changes occur

in the suffixation of suffix -ize are:

(1) Oxide /’oksaid/

Oxidize / ‘oksidaiz/

(2) Fertile / ‘fз:tail/

Fertilize / ‘fз:t∂laiz/

From these examples we can know that the vowel is changed. In the

word oxidize the diphthong [ai] is reduced into vowel [i] and in the word

fertilize the diphthong [ai] is reduced into vowel [∂] after the suffixation of

the suffix -ize. The following tables show the process of vowel change in the

suffixation of suffix –ize

Table 6. The processes of vowel change from the words

oxidize.
Underlying forms /oksaid/ + /-aiz/

Stress ‘

Vowel reduction i

Phonetic representation / ‘oksidaiz/

 48

Table 7. The processes of vowel change from the words

fertilize.
Underlying forms / fз:tail/ + /-aiz/

Stress ‘

Vowel reduction ∂

Phonetic representation / ‘fз:t∂laiz/

4. Insertion

Insertion belongs to morphophonemic processes which show the

additional vowel or consonant in the middle of the new derived words. These

are the examples of the words which have the process of insertion of schwa

[∂], the consonant /r/ and the consonant /t/ in suffixation of suffix -ize.

(1) Modern /’mɒdn/

Modernize / ‘mɒd∂naiz/

(2) Popular /’pɒpj∂l∂/

Popularize /’pɒpj∂l∂raiz/

(3) Drama /’dra:mə/

Dramatize /’drǽmətaiz/

The three examples above show that insertion can occur in the

suffixation of the suffix -ize. The example number one shows that the schwa

[∂] is inserted on the derived new form of the words modernize. The example

number two shows that the [r] is inserted on the derived new form of the

words popularize. Originally, the stems already have the [r] as the last sound

for example in the words particular, regular, vulgar, polar, etc. The sound

of [r] on the final position of the words is often omitted but it is optional rule.
 49

The [r] comes again when the suffix -ize is attached to the stem. The

example number three shows that the [t] is inserted on the derived new form

of the words dramatize. It means that the insertion [t] occurs when the words

ending with vowel [a], in this example from the word drama. The following

tables show the process of insertion the schwa [∂], the consonant [r] and the

consonant [t] in suffixation of the suffix -ize.

Table 8. The process of the insertion Schwa [∂] in the word

modernize
Underlying forms /mɒdn+ /-aiz/

Stress ‘

Schwa insertion ∂

Phonetic representation / ‘mɒd∂naiz/

Table 9. The processes of the insertion consonant [r] from the

word popularize.
Underlying forms /pɒpj∂l∂/ + /-aiz/

Stress ‘

Consonant insertion r

Phonetic representation /’pɒpj∂l∂raiz/

Table 10. The processes of the insertion consonant [t] from

the word dramatize.
Underlying forms / dra:mə/+ /-aiz/

Stress ‘

Consonant insertion t

Phonetic representation /’drǽmətaiz/

 50

In conclusion, the attachment of the suffix results not only in a

morphological change but also a phonological change. When the suffix -ize

is attached to a stem, it will change the class of word of a stem. The class of

word from noun or adjective of the stem becomes verb after suffixation of

suffix -ize. As the suffixation results both in morphological level and

phonological level, there is a process called morphophonemic process. The

morphophonemic processes occur in the phonological level are stress shift, a

consonant change, a vowel change and a sound insertion.

 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

This chapter presents about the conclusion of the suffix -ize that the

researcher took from the analysis. The suffix -ize belongs to the English suffix

which is always added to a noun or an adjective. We can find some words belonging

to noun as the stem such as: accessory, canal, ebony, fossil, hydrogen, and so on,

when these words added with the suffix -ize so it will become accessorize, canalize,

ebonize, fossilize, hydrogenize. We can also find some words belonging to adjective

as the stem such as: annual, classic, erotic, legal, modern, and so on, when these

words are added with the suffix -ize so it will become annualize, classicize,

eroticize, legalize, and modernize. From these two different stems, nouns and

adjectives, the researcher can draw that the function of suffix -ize is to change noun

or adjective into verb. Based on the change of the class of word from noun or

adjective into verb, the process can be called verbalization. Verbalization is the

process of the formation of a verb from a noun or an adjective. In this case, the

suffix –ize can be called as a verbalizer.

The suffix -ize does not change the meaning of the derived word entirely. It

means when these meanings are compared to the meaning of the stems they have, it

is clear that the meanings of the words accessorize, canalize, ebonize, classicize,

eroticize, legalize are related to the meanings of the words accessory, canal, ebony,

classic, erotic, and legal as the stems. So, the meaning of suffix -ize is cause to

become or to make into.

51
 52

The suffix -ize can attach to other suffix that is used previously to form the

new words in English vocabulary such as: suffix -al, -an, -ar, -ic, and -ile. We can

look at these following words intellectualize, commercialize, Africanize,

Americanize, familiarize, historicize, romanticize, and infantilize. The suffix –ize

can also be combined with certain noun suffixes like the suffix -ion and the suffix

-er. For instances, we can find some words like organization, factorization,

visualization, vocalizer, rationalizer, neutralizer, and so on. Not only the prefix de-

but also the prefix dis- can be combined with the suffix –ize that attach to the stem

to form the new English word. These two prefixes do not change the class of word.

We can look at the example of the words demilitarize, denationalize, depoliticize,

disorganize, and disharmonize. These two prefixes of de- and dis- are used after the

stems attaching to the suffix -ize. We can say that suffix -ize has the morphological

change in which the morphophonemics occurs.

In morphophonemic processes, we do not only study a morphological change

but also a phonological change. In a phonological change, we might find that stress

shift, consonant change, vowel change and insertion occur in suffixation of suffix

-ize. The suffix –ize does not have allomorphs. In stress shift, for the word consists

of two and three syllables before or after attaching to the suffix -ize, the stress is not

changed. However, it is different when suffix -ization occurs, the stress from the

words with using suffix -ization is placed on the final syllable where the suffix

-ization is placed. In a consonant change, the consonant must be changed, consonant

change occurs from consonant /k/ into /s/ in suffixation of the suffix -ize as we can

see from the words italicize, and romanticize. On the other side, a vowel change is a
 53

morphophonemic process where the vowel of the stem is changed after the

suffixation. Insertion belongs to morphophonemic processes which show the

additional vowel or consonant in the middle of the new derived words. The insertion

of schwa [∂], consonant [r] and consonant [t] occurs in the suffixation of suffix -ize

for example in the words modernize, popularize, and dramatize.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Akmajian, Adrian, Richard A. Demers and Robert M. Harnish. Linguistics: An

Introduction to Language and Communication. London: The MIT Press,
1984.

Bauer, Laurie. Introducing Linguistic Morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh

University Press, 1988.

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. London: George Allen& Unwin Ltd, 1935.

Cook, Walter A. Case Grammar Theory. Washington D.C: Georgetown University

Press, 1989.

Fasold, Ralph W., and Jeff Connor Linton. An Introduction to Language and
Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Fromkin, Victorian, David Blair, and Peter Collins. An Introduction to Language.

Marrickville: Harcourt Australia Pty Limited, 1991.

Fromkin, Victorian, David Blair, and Peter Collins. An Introduction to Language

(seventh edition). Marrickville: Harcourt Australia Pty Limited, 1991.

Gleason, H. A. An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics. New York: Henry Holt

and Company, 1955.

Hockett, Charles F. A Course in Modern Linguistics. New York: The Macmillan

Company, 1960.

Katamba, Francis. Morphology. New York: St. Martin Press, 1993.

Lyons, John. Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. London: Cambridge

University Press, 1968.

McManis, Carolyn, Deborah Stollen Werk, and Zhang Zheng-Sheng. Language

Files: Materials for An Introduction to Language. Ohio: Advocate
Publishing Group. 1987.

O’Grady, William, and Michael Dobrovolsky. Contemporary Linguistics: An

Introduction. New York: St. Martin Press, 1989.

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

Perangin-Angin, Dalan Mehuli. “A Morphological Study of the English Noun Suffix

–Ion”. Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2000.

54
 55

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A

Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman Group Ltd, 1972.

Setyorini, Mariana. “A Morphological Study of the English Adjective Suffix –al.”

Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2005.

Spencer, Andrew. Morphological Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

1991.

Szymanek, Bogdan. Introduction to Morphological Analysis. Warszawa: Panstwowe

Wydawnictwo Nakkowe, 1989.

Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. New

York: Portland House Publishing Co, 1989.

Webster’s Random House College Dictionary (Mc. Grew Hill Edition). New York:
Random House Inc, 2001.
 APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Words using suffix [-ize] which stem some from adjective
No Word Meaning Stem Meaning
1 Absolutize To render absolute; consider of declare Absolute Complete, total; not limited or restricted
perfect, complete, or unchangeable
2 Actualize To make actual or real; turn into action or Actual Existing in fact; real
fact
3 Alkalinize To make or become alkaline Alkaline Containing an alkali or having the properties
of an alkali; having a pH greater than 7.
4 Amortize To make small regular payments is over a Amort Spiritless; lifeless
period in order to pay back a debt
5 Anesthetize To render insensible , as by an anesthetic Anesthetic Pertaining to or causing physical insensibility;
physically insensitive
6 Annualize To become annualized; to calculate for or as Annual Happening once every year; calculated for the
if for an entire year year
7 Aphorize To write or speak in or as if in aphorisms Aphoristic Containing aphorisms; given to using
aphorisms
8 Aromatize To make aromatic Aromatic having an aroma; (of an organic compound)
containing a planar unsaturated ring of atoms
which is stabilized by an interaction of the
bonds forming the ring; fragrant or sweet-
scented
9 Automatize To make automatic; to automate Automatic (Of a machine) working by itself without
human control; (of an action) done without
thought
10 Balkanize To divide ( a country, territory)into small, Balkan Pertaining to the Balkan Peninsula or its
often quarrel some states habitants

54
11 Barbarize To make or become barbarous Barbaric Lacking civilizing influences, primitive,
crudely rich or ornate
12 Bastardize To make something less pure by mixing it Bastard Illegitimate; no longer in its pure or original
with something else form.

13 Brutalize To make brutal; to treat someone with Brutal Violent, cruel, savage, inhuman, crude, coarse,
brutally harsh, beastly
14 Capitalize To write or print a letter as a capital; to Capital Large letter; wealth or property owned by a
convert professions into capital by selling person or business; money with which a
them; to provide a company with a capital business is started
15 Catholicize To make Catholic Catholic Of the Roman Catholic faith; of or including
all Christians; of or relating to the historic
doctrine and practice of the Western Church.
16 Centralize To come or make something come under Central Most important; main; at or of the centre
the control of one central authority
17 Christianize To make Christian; to imbue with Christian Christian Of, relating to, or professing Christianity or its
principles teachings; having qualities associated with
Christians, e.g. kindness or fairness.
18 Circularize To send a circular to a somebody Circular Shaped like a circle; round; moving around in
a circle
19 Civilize To cause somebody or something to Civil Of the citizens of a country; connected with
improve from a primitive stage of human the state rather than with religion or with the
society to a more developed one armed forces; polite in a formal way
20 Classicize To make classic; to conform to the classic Classic judged over a period of time to be of the
style highest quality; (of a garment) of a simple,
elegant style not greatly subject to changes in
fashion; remarkably typical
21 Collectivize To transfer farms, industries, lands, from Collective Done by or belonging to all the members of a
private ownership to ownership by the state group; taken as a whole; aggregate.

