Chapter 10 (6) - B

Chapter 10
Steel Structures
ii) The thickness of stiffeners shall be not less than one-half the thickness of the flange or plate
delivering the concentrated load.
iii) The weld joining stiffeners to the column web shall be sized to carry the force in the stiffener
caused by unbalanced moments on opposite sides of the column.
10.7.11.2 Ponding : The roof system shall be investigated by structural analysis to assure adequate strength
and stability under ponding conditions, unless the roof surface is provided with sufficient slope toward
points of free drainage or adequate individual drains to prevent the accumulation of rainwater.
The roof system shall be considered stable and not requiring further investigation if :
Cp + 0.9Cs ≤ 0.25 (10.7.79)
I d ≥ 3955(S)
4
and (10.7.80)
506L sL4p
where Cp =
Ip
506SL4s
Cs =
Is
For trusses and steel joists, the moment of inertia Is shall be decreased 15% when used in the above
equation. A steel deck shall be considered a secondary member when it is directly supported by the primary
members.
Total bending stress due to dead loads, gravity live loads (if any) and ponding shall not exceed 0.80Fy for
primary and secondary members. Stresses due to wind or seismic forces need not be included in a ponding
analysis.
10.7.11.3 Torsion : The effects of torsion shall be considered in the design of members and the normal and
shearing stresses due to torsion shall be added to those from all other loads, with the resultants not
exceeding the allowable values.
10.8 LOAD FACTOR DESIGN METHOD
10.8.1 General
This section provides the specifications for design and construction of steel buildings using Load Factor
Design method.
10.8.2 Basis of Design

10.8.2.1 Required Strength for Factored Loads : The required strength of structural members and
connections shall be determined by structural analysis for the combinations of appropriate factored loads
stipulated in Sec 10.8.2.4.
Design by either elastic or plastic analysis is permitted except that plastic analysis is permitted only for
steels with yield stress not exceeding 450 N/mm2 and shall comply with provision of Sec 10.8.3.2, 10.5.2,
10.8.5.1(b), 10.8.6.1(a), 10.8.8.1 and 10.8.10.1.
Except for hybrid girders and members of A514 steel, beams and girders which are continuous over support
or are rigidly framed to columns by means of rivets, high strength bolts or welds may be proportioned for
10 of the maximum negative moments at the support provided that the maximum positive moment at mid-
9
span shall be increased by 1

10 of the average negative moments. This reduction is not allowed for cantilever
moments. If the negative moment is resisted by a column rigidly framed to the beam or girder, the 1
10
Bangladesh National Building Code 6-1

Part 6
Structural Design
reduction may be used in proportioning the column for the combined axial and bending loading, provided
that the stress, fa due to any concurrent axial load on the member, does not exceed 0.15 Fa.
10.8.2.2 Limit States : The members shall be of such size and strength that no applicable limit state is
exceeded when the structure is designed for appropriate factored loads and their combinations stipulated in
Sec 10.8.2.4.
Strength limit states are related to safety and maximum load carrying capacity whereas serviceability limit
states are related to performance under normal service conditions. The term "resistance" includes both
strength limit states and serviceability limit states.
6-2
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
10.8.2.3 Design for Strength : The design strength of each structural component or assemblage must
equal or exceed the required strength based on the factored design loads. The design strength Rn is
calculated for each applicable limit state as the nominal strength Rn multiplied by a resistance factor . The
required strength is determined for each applicable load combination according to Sec 10.8.2.4.
Nominal strength Rn and resistance factor are given in the appropriate sections of this chapter.
Additional strength considerations are given in Sec 10.8.11.
10.8.2.4 Loads and Load Combinations : The design loads shall be the minimum factored loads and their
combinations as stipulated in Chapter 2, Loads.
10.8.2.5 Design for Serviceability : The overall structure and individual members, connections and
connectors shall be checked for serviceability according to the requirements of Sec 10.10.
10.8.3 Local Buckling

