Chapter 10 (6) - A

CHAPTER 10
Steel Structures
10.1 SCOPE
This chapter provides the requirements for the use of structural steel in general building construction
including the use of hot rolled steel sections and steel tubes. The provisions are generally applicable to
riveted, bolted and welded constructions.
Two types of design procedures are covered: Working Stress Design (WSD) method and Load Factor Design
(LFD) method.
10.2 DEFINITIONS AND NOTATION
10.2.1 Definitions
For the purpose of this chapter the following definitions shall apply.
BUCKLING LOAD : The load at which a member or a structure as a whole collapses or buckles in a load
test.
EFFECTIVE LATERAL RESTRAINT : Restraint which provides sufficient resistance against buckling of the
compression flange of a loaded strut, beam or girder to either side at the point of its application.
ELASTIC CRITICAL MOMENT : The elastic moment which will initiate yielding or cause buckling.
Part 6 6-1
Structural Design
Part 6
Structural Design
FACTOR OF SAFETY : The factor by which the yield stress of the material of a member is divided to get the
permissible stress of that material.
GAUGE : The transverse spacing between parallel adjacent lines of fasteners.
MAIN MEMBER : A structural member which is primarily responsible for carrying and distributing the
applied load.
PITCH : The centre to centre distance between individual fasteners in a line.
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SECONDARY MEMBER : A member provided for stability and for restraining the main member from
buckling.
10.2.2 Notation
Symbols used in this chapter shall have the following meaning unless otherwise defined elsewhere in this
chapter.
A = cross-sectional area, mm2

AB = loaded area of concrete, mm2
Ab = nominal body area of a fastener, mm2
= area of an upset rod based upon the major diameter of its threads, mm2
Ac = area of effective concrete flange in composite design, mm2
= area of concrete, mm2
Af = area of compression flange, mm2
= area of flange, mm2
Afe = effective tension flange area, mm2
Afg = gross area of beam flange, mm2
Afn = net flange area of beam, mm2
Ag = gross area, mm2
Ans = net area subject to shear, mm2
Apb = projected bearing area, mm2
Ar = area of reinforcing bars, mm2
As = area of steel beam in composite design, mm2
As′ = area of compressive reinforcing steel, mm2
Asc = cross-sectional area of stud shear connector, mm2
Asr = area of reinforcing steel providing composite action at point of negative moment, mm2
Ast = cross-sectional area of a stiffener or pair of stiffeners, mm2
= area of link stiffener, mm2
Asf = shear area on the failure path, mm2
At = net tension area, mm2
Av = net shear area, mm2
Aw = web area, mm2
= effective area of weld, mm2
= link web area, mm2
A1 = area of steel bearing concentrically on a concrete support, mm2
A2 = total cross-sectional area of a concrete support, mm2
B = factor for bending stress in web-tapered members
B1,B2 = factors used in determining Mu for combined bending and axial forces when first order analysis
is employed
Ca = numerical coefficient
Cb = bending coefficient dependent upon moment gradient
Cc = column slenderness ratio separating elastic and inelastic buckling
Cc′ = slenderness ratio of compression elements
Cm = coefficient applied to bending term in interaction equation for prismatic members and
dependent upon column curvature caused by applied moments
′
Cm = coefficient applied to bending term in interaction equation for tapered members and dependent
upon axial stress at the small end of the member
CPG = plate girder coefficient
Cp = stiffness factor for primary member in a flat roof
Cs = stiffness factor for secondary member in a flat roof
Bangladesh National Building Code 6-3

Part 6
Structural Design
Cv = ratio of "critical" web stress, according to the linear buckling theory, to the shear yield stress of
web material
Cw = warping constant, mm6
C1 = increment used in computing minimum spacing of oversized and slotted holes
C2 = increment used in computing minimum edge distance for oversized and slotted holes
D = outside diameter of tubular member, mm
= factor depending upon type of transverse stiffeners used
= dead load due to self weight and permanent elements on the structure
E = modulus of elasticity of steel (200,000 N/mm2)
= earthquake load (see Sec 2.7)
E' = amplified earthquake load (see Sec 2.7)
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete, N/mm2
Em = modified modulus of elasticity, N/mm2
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Fa = axial compressive stress permitted in a prismatic member in the absence of moment, N/mm2
Faγ = axial compressive stress permitted in a tapered member in the absence of moment, N/mm2
Fb = bending stress permitted in a prismatic member in the absence of axial force, N/mm2
Fbγ = bending stress permitted in a tapered member in the absence of axial force, N/mm2
FBM = nominal strength of base material to be welded, N/mm2
FEXX = classification strength of weld metal, N/mm2
Fb′ = allowable bending stress in compression flange of plate girders as reduced for hybrid girders or
because of large web depth to thickness ratio, N/mm2
Fbx,Fby = bending stress permitted in a prismatic member in the absence of axial force about x and y axes
respectively, N/mm2
Fcr = critical stress, N/mm2
Fe = elastic buckling stress, N/mm2
Fe′ = euler stress for a prismatic member divided by factor of safety, N/mm2
Fex = elastic flexural buckling stress about the major axis, N/mm2
Fey = elastic flexural buckling stress about the minor axis, N/mm2
Fez = elastic torsional buckling stress, N/mm2
Fmy = modified yield stress for composite column, N/mm2
Fn = nominal shear rupture strength, N/mm2
Fr = compressive residual stress in flange, N/mm2
Fp = allowable bearing stress, N/mm2
Fsγ = St. Venant torsion resistance bending stress in a tapered member, N/mm2
Ft = allowable axial tensile stress, N/mm2
Fu = specified minimum tensile strength of the type of steel or fastener being used, N/mm2
Fv = allowable shear stress, N/mm2
Fw = nominal strength of weld electrode material, N/mm2
Fwγ = flange warping torsion resistance bending stress in a tapered member, N/mm2
Fy = specified minimum yield stress of the type of steel being used, N/mm2
Fyb = specified minimum yield stress of beam, N/mm2
Fyc = specified minimum column yield stress, N/mm2
Fyƒ = specified minimum yield stress of flange, N/mm2
Fym = yield stress obtained from mill test reports or from physical tests, N/mm2
Fyr = specified minimum yield stress of the longitudinal reinforcing bars, N/mm2
Fys = static yield stress, N/mm2
Fyst = specified minimum yield stress of stiffener, N/mm2
Fyw = specified minimum yield stress of the web, N/mm2
G = shear modulus of elasticity of steel (77220 N/mm2)
H = average storey height above and below a beam to column connection, mm
Hs = length of a stud shear connector after welding, mm
I = moment of inertia, mm4
Id = moment of inertia of steel deck supported on secondary members, mm4 per m
Ieff = effective moment of inertia of composite sections for deflection computations, mm4
Ip = moment of inertia of primary members, mm4
Is = moment of inertia of secondary members, mm4
= moment of inertia of steel beam in composite construction, mm4
Ist = moment of inertia of a transverse stiffener, mm4
Itr = moment of inertia of transformed composite section, mm4
Ix , I y = moment of inertia about the principal axes, mm4
J = torsional constant for a section, mm4
K = effective length factor for prismatic member

Part 6
Structural Design
Ks = slip coefficient
Kz = effective length factor for torsional buckling
Kγ = effective length factor for a tapered member
L = unbraced length of tensile members, mm
= unbraced length of member measured between centre of gravity of the bracing members, mm
= length of bracing member, mm
= distance in line of force from centre of a standard or oversized hole or from the centre of the end
of a slotted hole to an edge of a connected part, mm
= live load due to occupancy and moveable equipment
Lb = laterally unsupported length, mm
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Steel Structures
Lc = maximum unbraced length of the compression flange at which the allowable bending stress may
be taken at 0.66 Fy, mm
= length of channel shear connector, mm
Le = distance from free edge to centre of the bolt, mm
Lp = length of primary member in flat roof framing, m
= limiting laterally unbraced length for full plastic bending capacity, uniform moment case
(Cb=1.0), mm
= column spacing in the direction of girder, mm
Lpd = limiting laterally unbraced length for plastic analysis, mm
Lr = limiting laterally unbraced length for inelastic lateral-torsional buckling, mm
Ls = length of secondary member in flat roof framing, m
= column spacing perpendicular to direction of girder, mm
M = moment, kNm
Mn = nominal flexural strength of a member or joint, kNm
Mp = plastic bending moment, kNm
Mpa = plastic bending moment modified by axial load ratio, kNm
Mu = required flexural strength of member or joint, kNm
Muy = required flexural strength about the y-axis, kNm
M1 = smaller moment at end of unbraced length of beam - column
= larger moment at one end of three-segment proportion of a tapered member
M2 = larger moment at end of unbraced length of beam - column
= maximum moment in three adjacent segments of a tapered member
Mcr = elastic buckling moment, kNm
Mlt = required flexural strength in member due to lateral frame translation, kNm
Mn = nominal flexural strength, kNm
M'nx, Mny = flexural strength for use in alternate interaction equations for combined bending and axial force,
kNm
Mnt = required flexural strength in member assuming there is no lateral translation of the frame, kNm
Mp = plastic bending moment, kNm
M ′p = moment for use in alternate interaction equations for combined bending and axial force, kNm
Mr = limiting buckling moment, Mcr, when λ = λ r ,Cb = 1.0 , kNm
Mu = required flexural strength, kNm
My = initial yield bending moment, kNm
N = length of bearing, mm
Nr = number of stud shear connectors on a beam in one transverse rib of a metal deck
N1 = number of shear connectors required between point of maximum moment and point of zero
moment
N2 = number of shear connectors required between concentrated load and point of zero moment
P = axial load, kN
= force transmitted by a fastener to the critical part, kN
= factored axial load, kN
= normal force, kN
= ratio of required axial force Pu to nominal shear strength Vy of a link
Pbƒ = factored beam flange or connection plate force in a restrained connection, kN
Pcr = maximum strength of an axially loaded compression member or beam, kN
PD = required axial strength of a column resulting from application of dead load, kN
Pe = euler buckling load, kN
= elastic buckling load, kN
PE' = required axial strength of a column resulting from application of the amplified earthquake load
E'
PL = required axial strength of a column resulting from application of live load L, kN
Pn = nominal axial strength (tension or compression), kN
PP = bearing load on concrete, kN

Part 6
Structural Design
Pu = required axial strength of a column or a link, kN

Puc = required axial strength of a column based on load combination with seismic loads, kN
Py = nominal yield axial strength of a member, Py=10-3 FyAg, kN
Q = full reduction factor for slender compression elements
Qa = ratio of effective profile area of an axially loaded member to its total profile area
= reduction factor for slender stiffened compression elements
Qn = nominal strength of one stud shear connector, kN
Qs = axial stress reduction factor where width-thickness ratio of unstiffened elements exceeds
noncompact section limits
R = reaction or concentrated load applied to beam or girder, kN
= earthquake response modification coefficient for structural system given in Table 6.2.24 of
Chapter 2, Loads
RN = nominal strength of a member
RPG = plate girder bending strength reduction factor
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Steel Structures
Re = hybrid girder factor