55
22 Colonialize To make colonial Colonial Of, relating to, or characteristic of a colony or
colonies; (of architecture or furniture) in the
style of the period of the British colonies in
America before independence; (of animals or
plants) living in colonies.
23 Colorize To cause to appear in color; enhance with Color The natural hue of the skin, especially of the
color, especially by computer face; a ruddy complexion usually indicating
good health; details in description, custom,
speech, habits of a place or period; something
that is used for coloring
24 Commercialize To make money or try to make money out Commercial Concerned with or engaged in commerce;
of something making or intended to make a profit; (of
television or radio) funded by the revenue
from broadcast advertisements.
25 Communalize To make communal Communal Used or share in common by everyone in a
group; pertaining to a commune or a
community; engaged in by or involving two or
more communities
26 Conceptualize To form an idea of something I one’s mind Conceptual Of, relating to, or based on mental concepts.
27 Concretize To make real or particular; give tangible or Concrete Existing in a material or physical form;
definite form into specific; definite; (of a noun) denoting a
material object as opposed to an abstract
quality, state, or action.
28 Conglomeratize To form into or become a conglomerate Conglomerate Consisting of heterogeneous elements;
gathered into a rounded mass, or consisting of
parts so gathered; of or pertaining to a
corporate conglomerate
29 Conservatize To make or become conservative Conservative Disposed to preserve existing conditions,
institutions or to restore traditional ones;

56
 cautiously moderate; traditional in style or
manner; having the power or tendency to
conserve
30 Constitutionalize To incorporate into a constitution; make Constitutional Of or pertaining to the constitution of a state,
constitutional; to provide a constitution for organization; subject to the provisions of such
a constitution; pertaining to the constitution or
composition of a thing
31 Contextualize To put (linguistic element, an action) in a Contextual Pertaining to or depending on the context
context, especially one that is characteristic
or appropriate, as for purpose of study
32 Conventionalize To make conventional Conventional Conforming or adhering to accepted standards,
as of conduct or taste; pertaining to or
established by general consent or accepted
usage; ordinary rather than different or original
33 Criminalize To make something illegal by passing a Criminal Of, relating to, or constituting a crime;
new law; to treat somebody as a criminal deplorable and shocking.
34 Cross-fertilize To fertilize a plant by using pollen from Cross-fertile Capable of cross-fertilization
different type of plant; to stimulate the
development of somebody or something in
a useful or positive way with ideas from a
different area
35 Culturalize To expose or subject to the influence of Cultural Of or pertaining to the culture; of or relating to
culture the culture of a society; of or relating to the
arts and to intellectual achievements.
36 Decimalize To change a system of currency or Decimal Pertaining to tenths or to the number 10;
measurements to a decimal system proceeding by tens
37 Diazotize To convert (an amine) into a diazo Diazo Containing the bivalent group –N=N- united
compound with a hydrocarbon group
38 Digitalize To treat with a regimen of digitalis so as to Digital Using data in the form of numerical digits;

57
 achieve or maintain adequate pumping available in electric form; readable and
action of the heart; to digitize manipulable by computer
39 Digitize To treat with a regimen of digitalis so as to Digital Using data in the form of numerical digits;
achieve or maintain adequate pumping available in electric form; readable and
action of the heart; to digitize manipulable by computer
40 Easternize To influence with eastern ideas, customs, or Eastern Lying toward or situated in the east; directed
practices or proceeding toward the east; coming from
the east
41 Editorialize To et forth one’s position or opinion in or as Editorial An article in a newspaper or other periodical
if in an editorial; to inject personal presenting the opinion of the publishers or
interpretations or opinions into an otherwise editors
factual account
42 Elasticize To make elastic, as by inserting elastic Elastic Capable of returning to its original length or
cords or threads shape after being stretched; flexible; adaptable
43 Emotionalize To make emotional; regard or treat Emotional Involving the emotions; easily affected by
emotionally emotion; based on emotion rather than reason
44 Equalize To become or make something equal Equal Being the same in quantity, size, degree, value,
throughout a place or group; to score a goal or status; evenly or fairly balanced; (equal to
that makes the score of both teams equal something) having the ability or resources to
especially in a football meet a challenge.
45 Eroticize To render or make erotic Erotic Treating of sexual love; arousing or satisfying
sexual desire; marked by strong sexual desire
46 Essentialize To extract the essence from; express the Essential Consisting the essence of a thing; containing
essence of an essence of a plant, drug
47 Eternize To make eternal; perpetuate; to immortalize Eterne Eternal; lasting or existing forever; essentially
unchanging; valid for all time
48 Etherealize To make ethereal Ethereal Tight, airy, tenuous; extremely delicate or
refined; heavenly or celestial
49 Extemporize To speak or perform without previous Extempore In an extemporaneous manner

58
 preparation
50 Exteriorize To externalize; to expose (an internal part) Exterior Being on the outer side; suitable for outdoor
to the outside use; situated or being outside
51 Externalize To express one’s thoughts or feelings in External Belonging to, situated on, or forming the
words or actions outside; coming or derived from a source
outside the subject affected; coming from or
relating to a country or institution other than
the main subject; for or concerning students
registered with and taking the examinations of
a university but not resident there.
52 Familiarize To get or give somebody a thorough Familiar Well known; common; usual; (familiar with)
knowledge of something having a good knowledge of; in close
friendship; inappropriately intimate or
informal.
53 Federalize To bring under the control of a federal Federal having or relating to a system of government
government; to bring together in a federal in which several states form a unity but remain
union, as different states independent in internal affairs; relating to or
denoting the central government as
distinguished from the separate units
constituting a federation
54 Feminize To make or become feminine Feminine Having qualities traditionally associated with
women, especially delicacy and prettiness;
female; (in grammar) of or denoting a gender
of nouns and adjectives, conventionally
regarded as female.
55 Fertilize To introduce pollen into a plant so that it Fertile (of soil or land) producing or capable of
develops seed, or sperm into an egg or a producing abundant vegetation or crops; (of a
female animal so that a young animal person, animal, or plant) able to conceive
develops inside; to make soil more fertile young or produce seed; (of a seed or egg)

59
 by adding a substance such as manure to it capable of becoming a new individual;
productive in generating new ideas; inventive
56 Feudalize To make feudal; bring under feudalism Feudal According to, resembling, or denoting the
system of feudalism
57 Fictionalize To write about a true event as if it were Fictional Not real or true; existing only in stories;
fiction or in the style of a story, inventing connected with fiction
some of the details, characters
58 Finalize To put something into its final form; to Final Coming at the end of a series; reached as the
complete something outcome of a process; allowing no further
doubt or dispute.
59 Formalize To make an arrangement, the status of Formal done in accordance with rules of convention or
somebody or something official; to give etiquette; having a conventionally recognized
something a fixed structure or form by structure or set of rules; of or denoting a style
establishing rules or procedures of writing or public speaking characterized by
more elaborate grammatical structures and
more conservative and technical vocabulary;
(especially of a garden) arranged in a precise
or symmetrical manner; officially recognized;
of or concerned with outward form rather than
content; having the form without the spirit; of
or relating to linguistic or logical form as
opposed to function or meaning
60 Fractionalize To divide or splinter into fractions Fractional Pertaining to fractions; comprising a part or
the parts of unit; constituting a fraction;
comparatively small; inconsiderable;
pertaining to a process in which chemical
mixtures are fractionated
61 Fraternize To have friendly social relations with Fraternal Befitting a brother; brotherly; being a society
people of a different status, race, group of men associated in brotherly union, as for

60
 mutual aid or benefit
62 Gallicize To make or become French in language, Gallic Pertaining to the French or France;
character characteristically French; pertaining to the
Gauls or Gaul
63 Galvanize To cover iron with zinc in order to protect it Galvanic Relating to or involving electric currents
form rust; to stir somebody into action by produced by chemical action; pertaining to
shocking or exciting them galvanism; producing or caused by an electric
current; electrifying; stirring
64 Generalize To draw a general conclusion from a General Affecting or concerning all or most people or
particular set of examples or evidence; to things; not specialized or limited; normal or
make general statements for which there is usual; involving only the main features or
little evidence elements and disregarding exceptions; overall;
chief or principal
65 Globalize To extend to other or all parts of the globe; Global of or relating to the whole world; worldwide;
make world wide relating to or embracing the whole of
something, or of a group of things
66 Gutturalize To say in a guttural manner; to change into, Guttural Pertaining to the throat; harsh; throaty;
pronounce as, or supplement with a guttural characterized by a sound articulated in the
sound; velarize back of the mouth, as the Non-English velar
fricative sound
67 Historicize To narrate as history; render historical Historic Famous or important in history, or potentially
so; of the past; (in grammar of a tense) used in
the narration of past events, especially Latin
and Greek imperfect and pluperfect.
68 Humanize To make somebody humane; to make Human Of, relating to, or characteristic of humankind;
something more pleasant or suitable for of or characteristic of people as opposed to
people God or animals or machines; showing the
better qualities of humankind, such as
sensitivity.

61
69 Idealize To consider or represent somebody or Ideal Most suitable; perfect; desirable or perfect but
something as perfect or ideal existing only in the imagination; representing
an abstract or hypothetical optimum.
70 Immaterialize To make immaterial Immaterial Irrelevant; (in philosophy) spiritual rather than
physical
71 Immobilize To prevent something form moving or Immobile Not moving; incapable of moving or being
operating normally moved
72 Immortalize To give endless life or fame of somebody or Immortal Living forever; deserving to be remembered
something forever
73 Immunize To make somebody immune to a disease or Immune Resistant to a particular infection owing to the
an infection, especially by giving them presence of specific antibodies or sensitized
vaccine white blood cells; (in Biology) of or relating to
such resistance; exempt from an obligation or
penalty; (often immune to) not susceptible.
74 Impersonalize To make impersonal Impersonal Not influenced by or involving personal
feelings; featureless and anonymous; not
existing as a person
75 Individualize To make individual or distinctive; give an Individual Single; separate; of or for a particular person;
individual or distinctive character to; to designed for use by one person; striking or
mention, indicate or consider individually; unusual; original.
specify; particularize
76 Industrialize To develop industries in a country or an Industrial of, used in, or characterized by industry;
area relating to or denoting a type of harsh,
uncompromising rock music incorporating
sounds resembling those produced by
industrial machinery
77 Infantilize To keep in or reduce to an infantile state; to Infantile Of or occurring among infants; childish
treat or regard as infantile
78 Initialize To set (variables, counters, switch) to their Initial Existing or occurring at the beginning

62
 starting values at the beginning of computer
program; to prepare (a computer, printer)
for reuse by clearing previous data form
memory; to format (a disk)
79 Institutionalize To make institutional; to make into or treat Institutional
as in institution; to place or confine in an
institution
80 Intellectualize To make intellectual; analyze intellectually Intellectual
or rationally; to ignore the emotional or
psychological significance of an action,
feeling by an excessively intellectual or
abstract explanation; to talk or write
intellectually; reason; philosophize
81 Interiorize To make interior; make part of one’s inner Interior
nature or self
82 Internalize To make attitudes, feelings, beliefs, fully Internal
part of one’s personality by absorbing them
through repeated experience of or exposure
to them
Pertaining to the nature of an institution;
characterized by the drabness, uniformity, and
of goodwill and a favourable reputation rather
than immediate sales; pertaining to institutes or
principles, especially of jurisprudence.
Appealing to the intellect; having a highly
developed intellect
Situated within or inside; inner; (interior to)
chiefly technical situated further in or within;
inland; relating to a country’s internal or
domestic affairs.
Of or situated on the inside; inside the body;
existing within an organization; relating to
affairs and activities within a country;
experienced in one’s mind; intrinsic.

83 Internationalize To bring something under the joint control International Existing or occurring between nations; agreed
or protection of many nations; to make on by all or many nations; used by people of
something international many nations.

