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id=d389n9j_165sp3knshn

basic manipulation formula:

14 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24
28 32 34 36 38 42 44 46 48
42 48 51 54 57 63 66 69 72
56 64 68 72 76 84 88 92 96
70 80 85 90 95 105 110 115 120
84 96 102 108 114 126 132 138 144
98 112 119 126 133 147 154 161 168
112 128 136 144 152 168 176 184 192
126 144 153 162 171 189 198 207 216
140 160 170 180 190 210 220 230 240

13 169 3 27
14 196 4 64 = 1.41 = 1.73 = 2.24
15 225 5 125
16 256 6 216
17 289 7 343
18 324 8 512 =2.45 = 2.65 =2.83
19 361 9 729
21 441 11 1331
22 484 12 1728 =3.16
23 529
24 576
26 676 25 = 32 26 = 64 27 = 128 43 =64
27 729
28 784 44 = 256 53 = 125 33 = 27 34= 81
29 841
35 =243 63 = 216 73 = 343 83 = 512

93 = 729 113 = 1331 123 = 1728

67% = 2/3

1.sum of first n natural numbers Sn 1+2+3+4+....n = n(n+1)/2

2.sum of square of first n natural numbers Sn 12+22+32+..+n2 = n(n+1)(2n+1)/6

3. sum of cube of first n natural numbers Sn 13+23+33+..+n3 = n2(n+1)2/4

The n-th term of a geometric sequence with initial value a and common ratio r is given by

the sum of series GP:

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note that in above series r start with 0 index and goes up to n.

Standard Deviation:

1. |Median-Mean| <= SD.

standard deviation of a set of numbers can never be larger than the range of the set.

2. Variance is the square of the standard deviation.

3. If Range or SD of a list is 0, then the list will contain all identical elements. And vise versa:
if a list contains all identical elements then the range and SD of a list is 0. If the list contains
1 element: Range is zero and SD is zero.

4. SD is always >=0. SD is 0 only when the list contains all identical elements (or which is same
only 1 element).

5. Symmetric about the mean means that the shape of the distribution on the right and left side of
the curve are mirror-images of each other.

6. If we add or subtract a constant to each term in a set: Mean will increase or decrease by the
same constant. SD will not change.

7. If we increase or decrease each term in a set by the same percent: Mean will increase or decrease
by the same percent.SD will increase or decrease by the same percent.

8. Changing the signs of the element of a set (multiplying by -1) has no effect on SD.

9. The SD of any list is not dependent on the average, but on the deviation of the numbers from the
average. So just by knowing that two lists having different averages doesn't say anything about
their standard deviation - different averages can have the same SD.

* If a series is in Arithmetic Progression then the series will have Mean = Median

*************
General

1. In order for x and y to be consecutive perfect squares, given that x is greater than y, it would
have to be true that .

2. not as tall as means may be shorter or taller ..i.e. exactly not the same height as

3. A prime number is always +ve and > 1. 1 is not a prime number

first 26 prime numbers are:
2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47,53,59,61,67,71,73,79,83,89,97,101

3. if it is difficult to find solve inequality with modes then square the inequality ... this makes
things easier.

4. all squares of even numbers must be multiples of 4

5. if a number is of 2digit then consider .. 10x+y kind of equation and so on

6.in triangles with given base and given perimeter area is maximum for the isosceles triangle on the
base.

7. sum of integers that are formed by the permutations of n digits

sum is given by equation:

= (sum of digits)*(n-1)!*(111... n times) if repetition is not allowed.