10.8.3.1 Classification of Steel Sections : Steel sections are classified as compact, noncompact and slender
element sections. For a section to qualify as compact, its flanges must be continuously connected to the web
or webs and the width-thickness ratio of its compression elements shall not exceed the applicable limiting
width-thickness ratios given in Table 6.10.4. If the width-thickness ratio of one or more compression
elements exceeds the values for compact section given in Table 6.10.4, the section shall be treated as
noncompact provided the width-thickness ratios do not exceed the value for noncompact section given in
the same table. If the width-thickness ratio of one or more compression elements exceeds the values for
compact but not the values for noncompact in Table 6.10.4, the section is to be treated as noncompact. If the
width-thickness ratio of any compression element exceeds the noncompact values given in Table 6.10.4, the
section is classified as a slender section.
a) For unstiffened elements which are supported along only one edge, parallel to the direction of the
compression force, the width shall be taken as follows :
i) For flanges of I-shaped members and tees, the width b is half the full nominal width.
ii) For legs of angles and flanges of channels and zees, the width b is the full nominal dimension.
iii) For plates, the width b is the distance from the free edge to the first row of fasteners or line of
welds.
iv) For stems of tees, d is taken as the full nominal depth.
b) For stiffened elements, i.e., supported along two edges parallel to the direction of the compression
force, the width shall be taken as follows:
i) For webs of rolled or formed sections, h is the clear distance between flanges less the fillet or
corner radius at each flange; hc is twice the distance from the neutral axis to the inside face of the
compression flange less the fillet or corner radius.
ii) For webs of built-up sections, h is the distance between adjacent lines of fasteners or the clear
distance between flanges when welds are used, and hc is twice the distance from the neutral axis
to the nearest line of fasteners at the compression flange or the inside face of the compression
flange when welds are used.
iii) For flange or diaphragm plates in built-up sections, the width b is the distance between adjacent
lines of fasteners or lines of welds.
iv) For flanges of rectangular hollow structural sections, the width b is the clear distance between
webs less the inside corner radius on each side. If the corner radius is not known, the flat width
may be taken as the total section width minus three times the thickness.

Part 6
Structural Design
c) For tapered flanges of rolled sections, the thickness is the nominal value halfway between the free edge
and the corresponding face of the web.
10.8.3.2 Section for Plastic Analysis : Plastic analysis is permitted when flanges subjected to compression
involving hinge rotation and all webs have a width-thickness ratio less than or equal to the limiting value
for compact section from Table 6.10.4. For circular hollow sections refer to note (4) of Table 6.10.4. Plastic
analysis is subject to the limitations as outlined in Sec 10.8.2.1.
10.8.4 Design of Tension Members

This section specifies the requirements for design of prismatic members subjected to axial tension due to
static forces acting through the centroidal axis.
6-4
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
Table 6.10.4
Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios for Compression Elements
Width-
Description of Elements Thickness Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios
Ratio
Compact Noncompact
Flanges of I-shaped rolled beams (3) 369 Fy − 69
170 Fy
and channels in flexure b/t
Flanges of I-shaped hybrid or (3) 278
170 F yf
welded beams in flexure b/t Fyw − 114
Flanges of I-shaped sections in
pure compression, plates
projecting from compression 250 Fy
elements; outstanding legs of pairs b/t NA
of angles in continuous contact;
flanges of channels in pure
compression
Flanges of square and rectangular
box and hollow structural sections
of uniform thickness subject to (5)
bending or compression; flange b/t 625 F y − Fr
500 Fy
cover plates and diaphragm plates
between lines of fasteners or welds
Unsupported width of cover (5)
plates perforated with a succession b/t NA 832 Fy − F r
of access holes(1)
Legs of angle struts; legs of double
angle struts with separators; 200 Fy
unstiffened elements, i.e. b/t NA
supported along one edge
Stems of tees d/t NA 333 Fy
All other uniformly compressed b/t 665 Fy
stiffened elements, i.e. supported NA
along two edges hc t w
Webs in flexural compression(2) hc t w 1680 Fy
(3)
2547 F y
for
Pu φ b Py ≤ 0.125
(3)
1680 2.75Pu 
1 − 
Fy  φ bPy 
Webs in combined flexural and hc t w for 2547 Fy

axial compression Pu φ bPy > 0.1 25
502  P  665 (3)

 2.33 − u  ≥
Fy  φ bPy  Fy
Circular hollow sections

14272 Fy (4) 22752 Fy
In axial compression D/t
14272 Fy (4) 61845 F y
In flexure

Part 6
Structural Design
Notes: (1) Assumes net area of plate at widest hole.