84 Iodize To treat or affect with iodine or an iodide Iodic Containing iodine, especially in the

63
 pentavalent state
85 Italicize To print something in italic type for giving Italic Relating to or denoting the Italic group of
emphasis languages
86 Legalize to make something legal Legal Based on the law; permitted by law
87 Legitimize To make something legal or regular Legitimate Conforming to the law or to rules; able to be
defended with logic or justification; (of a
child) born of parents lawfully married to each
other; (of a sovereign) having a title based on
strict hereditary right.
88 Liberalize To free somebody or something fro Liberal Respectful and accepting of behaviour or
political, religious, legal or moral opinions different from one’s own; open to
restrictions new ideas; (of a society, law, etc.) favourable
to individual rights and freedoms; (in a
political context) favouring individual liberty,
free trade, and moderate political and social
reform; (of education) concerned with
broadening general knowledge and experience;
(especially of an interpretation of a law)
broadly construed; not strictly literal; given,
used, or giving in generous amounts.
89 Literalize To make literal; to interpret literally Literal Taking words in their usual or most basic
sense without metaphor or allegory; free from
distortion; (of a translation) representing the
exact words of the original text; lacking
imagination; of, in, or expressed by a letter of
the alphabet.
90 Localize To restrict something to a particular area or Local Elating or restricted to a particular area or
part; to make something local one’s neighbourhood; (in technical use)
relating to a particular region or part, or to

64
 each of any number of these
91 Marginalize To make a person or group become or feel Marginal (Of a decision or distinction) very narrow; (of
less important, powerful costs or benefits) relating to or resulting from
small or unit changes; (of a parliamentary seat)
having a small majority; of secondary or minor
importance.
92 Masculinize To virilize; to make masculine in character, Masculine Having qualities or appearance traditionally
quality, or appearance associated with men; male; (in Grammar) of or
denoting a gender of nouns and adjectives
conventionally regarded as male.
93 Materialize To become a reality; to happen; to take Material Denoting or consisting of physical objects
physical form; to become visible; to appear rather than the mind or spirit; important;
essential; relevant; (in Philosophy)
concerned with the matter of reasoning, not
its form.
94 Militarize To send soldiers to an area; to give a Military Relating to or characteristic of soldiers or
military character to somebody or armed forces
something
95 Mineralize To convert into a mineral substance; to Mineral Pertaining to the nature of a mineral;
transform (a metal) into an ore; to containing or impregnated with minerals;
impregnate or supply with mineral neither animal nor vegetable; inorganic
substances
96 Mobilize To become or make somebody or Mobile Able to move or be moved freely or easily; (of
something ready for service or action, a shop, library, etc.) accommodated in a
especially in a war; to organize somebody vehicle so as to travel around; able or willing
or something for a particular purpose to move between occupations, places of
residence, or social classes
97 Modernize To change something so that it is suitable Modern Of or relating to the present or recent times;
for modern needs or habits; to adopt characterized by or using the most up-to-date

65
 modern ways or ideas techniques, equipment, etc; denoting a recent
style in art, architecture, etc. marked by a
departure from traditional styles and values.
98 Moralize To talk or write, usually in a critical way, Moral Concerned with the principles of right and
about right and wrong, especially in order wrong behaviour and the goodness or badness
to emphasize that one’s own principles are of human character; adhering to the code of
right behaviour that is considered right or acceptable
99 Municipalize To make a municipality of; to bring under Municipal Pertaining to a city, town, or its local
municipal ownership or control government; pertaining to the internal affairs
of a state or nation rather than to the
international affairs.
100 Mutualize To make mutual; to incorporate as a mutual Mutual Experienced or done by each of two or more
company; to become mutual parties towards the other or others; (of two or
more parties) having the same specified
relationship to each other; held in common by
two or more parties; denoting a building
society or insurance company owned by its
members and dividing some or all of its profits
between them.
101 Nasalize To pronounce as a nasal sound Nasal Of or relating to the nose; (of a speech sound)
pronounced by the breath resonating in the nose,
e.g. m, n, ng; (of speech) characterized by
resonance in the nose as well as the mouth.
102 Nationalize To transfer something from private National Of, relating to, or characteristic of a nation;
ownership to ownership by the state owned, controlled, or financially supported by
the state.
103 Naturalize To make somebody from another country a Natural Existing in or derived from nature; not made,
citizen of the specified country; to introduce caused by, or processed by humankind; (of
a plant or an animal into a country where it fabric) unbleached; off-white; in accordance

66
 is not native with nature; normal; relaxed and unaffected;
inevitable; (of law or justice) based on innate
moral sense; (of a parent or child) related by
blood; (of a note in music) not sharpened or
flattened; (of a brass instrument) having no
valves and able to play only the notes of the
harmonic series above a fundamental note; of
or relating to the notes and intervals of the
harmonic series; (in Christian Theology)
relating to human or physical nature as distinct
from the spiritual or supernatural realm.
104 Neutralize To take away the effect or special quality of Neutral Impartial; belonging to an impartial state or
something by using something with the group; unbiased; having no strongly marked
opposite effect or quality characteristics; (in Chemistry) neither acid nor
alkaline, having a pH of about 7; electrically
neither positive nor negative.
105 Normalize To have or bring back a normal friendly Normal Conforming to a standard; usual, typical, or
relationship, especially after a dispute or expected; (in technical) intersecting a given
war line or surface at right angles; (in Medicine)
containing the same salt concentration as the
blood; (in Chemistry dated of a solution)
containing one gram-equivalent of solute per
liter; (in Geology) denoting a fault in which a
relative downward movement occurred in the
strata on the upper side of the fault plane.
106 Particularize To name or state something specially or one Particular Denoting an individual member of a specified
by one; to specify items group or class; especially great or intense;
fastidious about something; (in Logic)
denoting a proposition in which something is

67

107 Penalize To punish somebody for breaking a rule or Penal
law by making them suffer a penalty or
disadvantage; to punish somebody fore
breaking a rule by giving and advantage to
their opponent; to put somebody into an
unfavourable position or at disadvantage,
especially unfairly
108 Personalize To mark something to show that it belongs Personal
to a particular person; to cause something to
become concerned with personal matters or
feelings rather than with general issues
109 Phoneticize To represent (speed) in writing using symbols Phonetic
that correspond regularly with speech sounds;
to increase the regularly of correspondence
between sound and symbol in
110 Photosensitize To make (a material) photosensitive, as by Photosensitive Sensitive to light or similar radiation
application of a photosensitive emulsion
111 Pluralize To make or become plural form Plural
112 Polarize To separate two groups which are Polar
completely opposite to each other; to make
people, views separate in this way; to make
waves of light vibrate; to give polarity
68
asserted of some but not all of a class
Of, relating to, or prescribing the punishment
of offenders under the legal system; (of an act
or offence) punishable by law; (especially of
taxation or interest rates) extremely severe.
Concerning a particular person; individual;
private; intended for a particular person;
directed to a particular person in an offensive
sense or manner; pertaining to or characteristic
of a person or self-conscious being; of the
nature of an individual rational being;
pertaining to the personal property
Of or relating to speech sounds; (of a system of
writing) having a direct correspondence between
symbols and sounds; of or relating to phonetics.
More than one in number; (in grammar of a
word or form) denoting more than one or (in
languages with dual number) more than two.
Of or relating to a pole or poles, in particular,
of the North or South Pole or their adjacent
area; (in Physics & Chemistry) having an
electrical or magnetic field; directly opposite
in character or tendency.
113 Politicalize To cause to be political; color with politics Political Of or relating to the government or public
affairs of a country; interested in or active in
politic; done or acting in the interests of status
within an organization rather than on principle.
114 Politicize To make somebody or something more Politic (Of an action) seeming sensible and judicious
interested in or aware of politics; to give a in the circumstances.
political character to something
115 Popularize To make popular Popular Liked or admired by many or by a particular
person or group; intended for or suited to the
taste or means of the general public; (of a
belief or attitude) widely held among the
general public; (of political activity) of or
carried on by the people as a whole.
116 Privatize To transfer something form state control or Private For or belonging to one particular person or
ownership to private ownership group only; (of thoughts, feelings, etc.) not to
be shared or revealed; (of a person) not
choosing to share their thoughts and feelings;
(of a place) secluded; alone and undisturbed by
others; (of a person) having no official or
public position; not connected with one’s work
or official position; (of a service or industry)
provided or owned by an individual or
commercial company rather than the state; of
or relating to a system of education or medical
treatment conducted outside the state system
and charging fees; relating to or denoting a
transaction between individuals.
117 Publicize To give the public information about Public Of, concerning, or open to the people as a
something whole; involved in the affairs of the

69

118 Radicalize To make somebody or something more Radical
radical
119 Randomize To arrange, select, or distribute in a random Random
manner
120 Rationalize To explain or understand one’s actions, Rational
feelings by giving logical reasons for them,
especially when these are not true or
appropriate; to make changes in a business,
system in order to increase efficiency and
reduce waste
121 Realize To become aware of or accept something as Real
a fact; to begin to understand something; to
make one’s dreams, ideas, plans happen; to
convert poverty, shares into money by
selling them
122 Regionalize To separate into or arrange by regions Regional
70
community, especially in government or
entertainment; done, perceived, or existing in
open view; of or provided by the state rather
than an independent, commercial company.
Of, relating to, or affecting the fundamental
nature of something; innovative or
progressive; (of surgery) thorough and
intended to be completely curative; advocating
thorough political or social reform; politically
extreme.
Made, done, or happening without method or
conscious decision.
Based on or in accordance with reason or
logic; (of a person) able to think sensibly or
logically; endowed with the capacity to reason.
Actually existing or occurring in fact; not
imagined or supposed; significant; serious; (in
Philosophy) relating to something as it is, not
merely as it may be described or distinguished;
not artificial or made in imitation of
something; genuine; rightly so called; proper;
adjusted for changes in the value of money;
assessed by purchasing power.
Pertaining to a region of considerable extent;
not merely local; pertaining to a particular
region, area, or part, as of a country or the
 body
123 Regularize To make something lawful or correct Regular Arranged in a constant or definite pattern,
especially with the same space between
individual instances; recurring at short uniform
intervals; doing the same thing often or at
uniform intervals; done or happening
frequently; conforming to or governed by an
accepted standard of procedure or convention.
124 Ritualize To make something into or perform some Ritual Relating to or done as a ritual
thing as a ritual
125 Romanticize To make something seem more exciting, Romantic Inclined towards or suggestive of romance;
interesting, or better than it really is relating to love, especially in a sentimental or
idealized way; characterized by an idealized
view of reality; (Romantic) relating to
romanticism.
126 Sacralize To make sacred; imbue with sacred Sacral Pertaining to sacred rites or observances
character
127 Secularize to make something secular; to remove Secular Not religious, sacred, or spiritual; Christian
something from control of the church Church not subject to or bound by religious
rule.
128 Sensationalize To treat something in a way that is likely to Sensational Causing or seeking to cause great public
cause public interest, excitement interest and excitement; very impressive or
attractive
129 Sentimentalize To treat somebody or something in a Sentimental Deriving from feelings of tenderness, sadness,
sentimental way or nostalgia; having or arousing such feelings
in an exaggerated and self-indulgent way.
130 Serialize To publish or broadcast something as a Serial Consisting of, forming part of, or taking place
serial in a series; repeatedly committing the same
offence or following a characteristic behaviour