= (sum of digits)*(n)(n-1)*(111... n times) if repetition is allowed.

i.e What is the sum of all 3 digit positive integers that can be formed using the digits 1, 5, and
8, if the digits are allowed to repeat within a number? A. 126 B. 1386 C. 3108 D. 308
E. 13986

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here n = 3 , sum of digits = 14 thus for 3 digits we have to take 111 only.

so sum = 14*3^2*(111)=13986
if not repetition then sum = 14 *2!*111 =3108

** if a+b+c = constant then a2b3c4 have maximum values when a, b and c are in ratio 2:3:4
e.g volume of cylinder V = , and given that r+h=9 then maximum value of V will be when
r and h are in ratio 2:1

*** number of diagonals in a polynomial of side n = n(n-1)/3

** what is remainder when 1421*1423*1425 is divided by 12

classical way to solve this is to multiply all the numbers and then do the division operation to get
remainder.
however, we can get remainder following way:
divide each number with given number separately go get the reminder of each number then multiply, do
the operation as many times till resultant number is no more divisible by given number... it's
little bit abstract:

let's try with above example : to get the remainder of 1421*1423*1425 when divided by 12 can be
given as:

Rof( 1421*1423*1425) /12 ---------> Rof(5*7*9)/12 = Rof(35*9)/12

---------> Rof(11*9)/12 ---> gives us reminder of 3.

some maths solving strategy:

1.think for 5sec before starting calculation

2.picking numbers is almost always the best to attack even/ odd questions.

3.generally answers are arranged in ascending order, if picking number is the strategy then checking
answer choice C, so it will be clear whether we need to check D&E or A&B

4. to check smaller or greater of two values >1 and are raised to power.. first make all of them to
equal roots by taking LCM

5. first 10 +ve multiple of 5 are: 5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40..........( this is example to show what is

multiple of some number means )

6.when answer choices contains variable then check answer option from E-->A
7. range of difference of two range: lower limit = min of X -max of Y and upper limit = max of X -
min of Y
e.g. if -2<=Y<=2 & 3<=X<=8 then range of X-Y will be 1<=(X-Y)<=10

8.I. if |x| <= b & b>0 then -b <= x <= b...that is x lies between -b & b, inclusive
II. if |x| >= b & b>0 , then either x <= -b or x >= b...that is x lies outside the range -b to
b, inclusive.

9.as soon as we see one number can be either pos or neg we know the statement is not
sufficient.

10. as soon as we see one number can be either pos or neg we know the statement is not sufficient.
e.g x3 < 0; since x can be +ve or -ve so not possible to determine.

11. is x multiple of y => is x/y an integer

12. some basic trigonometric function and values

300 ( ) 450 ( ) 600 ( )

sin

cos

tan

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General info:

1. a leap year has 366 days .. and in a year there are 52 weeks and reaming 1 or 2days can be any of
the seven days..

compound interest:

Where,
P = principal amount (initial investment)
r = annual nominal interest rate (as a decimal)
n = number of times the interest is compounded per year
t = number of years
A = amount after time t

Example usage: An amount of $1500.00 is deposited in a bank paying an annual interest rate of 4.3%,
compounded quarterly. Find the balance after 6 years.
A. Using the formula above, with P = 1500, r = 4.3/100 = 0.043, n = 4, and t = 6:

So, the balance after 6 years is approximately $1,938.op

Geometry

1. In case of triangles, an equilateral triangle has maximum area.

For a given area equilateral triangle has the smallest perimeter.

2. Triangles of equal heights have areas proportional to their corresponding bases.

3. Triangles of equal bases have areas proportional to their corresponding heights.

4. Areas of two triangles are equal if they have the same base and lie between the same parallel
line.

5.In two similar triangles, the ratio of their areas is the square of the ratio of their sides.

6. angle between two lines:

here equation for parabola is form x2 = 4ay

if parabola is offset by(h,k) then equation will be ( X-h)2 = 4a(Y-k)

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for the following type of parabola the equation will be Y2 = 4aX

if parabola is offset by(h,k) then equation will be ( Y-k)2 = 4a(X-h)

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-------------
THEORY OF EQUATIONS:
-----------------------------

(1) If an equation (i:e f(x)=0 ) contains all positive co-efficients of any powers of x , it
has no positive roots then.
eg: x^4+3x^2+2x+6=0 has no positive roots .

(2) For an equation , if all the even powers of x have some sign coefficients and all the odd
powers of x have the opposite sign coefficients , then it has no negative roots .