(2) For hybrid beams, use the yield strength of the flange Fyf instead of Fy.
(3) Assumes an inelastic rotation capacity of 3.
(4) For plastic design use 8965/Fy.
(5) Fr = compressive residual stress in flange
= 70N/mm2 for rolled shapes
= 115N/mm2 for welded shapes.
6-6
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
10.8.4.1 Design Tensile Strength : The design tensile strength of a member φ t Pn shall be the lesser of
the value obtained using the limit states of yielding in the gross section and fracture in the net section.
a) For yielding in the gross section :

φ t = 0.90
Pn = 0.001Fy A g (10.8.1)
b) For fracture in the net section :

φ t = 0.75
Pn = 0.001FuA e (10.8.2)
When members without holes are fully connected by welds, the effective net section used in Eq (10.8.2) shall
be computed using the smaller of the gross area of the member or the effective area of the welds as defined
in Sec 10.9.2. When holes are present in a welded member between end connections or at the welded
connection in the case of plug or slot welds, the net section through the holes shall be used in Eq (10.8.2).
10.8.4.2 Built-up Members : The longitudinal spacing of connectors between elements in continuous
contact consisting of a plate and a shape or two plates shall not exceed :
a) 24 times the thickness of the thinner plate or 300 mm for painted members or unpainted members not
subject to corrosion.
b) 14 times the thickness of the thinner plate or 175 mm for unpainted members of weathering steel
subject to atmospheric corrosion.
The longitudinal spacing of connectors between components should preferably limit the slenderness ratio in
any component between the connectors to 300 or less.
Either perforated cover plates or tie plates without lacing may be used on the open sides of built-up tension
members. Tie plates shall have a length not less than 23 the distance between the lines of welds or fasteners
connecting them to the components of the member. The thickness of such tie plates shall not be less than 1
50
of the distance between these lines. The longitudinal spacing of intermittent welds or fasteners at tie plates
shall not exceed 150 mm. The spacing of tie plates shall be such that the slenderness ratio of any component
in the length between tie plates shall not exceed 300 mm.
10.8.4.3 Eyebars and Pin-connected Members : The design strength of eyebars shall be determined as in
Sec 10.8.4.1(a) with Ag taken as the cross-sectional area of the body.
Eyebars shall be of uniform thickness, without reinforcement at the pin holes, and have circular heads
whose periphery is concentric with the pin hole.
The radius of transition between the circular head and the eyebar body shall be not less than the head
diameter.
The width of the body of the eyebars shall not exceed eight times its thickness. The thickness can be less
than 12 mm only if external nuts are provided to tighten pin plates and filler plates into snug contact. The
width b from the hole edge to the plate edge perpendicular to the direction of applied load shall be greater
than 23 and, for the purpose of calculation, not more 34 times the eyebar body width.
The pin diameter shall not be less than 7

8 times the eyebar body width.
The pin hole diameter shall not be more than 1 mm greater than the pin diameter.
For steels having a yield stress greater than 480 N/mm2, the hole diameter shall not exceed five times the
plate thickness and the width of the eyebar body shall be reduced accordingly.