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 pattern
131 Sexualize To render sexual; endow with sexual Sexual Relating to the instincts, physiological
characteristic processes, and activities connected with
physical attraction or intimate physical contact
between individuals; of or relating to the two
sexes or to gender.
132 Singularize To make singular Singular Exceptionally good or great; remarkable;
strange or eccentric in some respect; single;
unique.
133 Socialize To mix socially with others in a friendly Social Of or relating to society or its organization; of
way; to make somebody behave in away or relating to rank and status in society;
that is acceptable in society; to organize needing companionship; suited to living in
something according to the principles of communities; relating to or designed for
socialism activities in which people meet each other for
pleasure.
134 Spiritualize To make spiritual; to invest with a spiritual Spiritual Of, relating to, or affecting the human spirit as
meaning opposed to material or physical things; of or
relating to religion or religious belief.
135 Solemnize To perform a religious ceremony, especially Solemn Formal and dignified; not cheerful; serious;
a wedding deeply sincere
136 Specialize To be or become an expert in particular Special Better, greater, or otherwise different from
subject, branch of medicine; to give what is usual; designed for or belonging to a
particular attention to a subject, product; to particular person, place, or event; (of a subject)
be well- known for something studied in particular depth; used to denote
education for children with particular needs.
137 Stabilize To become or make something stable Stabile Fixed in position; stable; resistant to physical
or chemical change
138 Standardize To make something conform to a fixed Standard Used or accepted as normal or average; (of a
standard, shape, quality, type size, measure, etc.) such as is regularly used or

72

139 Sterilize To make something free from bacteria; to Sterile
make a person or an animal unable to
produce children or young, especially by
removing or blocking the sex organs
140 Structuralize To form into or make part of a structure
141 Suburbanize To give suburban characteristic to
142 Tenderize To make meat more tender by beating
143 Territorialize To extend by adding new territory; to
reduce to the status of territory; to make
territorial
144 Tranquilize To make a person or an animal calmer or
unconscious especially by means of a drug
145 Trivialize To make a subject, problem seem more
trivial
146 Urbanize To make a rural area, a village more like a
town or city by building a lot of new
houses, factories
147 Ultraminiaturize To reduce to an ultraminiature size or scale
148 Universalize To make universal
produced; (of a work, writer, etc.) viewed as
authoritative and so widely read.
Not able to produce children or young; (of a
plant) not able to produce fruit or seeds; (of
land or soil) too poor in quality to produce
crops; lacking in imagination, creativity, or
excitement; free from bacteria or other living
micro-organisms.
Structural Relating to or forming part of a structure
Suburban Pertaining to or being in a suburb;
characteristics of a suburb
Tender Gentle and sympathetic; (of food) easy to cut
or chew; (of a part of the body) sensitive;
young and vulnerable; requiring tact or careful
handling.
Territorial Of or relating to the ownership of land or sea;
of or relating to a territory or area.
Tranquil Free from disturbance; calm
Trivial Of little value or importance
Urban Relating to a town or city
Ultraminiature Smaller than miniature, as certain electric
components
Universal Of, affecting, or done by all people or things in
the world or in a particular group; applicable to

73
 all cases.
149 Utilize To use something for a practical purpose; to Utile Being of use or service; serving some
make use of something purposes; advantageous, helpful, or of good
effect; of practical use; producing material
results; supplying common needs
150 Vascularize To develop or extend blood vessels or other Vascular Pertaining to, composed of, or provided with
fluid- bearing vessels; to supply (an organ vessels that convey fluids, as blood
tissue) with blood vessels
151 Verbalize To express ideas or feelings in words Verbal Elating to or in the form of words; spoken
rather than written; oral; tending to talk a lot.
152 Virilize To induce or promote the development of Virile (Of a man) having strength, energy, and a
male secondary sex characteristic strong sex drive; Vigorous, strong, and manly.
153 Visualize To form a mental picture of somebody or Visual Relating to seeing or sight
something; to see somebody or something
in one’s mind
154 Vitalize To make vital; to give vitality to; animate Vital Absolutely necessary; essential; indispensable
to the continuance of life; full of energy;
lively.
155 Vocalize To say or sing sounds or words; to use Vocal Of or relating to the human voice; (in Anatomy)
words to express something used in the production of speech sounds;
expressing opinions or feelings freely or loudly; (of
music) consisting of or incorporating singing.

156 Vulgarize To spoil something by making it too Vulgar Lacking sophistication or good taste; making
ordinary or well known explicit reference to sex or bodily functions;
characteristic of or belonging to ordinary people.
157 Westernize To make an Eastern country, person. More Western Of, from, or living in the west part of the world
like in the west especially in ways of living or of a specified region
and thinking, institutions

74
Appendix 2: Words using suffix [-ize] which stem some from noun
No Word Meaning Stem Meaning
1 Accessorize To fit or equip with accessory Accessory A thing which can be added to something
else in order to make it more useful,
versatile, or attractive; a small article
carried or worn to complement a garment.
2 Advertize To describe a product or service publicly Advert A paid announcement, as of goods for sale,
in order to persuade people to buy or use in newspaper or magazines, on radio or
it television; a public notice, especially in
print; the action of making generally known
3 Africanize To make somebody African in character African A person from Africa, especially a black
person; a person of black African descent.
4 Agonize To suffer great anxiety or to worry Agony Extreme suffering
intensely about something
5 Alchemize To change by or as if by alchemy; Alchemy The medieval forerunner of chemistry,
transmute concerned particularly with attempts to
convert base metals into gold or to find a
universal elixir; a process by which
paradoxical results are achieved or
incompatible elements combined.
6 Alkalize To make or become alkaline Alkali A compound, e.g. lime or caustic soda, with
particular chemical properties including
turning litmus blue and neutralizing or
effervescing with acids.
7 Allegorize To make into an allegory; to interpret Allegory A story, poem, or picture which can be
allegorically interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning.
8 Aluminize To threat with aluminum Aluminum A silver-white metallic element, light in
weight, ductile, malleable, and not readily
corroded or tarnished; used in alloys and for

75
 lightweight products
9 Americanize To make somebody American in American A native or citizen of the United States; a
character native or inhabitant of any of the countries
of North, South, or Central America.
10 Anaesthetize To produce anaesthesia in somebody; to Anaesthesia Insensitivity to pain, especially as
make a person unable to feel pain artificially induced by the administration of
gases or drugs before a surgical operation.
11 Anagrammatize To transpose into an anagram Anagram A word, phrase, or name formed by
rearranging the letters of another
12 Analogize To make use of analogy in reasoning, Analogy A comparison between one thing and
argument; to be analogous; to make another made for the purpose of explanation
analogous or clarification; the process of making such
a comparison; a thing regarded as analogous
to another; an analogue.
13 Anathematize To utter an anathema against; to utter Anathema Something that one vehemently dislikes; a
anathemas formal curse of the Church,
excommunicating a person or denouncing a
doctrine.
14 Anatomize To display the anatomy of: dissect; to Anatomy The branch of biology and medicine
examine in great detail; analyze minutely concerned with bodily structure, especially
as revealed by dissection; the bodily
structure of a person, animal, or plant; a
detailed examination; a complex structure.
15 Anglicize To make somebody English in character Anglice In English; as the English would say it
16 Animalize To excite the animal passions of; Animal A living organism which is typically
brutalize; sensualise distinguished from a plant by feeding on
organic matter, having specialized sense
organs and nervous system, and being able
to move about and to respond rapidly to

76
 stimuli; a mammal, as opposed to a bird,
reptile, fish, or insect; a very cruel, violent,
or uncivilized person.

17 Antagonize To make somebody aggressive; to annoy Antagonist A person who actively opposes or is hostile
or irritate somebody greatly
18 Anthropomorphize To ascribe human form or attributes to Anthropomorphic Relating to or characterized by
(an animal, plant, object); to ascribe anthropomorphism; having human
human form or attributes to a thing or a characteristics.
being not human
19 Apologize To say one is sorry, especially for having Apology A regretful acknowledgement of an offence
done something wrong or failure; a formal expression of regret at
being unable to attend a meeting or social
function.

20 Apostatize To commit apostasy Apostasy Renunciation or abandonment of one’s

religious faith or of an object of one’s
previous loyalty
21 Apostrophize To address by apostrophe Apostrophe A punctuation mark (’) used to indicate
either possession or the omission of letters
or numbers
22 Arabicize To make Arabic in form Arabic The Semitic language of the Arabs, spoken
in many dialects in much of North Africa
and the Middle East and written from right
to left in a cursive script also used for other
languages such as Persian, Urdu, and
Malay.
23 Arabize To place under Arab influence or Arab A member of a Semitic people inhabiting
domination much of the Middle East and North Africa.

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24 Atomize To reduce something to atoms or very Atom The smallest particle of a chemical element,
small pieces consisting of a positively charged nucleus
(containing protons and typically also
neutrons) surrounded by negatively charged
electrons; an extremely small amount.
25 Attitudinize To assume attitudes; pose fort effect Attitude A settled way of thinking or feeling; a
position of the body indicating a particular
mental state; truculent behavior; self-
confident behaviour
26 Authorize To give authority to somebody; to give Author A writer of a book, article, or report; an
approval or permission for something originator of a plan or idea.

27 Bacterize To change in composition by means of Bacteria A member of a large group of unicellular

bacteria micro-organisms (prokaryotes) which have
cell walls but lack an organized nucleus and
other structures, and include numerous
disease-causing forms.
28 Baptize To admit somebody into a specified Baptist A member of a Protestant Christian
church by baptism denomination advocating baptism only of
adult believers by total immersion; a person
who baptizes someone.
29 Botanize To study plants or plant life; to collect Botany The scientific study of the structure,
plants for study; to explore botanically ecology, distribution, classification, and
economic importance of plants; the plant
life of a particular region or geological
period.
30 Canalize To make a canal through an area; to Canal An artificial waterway allowing the passage
convert a river into a canal of boats inland or conveying water for
irrigation; a tubular duct in a plant or animal

78
 conveying food, liquid, or air.
31 Cannibalize To use a machine, vehicle to provide Cannibal A person who eats the flesh of other human
spare parts for others beings; an animal that eats flesh of its own
species.
32 Canonize To declare officially that somebody is a Canon A general rule or principle by which
saint, usually with a ceremony something is judged; a Church decree or
law.
33 Caramelize To turn or make something turn into Caramel Sugar or syrup heated until it turns brown,
caramel; to cover or cook food with burnt used as a flavouring or colouring for food or
sugar drink; a soft toffee made with sugar and
butter that have been melted and further
heated.
34 Carbonize To char (organic matter) until it forms Carbon The chemical element of atomic number 6,
carbon; to coat or enrich with carbon; to a non-metal which has two main forms
become carbonized (diamond and graphite), occurs in impure
form in charcoal, soot, and coal, and is
present in all organic compounds. (Symbol:
C); a rod of carbon in an arc lamp; a piece
of carbon paper; a carbon copy.
35 Categorize To place somebody or something in a Category A class or division of people or things
category having particular shared characteristics.
36 Catheterize To introduce a catheter into Catheter A flexible tube inserted through a narrow
opening into a body cavity, particularly the
bladder, for removing fluid.
37 Cauterize To burn the surface of the body, Cautery An instrument or caustic substance used for
especially in order to destroy infection or cauterizing; the action of cauterizing.
stop a wound
38 Channelize To channel Channel A length of water wider than a strait, joining
two larger areas of water, especially two

79
 seas; passage in a stretch of water otherwise
unsafe for vessels; an electric circuit which
acts as a path for a signal; a band of
frequencies used in radio and television
transmission, especially as used by a
particular station; a medium for
communication or the passage of
information.
39 Characterize To be typical or characteristic of Character the mental and moral qualities distinctive to
somebody or something; to describe or an individual; strength and originality in a
show the character of somebody or person’s nature; a person’s good reputation;
something the distinctive nature of something; a person
in a novel, play, or film; a part played by an
actor; an interesting, eccentric, or amusing
person.
40 Cinematize To adapt ( a novel, play) for motion Cinema A theatre where films are shown; the
pictures production of films as an art or industry.
41 Civilianize To assign to civilian or place under Civilian A person not in the armed services or the
civilian control police force
42 Climatize To acclimate to a new environment; to Climate The general weather conditions prevailing
prepare or modify (a building) for use or in an area over a long period; a prevailing
comfort in a specific climate trend or public attitude.
43 Cocainize To treat or effect by cocaine Cocaine An addictive drug derived from coca or
prepared synthetically, used as an illegal
stimulant and sometimes medicinally as a
local anaesthetic.
44 Collateralize To secure (a loan) with collateral Collateral Something pledged as security for
repayment of a loan; a person descended
from the same ancestor as another but

80
 through a different line.
45 Colonize To establish a colony in an area Colony A country or area under the political control
of another country and occupied by settlers
from that country; a group of people of one
nationality or race living in a foreign place;
a group of people separated by occupation
or interest:
46 Compartmentalize To divide something into compartments Compartment A separate section of a structure or
or categories container; a division of a railway carriage
marked by partitions.
47 Computerize To provide a computer to do the work of Computer An electronic device which is capable of
or for something receiving information (data) and performing
a sequence of logical operations in
accordance with a predetermined but
variable set of procedural instructions
(program) to produce a result in the form of
information or signals.
48 Communize To impose Communist principles or Commune A group of people living together and
systems of government on ( a country or sharing possessions and responsibilities; a
people); to make communistic; to make communal settlement in a communist
(land, house) the property of community country.