(3)Summarizing DESCARTES RULE OF SIGNS:

For an equation f(x)=0 , the maximum number of positive roots it can have is the number of
sign changes in f(x) ; and the maximum number of negative roots it can have is the number of
sign changes in f(-x) .
Hence the remaining are the minimum number of imaginary roots of the equation(Since we also
know that the index of the maximum power of x is the number of roots of an equation.)

(4) Complex roots occur in pairs, hence if one of the roots of an equation is 2+3i , another
has to be 2-3i and if there are three possible roots of the equation , we can conclude that
the last root is real . This real roots could be found out by finding the sum of the roots of
the equation and subtracting (2+3i)+(2-3i)=4 from that sum. (More about finding sum and
products of roots next time )

------------------------------------------
THEORY OF EQUATIONS
------------------------------------------

(1) For a cubic equation ax^3+bx^2+cx+d=o

sum of the roots = - b/a

sum of the product of the roots taken two at a time = c/a
product of the roots = -d/a

(2) For a bi quadratic equation ax^4+bx^3+cx^2+dx+e = 0

sum of the roots = - b/a

sum of the product of the roots taken three at a time = c/a
sum of the product of the roots taken two at a time = -d/a
product of the roots = e/a

(3) If an equation f(x)= 0 has only odd powers of x and all these have the same sign
coefficients or if f(x) = 0 has only odd powers of x and all these have the same sign
coefficients then the equation has no real roots in each case(except for x=0 in the second
case.

(4) Besides Complex roots , even irrational roots occur in pairs. Hence if 2+root(3) is a root
, then even 2-root(3) is a root .
(All these are very useful in finding number of positive , negative , real ,complex etc roots
of an equation )

Today's Section:
----------------

----------------

(1) If for two numbers x+y=k(=constant), then their PRODUCT is MAXIMUM if

x=y(=k/2). The maximum product is then (k^2)/4 .

(2) If for two numbers x*y=k(=constant), then their SUM is MINIMUM if

x=y(=root(k)). The minimum sum is then 2*root(k) .

(3) |x| + |y| >= |x+y| (|| stands for absolute value or modulus )
(Useful in solving some equations)

(4) Product of any two numbers = Product of their HCF and LCM .
Hence product of two numbers = LCM of the numbers if they are prime to each other .

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1) For any regular polygon , the sum of the exterior angles is equal to 360 degrees
hence measure of any external angle is equal to 360/n. ( where n is the number of sides)

(2) If any parallelogram can be inscribed in a circle , it must be a rectangle.

(3) If a trapezium can be inscribed in a circle it must be an isosceles trapezium (i:e oblique
sides equal).

(4) For an isosceles trapezium , sum of a pair of opposite sides is equal in length to the sum
of the other pair of opposite sides .(i:e AB+CD = AD+BC , taken in order) .

(5) Area of a regular hexagon : root(3)*3/2*(side)*(side)

1) For any 2 numbers a>b

a>AM>GM>HM>b (where AM, GM ,HM stand for arithmetic, geometric , harmonic menasa
respectively)

(2) (GM)^2 = AM * HM

(3) For three positive numbers a, b ,c

(a+b+c) * (1/a+1/b+1/c)>=9

(4) For any positive integer n

2<= (1+1/n)^n <=3

(5) a^2+b^2+c^2 >= ab+bc+ca

If a=b=c , then the equality holds in the above.

(6) a^4+b^4+c^4+d^4 >=4abcd

(7) (n!)^2 > n^n (! for factorial)

--------------------------

--------------------------

(1) If a+b+c+d=constant , then the product a^p * b^q * c^r * d^s will be maximum
if a/p = b/q = c/r = d/s .

(2)Consider the two equations

a1x+b1y=c1
a2x+b2y=c2

Then ,
If a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2 , then we have infinite solutions for these equations.
If a1/a2 = b1/b2 <> c1/c2 , then we have no solution for these equations.(<> means not equal
to )
If a1/a2 <> b1/b2 , then we have a unique solutions for these equations..

(3) For any quadrilateral whose diagonals intersect at right angles , the area of the
quadrilateral is
0.5*d1*d2, where d1,d2 are the lengths of the diagonals.