Part 6
Structural Design
In pin-connected members the pin hole shall be located midway between the edges of the member in the
direction normal to the applied force. For pin-connected members in which the pin is expected to provide
for relative movement between connected parts while under full load, the diameter of pin hole shall not be
more than 1 mm greater than the diameter of the pin. The width of the plate beyond the pin hole shall be
not less than the effective width on either side of the pin hole.
In pin-connected plates others than eyebars, the design strength shall be determined according to Eq (10.8.2)
and the bearing strength of the projected area of the pin shall be determined according to Sec 10.9.8.2. The
6-8
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
minimum net area beyond the bearing end of the pin hole, parallel to the axis of the member, shall not be
less than 23 of the net area required for strength across the pin hole.
The design strength of a pin-connected member, φ t Pn shall be the lowest value of the following limit
states.
a) Tension on the net effective area :

φ t = 0.75
Pn = 0.002tbeff Fu (10.8.3)
b) Shear on the effective area :

φ sf = 0.75
Pn = 0.0006Asf Fu (10.8.4)
c) Bearing on the projected area of the pin :

φ = 1.0
Pn = 0.001ApbFy (10.8.5)
where
Asf = 2t (a + d 2) , mm2
beff = 2t + 16 , but not more than the actual distance from the edge of the hole to the edge of the part
measured in the direction normal to the applied force, mm
a = shortest distance from edge of the pin hole to the edge of the member measured parallel to the
direction of the force, mm.
The corners beyond the pin hole may be cut at 45° to the axis of the member, provided the net area beyond
the pin hole, on a plane perpendicular to the cut, is not less than that required beyond the pin hole parallel
to the axis of the member.
Thickness limitations on both eyebars and pin-connected plates may be waived whenever external nuts are
provided so as to tighten pin plates and filler plates into snug contact. When the plates are thus contained,
the bearing strength shall be determined according to Sec 10.9.8.2.
10.8.5 Design of Columns and Other Compression Members

This section covers the design of prismatic members subjected to axial compression through the centroidal
axis.
10.8.5.1 Effective Length and Slenderness Limitations

a) Effective Length : The effective length factor K shall be determined in accordance with
Sec 10.5.2.
b) Plastic Analysis: Plastic analysis, as limited in Sec 10.8.2.1 is permitted if the column slenderness
parameter λ c defined by Eq (10.8.9) does not exceed 1.5K.
10.8.5.2 Design Compressive Strength

The design strength of compression members whose elements have a width-thickness ratio less than the
noncompact values of Table 6.10.4 is φ c Pn , where
φ c = 0.85
Pn = 0.001Ag Fcr (10.8.6)

Part 6
Structural Design
For λ c ≤ 1.5
Fcr =  0.658λ c  Fy
2
(10.8.7)
For λ c > 1.5

 0.877
Fcr = F (10.8.8)
 λ2  y
c
6-10
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
where
Kl Fy
λc= (10.8.9)
rπ E
For slender sections, as classified in Sec 10.8.3.1, the design shall conform to the requirements of Sec 10.8.5.6.
10.8.5.3 Flexural Torsional Buckling : Singly symmetric and unsymmetric columns, such as angle or tee-
shaped columns, and doubly symmetric columns such as cruciform or built-up columns with very thin
walls, may require consideration of the limit states of flexural-torsional and torsional buckling.
The strength of compression members determined by the limit states of torsional and flexural-torsional
φ c Pn
buckling is , where
φc = 0.85
Pn = 0.001AgFcr (10.8.10)
Q = 1.0 for elements meeting the width-thickness ratios, for noncompact values from Table 6.10.4.
= QsQa for elements not meeting the width-thickness ratios for noncompact values from
Table 6.10.4 and determined in accordance with the provisions of Sec 10.8.5.6.
The nominal critical stress Fcr is determined as follows:
a) For λ e Q ≤ 1.5 :
Fcr = Q 0.658 λ e  F y
Q 2
(10.8.11)
b) For λ e Q > 1.5 :

 0.877
Fcr = F (10.8.12)
 λ2  y
e
where
λ e = Fy Fe (10.8.13)
The critical torsional or flexural-torsional elastic buckling stress Fe is determined as follows:
a) For doubly symmetric shapes the critical torsional elastic buckling stress is
 π 2EC  1
Fe =  2 + GJ I + I
w
(10.8.14)
 (K zL )  x y
b) For singly symmetric shapes, where y is the axis of symmetry, the critical flexural-torsional elastic
buckling stress is
 
F ey + Fez 4 Fey Fez H
Fe = 1 − 1 −  (10.8.15)