49 Concertize To give concerts or recitals Concert A musical performance given in public,

professionally, especially on tour typically of several compositions.
50 Containerize To package by containerization; to ship Container An object for holding or transporting
in containers something; a large standard-sized metal box
for the transport of goods by road, rail, sea,
or air.

81
51 Corporatize To develop or turn into big business Corporate A corporate company or group
52 Cosmeticize To improve superficially; cause to seem Cosmetic Cosmetic preparations, especially for the
better or more attractive face
53 Criticize To indicate the faults of somebody or Critic A person who expresses an unfavourable
something opinion of something; a person who judges
the merits of literary, artistic, or musical
works, especially one who does so
professionally.
54 Crystallize To become clear and definite of thoughts, Crystal A piece of a homogeneous solid substance
plans; to form or make something form having a natural geometrically regular form
into crystal with symmetrically arranged plane faces;
(in Chemistry) any solid consisting of a
symmetrical, ordered, three-dimensional
aggregation of atoms or molecules; a clear
transparent mineral, especially quartz; (also
crystal glass) highly transparent glass with a
high refractive index.
55 Customize To make or alter something according to Custom A traditional and widely accepted way of
the buyer’s owner’s wishes behaving or doing something that is specific
to a particular society, place, or time; (in
Law) established usage having the force of
law or right; regular dealings with a shop or
business by customers.
56 Deemphasize To place less emphasis upon; reduce the De-emphasis Lessening of importance
importance of
57 Democratize to make a country or an institution Democrat A supporter of democracy; a member of the
democratic Democratic Party in the US
58 Deputize To act or speak on somebody’s behalf Deputy A person appointed to undertake the duties
of a superior in the superior’s absence; a

82
 parliamentary representative in certain
countries.
59 Dichotomize To divide or separate into two parts or Dichotomy Division into two parts or kinds; subdivision
kinds; to become divided into two parts; into halves or pairs; division into two
form a dichotomy exclusive, opposed, or contradictory groups;
a mode of branching by constant forking ,
as in some stems
60 Diphthongize To change into or pronounce as a Diphthong A sound formed by the combination of two
diphthong; to become a diphthong vowels in a single syllable, in which the
sound begins as one vowel and moves
towards another; a digraph representing the
sound of a diphthong or single vowel
61 Disharmonize To make inharmonious Disharmony Lack of harmony
62 Dogmatize To make dogmatic assertions; to assert as Dogma A principle or set of principles laid down by
a dogma an authority as incontrovertible.
63 Dramatize To make something such as a novel or an Drama A play; plays a genre or literary style; an
event with a play; to make an incident exciting or emotional series of events
seem more dramatic than it really is
64 Ebonize To satin or finish black in imitation of Ebony Heavy blackish or very dark brown wood
ebony from a tree of tropical and warm regions; a
very dark brown or black colour.
65 Economize To save money, time, resources; to spend Economy The state of a country or region in terms of
less than before the production and consumption of goods
and services and the supply of money; a
country or region having a particular
economy; careful management of available
resources; offering good value for money; a
financial saving.
66 Elegize To lament in or as if an elegy; to Elegy A mournful poem, typically a lament for the

83
 compose or deliver an elegy dead; (in Greek and Latin verse) a poem
written in elegiac couplets
67 Emblematize To serve as emblem of Emblem A heraldic device or symbolic object as a
distinctive badge of a nation, organization,
or family; a symbol or symbolic
representation.
68 Empathize To imagine and share the feelings, Empathy The ability to empathize
problems of another person
69 Emphasize To put emphasis on something; to give Emphasis Special importance, value, or prominence
emphasis to something; to stress given to something; stress laid on a word or
something words in speaking.

70 Energize To give energy to somebody or Energy The strength and vitality required for
something; to make electricity flow to a sustained activity; a person’s physical and
device mental powers as applied to a particular
activity; power derived from physical or
chemical resources to provide light and heat
or to work machines; (in physics) the
property of matter and radiation which is
manifest as a capacity to perform work.
71 Epigrammatize To express in epigrams; to make Epigram A concise and witty saying or remark; a
epigrams about; to make epigrams short witty poem
72 Epitomize To serve as a typical or perfect example Epitome A person or thing that is a perfect example
of; typify; to make an epitome of; of a quality or type; a summary of a written
summarize work
73 Etherize To anesthetize with vaporized ether; to Ether A pleasant-smelling, volatile, highly
render groggy or numb flammable liquid used as an anaesthetic and
as a solvent; (in chemistry) any organic
compound with an oxygen atom linking two

84
 alkyl groups.
74 Etymologize To trace the history of a word; to give the Etymology An account of the origins and the
etymology of words; to study etymology developments in meaning of a word
75 Eulogize To praise somebody or something highly Eulogy A speech or piece of writing that praises
in speech or writing someone highly
76 Euphemize To refer to by means of euphemism Euphemist A person who substitute of a mild or
indirect expression for one thought to be
offensive or blunt
77 Euthanatize To subject to euthanasia Euthanasia The painless killing of a patient suffering
from an incurable disease or in an
irreversible coma.
78 Euthanize To subject to euthanasia Euthanasia The painless killing of a patient suffering
from an incurable disease or in an
irreversible coma.
79 Evangelize To try to convert people to Christianity Evangel The Christian gospel; any of the four
gospels
80 Exorcize To drive out or rid somebody of an evil Exorcist
spirit by prayers or magic
81 Fanaticize To make fanatical Fanatic A person filled with excessive zeal,
especially for an extreme religious or
political cause; a person with an obsessive
enthusiasm for a pastime or hobby.
82 Faradize To stimulate or treat (muscles or nerves) Farad The S1 unit of capacitance, equal to that of
with induced alternating electric current a capacitor having a potential of 1 volt when
charged with 1 coulomb of electricity.
83 Fantasize To imagine; to create a fantasy Fantasy The faculty or activity of imagining
improbable or impossible things; a fanciful
mental image, especially one on which a
person often dwells and which reflects their

85
 wishes; an idea with no basis in reality; a
genre of imaginative fiction involving
magic and adventure.
84 Fetishize To make a fetish of Fetish An inanimate object worshipped for its
supposed magical powers or because it is
considered to be inhabited by a spirit; a
form of sexual desire in which gratification
is linked to an abnormal degree to a
particular object, part of the body, or
activity; a course of action to which one has
an excessive and irrational commitment.
85 Fluidize To make fluid; to suspend or transport Fluid A substance that has no fixed shape and
(finely divided particles) in a stream of yields easily to external pressure; a gas or
gas or air (especially) a liquid.

86 Formularize To formulate Formula A set of chemical symbols showing the

elements present in a compound and their
relative proportions; a method or procedure
for achieving something; a list of
ingredients with which something is made.
87 Formulize To formulate Formula A set of chemical symbols showing the
elements present in a compound and their
relative proportions; a method or procedure
for achieving something; a list of
ingredients with which something is made.
88 Fossilize To make something become a fossil; to Fossil The remains or impression of a prehistoric
resist change or development; to become plant or animal embedded in rock and
fixed of cultures, ideas preserved in petrified form; humorous an
antiquated person or thing; a word or phrase

86
 that has become obsolete except in set
phrases or forms
89 Fragmentize To break into fragments; to fall into Fragment A small part broken off or detached; an
fragments isolated or incomplete part
90 Francize To force to adopt French customs and the France A republic in Western Europe
French language
91 Gelatinize To make or become gelatinous; to coat Gelatine A clear substance without any taste used for
with gelatine, as paper; making jelly as food, manufacturing
photographic, film, etc
92 Geometrize To work by geometric methods; to put Geometry The branch of mathematics concerned with
into geometric form the properties and relations of points, lines,
surfaces, solids, and higher dimensional
analogues; the shape and relative
arrangement of the parts of something.
93 Germanize To make or become German in character, German A native or inhabitant of Germany; the
sentiment; to translate into German West Germanic language of Germany,
Austria, and most of Switzerland,
historically comprising a broad range of
dialects
94 Glamorize To make glamorous; to glorify or Glamour An attractive and exciting quality,
romanticize especially sexual allure; enchantment;
magic.
95 Gourmandize To enjoy good food and drink especially Gourmand One who is fond of good eating, often to
in lavish quantity excess; a gourmet; epicure
96 Harmonize To make something harmonious; to play Harmony The combination of simultaneously sounded
or sing notes that accompany the main musical notes to produce chords and chord
tune and produce harmony progressions having a pleasing effect;
agreement or concord.
97 Hellenize To make Greek in character; to adopt Hellene A Greek

87
 Greek ideas or customs
98 Homogenize To become homogenized; to make Homogeny Correspondence between parts or organs
uniform or similar as in composition or due to descent from the same ancestral type
function
99 Homologize To make or show to be homologous; to Homology The state of being homologous; the
be homologous; correspond similarity of organic compounds by a fixed
increment, as by CH2; a classification of
mathematical figures according to certain
topological properties
100 Hospitalize To send or admit somebody to hospital Hospital An institution providing medical and
surgical treatment and nursing care for sick
or injured people.
101 Hybridize To cause to produce hybrids; to breed or Hybrid (in biology) the offspring of two plants or
cause the production of a hybrids; to animals of different species or varieties,
cause the production of hybrids by such as a mule; a thing made by combining
crossing; to fuse two cells of different two different elements.
genotypes into a hybrid cell
102 Hydrogenize Hydrogenate; to combine or treat with Hydrogen A colourless, odourless, highly flammable
hydrogen, especially to add it to an gas, the chemical element of atomic number
unsaturated organic compound 1. (Symbol: H)

103 Hyperbolize To use hyperbole; exaggerate; to Hyperbole Deliberate exaggeration, not meant to be
represent or express with hyperbole or taken literally.
exaggeration
104 Hypnotize To produce a state of hypnosis in Hypnosis The induction of a state of consciousness in
somebody; to influence somebody which a person loses the power of voluntary
strongly they can think of nothing else; to action and is highly responsive to
fascinate somebody suggestion or direction.