Rn = nominal resistance, kN
Rv = web shear strength, kN
S = spacing of secondary members in a flat roof, m
= elastic section modulus, mm3
= governing slenderness ratio of tapered member
Seff = effective section modulus corresponding to partial composite action, mm3
(Sx) eff = effective section modulus about major axis, mm3
Sxt,Sxc = elastic section modulus referred to tension and compression flanges respectively, mm3
Sx′ = elastic section modulus about major axis
Ss = section modulus of steel beam used in composite design referred to the bottom flange, mm3
Str = section modulus of transformed composite section referred to the bottom flange, based upon
maximum permitted effective width of concrete flange, mm3
T = factored applied tension force per bolt, kN
Tb = specified pretension load in a high-strength bolt, kN
Up,Us = ponding stress index for primary and secondary members
V = shear force, kN
= friction force, kN
Vh = total horizontal shear to be resisted by connectors under full composite action, kN
V ′h = total horizontal shear provided by the connectors providing partial composite action, kN
Vn = nominal shear strength, kN
Vu = required shear strength, kN
Vy = nominal shear strength of an active link, kN
Vya = nominal shear strength of a member modified by the axial load magnitude, kN
X1,X2 = beam buckling factors
Y = ratio of yield stress of web steel to yield stress of stiffener steel
Z = plastic section modulus, mm3
Zb = plastic section modulus of beam, mm3
Zc = plastic section modulus of column, mm3
a = clear distance between transverse stiffeners, mm
= distance between connectors in a built-up member, mm
= dimension parallel to the direction of stress, mm
= shortest distance from edge of pin hole to edge of member measured parallel to direction of
force, mm
a′ = distance beyond theoretical cut-off point required at ends of welded partial length cover plate to
develop stress, mm
ar = ratio of web area to compression flange area
b = actual width of stiffened and unstiffened compression elements, mm
= dimension normal to the direction of stress, mm
bcf = column flange width, mm
be = effective width of stiffened compression element, mm
= reduced effective width for slender compression elements, mm
beff = effective edge distance, mm
bƒ = flange width, mm
c1,c2,c3 = numerical coefficients
d = depth of beam or girder, mm
= diameter of a roller or rocker bearing, mm
= pin or roller diameter, mm
= nominal diameter of a fastener, mm
db = overall beam depth, mm
dc = web depth clear of fillets, mm
= overall column section depth, mm
dL = depth at the larger end of a tapered member, mm

Part 6
Structural Design
do = depth at the smaller end of a tapered member or unbraced segment thereof, mm

dz = overall panel zone depth between continuity plates, mm
e = EBF link length, mm
ƒ = axial compression stress on member based on effective area, N/mm2
= computed compressive stress in the stiffened element, N/mm2
ƒa = computed axial stress, N/mm2
ƒao = computed axial stress at the smaller end of a tapered member or unbraced segment thereof,
N/mm2
ƒb = computed bending stress, N/mm2
ƒb1 = smallest computed bending stress at one end of a tapered segment, N/mm2
ƒb2 = largest computed bending stress at one end of a tapered segment, N/mm2
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Steel Structures
fbl = computed bending stress at the large end of a tapered member or unbraced segment thereof,
N/mm2
fbx, fby = computed bending stress in axes x and y respectively, N/mm2
f ′c = specified compressive strength of concrete, N/mm2
ƒt = computed tensile stress, N/mm2
fun = required normal stress, N/mm2
fuv = required shear stress, N/mm2
ƒv = computed shear stress, N/mm2
ƒvs = shear between girder web and transverse stiffeners per linear mm of single stiffener or pair of
stiffeners, N
g = transverse centre to centre spacing (gauge) of any two consecutive holes, mm
h = clear distance between flanges of a beam or girder, mm
hc = assumed web depth for stability, mm
hr = nominal rib height for steel deck, mm
hs, hw = factors for web tapered members
j = factor for minimum moment of inertia for a transverse stiffener
k = distance from outer face of flange to web toe of fillet of rolled shape, mm
= web plate buckling coefficient
kc = compression element restraint coefficient
kv = shear buckling coefficient for girder webs
l = actual unbraced length of a member, mm
= unsupported length of lacing bar, mm
= largest laterally unbraced length along either flange at the point of load, mm
= length of bearing, mm
lb = actual unbraced length in plane of bending, mm
lcr = critical unbraced length in plane of bending, mm
m = ratio of web to flange yield stress or critical stress in hybrid beams
n = modular ratio (Es/Ec)
q = allowable horizontal shear to be resisted by a shear connector, kN
r = radius of gyration, mm
rb = radius of gyration about axis of concurrent bending, mm
rbo = radius of gyration about axis of concurrent bending at the smaller end of a tapered member or
unbraced segment thereof, mm
ri = minimum radius of gyration of individual component in a built-up member, mm
rm = radius of gyration of the steel shape, pipe or tubing in composite columns
ro = radius of gyration at the smaller end of a tapered member, mm
ro = polar radius of gyration about the shear centre, mm
rox, roy = radius of gyration about x and y axes at the smaller end of a tapered member respectively, mm
1
rT = radius of gyration of a section comprising the compression flange plus 3 of the compression web
area, taken about an axis in the plane of the web, mm
rTo = radius of gyration at the smaller end of a tapered member or unbraced segment thereof,
1
considering only the compression flange plus 3 of the compression web area, taken about an
axis in the plane of the web, mm
rx, ry = radius of gyration about the x and y axes respectively, mm
s = longitudinal centre to centre spacing (pitch) of any two consecutive holes, mm
t = compression element thickness, mm
= thickness of an element part, mm
= wall thickness of a tubular member, mm
= thickness of connected part, mm
= thickness of the critical part, mm
= filler thickness, mm
tb = thickness of beam flange or moment connection plate at rigid beam to column connection, mm

Part 6
Structural Design
tbf = thickness of beam flange, mm

tcf = thickness of column flange, mm
tf = flange thickness, mm
tp = thickness of panel zone including doubler plates, mm
tw = web thickness, mm
twc = column web thickness, mm
tz = thickness of panel zone (doubler plate not necessarily included), mm
w = length of channel shear connectors, mm
= unit weight of concrete, kN/m3
wr = average width of rib or haunch of concrete slab on formed steel deck, mm
wz = width of panel zone between column flanges, mm
xo, y o = coordinates of shear centre with respect to the centroid, mm
z = distance from the smaller end of a tapered member, mm
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Steel Structures
∆ oh = translation deflection of the storey under consideration, mm

γ = depth tapering ratio
η, ζ = exponents for alternate beam-column interaction equation
λ = slenderness parameter
λc = column slenderness parameter
λe = equivalent slenderness parameter
λ eff = effective slenderness ratio
λp = limiting slenderness parameter for compact element
λr = limiting slenderness parameter for noncompact element
φ = resistance factor
φb = resistance factor for flexure
φc = resistance factor for compression
= resistance factor for axially loaded composite columns
φ sf = resistance factor for shear on the failure path
φt = resistance factor for tension
φv = resistance factor for shear
φw = resistance factor for welds
µ = coefficient of friction
10.3 MATERIAL
10.3.1 Structural Steel

Material conforming to one of the following standard specifications is approved for use under the
provisions of this Code:
BDS 878 : Specification for Weldable Structural Steels.

ASTM A36/A36M : Standard Specification for Structural Steel.
ASTM A53 : Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-dipped,
Zinc-coated Welded and Seamless.
ASTM A242/A242M : Specification for High-strength Low-alloy Structural Steel.
ASTM A441 : Standard Specification for High-strength Low-alloy Structural Manganese
Vanadium Steel.
ASTM A500 : Standard Specification for Cold-formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel
Structural Tubing in Rounds and Shapes.
ASTM A501 : Standard Specification for Hot-formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel
Structural Tubing.
ASTM A514/A514M : Standard Specification for High-yield Strength, Quenched and Tempered
Alloy Steel Plate, Suitable for Welding.
ASTM A529/A529M : Standard Specification for Structural Steel with 42 ksi (290 MPa) Minimum
Yield Point ( 21 in (13 mm) Maximum Thickness).
ASTM A570/A570M : Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Carbon, Hot-rolled,
Structural Quality.
ASTM A572/A572M : Standard Specification for High-strength Low-alloy Columbium-Vanadium
Steels of Structural Quality.
ASTM A588/A588M : Standard Specification for High-strength Low-alloy Structural Steel with
50 ksi (345 MPa) Minimum Yield Point to 4 in (100 mm) Thick.
ASTM A606 : Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, High-strength, Low-alloy,
Hot-rolled and Cold-rolled, with Improved Atmospheric Corrosion
Resistance.
ASTM A607 : Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, High-strength, Low-alloy,
Columbium or Vanadium, or Both, Hot-rolled and Cold-rolled.
ASTM A618 : Standard Specification for Hot-formed Welded and Seamless High-strength
Low-alloy Structural Tubing.
ASTM A852 : Quenched and Tempered Low-alloy Structural Steel Plate with 70 ksi
Minimum Yield Strength to 4 in (100 mm) Thick.

Part 6
Structural Design
Certified mill test reports or certified reports of tests made by the fabricator or a testing laboratory in
accordance with ASTM A6 or A568, as applicable, shall constitute sufficient evidence of conformity with
one of the above standards. If requested, the fabricator shall provide an affidavit stating that the structural
steel furnished meets the requirements of the grade specified.
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Steel Structures
Unidentified steel may be used for unimportant members or details where the precise physical properties
and weldability of the steel would not affect the strength of the structure, provided the surface conditions
are acceptable according to the criteria specified in ASTM A6.
10.3.2 Rivets, Bolts, Washers and Nuts

Steel rivets shall conform to ASTM A502 : Standard Specification for Steel Structural Rivets.
Steel bolts shall conform to one of the following standards:
ASTM A307 : Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60,000 psi Tensile
Strength.
ASTM A325 : Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105 ksi
Minimum Tensile Strength.
ASTM A449 : Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Steel Bolts and Studs.
ASTM A490 : Standard Specification for Heat-treated Steel Structural Bolts, 150 ksi
Minimum Tensile Strength.
ASTM A563 : Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts.
ASTM F436 : Standard Specification for Hardened Steel Washers.
A449 bolts are permitted only in connections requiring bolt diameters greater than 38 mm and shall not be
used in slip-critical connections.
Manufacturer's certification may be accepted as sufficient evidence of conformity with the standards.
10.3.3 Anchor Bolts and Threaded Rods

Anchor bolt and threaded rod shall conform to one of the following standards:
ASTM A36 : Standard Specification for Structural Steel.

ASTM A194/A194M : Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High-
pressure and High-temperature Service.
ASTM A354 : Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts, Studs
and Other Externally Threaded Fasteners.
ASTM A449 : Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Steel Bolts and Studs.
ASTM A588/A588M : Standard Specification for High Strength Low alloy Structural Steel with 50
ksi (345 MPa) Minimum Yield Point to 4 in (100 mm) Thick.
ASTM A687 : Standard Specification for High-strength Non-headed Steel Bolts and Studs.
Threads on bolts and rods shall conform to Unified Standard Series of latest edition of ANSI B18.1 and shall
have Class 2A tolerances.
A449 material is acceptable for high-strength anchor bolts and threaded rods of any diameter.
10.3.4 Welds
Welding electrodes and fluxes shall conform to one of the following specifications of the American
Welding Society:
AWS A5.1 : Specification for Covered Carbon Steel Arc Welding Electrodes.
AWS A5.5 : Specification for Low-alloy Steel Covered Arc Welding Electrodes.
AWS A5.17 : Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged-arc Welding.
AWS A5.18 : Specification for Carbon Steel Filler Metals for Gas-shielded Arc Welding.
AWS A5.20 : Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes for Flux-cored Arc Welding.
AWS A5.23 : Specification for Low-alloy Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged-arc Welding.
AWS A5.28 : Specification for Low-alloy Steel Filler Metals for Gas-shielded Arc Welding.
AWS A5.29 : Specification for Low-alloy Steel Electrodes for Flux-cored Arc Welding.