( )
2H 2 
 Fey + Fez 
c) For unsymmetric shapes, the critical flexural-torsional elastic buckling stress Fe is the smallest root of
the cubic equation

Part 6
Structural Design
(Fe − Fex )(F e − F ey )(Fe − Fez )− F2e(F e − Fey )(x o r o)2 − F2e(F e − Fex )(y o ro) = 0
2
(10.8.16)
In Eq (10.8.14), (10.8.15), (10.8.16) above,
Ix + Iy
r o2 = x 2o + y o2 + (10.8.17)
A
6-12
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
 x2 + y 2 
H = 1− o 2 o  (10.8.18)
 ro 
π 2E
Fex = (10.8.19)
(Kx L r x )
2
π 2E
Fey = (10.8.20)
(K yL r y )
2
 π 2EC  1
Fez =  w
2 + GJ (10.8.21)
 (Kz L)
2
 Ar o
10.8.5.4 Built-up Members : At the ends of built-up compression members bearing on base plates or
milled surfaces, all components in contact with one another shall be connected by a weld having a length
not less than the maximum width of the member or by bolts spaced longitudinally not more than four
diameters apart for a distance equal to 1 12 times the maximum width of the member.
Along the length of built-up compression members between the end connections required above,
longitudinal spacing for intermittent welds, bolts or rivets shall be adequate to provide for the transfer of
calculated stress. However, where a component of a built-up compression member consists of an outside
plate, except as provided in the next sentence, the maximum spacing shall not exceed the thickness of the
thinner outside plate times 333 Fy nor 300 mm, when intermittent welds are provided along the edges of
the components or when fasteners are provided on all gauge lines at each section. When fasteners are
staggered, the maximum spacing on each gauge line shall not exceed the thickness of the thinner outside
plate times 500 Fy , nor 450 mm .
For unpainted built-up members made of weathering steel which will be exposed to atmospheric corrosion,
the fasteners connecting a plate and a shape or two-plate components in contact with one another shall not
exceed 14 times the thickness of the thinnest part nor 175 mm and the maximum edge distance shall not
exceed eight times the thickness of the thinnest part, nor 125 mm.
Compression members composed of two or more shapes shall be connected to one another at intervals such
that the slenderness ratio L/r of either shape, between the fasteners, does not exceed the governing
slenderness ratio of the built-up members. The least radius of gyration r shall be used in computing the
slenderness ratio of each component part.
The design strength of built-up members composed of two or more shapes shall be determined in
accordance with Sec 10.8.5.2 or 10.8.5.3 subject to the following modification. If the bulking mode involves
relative deformation that produces shear forces in the connectors between individual shapes, Kl/r is
replaced by (Kl/r)m determined as follows:
a) For Snug-tight Bolted Connectors :
2 2
 Kl   Kl   a
= +  (10.8.22)
 r m  r  o  ri 
b) For Welded Connectors and for Fully Tightened Bolted Connectors as required for Slip-critical Joints:
2 2
a  Kl   Kl  a 
with > 50 : = +  − 50 (10.8.23)
ri  r m  r  o  ri 