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105 Hypostatize To hypostatize; To treat or regard ( a Hypostasis (in philosophy) the underlying or essential
concept) as a distinct substance or reality part of anything, as distinguished form
attributes; (in Christianity) one of the three
real and distinct substances in the one
undivided substance or essence of God; the
accumulation of blood or its solid
components in parts of an organ or body
due to poor circulation
106 Hypothesize To form a hypothesis; to assume Hypothesis A supposition or proposed explanation
something as a hypothesis made on the basis of limited evidence as a
starting point for further investigation; (in
philosophy) a proposition made as a basis
for reasoning.
107 Idolize To treat somebody or something as an Idol An image or representation of a god used as
idol; to love or admire somebody or an object of worship; an object of adulation
something very much
108 Ionize To be converted something into ions Ion An atom or molecule with a net electric
charge through loss or gain of electrons,
either positive (a cation) or negative (an
anion).
109 Isomerize To convert into an isomer Isomer A chemical compound or nuclide that
displays isomerism
110 Italianize To become Italian in manner; to speak Italian A native or inhabitant of Italy; a Romance
Italian; to make Italian in manner, language spoken in Italy, Corsica, and the
character canton of Ticino in Switzerland
111 Jargonize To talk or write jargon; to render as Jargon Words or expressions used by a particular
jargon; translate into jargon profession or group that are difficult for
others to understand.
112 Jeopardize To cause something to be harmed, lost or Jeopardy Danger of loss, harm, or failure; (in law)

89
 destroyed; to put something in danger of danger arising from being on trial for a
this happening criminal offence.

113 Journalize To relate as one would in keeping a Journal A newspaper or magazine dealing with a
journal; to record in a journal; to keep a particular subject; a diary; a record of the
journal daily proceedings in the Houses of
Parliament; (in bookkeeping) a daily record
of business transactions.
114 Judaize To conform to the spirit, character, Judah One of the 12 tribes of Israel, traditionally
principles, or practices of Judaism descended from him; the Biblical kingdom
of the Hebrew in Palestine, including the
tribes of Judah and Benjamin
115 Latinize To cause to conform to the customs, Latin The language of ancient Rome and its
beliefs of the Latin or the Latin church; empire; a native or inhabitant of a country
to intermix with Latin elements; to whose language developed from Latin, e.g.
translate into Latin; to make Latin- a Latin American.
American character; Romanize; to use
words and phrases from Latin
116 Lemmatize To sort (words in a list or text) in order to Lemma A subsidiary proposition introduced in
determine the headwords, under which proving some other proposition; an
related words, as inflected forms, are argument or theme, especially when
then listed indicated in a heading; a word or phrase that
is glossed; headword
117 Lionize To treat somebody as a famous or Lion A large tawny-coloured cat of Africa and
important person NW India, of which the male has a shaggy
mane; a brave, strong, or fierce person
118 Liquidize To crush vegetables, fruit, etc into a Liquid A liquid substance
liquid; to sell things in order to raise
money

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119 Lysogenize To make lysogenic Lysogen A bacteria cell or strain that has been
infected with a temperate virus
120 Magnetize To make something act like a magnet; to Magnet A piece of iron or other material, typically
attract somebody strongly, as if by a in the form of a bar or horseshoe, that has
magnet the property of attracting similar objects or
aligning itself in an external magnetic field;
a person or thing that has a powerful
attraction.
121 Maximize To increase something as much as Maxima The greatest amount, extent , or intensity
possible; to make the best use of
something
122 Mechanize To change a process or a factory so that it Mechanic A skilled worker who repairs and maintains
is run by machines instead of using machinery; a manual labourer
people or animals
123 Melodize To make melodious; to compose Melody A sequence of single notes that is musically
melodies satisfying; the principal part in harmonized
music.
124 Memorialize To commemorate; to present a memorial Memorial A structure or object established in memory
to of a person or event; intended to
commemorate someone or something; (in
chiefly historical) a statement of facts,
especially as the basis of a petition; a
written record.
125 Memorize To learn something well enough to Memory The faculty by which the mind stores and
remember it exactly remembers information; something
remembered; the remembering or
commemoration of a dead person; the
length of time over which a person or event
continues to be remembered.

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126 Merchandize To carry on trade; to buy and sell; to plan Merchant A person involved in wholesale trade; a
for and promote the sales of retailer trader; a person with a partiality for
a particular activity or view point
127 Mesmerize To hypnotize; to spell blind; fascinate; to Mesmeric Causing one to become transfixed and
compel by fascination unaware of one’s surroundings; hypnotic;
relating to or produced by mesmerism.
128 Methodize To reduce or arrange something Method A particular procedure for accomplishing or
according to a method approaching something; orderliness of
thought or behaviour.
129 Miniaturize To make something on a much smaller Miniature A thing that is much smaller than normal; a
scale plant or animal that is a smaller version of
an existing variety or breed; a very small
and minutely detailed painting, especially a
portrait; a picture or decorated letter in an
illuminated manuscript.
130 Moisturize To make the skin less dry by the use of Moisture Water or other liquid diffused in a small
beauty creams quantity as vapour, within a solid, or
condensed on a surface.
131 Monetize To legalize as money; to coin into money Money A medium of exchange in the form of coins
and banknotes; sums of money; wealth;
payment or financial gain.
132 Mongrelize To subject to crossbreeding; to make Mongrel A dog of no definable type or breed; a
debased or impure person of mixed descent
133 Monopolize To have or take the greatest share of Monopoly The exclusive possession or control of the
something, so preventing others from supply of or trade in a commodity or
sharing it; to dominate something service; a company or group having a
monopoly, or a commodity or service
controlled by one; exclusive possession or
control of something

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134 Motorize To furnish with a motor; to supply with Motor A machine, especially one powered by
motor vehicles electricity or internal combustion, which
supplies motive power for a vehicle or other
device.
135 Narcoticize To subject to or treat with a narcotic; Narcotic An addictive drug, especially an illegal one,
stupefy; to make dull; deaden the affecting mood or behavior; (in medicine) a
awareness of; to act as a narcotic drug which induces drowsiness, stupor, or
insensibility, and relieves pain.
136 Nebulize To reduce to fine spray; atomize Nebula (in astronomy) a visible cloud of gas or dust
in outer space; (in medicine) a clouded spot
on the cornea causing defective vision.
137 Normanize To make or become Norman in customs, Norman a member of a people of mixed Frankish
language and Scandinavian origin who settled in
Normandy in the 10th century; in particular,
any of the Normans who conquered
England in 1066 or their descendant; a
native or inhabitant of modern Normandy;
the northern form of Old French spoken by
the Normans; the French dialect of modern
Normandy.
138 Notarize To certify (a document) through a notary Notary A person authorized to perform certain legal
public formalities, especially to draw up or certify
contracts, deeds, etc.
139 Odorize To make odorous Odor The property of a substance that activates
the sense of smell; a sensation perceived by
the sense of smell; a quality of property
characteristic or suggestive of something;
something that has a pleasant scents
140 Optimize To make something as good or as Optimist One who characteristically looks at events

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 favorable as possible or conditions with optimism
141 Organize To put somebody or something into Organ A department or organization that performs
working order to arrange parts, people a specified function.
into an efficient system; to make
arrangements or preparations for
something; to form workers into a trade
union
142 Ostracize To exclude somebody from a group, e.g. Ostracism The action of ostracizing somebody; the
a club or a social gathering ; to refuse to state of being ostracized
meet or talk to somebody
143 Oxidize To combine or cause something to Oxide A compound of oxygen with another
combine with oxygen; to form or become element or group
covered with rust
144 Ozonize To impregnate or treat with ozone; to Ozone An unstable, pungent, toxic form of oxygen
convert oxygen into ozone with three atoms in its molecule, formed in
electrical discharges or by ultraviolet light.
145 Pasteurize To heat a liquid, especially milk, to a Pasteur A bacterial infection commonly affecting
certain temperature and then cool it, in animals and sometimes transferred to
order to kill harmful bacteria humans through bites and scratches.
146 Patronize To treat somebody in a way that appears Patron A person who gives financial or other
friendly, but clearly displays that one support to a person, organization, cause, etc;
feels superior to them; to be a regular a distinguished person who takes an
customer of a shop honorary position in a charity; a customer of
a restaurant, hotel, etc., especially a regular
one.
147 Pedestrianize To make a street or part of a town into an Pedestrian A person walking rather than travelling in a
area for pedestrians only vehicle
148 Peptize To disperse a substance into which Peptic A substance promoting digestion
proteins are converted by partial

94
 hydrolysis
149 Philantrophize To treat in a philanthropic manner; to Philanthropy Kindness and good deeds inspired by
practice philanthropy concern for people’s welfare
150 Philosophize To speculate or theorize usually in a Philosophy The study of the fundamental nature of
superficial or imprecise manner; to think knowledge, reality, and existence; a set of
or reason as a philosopher theories of a particular philosopher; the
study of the theoretical basis of a branch of
knowledge or experience; a theory or
attitude that guides one’s behaviour.
151 Plagiarize To take somebody’s else ideas or words Plagiary The unauthorized use of the language and
and use them as if they were one’s own thoughts of another author and the
representation of them as one’s own;
something used and represented in this
manner
152 Platitudinize To utter platitudes Platitude A dull or trite remark, especially one uttered
as if it were fresh or profound; the quality or
state of being dull or trite
153 Poetize To represent in poetic form Poet A person who writes poems; a person
possessing special powers of imagination or
expression
154 Pressurize To force, influence or persuade Pressure The continuous physical force exerted on or
somebody to do something; to keep the against an object by something in contact
air pressure in a submarine, an aircraft, with it; the force per unit area exerted by a
constant and similar to that on the surface fluid against a surface; the use of
of the earth persuasion, intimidation, etc. to make
someone do something; a feeling of
stressful urgency.
155 Propagandize To spread or organize propaganda Propaganda Information, especially of a biased or
misleading nature, used to promote a

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 political cause or point of view; the
dissemination of such information; a
committee of Roman Catholic cardinals
responsible for foreign missions.
156 Proselytize To convert or attempt as a proselyte; Proselyte A convert from one opinion, religion, or
recruit party to another; a Gentile who has
converted to Judaism.
157 Psychologize To make psychological investigations or Psychology The scientific study of the human mind and
speculations especially those that are its functions, especially those affecting
naive or conformed behaviour in a given context; the mental
characteristics or attitude of a person; the
mental factors governing a situation or
activity.
158 Revolutionize To make something change completely Revolution A forcible overthrow of a government or
or in a dramatic way social order, in favour of a new system; (in
Marxism) the class struggle expected to lead
to political change and the triumph of
communism; a dramatic and wide-reaching
change.
159 Rhapsodize To talk or write with great enthusiasm Rhapsody An enthusiastic or ecstatic expression of
about somebody or something feeling; (in music) a piece of music in one
extended movement, typically emotional in
character.
160 Romanize To make Roman Catholic; to make Roman An inhabitant of ancient or modern Rome;
Roman in character; to render in the roman type
Latin alphabet, especially a language
traditionally written in a different system,
as Chinese or Japanese
161 Routinize To develop into a regular procedure; to Routine A sequence of actions regularly followed; a

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 reduce to a customary procedure fixed unvarying program; a set sequence in
a theatrical or comic performance.
162 Rubberize To coat or impregnate with rubber or Rubber A tough elastic polymeric substance made
some preparation of it from the latex of a tropical plant or
synthetically.
163 Russianize To make Russian Russian A native or national of Russia, or a person
of Russian descent; the language of Russia,
an Eastern Slavic language written in the
Cyrillic alphabet.
164 Sanitize To make something free from anything Sanity The condition of being sane; reasonable and
that may damage health; to make rational behaviour
something, e.g. an account of an event,
less disturbing, shocking
165 Satirize To attack somebody or something using Satire The use of humour, irony, exaggeration, or
satire ridicule to expose and criticize people’s
stupidity or vices; a play, novel, etc. using
satire; (in Latin literature) a literary
miscellany, especially a poem ridiculing
prevalent vices or follies.
166 Schematize To reduce to or arrange according to a Schema A representation of a plan or theory in the
scheme form of an outline or model
167 Scrutinize To look at or examine something Scrutiny Critical observation or examination
carefully or thoroughly
168 Sequelize To make a sequel to Sequel A published, broadcast, or recorded work
that continues the story or develops the
theme of an earlier; something that takes
place after or as a result of an earlier event.
169 Sermonize To give moral advice, especially when it Sermon A talk on a religious or moral subject,
is boring, or not wanted especially one given during a church service