(4) Problems on clocks can be tackled as assuming two runners going round a circle , one 12
times as fast as the other . That is ,
the minute hand describes 6 degrees /minute
the hour hand describes 1/2 degrees /minute .

Thus the minute hand describes 5(1/2) degrees more than the hour hand per minute .

(5) The hour and the minute hand meet each other after every 65(5/11) minutes after being
together at midnight.
(This can be derived from the above) .

1)If n is even , n(n+1)(n+2) is divisible by 24

(3)Given the coordinates (a,b) (c,d) (e,f) (g,h) of a parallelogram , the coordinates of the
meeting point of the diagonals can be found out by solving for
[(a+e)/2,(b+f)/2] =[ (c+g)/2 , (d+h)/2]

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(4)Area of a triangle
1/2*base*altitude = 1/2*a*b*sinC = 1/2*b*c*sinA = 1/2*c*a*sinB = root(s*(s-a)*(s-b)*(s-c))
where s=a+b+c/2
=a*b*c/(4*R) where R is the CIRCUMRADIUS of the triangle = r*s ,where r is the inradius of the
triangle .

(5)In any triangle

a=b*CosC + c*CosB
b=c*CosA + a*CosC
c=a*CosB + b*CosA

(6)If a1/b1 = a2/b2 = a3/b3 = .............. , then each ratio is equal to

(k1*a1+ k2*a2+k3*a3+..............) / (k1*b1+ k2*b2+k3*b3+..............) , which is also
equal to
(a1+a2+a3+............./b1+b2+b3+..........)

(7)In any triangle

a/SinA = b/SinB =c/SinC=2R , where R is the circumradius

cosC = (a^2 + b^2 - c^2)/2ab

sin2A = 2 sinA * cosA

cos2A = cos^2(A) - sin^2 (A)

1) x^n -a^n = (x-a)(x^(n-1) + x^(n-2) + .......+ a^(n-1) ) ......Very useful for finding
multiples .For example (17-14=3 will be a multiple of 17^3 - 14^3)

(2) e^x = 1 + (x)/1! + (x^2)/2! + (x^3)/3! + ........to infinity

(2a) 2 < e < 3

(3) log(1+x) = x - (x^2)/2 + (x^3)/3 - (x^4)/4 .........to infinity [ Note the alternating
sign . .Also note that the logarithm is with respect to base e ]

(4) In a GP the product of any two terms equidistant from a term is always constant .

(5) For a cyclic quadrilateral , area = root( (s-a) * (s-b) * (s-c) * (s-d) ) , where
s=(a+b+c+d)/2

(6) For a cyclic quadrilateral , the measure of an external angle is equal to the measure of
the internal opposite angle.

(7) (m+n)! is divisible by m! * n! .

-------------

-------------

(1) If a quadrilateral circumscribes a circle , the sum of a pair of opposite sides is equal
to the sum of the other pair .

(2)The sum of an infinite GP = a/(1-r) , where a and r are resp. the first term and common
ratio of the GP .

(3)The equation whose roots are the reciprocal of the roots of the equation
ax^2+bx+c is cx^2+bx+a

(4) The coordinates of the centroid of a triangle with vertices's (a,b) (c,d) (e,f)
is((a+c+e)/3 , (b+d+f)/3) .

(5) The ratio of the radii of the circumcircle and incircle of an equilateral triangle is 2:1
.

(6) Area of a parallelogram = base * height

(7)APPOLLONIUS THEOREM:

In a triangle , if AD be the median to the side BC , then

AB^2 + AC^2 = 2(AD^2 + BD^2) or 2(AD^2 + DC^2) .

_________________

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1) for similar cones , ratio of radii = ratio of their bases.

(2) The HCF and LCM of two nos. are equal when they are equal .

(3) Volume of a pyramid = 1/3 * base area * height

(4) In an isosceles triangle , the perpendicular from the vertex to the base or the angular
bisector from vertex to base bisects the base.

(5) In any triangle the angular bisector of an angle bisects the base in the ratio of the
other two sides.

(6) the quadrilateral formed by joining the angular bisectors of another quadrilateral is
always a rectangle.