Part 6
Structural Design
a  Kl   Kl 
with ≤ 50 : = (10.8.24)
ri  r m  r o
6-14
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
where
 Kl 
= column slenderness of built-up members acting as a unit
 r o
a
= larger column slenderness of individual components
ri
 Kl 
= modified column slenderness of built-up members
 r m
a = distance between connectors, mm
ri = minimum radius of gyration of individual component
Open sides of compression members built up from plates or shapes shall be provided with continuous cover
plates perforated with a succession of access holes. The unsupported width of such plates at access holes, as
defined in Sec 10.8.3.1 is assumed to contribute to the design strength provided that:
i) The width-thickness ratio conforms to the limitations of Sec 10.8.3.1.
ii) The ratio of length (in direction of stress) to width of hole shall not exceed 2.
iii) The clear distance between holes in the direction of stress shall not be less than the transverse
distance between nearest line of connecting fasteners or welds.
iv) The periphery of the holes at all points shall have a minimum radius of 40 mm.
The function of perforated cover plates may be performed by lacing with tie plates at each end and at
intermediate points if the lacing is interrupted. Tie plates shall be as near the ends as practicable. In main
members providing design strength, the end tie plates shall have a length of not less than the distance
between the lines of fasteners or welds connecting them to the components of the member. Intermediate tie
plates shall have a length of not less than 21 of this distance. The thickness of tie plates shall be not less than
50 of the distance between lines of welds or fasteners connecting them to the segments of the members. In
1
welded construction, the welding on each line connecting a tie plate shall in aggregate be not less than 1
3
the length of the plate. In bolted and riveted construction, the spacing in the direction of stress in tie plates
shall be not more than 6 diameters and the tie plates shall be connected to each segment by at least three
fasteners.
Lacing, including flat bars, angles, channels or other shapes employed as lacing, shall be so spaced that the
L/r ratio of the flange included between their connections shall not exceed the governing slenderness ratio
for the member as a whole. Lacing shall be proportioned to provide a shearing strength normal to the axis of
the member equal to 2% of the compressive design strength of the member. The L/r ratio for lacing bars
arranged in single systems shall not exceed 140. For double lacing this ratio shall not exceed 200. Double
lacing bars shall be joined at their intersections. For lacing bars in compression, L may be taken as the
unsupported length of the lacing bar between welds or fasteners connecting it to the components of the
built-up member for single lacing, and 70% of that distance for double lacing. The inclination of lacing bars
to the axis of the member shall preferably be not less than 60for single lacing and 45° for double lacing.
When the distance between the lines of welds or fasteners in the flanges is more than 375 mm, the lacing
shall preferably be double or be made of angles.
10.8.5.5 Pin-Connected Compression Members : Pin-connections of pin-connected compression members

shall conform to the requirements of Sec 10.8.4.3 except Eq (10.8.3) and (10.8.4) do not apply.
10.8.5.6 Slender Compression Elements : Axially loaded members containing elements subjected to
compression which have a width-thickness ratio in excess of the noncompact values as stipulated in

Part 6
Structural Design
Sec 10.8.3.1 shall be designed in accordance with this section. Flexural members with slender compression
elements shall be designed in accordance with Sec 10.8.6.1(f). Rolled flexural members with proportions not
covered by Sec 10.8.6.1(f) shall be designed in accordance with this section.
a) Unstiffened Compression Elements : The design strength of unstiffened compression elements whose
width-thickness ratio exceeds the applicable value for noncompact sections as stipulated in Sec 10.8.3.1
shall be subject to a reduction factor Qs. The value of Qs shall be determined by Eq (10.8.25) through
(10.8.30) as applicable. When such elements comprise the compression flange of a flexural member, the
maximum required bending stress shall not exceed φ bFy Qs , where φ b = 0.90 . The design strength of
axially loaded compression members shall be modified by the appropriate reduction factor Qs, as
provided in (c) below.
6-16
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
For single angles :

When 200 Fy < b t < 407 Fy
Qs = 1.340− 0. 0017(b t ) F y (10.8.25)
When b t ≥ 407 Fy
[
Qs = 106867 Fy (b t )
2
] (10.8.26)
For angles of plates projecting from columns or other compression members, and for projecting
elements of compression flanges of girders :
When 250 Fy < b t < 462 Fy
Qs = 1.415− 0.00166(b t ) F y (10.8.27)
When b t ≥ 462 Fy
[
Qs = 137890 Fy (b t )
2
] (10.8.28)
For stems of tees :

When 333 Fy < b t < 462 Fy
Qs = 1.908− 0.0027(b t ) F y (10.8.29)
When b t ≥ 462 Fy
[
Qs = 137890 Fy (b t )
2
] (10.8.30)
Unstiffened elements of tees whose proportions exceed the limits of Sec 10.8.3.1 shall conform to the
limits given in Table 6.10.2.
b) Stiffened Compression Elements : When the width-thickness ratio of uniformly compressed stiffened
elements (except perforated cover plates) exceeds the noncompact limit stipulated in Sec 10.8.3.1 a
reduced effective width be shall be used in computing the design properties of the section containing
the element.
i) For flanges of square and rectangular sections of uniform thickness :
856t  170 
be = 1 − b t f  ≤ b (10.8.31)
f  ( ) 
ii) For other uniformly compressed elements :
856t  150 
be = 1 − b t f  ≤ b (10.8.32)
f  ( ) 
where