Part 6
Structural Design
10.3.5 Stud Shear Connectors

Steel stud shear connectors shall conform to the requirements of AWS D1.1: Structural Welding Code-Steel.
Manufacturer's certification may be accepted as sufficient evidence of conformity with the above standard.
10.4 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
Two basic types of construction and associated design assumptions are permissible both for Working Stress
Design method and Load Factor Design method under the conditions stated herein. Each type of
construction will govern in a specific manner the size of members and the types and strength of their
connections. Both types of construction must comply with the stability requirements of Sec 10.5.2.
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Steel Structures
a) Type FR, fully restrained construction, commonly designated as "rigid-frame" (continuous frame),
assumes that beam to column connections have sufficient rigidity to hold the original angles between
intersecting members virtually unchanged.
b) Type PR, partially restrained construction, assumes that the connections of beams and girders do not
have enough rigidity to hold the original angles between intersecting members virtually unchanged.
The design of all connections shall be consistent with the assumptions as to the type of construction
assumed in the analysis.
The use of PR construction depends on the evidence of predictable proportion of full end restraint.
Where the connection restraint is ignored, i.e for "simple framing," it is assumed that under gravity
loads the ends of the beams and girders are connected for shear only and are free to rotate. For "simple
framing" the following requirements shall apply:
a) The connections and connected members shall be adequate to carry the gravity loads as simply
supported beams.
b) The connections and connected members shall be adequate to resist the lateral loads.
c) The connections shall have sufficient inelastic rotation capacity to avoid overload of fasteners or
welds under combined gravity and lateral loading.
When the rotational restraint of the connections is used in the design of the connected members or
for the stability of the structure as a whole, the capacity of the connection for such restraint must be
established by analytical or empirical means.
10.5 FRAMES AND OTHER STRUCTURES
10.5.1 General
In addition to meeting the requirements of member strength and stiffness, frames and other continuous
structures shall be designed to provide the needed deformation capacity and overall frame stability.
10.5.2 Frame Stability

Stability shall be provided for the whole structure and for each compression element.
Considerations shall be given to P-Delta effects resulting from deflected shape of the structure or of
individual elements of the lateral load resisting system.
10.5.2.1 Braced Frames : In frames where lateral stability is provided by diagonal bracing, shear walls or
equivalent means, the effective length factor K for compression members shall be taken as unity, unless
structural analysis shows that a smaller value may be used.
The vertical bracing system for a braced multi-storey frame shall be adequate to prevent buckling and
maintain the lateral stability of the structure, including the overturning effects of drift, under the design
loads specified in Sec 10.7.2.4 or 10.8.2.4 as the case may be.
The vertical bracing system for a multi-storey frame may be considered to function together with shear
walls, floor and roof slabs, which are properly secured to the structural frames. The columns, girders,
beams and diagonal members, when used as the vertical bracing system, may be considered to comprise a
simply connected vertical cantilever truss in the analyses for frame buckling and lateral instability. Axial
deformation of all members in the vertical bracing system shall be included in the lateral stability analysis.
Girders and beams included in the vertical bracing system of a braced multi-storey frame shall be
proportioned for axial force and moment caused by concurrent horizontal and gravity loads.

Part 6
Structural Design
10.5.2.2 Unbraced Frames : In frames where lateral stability depends upon the bending stiffness of rigidly
connected beams and columns, the effective length factor K of compression members shall be determined by
structural analysis and shall not be less than unity.
Analysis of unbraced multi-story frames shall include the effects of frame instability and column axial
deformation under the design loads specified in Sec 10.7.2.4 or 10.8.2.4 as the case may be.
In plastic design the axial force in the columns caused by the combination of gravity and lateral loads
specified in Sec 10.8.2.4 shall not exceed 0.75AgFy.
10.6 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
10.6.1 Gross Area

The gross area Ag of a member at any point is the sum of the products of the thickness and the gross width
of each element as measured normal to the axis of the member.
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Steel Structures
10.6.2 Net Area

The net area An of a member is the sum of the products of the thickness and the net width of each element
computed as follows:
For a chain of holes extending across a part in any diagonal or zigzag line, the net width of the part shall be
obtained by deducting from the gross width the sum of the diameters or slot dimensions as provided in
Sec 10.9.3.2 of all holes in the chain, and adding, for each gauge space in the chain, the quantity s2/4g.
The width of a bolt or rivet hole shall be taken as 1.50 mm greater than the nominal dimension of the hole.
For angles, the gauge for holes in opposite adjacent legs shall be taken as the sum of the gauges from the
back of the angles less the thickness.
The net area of the part is obtained from that chain which gives the least net width.
In determining the net area across plug or slot welds, the weld metal shall be ignored.
10.6.3 Effective Net Area

When the load is transmitted directly to each of the cross-sectional elements by connectors, the effective net
area Ae is equal to the net area An.
When the load is transmitted by bolts or rivets through some but not all of the cross-sectional elements of
the member, the effective net area Ae shall be computed as:
Ae = U An (10.6.1)
When the load is transmitted by welds through some but not all of the cross-sectional elements of the
member, the effective net area Ae shall be computed as:
Ae = UA g (10.6.2)
where
U = reduction coefficient.
Unless a larger coefficient can be justified by tests or other rational means the following values of U shall be
used :
2
W, M or S shapes with flange widths not less than 3 the depth, and structural tees
cut from these shapes, with connection to the flanges. Bolted or riveted connections
shall have at least three fasteners per line in the direction of stress. U = 0.90
W, M or S shapes not meeting the above conditions, structural tees cut from all
shapes including built-up cross-sections. Bolted or riveted connections shall have
at least three fasteners per line in the direction of stress. U = 0.85
All members with bolted or riveted connections having only two fasteners per line
in the direction of stress. U = 0.75
When load is transmitted by transverse welds to some but not all of the cross-sectional elements of W, M or
S shapes and structural tees cut from these shapes, Ae shall be taken as the area of the directly connected
elements.
When the load is transmitted to a plate by longitudinal welds along both edges at the end of the plate, the
length of the welds shall not be less than the width of the plate. The effective net area Ae shall be computed
by Eq (10.6.2).

Part 6
Structural Design
Unless a larger coefficient can be justified by tests or other rational means the following values of U shall be
used :
i) When l > 2w U = 1.00

ii) When 2w > l >1.5w U = 0.87
iii) When 1.5w > l > w U = 0.75
where
l = weld length, mm
w = plate width (distance between welds), mm
6-20
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
Bolted and riveted splice and gusset plates and other connection fittings subject to tensile force shall be
designed in accordance with the provisions of Sec 10.7.4.1, where the effective net area shall be taken as the
actual net area, except that, for the purpose of design calculations, it shall not be taken more than 85% of the
gross area.
Note:
The hot rolled shapes described as W, M or S are specified in ASTM A6/A6M : Standard Specification for General
Requirements for Rolled Steel Plates, Shapes, Sheet Piling, and Bars for Structural Use.
10.6.4 Rotational Resistance at Points of Support

At the points of support, beams, girders and trusses shall be restrained against rotation about their
longitudinal axis.
10.6.5 Limiting Slenderness Ratios

For compression members, the slenderness ratio Kl/r shall not exceed 200. If this limit is exceeded, the
allowable stress shall not be more than the value obtained from Eq (10.7.2).
For tension members the slenderness ratio L/r should preferably not exceed 300. The above limitation shall
not be applicable to rods in tension. Members which have been designed to perform as tension members in
a structural system, but experience some compression loading, need not satisfy the compression slenderness
limit.
10.6.6 Simple Spans

Beams, girders and trusses designed as simply supported spans shall have an effective length equal to the
distance between centres of gravity of the members to which they deliver their end reactions.
10.6.7 End Restraint

When full or partial end restraint due to continuous, semi-continuous or cantilever action is considered in
the design of beams, girders and trusses as well as the sections of the members to which they connect, these
shall be designed to carry the shears and moments introduced due to the restraint, in addition to all other
forces. The stresses developed shall not exceed at any point the unit stresses prescribed in Sec 10.7.4 through
10.7.6, except that some nonelastic but self-limiting deformations of a part of the connections is permitted
when this is essential to avoid overstressing of fasteners.
10.7 WORKING STRESS DESIGN METHOD
10.7.1 General
This section provides the specifications for the design and construction of steel buildings using Working
Stress Design method.
10.7.2 Basis of Design

10.7.2.1 Allowable Stress : All structural members, connections and connectors shall be designed so that
the stresses due to the service loads and their combinations stipulated in Sec 10.7.2.4 do not exceed the
allowable stresses specified in Sec 10.7.4 through 10.7.11 and Sec 10.9. The allowable stresses specified in
these sections do not apply to peak stresses in regions of connections (see Sec 10.6.7) for which
requirements of Sec 10.7.11 are to be satisfied.
10.7.2.2 Stress Increase : The maximum permissible increase in the allowable stress shall be 33% when
produced by wind or seismic loading, acting alone or in combination with the service dead and live loads as
given in Sec 10.7.2.4 provided the required section shall not be less than that required for the service dead
and live loads computed without the 33% stress increase.
10.7.2.3 Structural Analysis : The stresses in members, connections and connectors shall be determined by
elastic analysis for the service loads and their combinations specified in Chapter 2, Loads.
10.7.2.4 Loads and Load Combinations : The design loads shall be the minimum service loads and their
combinations as stipulated in Chapter 2, Loads.

Part 6
Structural Design
10.7.2.5 Design for Serviceability : The whole structure and the individual members, connections and
connectors shall be checked for serviceability according to the requirements of Sec 10.10.
10.7.3 Local Buckling

10.7.3.1 Classification of Steel Sections : Steel sections are classified as compact, noncompact and slender
sections. For a section to be compact, its flanges shall be continuously connected to the web or webs and the
width-thickness ratio of its compression elements shall not exceed the applicable limiting width-thickness
ratios given in Table 6.10.1. Steel section that do not qualify as compact are classified as noncompact when
the width-thickness ratios of one or more compression element do not exceed the values shown for
noncompact in Table 6.10.1. If the width-thickness ratio of any compression element exceeds the value, the
section is classified as a slender section.
a) For unstiffened elements which are supported along only one edge, parallel to the direction of the
compression force, the width shall be taken in accordance with (i) through (iv) below.
6-22
Chapter 10
Table 6.10.1 Steel Structures
Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios for Compression Elements
Width-Thickness Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios

Description of Element Ratio
Compact Noncompact(3)
Flanges of I-shaped rolled beams and b/t 170 F y 250 Fy
channels in flexure(1)
Flanges of I-shaped welded beams in 170 F y 250 F yf kc
(5)
flexure b/t
Outstanding legs of pairs of angles in
continuous contact; angles or plates b/t NA 250 Fy
projecting from rolled beams or columns,
stiffeners on plate girders
Angles or plates projecting from girders,
built-up columns or other compression b/t NA 250 Fy k c
members; compression flanges of plate
girders
Stems of tees d/t NA 333 Fy
Unstiffened elements simply supported
along one edge, such as legs of single angle b/t NA 200 Fy
struts, legs of double-angle struts with
separators and cross or star-shaped cross-
sections
Flanges of square and rectangular box and
hollow structural sections of uniform
thickness subject to bending or b/t 500 Fy 625 F y
compression(4); flange cover plates and
diaphragm plates between lines of fasteners
or welds
Unsupported width of cover plates
perforated with a succession of access b/t NA 832 Fy
holes(2)
All other uniformly compressed stiffened b/t 665 Fy
elements, i.e. supported along two edges h/tw NA
d/t 1680 Fy –
Webs in flexural compression(1) h/tw – 1995 Fb
for
f a F y < 0.16
1680 f 
 1 − 3.74 a 
Webs in combined flexural and axial d/tw Fy  Fy 
compression
for –
f a F y > 0.16
675 F y
h/tw – 1995 Fb
Circular hollow sections
22752 Fy –
In axial compression D/t 22752 Fy –
In flexure
Notes: (1) For hybrid beams, use the yield strength of the flange, Fyf instead of Fy
(2) Assumes net area of plate at widest hole
(3) For design of slender sections that exceed the noncompact limits see Sec 10.7.5.7.
(4) See also Sec 10.7.6.5(a)
(5) kc = 4. 05
if h/t > 70, otherwise kc = 1.0
(h /t )0. 46
Part 6
Structural Design
6-24
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
i) Half the full nominal width for flanges of I-shaped members and tees.
ii) Full nominal dimensions for legs of angles and flanges of channels and zees.
iii) Distance from the free edge to the first row of fasteners or line of welds for plates.
iv) Full nominal depth for stems of tees.
b) For stiffened elements, i.e. supported along two edges parallel to the direction of the compression force,
the width shall be taken as follows:
i) Clear distance h between flanges for web of rolled, built-up or formed sections.
ii) Full nominal depth d for webs of rolled, built-up or formed sections.
iii) Distance between adjacent lines of fasteners or lines of welds (b) for flange or diaphragm plates
in built-up sections.
iv) Clear distance between webs less the inside corner radius on each side for flanges of rectangular
hollow structural sections. If the corner radius is not known, the flat width may be taken as the
total section width minus three times the thickness.
c) For tapered flanges of rolled sections, the thickness is the nominal value half-way between the free edge
and the corresponding face of the web.
10.7.4 Design of Tension Members