(7) Roots of x^2+x+1=0 are 1,w,w^2 where 1+w+w^2=0 and w^3=1

( |a|+|b| = |a+b| if a*b>=0

else |a|+|b| >= |a+b|

(9) 2<= (1+1/n)^n <=3

(10) WINE and WATER formula:

If Q be the volume of a vessel

q qty of a mixture of water and wine be removed each time from a mixture
n be the number of times this operation be done
and A be the final qty of wine in the mixture

then ,
A/Q = (1-q/Q)^n

(11) Area of a hexagon = root(3) * 3 * (side)^2

(12) (1+x)^n ~ (1+nx) if x<<<1

(13) Some Pythagorean triplets:

3,4,5 (3^2=4+5)
5,12,13 (5^2=12+13)
7,24,25 (7^2=24+25)
8,15,17 (8^2 / 2 = 15+17 )
9,40,41 (9^2=40+41)
11,60,61 (11^2=60+61)
12,35,37 (12^2 / 2 = 35+37)
16,63,65 (16^2 /2 = 63+65)
20,21,29(EXCEPTION)

(14) Appolonius theorem could be applied to the 4 triangles formed in a parallelogram.

(15) Area of a trapezium = 1/2 * (sum of parallel sides) * height = median * height
where median is the line joining the midpoints of the oblique sides.

(16) when a three digit number is reversed and the difference of these two numbers is taken ,
the middle number is always 9 and the sum of the other two numbers is always 9 .

(17) ANy function of the type y=f(x)=(ax-b)/(bx-a) is always of the form x=f(y) .

(1 Let W be any point inside a rectangle ABCD .

Then
WD^2 + WB^2 = WC^2 + WA^2

(19) Let a be the side of an equilateral triangle . then if three circles be drawn inside
this triangle touching each other then each's radius = a/(2*(root(3)+1))

(20) Let 'x' be certain base in which the representation of a number is 'abcd' , then the
decimal value of this number is a*x^3 + b*x^2 + c*x + d

5) For a cyclic quadrilateral , area = root( s* (s-a) * (s-b) * (s-c) * (s-d) ) , where
s=(a+b+c+d)/2

Here are some neat shortcuts on Simple/Compound Interest.

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Shortcut #1:
-------------
We all know the traditional formula to compute interest...
CI = P*(1+R/100)^N - P

The calculation get very tedious when N>2 (more than 2 years). The method suggested below is
elegant way to get CI/Amount after 'N' years.

You need to recall the good ol' Pascal's Triangle in following way:
Code:

Number of Years (N)

-------------------
1 1
2 1 2 1
3 1 3 1 3
4 1 4 6 4 1
. 1 .... .... ... ... 1

Example: P = 1000, R=10 %, and N=3 years. What is CI & Amount?

Step 1: 10% of 1000 = 100, Again 10% of 100 = 10 and 10% of 10 = 1

We did this three times b'cos N=3.

Step 2:
Now Amount after 3 years = 1 * 1000 + 3 * 100 + 3 * 10 + 1 * 1 = Rs.1331/-
The coefficients - 1,3,3,1 are lifted from the pascal's triangle above.

Step 3:
CI after 3 years = 3*100 + 3*10 + 3*1 = Rs.331/- (leaving out first term in step 2)

If N =2, we would have had, Amt = 1 * 1000 + 2 * 100 + 1 * 10 = Rs. 1210/-

CI = 2 * 100 + 1* 10 = Rs. 210/-

This method is extendable for any 'N' and it avoids calculations involving higher powers on
'N' altogether!

A variant to this short cut can be applied to find depreciating value of some property.
(Example, A property worth 100,000 depreciates by 10% every year, find its value after 'N'
years).

Shortcut #2:
-------------
(i) When interest is calculated as CI, the number of years for the Amount to double (two times
the principal) can be found with this following formula:
P * N ~ 72 (approximately equal to).
Exampe, if R=6% p.a. then it takes roughly 12 years for the Principal to double itself.

Note: This is just a approximate formula (when R takes large values, the error % in formula
increases).

(ii) When interest is calculated as SI, number of years for amt to double can be found as:
N * R = 100 . BTW this formula is exact!