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 and based on a passage from the Bible; a
long or tedious piece of admonition or
reproof.
170 Simonize To shine or polish a motor vehicle Simon The making of profit out of sacred things;
the buying or selling of ecclesiastical,
pardons, benefices, etc
171 Sodomize To engage in sodomy with; to force Sodomy Anal intercourse
sodomy upon
172 Soliloquize To talk oneself; to speak one’s thoughts Soliloquy An act of speaking one’s thoughts aloud
aloud, especially in a play when alone or regardless of hearers,
especially by a character in a play.
173 Stigmatize To describe or consider somebody or Stigma A mark of disgrace associated with a
something as something very bad worthy particular circumstance, quality, or person.
of extreme disapproval
174 Stylize To design in or cause to conform to a Style A manner of doing something; a way of
particular or conventionalized style, as if painting, writing, etc., characteristic of a
representation in art particular period, person, etc; a distinctive
appearance, design, or arrangement;
elegance and sophistication; an official or
legal title.
175 Subsidize To give a subsidy to something or Subsidy A sum of money granted from public funds
somebody to help an industry or business keep the
price of a commodity or service low; a sum
of money granted to support an undertaking
held to be in the public interest; a grant or
contribution of money.
176 Sulphurize To combine, treat, or impregnate with Sulphur The chemical element of atomic number 16,
sulphur a combustible non-metal which typically
occurs as yellow crystals. (Symbol: S); the

98
 material of which hellfire and lightning
were formerly believed to consist.
177 Summarize To be or make a summary of something Summary A brief statement of the main points of
something
178 Symbolize To be a symbol of something Symbol A thing that represents or stands for
something else, especially a material object
representing something abstract; a mark or
character used as a conventional
representation of something, e.g. a letter
standing for a chemical element or a
character in musical notation.
179 Symmetrize To reduce to symmetry; make Symmetry The quality of being made up of exactly
symmetrical similar parts facing each other or around an
axis; correct or pleasing proportion of parts;
similarity or exact correspondence
180 Sympathize To feel or express sympathy or support Sympathy Feelings of pity and sorrow for someone
else’s misfortune; condolences;
understanding between people; common
feeling; a favourable attitude; relating
harmoniously to something else; in keeping;
the state or fact of responding in a way
corresponding to an action elsewhere.
181 Synopsize To make a synopsis of; summarize Synopsis A brief summary of something
182 Synthesize To combine parts into a whole; to make Synthesis The combination of components to form a
something by synthesis connected whole; the production of
chemical compounds by reaction from
simpler materials.
183 Systematize To arrange in or according to a system; System A complex whole; a set of things working
reduce to a system; make systematic together as a mechanism or interconnecting

99
 network; an organized scheme or method;
orderliness; method.
184 Temporize To delay making a decision, giving a Tempo The pace of an activity or process
definite answer or stating one’s purpose
in order to gain time
185 Terrorize To fill or overcome with terror; to Terror Extreme fear; the use of terror to intimidate
dominate or coerce by intimidation people; a cause of terror; a person causing
trouble or annoyance.
186 Theorize To form a theory or theories about Theory A supposition or a system of ideas intended
something to explain something, especially one based
on general principles independent of the
thing to be explained; an idea accounting
for or justifying something; a set of
principles on which an activity is based
187 Traumatize To cause great shock or distress to Trauma A deeply distressing experience; emotional
somebody shock following a stressful event
188 Tyrannize To rule somebody or something as a Tyranny Cruel and oppressive government or rule; a
tyrant; to treat somebody state under such rule; cruel and arbitrary
exercise of power or control; (especially in
ancient Greece) rule by a tyrant.
189 Unionize To organize people into a made union Union The action or fact of uniting or being united;
a state of harmony or agreement.; marriage;
sexual coupling; a club, society, or
association formed by people with a
common interest or purpose, especially a
trade union; a political unit consisting of a
number of states or provinces with the same
central government, especially the US or the
UK.

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190 Unitize To form or combine into one unit, as by Unit An individual thing or person regarded as
welding parts together; to divide or single and complete; each of the individual
separate into units components making up a larger whole; a
device or part with a specified function; a
self-contained or distinct section of a
building or group of buildings; a
subdivision of a larger military grouping; a
self-contained part of an educational course;
a single manufactured item.
191 Vandalize To destroy or damage works of art, Vandal A person who deliberately destroys or
property for no good reason damages public or private property.
192 Vaporize To turn into gas or make something turn Vapor A substance diffused or suspended in the
into gas air; (in physics) a gaseous substance that
can be liquefied by pressure alone.
193 Victimize To make somebody suffer unfairly, Victim A person harmed, injured, or killed as a
especially because one does not like them result of a crime, accident, etc; an animal or
or their opinions person killed as a religious sacrifice.
194 Weatherize To make (a house or other building) Weather The state of the atmosphere at a place and
secure against cold or stormy weather time as regards temperature, wind, rain, etc.
195 Winterize To prepare (something) by various Winter The coldest season of the year, after autumn
measures to be functional in or to with and before spring.
stand sold weather
196 Womanize To have sexual affairs with many women Woman An adult human female; a female worker or
employee; a female domestic help; a wife
or lover.

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Appendix 3: Phonetic transcription from words using suffix [-ize]
Words using suffix Phonetic transcription Stem Phonetic
[-ize] transcription
Absolutize / ‘ǽbsəlu:taiz / Absolute /’ǽbsəlu:t/
Accessorize /ək’sesəraiz/ Accessory /ək’sesəri/
Actualize /’ǽkt∫uəlaiz/ Actual /’ǽkt∫uəl/
Advertize /’ǽdvətaiz/ Advert /’ǽdvз:t/
Agonize /’ǽgənaiz/ Agony /’ǽgəni/
Alkalize /’ǽlkəlaiz/ Alkali /’ǽlkəlai/
Allegorize /’ǽləgəraiz/ Allegory /’ǽləgəri/
Americanize /ə’merikənaiz/ American /ə’merikən/
Anaesthetize /ə’ni:sθətaiz/ Anaesthetic /ֽǽnəs’θetik/
Anagrammatize /’ǽnəgrǽmətaiz/ Anagram /’ǽnəgrǽm/
Analogize /ə’nǽlədʒaiz/ Analogy /ə’nǽlədʒi/
Anatomize /ə’nǽtəmaiz/ Anatomy /ə’nǽtəmi/
Anglicize /’ǽŋlisaiz/ Anglice /’ǽŋlis/
Animalize /’ǽnIməlaiz/ Animal /’ǽnIml/
Annualize /’ǽnjuəlaiz/ Annual /’ǽnjuəl/
Antagonize /ǽn’tǽgənaiz/ Antagonist /ǽn’tǽgənist/
Apologize /ə’pɒlədʒaiz/ Apology /ə’pɒlədʒi/
Apostrophize /ə’pɒstrəfaiz/ Apostrophe /ə’pɒstrəfi/
Arabicize /’ǽrəbIsaiz/ Arabic /’ǽrəbIk/
Arabize /’ǽrəbaiz/ Arab /’ǽrəb/
Atomize /’ǽtəmaiz/ Atom /’ǽtəm/
Attitudinize /’ǽtItju:dənaiz/ Attitude /’ǽtItju:d/
Authorize /’ɔ:θəraiz/ Author /’ɔ:θə/
Automatize /ɔ:tə’mǽtaiz/ Automatic /ɔ:tə’mǽtIk/
Bacterize /bǽk’tIəraiz/ Bacteria /bǽk’tIəriə/
Baptize /bǽp’taiz/ Baptist /’bǽptist/
Bastardize /’ba:stədaiz/ Bastard /’ba:stəd/
Cannibalize /’kǽnibəlaiz/ Cannibal /’kǽnibl/
Canonize /’kǽnənaiz/ Canon /’kǽnən/
Capitalize /’kǽpitəlaiz/ Capital /’kǽpitl/
Caramelize /’kǽrəməlaiz/ Caramel /’kǽrəmel/
Carbonize /’ka:bənaiz/ Carbon /’ka:bən/
Centralize /’sentrəlaiz/ Central /’sentrəl/
Characterize /’kǽrəktəraiz/ Character /’kǽrəktə/
Circularize /’sз:kjələraiz/ Circular /’sз:kjələ/
Civilize /’sivəlaiz/ Civil /’sivl/
Collectivize /kə’lektivaiz/ Collective /kə’lektiv/
Colonize /’kɒlənaiz/ Colony /’kɒləni/
Commercialize /kə’mз:∫əlaiz/ Commercial /kə’mз:∫l/
Compartmentalize /,kɒmpa:t’mentəlaiz/ Compartmental /,kɒmpa:t’mentəl/
Computerize /kəm’pju:təraiz/ Computer /kəm’pju:tə/

102
 103

Conceptualize /kən’sept∫uəlaiz/ Conceptual /kən’sept∫uəl/

Criminalize /’kriminəlaiz/ Criminal /’kriminl/
Criticize /’kritisaiz/ Critic /’kritik/
Cross-fertilize /,krɒs’fз:təlaiz/ Cross-fertile /,krɒs’fз:tail/
Crystallize /’kristəlaiz/ Crystal /’kristl/
Customize /’kΛstəmaiz/ Custom /’kΛstəm/
Democratize /di’mɒkrətaiz/ Democrat /’deməkrǽt/
Deputize /’depjətaiz/ Deputi /’depjəti/
Diphthongize /’dIfθɒŋaiz/ Diphthong /’dIfθɒŋ/
Dramatize /’drǽmətaiz/ Drama /’dra:mə/
Ebonize /’ebənaiz/ Ebony /’ebəni/
Economize /i’kɒnəmaiz/ Economy /i’kɒnəmi/
Emblematize /’embləmətaiz/ Emblem /’embləm/
Empathize /’empəθaiz/ Empathy /’empəθi/
Emphasize /’emfəsaiz/ Emphasis /’emfəsis/
Energize /’enədʒaiz/ Energy /’enədʒi/
Epitomize /I’pItəmaiz/ Epitome /I’pItəmi/
Equalize /’i:kwəlaiz/ Equal /’i:kwel/
Etherize / i:θəraiz/ Ether /i:θə/
Eulogize /’ju:lədʒaiz/ Eulogy /’ju:lədʒi/
Extemporize /ik’stempəraiz/ Extempore /ek’stempəri/
Externalize /ik’stз:nəlaiz/ External /ik’stз:nl/
Familiarize /fə’miliəraiz/ Familiar /fə’miliə/
Fantasize /’fǽntəsiaz/ Fantasy /’fǽntəsi/
Federalize /’fedərəlaiz/ Federal /’fedərəl/
Feminize /’femənaiz/ Feminine /’femənIn/
Fertilize /’fз:təlaiz/ Fertile /’fз:tail/
Fetishize /’fetI∫aiz/ Fetish /’fetI∫/
Feudalize /’fju:dəlaiz/ Feudal /’fju:dl/
Formalize /’fɔ:məlaiz/ Formal /fɔ:ml/
Fossilize /’fɒsəlaiz/ Fossil /’fɒsl/
Fragmentize /’frǽgməntaiz/ Fragment /’frǽgmənt/
Gelatinize /’dʒelətInaiz/ Gelatine /’dʒelətIn/
Generalize /’dʒenrəlaiz/ General /’dʒenrəl/
Geometrize /dʒi’ɒmətraiz/ Geometry /dʒi’ɒmətri/
Glamourize /’glǽməraiz/ Glamour /’glǽmə/
Globalize /’gləʊbəlaiz/ Global /’gləʊbl/
Harmonize /’ha:mənaiz/ Harmony /’ha:məni/
Hospitalize /’hɒspitəlaiz/ Hospital /’hɒspitl/
Hybridize /’haIbrIdaiz/ Hybrid /’haIbrId/
Hydrogenize /’haIdrədʒənaiz/ Hydrogen /’haIdrədʒən/
Hypnotize /’hipnətaiz/ Hypnosis /hip’nəusis/
Hypothesize /hai’pɒθəsaiz/ Hypothesis /’hi’pɒθəsIs/
Idealize /ai’di:əlaiz/ Ideal /ai’di:əl/