This section specifies the requirements for design of prismatic members subjected to axial tension due to
static forces acting through the centroidal axis.
10.7.4.1 Allowable Stress : The allowable tensile stress of a member, except eyebars, shall not be greater
than
Ft = 0.6Fy on the gross area
Ft = 0.5Fu on the effective net area
10.7.4.2 Built-up Members : The longitudinal spacing of connectors between elements in continuous
contact consisting of a plate and a shape or two plates shall not exceed the following :
a) 24 times the thickness of the thinner plate, nor 300 mm for painted members or unpainted members not
subject to corrosion.
b) 14 times the thickness of the thinner plate, nor 175 mm for unpainted members of weathering steel
subject to atmospheric corrosion.
In a tension member the longitudinal spacing of fasteners and intermittent welds connecting two or more
shapes in contact shall not exceed 600 mm. Tension members composed of two or more shapes or plates
separated by intermittent fillers shall be connected to one another at these fillers at intervals such that the
slenderness ratio of either component between the fasteners does not exceed 300.
Either perforated cover plates or tie plates without lacing are permitted on the open sides of built-up tension
members. The length of tie plates shall not be less than 23 the distance between the lines of welds or
fasteners connecting them to the components of the member. The thickness of such tie plates shall not be
less than 50
1
of the distance between these lines. The longitudinal spacing of intermittent welds or fasteners
at tie plates shall not exceed 150 mm.
The spacing of tie plates shall be such that the slenderness ratio of any component in the length between tie
plates shall not be greater than 300.
10.7.4.3 Pin Connected Members

a) Allowable Stress : The allowable stress on the net area of pin hole shall be 0.45Fy. The allowable
bearing stress on the projected area of the pin shall not exceed the stresses specified in Sec 10.9.8.1.

Part 6
Structural Design
The allowable stress on eyebars satisfying the requirements of (c) below is 0.60Fy on the body area.
b) Pin-connected Plates : The minimum net area beyond the pin hole, parallel to the axis of the member,
shall be at least 23 of the net area across the pin hole.
The distance used in calculations, transverse to the axis of pin-connected plates or any individual
element of a built-up member, from the edge of the pin hole to the edge of the member or element shall
not exceed 4 times the thickness at the pin hole. For calculation purposes, the distance from the edge
of the pin hole to the edge of the plate or to the edge of a separated element of a built-up member at the
pin hole shall not be assumed to be more than 1.25 times the diameter of the pin hole.
c) Eyebars : Eyebars shall be of uniform thickness, without reinforcement at the pin holes, and have
circular heads whose periphery is connected with the pin hole. The radius of the transition between the
circular head and the eyebar body shall be at least equal to the diameter of the head.
For calculation purposes, the width of the body of an eyebar shall not be greater than 8 times its
thickness.
The thickness may be less than 12 mm provided external nuts are used to tighten pin plates and filler
plates into snug contact. For calculation purposes, the distance from the hole edge to plate edge
perpendicular to the direction of the applied load shall not be less than 23 nor greater than 34 times the
width of the eyebar body.
The pin diameter shall be at least 7

8 times the eyebar width.
The pin hole diameter shall not be more than 0.08 mm greater than the diameter of the pin.
For steel having a yield stress greater than 480 N/mm2 the hole diameter shall not be greater than 5
times the plate thickness and the width of the eyebar shall be reduced accordingly.
10.7.5 Design of Columns and Other Compression Members

These provisions cover the design of compact and noncompact sections subjected to axial compression
through the centroidal axis. The provisions also cover the design of members with slender elements, tapered
members and members subjected to combined axial compression and flexure.
10.7.5.1 Effective Length and Slenderness Ratio : The effective length factor K shall be determined in
accordance with Sec 10.5.2.
In determining the slenderness ratio of an axially loaded compression member, the length shall be taken as
its effective length Kl and r as the corresponding radius of gyration. For limiting slenderness ratio see
Sec 10.6.5.
10.7.5.2 Allowable Stress : On the gross section of axially loaded compression members whose cross-
sections satisfy the requirements of Table 6.10.1, when Kl/r, the largest effective slenderness ratio of any
unbraced segment is less than Cc, the allowable stress is:
 (Kl r )2 
 1−  Fy
 2Cc2 
Fa = (10.7.1)
5 3(Kl r ) (Kl r )
3
+ −
3 8Cc 8C3c
where
6-26
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
2π 2E
Cc =
Fy
On the gross section of axially loaded compression members, when Kl/r exceeds Cc , the allowable stress is :
12π 2E
Fa = (10.7.2)
23(Kl r )
2
10.7.5.3 Flexural-torsional Buckling : Singly symmetric and unsymmetric columns, such as angles or tee-
shaped columns, and doubly symmetric columns such as cruciform or built-up columns with very thin
walls, may require consideration of flexural-torsional and torsional buckling.
10.7.5.4 Built-up Members : All parts of built-up compression members and the transverse spacing of
their lines of fasteners shall satisfy the requirements of Sec 10.6.5.
Spacing and edge distance requirements for weathering steel members shall satisfy the requirements of
Sec 10.9.3.10.
At the ends of built-up compression members bearing on base plates or milled surfaces, all components in
contact with one another shall be connected by rivets or bolts spaced longitudinally not more than 4
diameters apart for a distance equal to 1 12 times the maximum width of the member, or by continuous
welds having a length not less than the maximum width of the member.
The maximum longitudinal spacing of bolts, rivets or intermittent welds connecting two rolled shapes in
contact shall not be greater than 600 mm. In addition, for painted members and unpainted members not
subject to corrosion where the outside component consists of a plate, the maximum longitudinal spacing
shall not exceed:
a) 333 Fy times the thickness of the outside plate nor 300 mm when fasteners are not staggered along
adjacent gauge lines.
b) 500 Fy times the thickness of the outside plate nor 450 mm when fasteners are staggered along
adjacent gauge lines.
Compression members composed of two or more rolled shapes separated by intermittent fillers shall be
connected at these fillers at intervals such that the slenderness ratio Kl/r of either shape, between the
fasteners, does not exceed 34 times the governing slenderness ratio of the built-up member. The least radius
of gyration r shall be used in computing the slenderness ratio of each component part. At least two
intermediate connectors shall be used along the length of the built-up member. All connections, including
those at the ends, shall be welded or shall utilize high strength bolts tightened to the requirements of Table
6.10.12.
Open sides of compression members built up from plates or shapes shall be provided with lacing having tie
plates at each end and at intermediate points if the lacing is interrupted. Tie plates shall be as near the ends
as practicable. In main members carrying calculated stress, the end tie plates shall have a length of not less
than the distance between the lines of fasteners or welds connecting them to the components of the
member. Intermediate tie plates shall have a length not less than half of this distance. The thickness of tie
plates shall not be less than 50
1
of the distance between the lines of fasteners or welds connecting them to
the components of the member. In bolted and riveted construction, the spacing in the direction of stress in
tie plates shall not be more than 6 diameters and the tie plates shall be connected to each component by at
least 3 fasteners. In welded construction, the welding on each line connecting a tie plate shall aggregate not
less than 31 of the length of the plate.

Part 6
Structural Design
Lacing, including flat bars, angles, channels or other shapes employed as lacing, shall be so spaced that the
ratio l/r of the flange included between their connections shall not exceed 34 times the governing ratio for
the member as a whole. Lacing shall be proportioned to resist a shearing stress normal to the axis of the
member equal to 2% of the total compressive stress in the member. The ratio l/r for lacing bars arranged in
single systems shall not exceed 140. For double lacing this ratio shall not exceed 200. Double lacing bars
shall be joined at their intersections. For lacing bars in compression the unsupported length of the lacing
bar shall be taken as the distance between fasteners or welds connecting it to the components of the built-
up member for single lacing, and 70% of that distance for double lacing. The inclination of lacing bars to the
axis of the member shall preferably be not less than 60o for single lacing and 45o for double lacing. When
the distance between the lines of fasteners or welds in the flanges is more than 375 mm, the lacing shall
preferably be double or be made of angles.
The function of the tie plates and lacing may be performed by continuous cover plates perforated with
access holes. The unsupported width of such plates at access holes, as defined in Sec 10.7.3, is assumed
available to resist axial stresses, provided that:
a) The width to thickness ratio conforms to the limitations of Sec 10.7.3;
b) The ratio of length (in direction of stress) to width of holes shall not exceed 2;
c) The clear distance between holes in the direction of stress shall be not less than the transverse distance
between nearest lines of connecting fasteners or welds; and
d) The periphery of the holes at all points shall have a minimum radius of 40 mm.
10.7.5.5 Pin Connected Compression Member : Pin connections of pin connected compression members
shall conform to the requirements of Sec 10.7.4.3.
10.7.5.6 Column Web Shear : Column connections shall be investigated for concentrated force introduction
in accordance with Sec 10.7.11.1.
10.7.5.7 Slender Compression Elements

a) Unstiffened Compression Elements : The allowable stress of unstiffened compression elements whose
width-thickness ratio exceeds the applicable noncompact value as specified in Sec 10.7.3.1 shall be
subject to a reduction factor Qs. The value of Qs shall be determined by Eq (10.7.3) through (10.7.8), as
applicable, where b is the width of the unstiffened element as defined in Sec 10.7.3.1. When such
elements comprise the compression flange of a flexural member, the maximum allowable bending
stress shall not exceed 0.60 FyQs nor the applicable value as provided in Sec 10.7.6.3(c). The allowable
stress of axially loaded compression members shall be modified by the appropriate reduction factor Q,
as provided in (c) below.
For Single Angles :
When 200 Fy < b t < 407 Fy
Qs = 1.340− 0. 0017(b t ) F y (10.7.3)
When b t ≥ 407 Fy
[
Qs = 106867 F y (b t )
2
] (10.7.4)
For angles or plates projecting from columns or other compression members, and for projecting
elements of compression flanges of beams and girders :
6-28
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
When 250 Fy k c < b t < 512 F y k c
Qs = 1.293− 0. 0012(b t ) Fy kc (10.7.5)
When b t > 51 2 F y kc
[
Qs = 180640k c F y (b t )
2
] (10.7.6)
where
4.05
kc = if h/t > 70, otherwise kc = 1.0
(h / t )
0.46
For stems of tees :
When 333 Fy < b t < 462 Fy
Qs = 1.908− 0.0027(b t ) F y (10.7.7)
When b t ≥ 462 Fy
[
Qs = 137890 Fy (b t )
2
] (10.7.8)
Unstiffened elements of tees whose proportions exceed the limits of Sec 10.7.3.1 shall conform to the limits
given in Table 6.10.2.
Table 6.10.2
Limiting Proportions for Channels and Tees
Ratio of Full Flange Width to Ratio of Flange Thickness to

Shape Profile Depth Web or Stem Thickness
Built-up or rolled ≤0.25 ≤3.0
Channels ≤0.50 ≤2.0
Built-up tees ε0.50 ε1.25
Rolled tees ε0.50 ε1.10