Adding to what 'Peebs' said, this shortcut does work for any P/N/R.

Basically if you look closely at this method, what I had posted is actually derived from the
Binomial expansion of the polynomial -- (1+r/100)^n but in a more "edible" format digestible
by us!

BTW herez one shortcut on recurring decimals to fractions ...Its more easier to explain with
an example..

Eg: 2.384384384 ....

Step 1: since the 3 digits '384' is recurring part, multiply 2.384 by 1000 = so we get 2384.

Next '2' is the non recurring part in the recurring decimal so subtract 2 from 2384 = 2382.

If it had been 2.3848484.., we would have had 2384 - 23 = 2361. Had it been 2.384444.. NR
would be 2384 - 238 = 2146 and so on.

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We now find denominator part .......

Step 3: In step 1 we multiplied 2.384384... by 1000 to get 2384, so put that first.

Step 4: next since all digits of the decimal part of recurring decimal is recurring, subtract
1 from step 3. Had the recurring decimal been 2.3848484, we need to subtract 10. If it had
been 2.3844444, we needed to have subtracted 100 ..and so on...

Hence here, DR = 1000 - 1 = 999

Hence fraction of the Recurring decimal is 2382/999!!

Some more examples ....

1.56787878 ... = (15678 - 156) / (10000 - 100) = 15522/9900

23.67898989... = (236789 - 2367) / (10000 - 100) = 234422/9900

124.454545... = (12445 - 124) / (100 - 1) = 12321/99

**********************************************************************************************

Formula to solve problems with 3 Overlapping sets

u = union and n = intersection

1. For 3 sets A, B, and C: P(A u B u C) : P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(A n B) – P(A n C) – P(B n C)
+ P(A n B n C)

2. To determine the No of persons in exactly one set : P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – 2P(A n B) – 2P(A n
C) – 2P(B n C) + 3P(A n B n C)

3. To determine the No of persons in exactly two of the sets : P(A n B) + P(A n C) + P(B n C)
– 3P(A n B n C)

4. To determine the No of persons in exactly three of the sets : P(A n B n C)

5. To determine the No of persons in two or more sets (at least 2 sets) : P(A n B) + P(A n C)
+ P(B n C) – 2P(A n B n C)

1. For three sets A, B, and C, P(A u B u C): (A + B + C + X + Y + Z + O)

2. Number of people in exactly one set: ( A+B+C)
3. Number of people in exactly two of the sets: (X+Y+Z)
4. Number of people in exactly three of the sets: O
5. Number of people in two or more sets: ( X+Y+Z+O)
6. Number of people only in set A: A
7. P(A): A+X+Y+O
8. P(A n B): X+O

Total = A +B+C-(A n B) - (B n C) - (C n A )-2( A n B n C ) + neither ( A or B or C )

To find the sum of the internal/interior angles of a polygon there is a formula,

(n - 2)*180 where n is the number of sides
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integers: -infinity to +infinity ...-10,-9...,0,1,...8,9,10....

natural number: 1,2,3,.....
0 is an even number
first few prime numbers: 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,23,29,31..( prime is defined as number greater than
1 i.e. prime is always +)
composite number : is a number which has other factors besides itself and unity
number 1 is neither prime nor composite
number 2 is only even number which is prime

test for divisibility:

1. a number is divisible by 2 if it's unit digit is 0 or even
2. number is divisible by 3 if the sum of the digits in number is divisible by 3.
3. number is divisible by 4 if the it's last 2 digits number is divisible by 4 i.e. 124
5. a number is divisible by 5 if it's unit digit is 0 or 5.
6. number is divisible by 8 if the it's last 3 digits number is divisible by 8 i.e.1000
8. number is divisible by 9 if the sum of the digits in number is divisible by 9.
9. a number is divisible by 11 if the difference of the sum of it's digits in the odd places
and the sum of it's digits in the even places is either 0 or multiple of 11

19 di 20 19/03/2012 16:49
what_to_remember_gmat_Q https://docs.google.com/View?id=d389n9j_165sp3knshn

20 di 20 19/03/2012 16:49