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Idolize /’aidəlaiz/ Idol /’aidl/

Immaterialize /Imə’tIəriəlaiz/ Immaterial /Imə’tIəriəl/
Immobilize /i’məubəlaiz/ Immobile /i’məubail/
Immortalize /i’mɔ:təlaiz/ Immortal /i’mɔ:tl/
Immunize /’imjunaiz/ Immune /i’mju:n/
Impersonalize /Im’pз:sənəlaiz/ Impersonal /Im’pз:sənl/
Individualize /IndI’vIdʒuəlaiz/ Individual /IndI’vIdʒuəl/
Industrialize /in’dΛstriəlaiz/ Industrial /in’dΛstriəl/
Infantilize /’Infəntailaiz/ Infantile /’Infəntail/
Initialize /I’nI∫əlaiz/ Initial /I’nI∫l/
Intellectualize /Intə’lekt∫uəlaiz/ Intellectual /Intə’lekt∫uəl/
Interiorize /In’tIəriəraiz/ Interior /In’tIəriə/
Internalize /in’tз:nəlaiz/ Internal /in’tз:nl/
Internationalize /,intə’nǽ∫nəlaiz/ International /,intə’nǽ∫nəl/
Ionize /’aiənaiz/ Ion /’aiən/
Italicize /i’tǽlisaiz/ Italic /i’tǽlik/
Itemize /’aitəmaiz/ Item /’aitəm/
Jargonize /’dʒa:gənaiz/ Jargon /’dʒa:gən/
Jeopardize /’dʒepədaiz/ Jeopardy /’ dʒepədi/
Journalize /’dʒз:nəlaiz/ Journal /’dʒз:nl/
Legalize /’li:gəlaiz/ Legal /’li:gl/
Legitimize /li’dʒitəmaiz/ Legitimate /li’dʒitimət/
Liberalize /’librəlaiz/ Liberal /’libərəl/
Lionize /’laiənaiz/ Lion /’laiən/
Liquidize /’likwidaiz/ Liquid /’likwid/
Literalize /’lItərəlaiz/ Literal /’lItərəl/
Localize /’ləukəlaiz/ Local /’ləukl/
Magnetize /’mǽgnətaiz/ Magnet /’mǽgnət/
Marginalize /’ma:dʒinəlaiz/ Marginal /’ma:dʒinl/
Masculinize /’mǽskjəlnaiz/ Masculine /’mǽskjəln/
Materialize /mə’tiəriəlaiz/ Material /mə’tiəriəl/
Maximize /’mǽksimaiz/ Maxim /’mǽksim/
Mechanize /’mekənaiz/ Mechanic /mə’kǽnik/
Melodize /’melədaiz/ Melody /’melədi/
Memorialize /mə’mɔ:riəlaiz/ Memorial /mə’mɔ:riəl/
Memorize /’meməraiz/ Memory /’meməri/
Merchandize /’mз:t∫əndaiz/ Merchant /’mз:t∫ənt/
Mesmerize /’mezməraiz/ Mesmeric /mez’merik/
Metabolize /mə’tǽbəlaiz/ Metabolic /,metə’bɔlik/
Methodize /’meθədaiz/ Method /’meθəd/
Militarize /’militəraiz/ Military /’milətri/
Miniaturize /’minət∫əraiz/ Miniature /’minət∫ə/
Minimize /’minimaiz/ Minim /’minIm/
Mobilize /’məubəlaiz/ Mobile /’məubail/

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Modernize /’mɒdenaiz/ Modern /’mɒdn/

Moisturize /’mɔist∫əraiz/ Moisture /’mɔist∫ə/
Monetize /’mΛnitaiz/ Money /’mΛni/
Mongrelize /’mΛŋgrəlaiz/ Mongrel /’mΛŋgrəl/
Monopolize /mə’nɒpəlaiz/ Monopoly /mə’nɒpəli/
Moralize /’mɒrəlaiz/ Moral /’mɒrəl/
Mutualize /’mju:tjuəlaiz/ Mutual /’mju:tjuəl/
Nationalize /’nǽ∫nəlaiz/ National /’nǽ∫nəl/
Naturalize /’nǽt∫rəlaiz/ Natural /’nǽt∫rəl/
Neutralize /’nju:trəlaiz/ Neutral /’nju:trəl/
Normalize /’nɔ:məlaiz/ Normal /’nɔ:ml/
Notarize /’nəʊtəraiz/ Notary /’nəʊtəri/
Organize /’ɔ:gənaiz/ Organ /’ɔ:gən/
Oxidize /’ɒksidaiz/ Oxide /’ɒksaid/
Ozonize /’əʊzəʊnaiz/ Ozone /’əʊzəʊn/
Particularize /pə’tikjələraiz/ Particular /pə’tikjələ/
Patronize /’pǽtrənaiz/ Patron /’peitrən/
Pedestrianize /pə’destriənaiz/ Pedestrian /pə’destriən/
Penalize /’pi:nəlaiz/ Penal /’pi:nl/
Personalize /’pз:sənəlaiz/ Personal /’pз:sənl/
Philanthropize /fI’lǽnθrəpaiz/ Philanthropy /fI’lǽnθrəpi/
Philosophize /fə’lɒsəfaiz/ Philosophy /fə’lɒsəfi/
Pluralize /’plʊərəlaiz/ Plural /’plʊərəl/
Polarize /’pəuləraiz/ Polar /’pəulə/
Politicalize /pə’lItIkəlaiz/ Political /pə’lItIkl/
Politicize /’pɒlətIsaiz/ Politic /’pɒlətIk/
Popularize /’pɒpjələraiz/ Popular /’pɒpjələ/
Pressurize /’pre∫əraiz/ Pressure /’pre∫ə/
Privatize /’praivətaiz/ Private /’praivət/
Propagandize /propə’gǽndaiz/ Propaganda /propə’gǽndə/
Psychologize /saI’kɒlədʒaiz/ Psychology /saI’kɒlədʒi/
Publicize /’pΛblisaiz/ Public /’pΛblik/
Radicalize /’rǽdikəlaiz/ Radical /’rǽdikl/
Randomize /’rǽndəmaiz/ Random /’rǽndəm/
Rationalize /’rǽ∫nəlaiz/ Rational /’rǽ∫nəl/
Realize /’ri:əlaiz/ Real /’ri:əl/
Regularize /’regjələraiz/ Regular /’regjələ/
Revolutionize /,revə’lu:∫ənaiz/ Revolution /,revə’lu:∫n/
Rhapsodize /’rǽpsədaiz/ Rhapsody /’rǽpsədi/
Ritualize /’rit∫uəlaiz/ Ritual /’rit∫uəl/
Romanize /’rəʊmənaiz/ Roman /’rəʊmən/
Romanticize /rəu’mǽntisaiz/ Romantic /rəu’mǽntik/
Routinize /ru:’ti:naiz/ Routine /ru:’ti:n/
Rubberize /’rΛbəraiz/ Rubber /’rΛbə/

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Sanitize /’sǽnitaiz/ Sanity /’sǽnəti/

Satirize /’sǽtəraiz/ Satire /sǽtaiə/
Scrutinize /’skru:tənaiz/ Scrutiny /’skru:təni/
Secularize /’sekjələraiz/ Secular /’sekjələ/
Sensationalize /sen’sei∫ənəlaiz/ Sensational /sen’sei∫ənl/
Sentimentalize /,senti’mentəlaiz/ Sentimental /,senti’mentl/
Sequelize /’si:kwəlaiz/ Sequel /’si:kwəl/
Serialize /’siəriəlaiz/ Serial /’siəriəl/
Sermonize /’sз:mənaiz/ Sermon /’sз:mən/
Sexualize /’sek∫uəlaiz/ Sexual /’sek∫uəl/
Singularize /’sIŋgjələraiz/ Singular /’sIŋgjələ/
Socialize /’səu∫əlaiz/ Social /’səu∫l/
Solemnize /’soləmnaiz/ Solemn /’soləm/
Soliloquize /sə’liləkwaiz/ Soliloquy /sə’liləkwi/
Specialize /’spe∫əlaiz/ Special /’spe∫l/
Spiritualize /’spIrIt∫uəlaiz/ Spiritual /’spIrIt∫uəl/
Stabilize /’steibəlaiz/ Stabile /’steibəl/
Standardize /’stǽndədaiz/ Standard /’stǽndəd/
Sterilize /’sterəlaiz/ Sterile /’sterail/
Stigmatize /’stigmətaiz/ Stigma /’stigmə/
Structuralize /’strΛkt∫ərəlaiz/ Structural /’strΛkt∫ərəl/
Stylize /staIlaiz/ Style /staIl/
Subsidize /’sΛbsidaiz/ Subsidy /’sΛbsədi/
Sulphurize /’sΛlfəraiz/ Sulphur /’sΛlfə/
Summarize /’sΛməraiz/ Summary /’sΛməri/
Symbolize /‘simbəlaiz/ Symbol /’simbl/
Symmetrize /’sImətraiz/ Symmetry /’sImətri/
Sympathize /’simpəθaiz/ Sympathy /’simpəθi/
Synopsize /sI’nɒpsaiz/ Synopsis /sI’nɒpsIs/
Synthesize /’sinθəsaiz/ Synthesis /’sinθəsis/
Systemize /’sIstəmaiz/ System /’sIstəm/
Temporize /’tempəraiz/ Tempo /’tempəu/
Tenderize /’tendəraiz/ Tender /’tendə/
Territorialize /terə’tɔ:riəlaiz/ Territorial /terə’tɔ:riəl/
Theorize /’θiəraiz/ Theory /’θiəri/
Tranquilize /’trǽŋkwilaiz/ Tranquil /’trǽŋkwil/
Traumatize /’trɔ:mətaiz/ Trauma /’trɔ:mə/
Trivialize /’triviəlaiz/ Trivial /’triviəl/
Tyrannize /’tirənaiz/ Tyranny /’tirəni/
Unionize /’ju:niənaiz/ Union /’ju:niən/
Unitize /’ju:nItaiz/ Unit /’ju:nIt/
Universalize /ju:nI’vз:səlaiz/ Universal /ju:nI’vз:sl/
Urbanize /’з:bənaiz/ Urban /’з:bən/
Utilize /’ju:təlaiz/ Utile /’ju:til/
Vandalize /’vǽndəlaiz/ Vandal /’vǽndl/

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Vaporize /veipəraiz/ Vapour /’veipə/

Verbalize /’vз:bəlaiz/ Verbal /’vз:bl/
Victimize /’viktimaiz/ Victim /’viktim/
Virilize /’vIraIlaiz/ Virile /’vIraIl/
Visualize /’viʒuəlaiz/ Visual /’viʒuəl/
Vocalize /’vəukəlaiz/ Vocal /’vəukl/
Vulgarize /’vΛlgəraiz/ Vulgar /’vΛlgə/
Weatherize /’weðəraiz/ Weather /’weðə/
Westernize /’westənaiz/ Western /’westən/
Womanize /’wumənaiz/ Woman /’wumən/

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