Part 6
Structural Design
b) Stiffened Compression Elements : When the width-thickness ratio of uniformly compressed stiffened
elements (except perforated cover plates) exceeds the noncompact limit stipulated in Sec 10.7.3.1
reduced effective width be shall be used in computing the design properties of the section containing
the element, except that the ratio be /t need not be taken as less than the applicable value permitted in
Sec 10.7.3.1.
i) For the flanges of square and rectangular sections of uniform thickness :
665t  132 
be = 1− b t f  ≤ b (10.7.9)
f  ( ) 
ii) For other uniformly compressed elements :
665t  116 
be = 1− b t f  ≤ b (10.7.10)
f  ( ) 
Where
be = reduced width, mm
∂ = computed compressive stress (axial plus bending stresses) in the stiffened elements,
based on the design properties as specified herein, N/mm2. If unstiffened elements are
included in the total cross section, ∂ for the stiffened element must be such that the
maximum compressive stress in the unstiffened element does not exceed FaQs or FbQs,
as applicable.
When the allowable stresses are increased due to wind or seismic loading in accordance with the
provisions of Sec 10.7.2.2 the effective width be shall be determined on the basis of 0.75 times
the stress caused by wind or seismic loading acting alone or in combination with the design
dead and live loading.
iii) For axially loaded circular sections :
Members with diameter to thickness ratios D/t greater than 22752 Fy , but having a diameter to
thickness ratio of less than 89630 F y , shall not exceed the smaller value determined by
Sec 10.7.5.2 nor
4564
Fa = + 0.40Fy (10.7.11)
Dt
c) Design Properties : Properties of sections shall be determined using the full cross-section, except as
follows :
In computing the moment of inertia and section modulus of flexural members, the effective width of
uniformly compressed stiffened elements, as determined in (b) above, shall be used in determining
effective cross-sectional properties.
For stiffened elements of the cross-section
effective area
Qa = actual area (10.7.12)
For unstiffened elements of the cross-section, Qs is to be determined according to (a) above.
6-30
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
For axially loaded compression members the gross cross-sectional area and the radius of gyration r
shall be computed on the basis of the actual cross-section.
The allowable stress for axially loaded compression members containing unstiffened or stiffened
elements shall not exceed
 (Kl r )2 
Q 1 − Fy
 2Cc′ 2 
Fa = (10.7.13)
5 3(Kl r ) (Kl r )
3
+ −
3 8Cc′ 8Cc′ 3

Part 6
Structural Design
when Kl/r is less than Cc′ , where
2π 2E
Cc′ = (10.7.14)
QFy
and Q is to be determined as follows :
i) Cross-sections composed entirely of unstiffened elements, Q = Qs

ii) Cross-sections composed entirely of stiffened elements, Q = Qa
iii) Cross-sections composed of both stiffened and unstiffened elements, Q = QsQa
When Kl/r exceeds Cc′ :
12π 2E
Fa = (10.7.15)
23(Kl r )
2
d) Combined Axial and Flexural Stress : In applying the provisions of Sec 10.7.8 to members subject to
combined axial and flexural stress and containing stiffened elements whose width-thickness ratio
exceeds the applicable noncompact limit given in Sec 10.7.3.1, the stresses Fa, ∂bx and ∂by shall be
calculated on the basis of the section properties as provided in (c) above, as applicable. The allowable
bending stress Fb for members containing unstiffened elements whose width-thickness ratio exceeds
the noncompact limit given in Sec 10.7.3.1 shall be the smaller of 0.60FyQs or the value provided in Sec
10.7.6.3(c). The term ∂a/0.60Fy in Eq (10.7.59) and (10.7.48) shall be replaced by ∂a/0.60FyQ.
10.7.6 Design of Beams and Other Flexural Members

This section covers the design of singly or doubly symmetric beams including hybrid beams and girders
loaded in the plane of symmetry. It also applies to channels loaded in a plane passing through the shear
centre parallel to the web or restrained against twisting at load points and points of support.
10.7.6.1 Proportioning of Beams and Girders : Rolled or welded shapes, plate girders and cover plated
beams shall be proportioned by the moment of inertia of the gross section. No deduction shall be made for
shop or field bolt or rivet holes in either flange provided that
0.5F uA fn ≥ 0.6F y A fg (10.7.16)
where Afg and Afn are calculated in accordance with the provisions of Sec 10.6.1 and 10.6.2.
When
0.5F uA fn < 0.6F y A fg (10.7.17)
the member flexural properties shall be based on an effective tension flange area Afe , where
Fu
A fe = 0. 833 A (10.7.18)
F y fn
Hybrid girders may be proportioned by the moment of inertia of their gross section, subject to the
applicable provisions in Sec 10.7.7.1, provided they are not required to resist an axial force greater than
0.15F y times the area of the gross section, where Fy is the yield stress of the flange material. For hybrid
girders, the flanges at any given section shall have the same cross-sectional area and be of the same grade of
steel.
6-32
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
Flanges of welded beams or girders may be varied in thickness or width by splicing a series of plates or by
the use of cover plates.
The total cross-sectional area of cover plates of bolted or riveted girders shall not exceed 70% of the total
flange area.
High strength bolts, rivets or welds connecting flange to web, or cover plate to flange shall be designed to
resist the total horizontal shear resulting from the bending forces on the girder. The longitudinal
distribution of these bolts, rivets or intermittent welds shall be in proportion to the intensity of the shear.
However, the

Part 6
Structural Design
longitudinal spacing of the connector shall not exceed the maximum spacing permitted for tension or
compression members in Sec 10.7.4.2 or 10.7.5.4 respectively. Bolts, rivets or welds connecting flange to web
shall also be designed to transmit to the web any loads applied directly to the flange, unless provision is
made to transmit such loads by direct bearing.
Partial length cover plates shall be extended beyond the theoretical cut-off point and the extended portion
shall be attached to the beam or girder by high strength bolts in a slip critical connection or by rivets or fillet
welds. The connection shall be adequate to develop the cover plate's portion of the flexural stresses in the
beam or girder at the theoretical cut-off point within the applicable allowable stresses specified in Sec
10.9.2.4 and 10.9.3.4 to develop the cover plates portion of the flexural stresses in the beam or girder at the
theoretical cutoff point.
In addition, for welded cover plates, the welds connecting the cover plate termination to the beam or girder
in the length a' defined below, shall be adequate at the allowable stresses, to develop the cover plate's
portion of the flexural stresses in the beam or girder at the distance a' from the end of the cover plate. The
length a′, measured from the end of the cover plate, shall be:
a) A distance equal to the width of the cover plate when there is a continuous weld equal to or larger than
4 of the plate thickness across the end of the plate and continuous welds along both edges of the cover
3
plate in the length a'.
b) A distance equal to 1 12 times the width of the cover plate when there is a continuous weld smaller than
3
4 of the plate thickness across the end of the plate in the length a'.
c) A distance equal to 2 times the width of the cover plate when there is no weld across the end of the
plate, but continuous welds along both edges of the cover plate in the length a'.
10.7.6.2 Proportioning of Crane Girders : In addition to satisfying the provisions of Sec 10.7.6.1 the flanges
of beams or girders supporting cranes or other moving loads shall be proportioned to resist the horizontal
forces produced by such loads, as specified in Sec 2.3.8 of Chapter 2, Loads.
10.7.6.3 Allowable Stresses : Strong Axis Bending of I-shaped Members and Channels
a) Members with Compact Sections: For compact symmetrical sections loaded in the plane of their minor
axis, the allowable stress is
Fb = 0.66Fy (10.7.19)
provided the flanges are connected continuously to the web or webs and the laterally unsupported
length of the compression flanges Lb shall not exceed the value of Lc as given by the smaller of the
following :
200bf 1380 00
or (10.7.20)
Fy (d A f )Fy
Members (including composite members and excluding hybrid members and members with yield
points greater than 445 N/mm2) which meet the requirements for compact sections and are continuous
over supports or rigidly framed to columns may be proportioned for 10 9
of the negative moments
produced by gravity loading when such moments are maximum at points of support, provided that, for
such members, the maximum positive moment is increased by 10
1
of the average negative moments.
This reduction shall not apply to moments produced by loading on cantilevers. If the negative moment
is resisted by a column rigidly framed to the beam or girder, the 10 1
reduction is permitted in
proportioning the column for the combined axial and bending loading, provided that the stress fa due
to any concurrent axial load on the member does not exceed 0.15Fa
6-34
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
b) Members with Noncompact Sections : For members satisfying the requirement of (a) above except that
their flanges are noncompact (excluding built-up members and members with yield points greater than
445 N/mm2), the allowable stress is
 bf 
Fb = Fy  0.79− 0.00038 Fy  (10.7.21)
 tf 

Part 6
Structural Design
For built-up members satisfying the requirements of (a) above except that their flanges are
noncompact and their webs are compact or noncompact, (excluding hybrid girders and members with
yield points greater than 445 N/mm2) the allowable stress is
 bf Fy 
Fb = Fy  0.79 − 0.00038 (10.7.22)
tf kc 
 
where
4.05
kc = if h/tw > 70, otherwise kc = 1.0
(h t w )
0.46
For members with a noncompact section but not included above, and loaded through the shear centre
200bf
and braced laterally in the region of compression stress at intervals not exceeding the allowable
Fy
stress is
Fb = 0.60Fy (10.7.23)
c) Members with Compact or Noncompact Sections with Unbraced Length Greater Than Lc :
For flexural members with compact or noncompact sections and with unbraced lengths greater than Lc
as defined in (a) above the allowable bending stress in tension is determined from Eq (10.7.23).
For such members with an axis of symmetry in, and loaded in the plane of their web, the allowable
bending stress in compression is determined as the larger value from Eq (10.7.24) or (10.7.25) and
(10.7.26) except that Eq (10.7.26) is applicable only to sections with a compression flange that is solid
and approximately rectangular in cross-section and that has an area not less than the tension flange.
Higher values of the allowable compressive stress are permitted if justified by a more precise analysis.
Stresses shall not exceed those permitted by Sec 10.7.7 if applicable.
For channels bent about their major axis, the allowable compressive stress is determined from
Eq (10.7.26).
When
703 × 103 Cb l 3516 × 10 3C b

≤ ≤
Fy rT Fy
2 Fy (l r T ) 
2
Fb =  − 3  Fy ≤ 0.60F y (10.7.24)
3 10550× 10 C b
 
When
l 3516 × 103 Cb
≥
rT Fy
1172× 103 Cb
Fb = ≤ 0.60Fy (10.7.25)
(l r )
2
T
For any value of l/rT :
6-36
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
83 × 103Cb
Fb = ≤ 0.60F y (10.7.26)
(l d A f )

Part 6
Structural Design
where
l = distance between cross-sections braced against twist or lateral displacement of the

compression flange, mm. For cantilevers braced against twist only at the support, l
may conservatively be taken as the actual length.
1.75 + 1.05(M 1 M 2 )+ 0.3(M 1 M 2 ) , but not more than 2.3, where M1 is the smaller
2
Cb =
and M2 the larger bending moment at the ends of the unbraced length, taken about
the strong axis of the member, and where M1/M2, the ratio of end moments, is
positive when M1 and M2 have the same sign (reverse curvature bending) and
negative when they are of opposite signs (single curvature bending). When the
bending moment at any point within an unbraced length is larger than that at both
ends of this length, the value of Cb shall be taken as unity. When computing Fbx to be
used in Eq (10.7.58), Cb may be computed by the equation given above for frames
subject to joint translation, and it shall be taken as unity for frames braced against
joint translation. Cb may conservatively be taken as unity for cantilever beams.
For hybrid plate girders, Fy in Eq (10.7.24) and (10.7.25) is the yield stress of the compression
flange. Eq (10.7.26) shall not apply to hybrid girders.
The provisions of this section do not apply to T-sections if the stem is in compression anywhere
along the unbraced length.
10.7.6.4 Allowable Stress : Weak Axis Bending of I-Shaped Members, Solid Bars and Rectangular Plates
: Lateral bracing is not required for members loaded through the shear centre about their weak axis nor for
members of equal strength about both axes.
a) Members with Compact Sections : For doubly symmetrical I- and H-shaped members with compact
flanges continuously connected to the web and bent about their weak axes (except members with yield
points greater than 445 N/mm2), solid round and square bars, and solid rectangular sections bent
about their weaker axes, the allowable stress is
Fb = 0.75 Fy (10.7.27)
b) Members with Noncompact Sections : For members not meeting the requirements for compact sections
and not covered in Sec 10.7.6.5, bent about their minor axis, the allowable stress is
Fb = 0.60 Fy (10.7.28)
Doubly symmetrical I- and H-shape members bent about their weak axes (except members with yield
points greater than 445 N/mm2) with noncompact flanges continuously connected to the web may be
designed on the basis of an allowable stress of
  bf  
Fb = Fy  1.075 − 0. 00095   F y  (10.7.29)
  tf  
10.7.6.5 Allowable Stress : Bending of Box Members, Circular and Rectangular Tubes
a) Members with Compact Sections : For members bent about their strong or weak axes, members with
compact sections and flanges continuously connected to the webs, the allowable stress is
Fb = 0.66 Fy (10.7.30)
To be classified as a compact section, a box-shaped member shall have, in addition to the requirements
of Sec 10.7.3, a depth not greater than 6 times the width, a flange thickness not greater than 2 times the
web thickness and a laterally unsupported length Lb less than or equal to Lc given by Eq (10.7.31).
6-38
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
 M  b
Lc =  13445+ 8274 1  (10.7.31)
 M 2  Fy
However, Lb need not be less than 8274 (b/Fy), where M1 is the smaller and M2 the larger bending
moment at the ends of the unbraced length, taken about the strong axis of the member, and where
M1/M2, the ratio of end moments is positive when M1 and M2 have the same sign (reverse curvature
bending) and negative when they are of opposite signs (single curvature bending).
b) Members with Noncompact Sections: For box-type and tubular flexural members that meet the
noncompact section requirements, the allowable stress is

Part 6
Structural Design
Fb = 0.60 Fy (10.7.32)
Lateral bracing is not required for a box section whose depth is less than 6 times its width. Lateral
support requirements for box sections of large depth to width ratios shall be determined by special
analysis.
10.7.6.6 Allowable Shear Stresses : For h t w ≤ 1000 Fy , on the overall depth times the web thickness, the
allowable shear stress is :
Fv = 0. 40F y (10.7.33)
For h t w > 1000 Fy , the allowable shear stress on an area obtained by multiplying the clear distance
between the flanges by the web thickness is
Fv = 0. 346C v F y ≤ 0.40Fy (10.7.34)
where
310260k v
Cv = when Cv is less than 0.8
F y (h t w )
2
500 kv
= when Cv is more than 0.8
h tw Fy
5.34
k v = 4.00+ when a/h is less than 1.0
(a h)
2
4.00
= 5.34 + when a/h is more than 1.0
(a h)
2
For shear rupture on coped beam end connections see Sec 10.9.4.1.
Maximum h/tw limits are given in Sec 10.7.7.
An alternative design method for plate girders utilizing tension field action is given in Sec 10.7.7.
10.7.6.7 Transverse Stiffeners : Intermediate stiffeners are required when the ratio h/tw is greater than 260
and the maximum web shear stress fv is greater than that permitted by Eq (10.7.34).
The spacing of intermediate stiffeners, when required, shall be such that the web shear stress will not exceed
the value for Fv given by Eq (10.7.34) or (10.7.53), as applicable, and
2
a  260 
≤ (10.7.35)
h  h t w 
The spacing of intermediate stiffeners shall, however, not be more than 3h.
10.7.6.8 Built-up Members : Where two or more rolled beams or channels are used side by side to form a
flexural member, they shall be connected together at intervals of not more than 1500 mm. Through-bolts
and separators are permitted, provided that, in beams having a depth of 300 mm or more, not less than 2
bolts shall be used at each separator location. When concentrated loads are carried from one beam to the
6-40
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
other, or distributed between the beams, diaphragms having sufficient stiffness to distribute the load shall
be riveted, bolted or welded between the beams.
10.7.6.9 Web-tapered Members

a) General Requirements : The design of tapered members shall meet the following special requirements
along with the requirements of Sec 10.7.6.3 through 10.7.6.8.
i) It shall possess at least one axis of symmetry which shall be perpendicular to the plane of
bending if moments are present.

Part 6
Structural Design
ii) The flanges shall be of equal and constant area.
iii) The depth shall vary linearly as
 z
d = do 1+ γ (10.7.36)
 L
where
γ = (dL − do ) do ≤ the smaller of 0.268 (L do) or 6.0
b) Allowable Tensile Stress : The allowable tensile stress of tapered tension members shall be determined
in accordance with Sec 10.7.4.1.
c) Allowable Compressive Stress : On the gross section of axially loaded tapered compression members,
the allowable compressive stress in N/mm2 shall not exceed the following:
When the effective slenderness ratio S is less than Cc :
 S2 
 1.0 −  Fy
 2C2c 
Faγ = (10.7.37)
5 3S S3
+ −
3 8Cc 8Cc3
When the effective slenderness ratio S exceeds Cc :
12π 2E
Faγ = (10.7.38)
23S2
where
S = Kl/roy for weak axis bending and Kγ l/rox for strong axis bending
Kγ = effective length factor for a tapered member as determined by an analysis following reliable
references
d) Allowable Flexural Stress: Tension and compression stresses on extreme fibres of tapered flexural
members, in N/mm2, shall not exceed the following values :
 
2 Fy
Fbγ = 1.0 −  F ≤ 0.60F (10.7.39)
y y
3 
6B F s2γ + F w
2
γ
 
unless Fbγ ≤ Fy 3 in which case
Fbγ = B Fs2γ + Fw
2
γ (10.7.40)
In the above equations,
2.1× 106
Fsγ = (10.7.41)
hs Ldo A f
6-42
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
756× 106
Fwγ = (10.7.42)
(hw L r To )
2
where
hs = factor equal to 1.0 + 0.023γ Ldo A f

Part 6
Structural Design
hw = factor equal to 1.0 + 0.00385γ L rTo
and B is determined as follows :
i) When the maximum moment M2 in three adjacent segments of approximately equal unbraced
length is located within the central segment and M1 is the larger moment at one end of the
three-segment portion of a member:
 M   M 
B = 1.0 + 0.37 1. 0 + 1  + 0.50γ  1.0 + 1  ≥ 1.0 (10.7.43)
 M2   M2 
ii) When the largest computed bending stress fb2 occurs at the larger of two adjacent segments of
approximately equal unbraced lengths and fb1 is the computed bending stress at the smaller end
of the two-segment portion of a member :
 f   f 
B = 1.0 + 0.58 1 + b1  − 0.70γ  1 + b1  ≥ 1 (10.7.44)
 f b2   f b2 
iii) When the largest computed bending stress fb2 occurs at the smaller end of two adjacent segments
of approximately equal unbraced length and fb1 is the computed bending stress at the larger end
of the two-segment portion of a member :
 f   f 
B = 1.0 + 0.55 1.0 + b1  + 2.20γ  1.0 + b1  ≥ 1.0 (10.7.45)
 f b2   f b2 
In the foregoing, γ = (dL − do ) do is calculated for the unbraced length containing the maximum
computed bending stress.
iv) When the computed bending stress at the smaller end of a tapered member or segment thereof
is equal to zero:
1.75
B= (10.7.46)
1.0 + 0.25 γ
where γ = (dL − do )/ do , calculated for the unbraced length adjacent to the point of zero bending
stress.
e) Allowable Shear : The allowable shear stress of tapered flexural members shall be in accordance with
Sec 10.7.6.6.
f) Combined Flexure and Axial Force : Tapered members and unbraced segments thereof subject to both
axial compression and bending stresses shall be proportioned to satisfy the following requirement:
 f ao  C′m  f bl 
 +   ≤ 1.0 (10.7.47)
 aγ 
F  f   Fbγ 
 1 − ao 
 F ′eγ 
and
fa f
+ b ≤ 1.0 (10.7.48)
0.60Fy F bγ
6-44
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
f ao
When ≤ 0.15, Eq (10.7.49) is permitted in lieu of Eq (10.7.47) and (10.7.48).
Faγ
 f ao   f bl 
 +  ≤ 1.0 (10.7.49)
 F aγ   Fbγ 

Part 6
Structural Design
where
F′eγ = Euler stress divided by factor of safety, N/mm2, equal to
12π 2E
( )
2
23 K γ lb rbo
in which lb is the actual unbraced length in the plane of bending and rbo is the corresponding radius of
gyration at its smaller end.
C'm = coefficient applied to bending term in interaction equation, given by
2
f  f 
′ = 1.0 + 0.1 ao + 0.3 ao
Cm
 F′eγ   F′eγ 
when the member is subject to end moments which cause single curvature bending and
approximately equal computed bending stresses at the ends, and
2
f  f 
′ = 1.0 − 0.9 ao + 0. 6 ao
Cm
 F′eγ   F ′eγ 
when the computed bending stress at the smaller end of the unbraced length is equal to zero.
When Kl/r ≥ Cc and combined stresses are checked incrementally along the length, fao may be
replaced by fa, and fbl may be replaced by fb, in Eq (10.7.47) and (10.7.49).
10.7.7 Design of Plate Girders

Plate girders shall be distinguished from beams on the basis of the web slenderness ratio h/tw. When this
value is greater than 1995 Fb , the provisions of this section shall apply for allowable bending stress,
otherwise Sec 10.7.6 shall be applicable.
For allowable shear stress and transverse stiffener design, the provisions of Sec 10.7.6.6 and 10.7.6.7 shall
apply, unless tension field action is utilized, in which case Sec 10.7.7.3 and 10.7.7.4 shall be applicable.
10.7.7.1 Web Slenderness Limitations : When no transverse stiffeners are provided or when transverse
stiffeners are spaced more than 1 12 times the distance between flanges
h 96550
≤ (10.7.50)
tw
(
F yf Fyf + 114 )
When transverse stiffeners are provided, spaced not more than 1 12 times the distance between flanges
h 5250
≤ (10.7.51)
tw F yf
10.7.7.2 Allowable Bending Stress : When the web depth to thickness ratio exceeds 1995 Fb , the
maximum bending stress in the compression flange shall not exceed
Fb′ ≤ FbR PG Re (10.7.52)
6-46
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
where
Fb = applicable bending stress given in Sec 10.7.6, N/mm2

Part 6
Structural Design
A w  h 1995
R PG = 1− 0.0005  −  ≤ 1.0
Af  t Fb 
A 
(
12 +  w  3α − α 3
 Af 
)
Re = ≤ 1.0
A 
12 + 2 w 
 Af 
α = 0.6F yw Fb ≤ 1. 0
For nonhybrid girders, Re shall be taken as 1.0.
10.7.7.3 Allowable Shear Stress with Tension Field Action : Except as herein provided, the largest
average web shear, fv, N/mm2 computed for any condition of complete or partial loading, shall not exceed
the value given by Eq (10.7.34).
Alternatively, for girders other than hybrid girders, if intermediate stiffeners are provided and spaced to
satisfy the provisions of Sec 10.7.7.4 and if Cv ≤ 1, the allowable shear including tension field action given by
Eq (10.7.53) is permitted in lieu of the value given by Eq (10.7.34).
 
1 − Cv
Fv = 0. 346Fy C v +  ≤ 0.40Fy (10.7.53)
1.15 1+ (a h)
2
 
10.7.7.4 Transverse Stiffeners : Transverse stiffeners shall meet the requirements of Sec 10.7.6.7.
In girders designed on the basis of tension field action, the spacing between stiffeners at end panels, at
panels containing large holes, and at panels adjacent to panels containing large holes shall be such that fv
does not exceed the value given by Eq (10.7.34).
Bolts and rivets connecting stiffeners to the girder web shall be spaced not more than 300 mm on centres. If
intermittent filler welds are used, the clear distance between welds shall not be more than 16 times the web
thickness nor more than 250 mm .
The moment of inertia, Ist of a pair of intermediate stiffeners, or a single intermediate stiffener, with
reference to an axis in the plane of the web shall be limited as follows
4
 h
I st ≥ (10.7.54)
 50
The gross area (total area, when stiffeners are furnished in pairs), in mm2, of intermediate stiffeners spaced
as required for Eq (10.7.53) shall be not less than
1 − Cv  a 2
− (a h) 1+ (a h) YDht
2
Ast = (10.7.55)
2 h 
where
D = 1.0 for stiffeners furnished in pairs

= 1.8 for single angle stiffeners
= 2.4 for single plate stiffeners
6-48
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
When the greatest shear stress fv in a panel is less than that permitted by Eq (10.7.53) the reduction of this
gross area requirement is permitted in like proportion.
Intermediate stiffeners required by Eq (10.7.53) shall be connected for a total shear transfer, N per linear mm
of single stiffener or pair of stiffeners, not less than

Part 6
Structural Design
3
 Fy 
f vs = h   (10.7.56)
 647
where Fy = yield stress of web steel.
This shear transfer may be reduced in the same proportion that the largest computed shear stress fv in the
adjacent panels is less than that permitted by Eq (10.7.53). However, rivets and welds in intermediate
stiffeners which are required to transmit to the web an applied concentrated load or reaction shall be
proportioned for not less than the applied load or reaction.
Intermediate stiffeners may be stopped short of the tension flange, provided bearing is not needed to
transmit a concentrated load or reaction. The weld by which intermediate stiffeners are attached to the web
shall be terminated not closer than 4 times nor more than 6 times the web thickness from the nearer toe
of the web to flange weld. When single stiffeners are used, they shall be attached to compression flange, if it
consists of a rectangular plate to resist any uplift tendency due to torsion in the plate. When lateral bracing
is attached to a stiffener, or a pair of stiffeners, in turn, these shall be connected to the compression flange to
transmit 1% of the total flange stress, unless the flange is composed only of angles.
10.7.7.5 Combined Shear and Tension Stress : Plate girder webs which depend upon tension field action,
as provided in Eq (10.7.53) shall be so proportioned that bending tensile stress, due to moment in the plane
of the girder web, shall not exceed 0.60Fy nor
 f 
0.825− 0.375 v  F y (10.7.57)
 Fv
The allowable shear stress in the webs of girders having flanges and webs with yield point greater than 445
N/mm2 shall not exceed the values given by Eq (10.7.34) if the flexural stress in the flange fb exceeds
0.75Fb.
10.7.8 Combined Stresses

The design of members subject to combined stresses shall be in accordance with this section.
This section deals with doubly and singly symmetrical members only. For determination of Fa see Sec 10.7.5
and for determination of Fbx and Fby see Sec 10.7.6.
10.7.8.1 Axial Compression and Bending : Members subjected to both axial compression and bending
stresses shall be proportioned to satisfy the following requirements :
fa Cmx f bx Cmy f by
+ + ≤ 1.0 (10.7.58)
Fa  f   
 1− a  Fbx  1− f a  F
 ′ 
Fex  ′  by
Fey
fa f f by
+ bx + ≤ 1.0 (10.7.59)
0.60Fy F bx Fby
When fa/Fa ≤ 0.15, Eq (10.7.60) is permitted in lieu of Eq (10.7.58) and (10.7.59).
f a f bx f by
+ + ≤ 1.0 (10.7.60)
Fa Fbx Fby
In Eq (10.7.58), (10.7.59) and (10.7.60) the subscripts x and y, combined with subscripts b, m and e, indicate
the axis of bending about which a particular stress or design property applies, and
6-50
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
12π 2E
Fe′ =
23(Klb r b )
2
= Euler stress divided by a factor of safety, N/mm2. (In the expression for Fe,
′ lb is the actual unbraced
length in the plane of bending and rb is the corresponding radius of gyration. K is the effective length
factor in the plane of bending.) As in the case of Fa, Fb and 0.60Fy, Fe′ , may be increased 3 in
1
accordance with Sec 10.7.2.2.

Part 6
Structural Design
a) For compression members in frames subject to joint translation (sidesway), Cm = 0.85.
b) For rotationally restrained compression members in frames braced against joint translation and not
subject to transverse loading between their supports in the plane of bending,
Cm = 0.6 − 0.4(M 1 M 2 )
where M1/M2 is the ratio of the smaller to larger moments at the ends of that portion of the member
unbraced in the plane of bending under consideration. M1/M2 is positive when the member is bent in
reverse curvature, negative when bent in single curvature.
c) For compression members in frames braced against joint translation in the plane of loading and
subjected to transverse loading between their supports, the value of Cm may be determined by an
analysis. However, in lieu of such analysis, the following values are permitted :
i) For members whose ends are restrained against rotation in the plane of bending Cm = 0.85
ii) For members whose ends are unrestrained against rotation in the plane of bending Cm = 1.0.
10.7.8.2 Axial Tension and Bending : Members subject to both axial tension and bending stresses shall be
proportioned at all points along their length to satisfy the following equation :
f a f bx f by
+ + ≤ 1.0 (10.7.61)
Ft Fbx F by
where fb is the computed bending tensile stress, fa is the computed axial tensile stress, Fb is the allowable
bending stress and Ft is the governing allowable tensile stress defined in Sec 10.7.4.1.
However, the computed bending compressive stress arising from an independent load source relative to the
axial tension, taken above, shall not exceed the applicable value required in Sec 10.7.6.
10.7.9 Design of Trusses

10.7.9.1 General : Trusses are composed of individual members connected by welds, rivets or bolts.
10.7.9.2 Purlins : The spacing of purlins shall be determined on the basis of the maximum safe span of the
roof covering. If roof covering is supported through battens and common rafters, the purlins shall
preferably be located at the panel points of the truss, by varying the spacing and size of battens and
common rafters.
10.7.9.3 Design of Members

a) Compression Members : All members under compressive forces shall be designed to satisfy the
requirements of Sec 10.7.5.
b) Tension Members: All members under tensile forces shall be designed to satisfy the requirements of
Sec 10.7.4.
10.7.9.4 Joints and Connections : Joints and connections in trusses shall satisfy the requirements of
Sec 10.9.
10.7.9.5 Deflection and Camber

a) Deflection : Deflection due to service live load plus impact load, if any, shall be limited so as not to
impair serviceability.
b) Camber : Trusses shall be provided with camber in accordance with Sec 10.10.1.
10.7.9.6 Bracing : Trusses shall be adequately braced against instability.
6-52
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
10.7.10 Composite Construction

This section covers the design and construction of steel beams supporting a reinforced concrete slab so
interconnected that the beams and the slab act together to resist bending. Simple and continuous composite
beams with shear connectors and concrete-encased beams, constructed with or without temporary shores,
are included.
10.7.10.1 General Requirements : Composite members may either be totally encased members which
depend upon natural bond for interaction with the concrete or those with shear connectors (mechanical
anchorage to the slab) with the steel member not necessarily encased.
A beam totally encased in concrete cast integrally with the slab may be assumed to be connected to the
concrete by natural bond, without additional anchorage, provided that :

Part 6
Structural Design
a) Concrete cover over beam sides and soffit is at least 50 mm.
b) The top of the beam is at least 40 mm below the top and 50 mm above bottom of the slab.
c) Concrete encasement contains adequate mesh or other reinforcing steel throughout the whole depth
and across the soffit of the beam to prevent spalling of the concrete.
Shear connectors must be provided for composite action if the steel member is not totally encased in
concrete. The portion of the effective width of the concrete slab on each side of the beam centre line shall not
exceed :
a) One-eighth of the beam span, centre to centre of supports;

b) One-half the distance to the centre line of the adjacent beam; or
c) The distance from the beam centre line to the edge of the slab.
10.7.10.2 Design Assumptions

a) Encased beams shall be proportioned to support, unassisted, all dead loads applied prior to the
hardening of the concrete (unless these loads are supported temporarily on shoring) and, acting in
conjunction with the slab, to support all dead and live loads applied after hardening of the concrete,
without exceeding a computed bending stress of 0.66Fy, where Fy is the yield stress of the steel beam.
The bending stress produced by loads after the concrete has hardened shall be computed on the basis of
the sectional properties of the composite section. Concrete tension stresses shall be neglected.
Alternatively, the steel beam alone may be proportioned to resist, unassisted, the positive moment
produced by all loads, live and dead, using a bending stress equal to 0.76 Fy, in which case temporary
shoring is not required.
b) When shear connectors are used in accordance with Sec 10.7.10.4, the composite section shall be
proportioned to support all of the loads without exceeding the allowable stress prescribed in
Sec 10.7.6.3(a), even when the steel section is not shored during construction. In positive moment areas,
the steel section is exempt from compact flange criteria (Sec 10.7.3) and there is no limit on the
unsupported length of the compression flange.
Reinforcement parallel to the beam within the effective width of the slab, when anchored in accordance
with the provisions of Chapter 8, may be included in computing the properties of composite sections,
provided shear connectors are furnished in accordance with the requirements of Sec 10.7.10.4. The
section properties of the composite section shall be computed in accordance with the elastic theory.
Concrete tension stresses shall be neglected. For stress and deflection computations, the compression
area of concrete shall be treated as an equivalent area of steel by dividing it by the modular ratio when
determining the section properties.
In cases where it is not feasible or necessary to provide adequate connectors to satisfy the horizontal
shear requirements for full composite action, the effective section modulus shall be determined as
V h′
Seff = Ss + (S − Ss )
V h tr
(10.7.62)
where
Vh and V h′ are as defined in Sec 10.7.10.4.
For composite beams constructed without temporary shoring, stresses in the steel section shall not exceed
0.90Fy. Stresses shall be computed assuming that the steel section alone resists all loads applied before the
concrete has reached 75% of its required strength and the effective composite section resists all loads
applied after that time.
The actual section modulus of the transformed composite section shall be used in calculating the concrete
flexural compression stress and for construction without temporary shores; this stress shall be based upon
6-54
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
loading applied after the concrete has reached 75% of its required strength. The stress in the concrete shall
not exceed 0.45 f ′c
10.7.10.3 End Shear : The web and the end connections of the steel beam shall be designed to carry the total
reaction.
10.7.10.4 Shear Connectors : Except in the case of encased beams, as defined in Sec 10.7.10.2(a), the entire
horizontal shear at the junction of the steel beam and the concrete slab shall be assumed to be transferred by
shear connectors welded to the top flange of the beam and embedded in the concrete. For full composite
action with concrete subject to flexural compression, the total horizontal shear to be resisted between the
point of maximum positive moment and points of zero moment shall be taken as the smaller value using Eq
(10.7.63) and (10.7.64).

Part 6
Structural Design
V h = 0. 85f c′ A c 2 (10.7.63)
and
V h = FyA s 2 (10.7.64)
In continuous composite beams where longitudinal reinforcing steel is considered to act compositely with
the steel beam in the negative moment regions, the total horizontal shear to be resisted by shear connectors
between an interior support and each adjacent point of contraflexure shall be taken as
V h = F yr Asr 2 (10.7.65)
For full composite action, the number of connectors resisting the horizontal shear, Vh, on each side of the
point of maximum moment, shall not be less than that determined by the relationship V h q , where q, the
allowable shear load for one connector, is given in Table 6.10.3 for flat soffit concrete slabs made with ASTM
C33 aggregates.
For partial composite action with concrete subjected to flexural compression, the horizontal shear V ′h to be
used in computing Seff shall be taken as the product of q and the number of connectors furnished between
the point of maximum moment and the nearest point of zero moment.
The value of V h′ shall not be less than, 1

4 the smaller value of Eq (10.7.63), using the maximum permitted
effective width of the concrete flange, and Eq (10.7.64). The effective moment of inertia for deflection
computations shall be determined by :
V ′h
I eff = I s + (I − I s )
V h tr
(10.7.66)
The connectors required on each side of the point of maximum moment in an area of positive bending may
be uniformly distributed between that point and adjacent points of zero moment, except that N2, the
number of shear connectors required between any concentrated load in that area and the nearest point of
zero moment, shall be not less than that determined by Eq (10.7.67).
Table 6.10.3
Allowable Horizontal Shear Load for One Connector (q), kN(1)
Connector(2) Specified Compressive Strength of

Concrete ( f c′ ), N/mm2
20 25 ≥ 27.5
12 dia × 50 hooked or headed stud 22 24 26
Notes: (1) Applicable only to concrete made with ASTM C33 aggregates.
(2) The allowable horizontal loads tabulated are also permitted for studs longer than shown.
 M β − 1
N1
M 
 max 
N2 = (10.7.67)
β −1
where
6-56
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
Str Seff
β= or as applicable
Ss Ss
For a continuous beam, connectors required in the region of negative bending may be uniformly distributed
between the point of maximum moment and each point of zero moment.
Shear connectors shall have at least 25 mm of lateral concrete cover, except for connectors installed in the
ribs of formed steel decks. Unless located directly over the web, the diameter of studs shall not be greater
than

Part 6
Structural Design
2 12 times the thickness of the flange to which they are welded. The minimum centre to centre spacing of
stud connectors shall be 6 diameters along the longitudinal axis of the supporting composite beam and 4
diameters transverse to the longitudinal axis of the supporting composite beam. The maximum centre to
centre spacing of stud connectors shall not exceed 8 times the total slab thickness.
10.7.10.5 Composite Beams or Girders with Formed Steel Deck : Composite construction of concrete slabs
on formed steel deck with nominal rib height not greater than 75 mm connected to steel beams or girders
shall be designed by the applicable portions of Sec 10.7.10.1 through 10.7.10.4 with the following
modifications.
a) General :
i) The average width of concrete rib or haunch wr shall be not less than 50 mm, but shall not be
taken in calculations as more than the minimum clear width near the top of the steel deck. For
additional provisions see c(ii) and c(iii) below.
ii) The concrete slab shall be connected to the steel beam or girder with welded stud shear
connectors 20 mm or less in diameter. Studs may be welded through the deck or directly to the
steel member.
iii) Stud shear connectors shall extend not less than 40 mm above the top of the steel deck after
installation.
iv) The slab thickness above the steel deck shall not be less than 50 mm.
b) Deck Ribs Oriented Perpendicular to Steel Beam or Girder

i) Concrete below the top of the steel deck shall be neglected when determining section properties
and in calculating Ac for Eq (10.7.63).
ii) The spacing of stud shear connectors along the length of a supporting beam or girder shall not
exceed 900 mm.
iii) The allowable horizontal shear load per stud connector q shall be the value stipulated in
Sec 10.7.10.4 (Table 6.10.3) multiplied by the following reduction factor :
 0.85   w r   H s 
   − 1.0 ≤ 1.0 (10.7.68)
 N r   r  r
h h 
where
Nr shall not exceed 3 in computations, although more than 3 studs may be installed.
Hs shall not exceed the value (hr + 75) in computations, although the actual length may be
greater.
iv) To resist uplift, the steel deck shall be anchored to all compositely designed steel beams or
girders at a spacing not exceeding 400 mm. Such anchorage may be provided by stud connectors,
a combination of stud connectors and spot welds, or other devices specified by the engineer.
c) Deck Ribs Oriented Parallel to Beam or Girder

i) Concrete below the top of the steel deck shall be included when determining section properties
and in calculating Ac for Eq (10.7.63).
ii) Steel deck ribs over supporting beams or girders may be split longitudinally and separated to
form a concrete haunch.
6-58
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
iii) When the nominal depth of steel deck is 40 mm or greater, the average width wr of the
supported haunch or rib shall be not less than 50 mm for the first stud in transverse row plus 4
stud diameters for each additional stud.
iv) The allowable horizontal shear load per stud connector q shall be the value stipulated in
Sec 10.7.10.4 (Table 6.10.3) except when the ratio, wr /hr is less than 1.5, the allowable load shall
be multiplied by the following reduction factor :
 w  H 
0.6 r   s − 1.0 ≤ 1.0 (10.7.69)
 hr   hr 

Part 6
Structural Design
10.7.11 Special Design Considerations

This section provides the design considerations related to special situations such as concentrated loads,
ponding and torsion.
10.7.11.1 Webs and Flanges Under Concentrated Loads

a) Design Basis : Members with concentrated loads applied normal to one flange and symmetric to the
web shall have a flange and web proportioned to satisfy the local flange bending, web yielding
strength, web crippling and sidesway web buckling criteria of (b) through (e) below. Members with
concentrated loads applied to both flanges shall have a web proportioned to satisfy the web yielding,
web crippling and column web buckling criteria of (c), (d) and (f) below.
Where pairs of stiffeners are provided on opposite sides of the web, at concentrated loads, and extend
at least half the depth of the member, provision of (b) and (c) below need not apply.
For column webs subjected to high shears, see (g) below, and for bearing stiffeners, see (h) below.
b) Local Flange Bending : A pair of stiffeners shall be provided opposite the tension flange or flange plate
of the beam or girder framing into the member when
Pbf
t f < 12.65 (10.7.70)
Fyc
where
Pbf = the computed force delivered by the flange or moment connection plate multiplied by 5
3 ,
when the computed force is due to live and dead load only, or by 4
3 , when the computed
force is due to live and dead load in conjunction with wind or earthquake forces, kN.
When the length of loading measured across the member flange is less than 0.15b, Eq (10.7.70) need
not be checked.
c) Local Web Yielding : Bearing stiffeners shall be provided in beams and welded plate girders if the
compressive stress at the web toe of the fillets resulting from concentrated loads exceeds 0.66Fy.
i) When the force to be resisted is a concentrated load producing tension or compression applied
at a distance from the member end that is greater than the depth of the member,
1000R
≤ 0.66F y (10.7.71)
t w (N + 5 k)
ii) When the force to be resisted is a concentrated load at or near the end of the member,
1000R
≤ 0.66Fy (10.7.72)
t w (N + 2.5k )
d) Web Crippling : Bearing stiffeners shall be provided in the webs of members under concentrated loads,
when the compressive force exceeds the following limits :
i) When the concentrated load is applied at a distance not less then d/2 from the end of the
member :
 1.5 
 N  tw 
R = 0.177t 2w  1+ 3  
 Fyw t f t w (10.7.73)
 d  t f 
 
ii) When the concentrated load is applied less than a distance d/2 from the end of the member :
6-60
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
 1.5 
 N  tw 
R = 0.089t w2  1+ 3    Fyw t f t w (10.7.74)
 d  t f 
 
If stiffeners are provided and extend at least one-half the web depth, Eq (10.7.73) and (10.7.74) need not
be checked.

Part 6
Structural Design
e) Sidesway Web Buckling : Bearing stiffeners shall be provided in the webs of members with flanges not
restrained against relative movement by stiffeners or lateral bracing and subjected to concentrated
compressive load, when the compressive force exceeds the following limits :
i) ( )
If the loaded flange is restrained against rotation and (dc t w ) l bf is less than 2.3.
  dc t w  
3
46.88t 3w
R=  1+ 0. 4   (10.7.75)
h   l bf  
ii) (
If the loaded flange is not restrained against rotation and dc t w )  l bf  is less than 1.7.
  dc t w  
3
46.88t 3w
R=  0.4   (10.7.76)
h   l bf  
(
Eq (10.7.75) and (10.7.76) need not be checked provided dc t w )  l bf  exceeds 2.3 or 1.7, respectively
, or for webs subjected to uniformly distributed load.
f) Compression Buckling of Web : A stiffener or a pair of stiffeners shall be provided opposite the
compression flange when the web depth clear of fillets dc is greater than
10.76t 3wc Fyc

(10.7.77)
Pbf
g) Compression Members with Web Panels Subjected to High Shear : Members subjected to high shear
stress in the web shall be checked for conformance with Sec 10.7.6.6.
h) Stiffener Requirements for Concentrated Load : Stiffeners shall be placed in pairs at unframed ends or
at points of concentrated loads on the interior of beams, girders or columns if required by (b) through
(f) above as applicable.
If required by (b) and (c) above or Eq (10.7.78) stiffeners need not extend more than one-half the depth
of the web, except as follows :
If stiffeners are required by (d) or (f) above, the stiffeners shall be designed as axially compressed
members (columns) in accordance with the requirements of Sec 10.7.5.2 with an effective length equal
to 0.75h, a cross-section composed of two stiffeners and a strip of the web having a width of 25tw at
interior stiffeners and 12tw at the ends of members.
When the load normal to the flange is tensile, the stiffeners shall be welded to the loaded flange. When
the load normal to the flange is compressive, the stiffeners shall either bear on or be welded to the
loaded flange.
When flanges or moment connection plates for end connections of beams and girders are welded to the
flange of an I-or H-shape column, a pair of column web stiffeners having a combined cross-sectional
area Ast not less than that computed from Eq (10.7.78) shall be provided whenever the calculated value
of Ast is positive.
(
1000Pbf − Fyc t wc t b + 5k )
Ast = (10.7.78)
F yst
6-62
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
Stiffeners required by the provisions of Eq (10.7.78) and (b) and (f) above shall comply with the
following criteria :
i) The width of each stiffener plus half the thickness of the column web shall be not less than one-
third the width of the flange or moment connection plate delivering the concentrated force.

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CHAPTER 10

10.2 DEFINITIONS AND NOTATION

GAUGE : The transverse spacing between parallel adjacent lines of fasteners.

PITCH : The centre to centre distance between individual fasteners in a line.

A = cross-sectional area, mm2

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-3

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-5

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-7

Pu = required axial strength of a column or a link, kN

Re = hybrid girder factor

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-9

do = depth at the smaller end of a tapered member or unbraced segment thereof, mm

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-11

tbf = thickness of beam flange, mm

∆ oh = translation deflection of the storey under consideration, mm

10.3.1 Structural Steel

BDS 878 : Specification for Weldable Structural Steels.

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-13

10.3.2 Rivets, Bolts, Washers and Nuts

Steel bolts shall conform to one of the following standards:

10.3.3 Anchor Bolts and Threaded Rods

ASTM A36 : Standard Specification for Structural Steel.

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-15

10.3.5 Stud Shear Connectors

10.4 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

10.5 FRAMES AND OTHER STRUCTURES

10.5.2 Frame Stability

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-17

10.6 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

10.6.1 Gross Area

10.6.2 Net Area

10.6.3 Effective Net Area

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-19

i) When l > 2w U = 1.00

10.6.4 Rotational Resistance at Points of Support

10.6.5 Limiting Slenderness Ratios

10.6.6 Simple Spans

10.6.7 End Restraint

10.7 WORKING STRESS DESIGN METHOD

10.7.2 Basis of Design

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-21

10.7.3 Local Buckling

Width-Thickness Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios

10.7.4 Design of Tension Members

10.7.4.3 Pin Connected Members

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-25

The pin diameter shall be at least 7

10.7.5 Design of Columns and Other Compression Members

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-27

a) The width to thickness ratio conforms to the limitations of Sec 10.7.3;

10.7.5.7 Slender Compression Elements

For Single Angles :

When 200 Fy < b t < 407 Fy

Qs = 1.340− 0. 0017(b t ) F y (10.7.3)

When 250 Fy k c < b t < 512 F y k c

Qs = 1.293− 0. 0012(b t ) Fy kc (10.7.5)

For stems of tees :

When 333 Fy < b t < 462 Fy

Qs = 1.908− 0.0027(b t ) F y (10.7.7)

Ratio of Full Flange Width to Ratio of Flange Thickness to

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-29

i) For the flanges of square and rectangular sections of uniform thickness :

ii) For other uniformly compressed elements :