Part 6
Structural Design
be = reduced width, mm
f = computed elastic compressive stress in the stiffened elements, based on the design
properties as specified in (c) below, N/mm2. If unstiffened elements are included in
the total cross-section, f for the stiffened element must be such that the maximum
6-18
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
compressive stress in the unstiffened element does not exceed φ c Fcr as defined in (c)
below, with Q = Qs and φ c = 0.85 , or φ bFy Qs with φ b = 0.90 , as applicable.
iii) For axially loaded circular sections :
Members with diameter to thickness ratios D/t greater than 22752 Fy , but having a diameter to
thickness ratio of less than 89630 F y ;
7584 2
Q= + (10.8.33)
Fy (D t ) 3
c) Design Properties : Properties of sections shall be determined using the full cross-section, except as
follows :
In computing the moment of inertia and elastic section modulus of flexural members, the effective
width of uniformly compressed stiffened elements, as determined in (b) above, shall be used in
determining effective cross-sectional properties.
For unstiffened elements of the cross-section, Qs is determined from (a) above. For stiffened elements of
the cross-section
effective area
Qa = actual area (10.8.34)
where the effective area is equal to the summation of the effective areas of cross-section.
For axially loaded compression members the gross cross-sectional area and the radius of gyration r
shall be computed on the basis of the actual cross-section. However, when λ c Q ≤ 1.5 , the critical
stress Fcr shall be determined by
Fcr = Q 0.658 λ c  F y

Q 2
(10.8.35)
where Q is given by the following :

i) Cross-sections composed entirely of unstiffened elements, Q = Qs
ii) Cross-sections composed entirely of stiffened elements, Q = Qa
iii) Cross-sections composed of both stiffened and unstiffened elements, Q = QsQa
When λ c Q > 1.5 , the critical stress Fcr shall be determined by
 0.877
Fcr = F (10.8.36)
 λ2  y
c
10.8.6 Design of Beams and Other Flexural Members

This section specifies the requirements for the design of singly or doubly symmetric beams including hybrid
beams and girders loaded in the plane of symmetry. It also applies to channels loaded in a plane passing
through the shear centre parallel to the web or restrained against twisting at load points and points of
support.
10.8.6.1 Design for Flexure

a) Unbraced Length for Plastic Analysis: Plastic analysis, as limited in Sec 10.8.2, is permitted when the
laterally unbraced length Lb of the compression flange at plastic hinge locations associated with the
failure mechanism, for a compact section bent about the major axis, does not exceed Lpd, determined as
follows :

Part 6
Structural Design
i) For doubly symmetric and singly symmetric I-shaped members with the compression flange
larger than the tension flange (including hybrid members) loaded in the plane of the web
L pd =
(
25000+ 15000 M 1 M p )r (10.8.37)
y
Fy
6-20
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
where
(M1 )
M p is positive when moments cause reverse curvature.
ii) For solid rectangular bars and symmetric box beams
L pd =
(
34500+ 20700 M 1 M p )r ≥ 20700r y Fy (10.8.38)
y
Fy
There is no limit on Lb for members with circular or square cross-sections nor for any beam bent
about its minor axis.
In the region of the last hinge to form, and in regions not adjacent to a plastic hinge, the flexural
design strength shall be determined as in (b) below.
b) Flexural Design Strength: The flexural design strength, determined by the limit state of lateral-torsional
buckling, is φ bMn, where the nominal strength Mn shall be determined in accordance with the
following sections, and b = 0.90.
c) Compact Section Members with Lb ≤ Lr

For laterally unsupported compact section members bent about the major axis:
  Lb − Lp  
(
M n = Cb  M p − M p − M r  )  ≤ M p
 Lr − L p  
(10.8.39)

where
Cb = 1.75+1.05(M1/M2)+0.3(M1/M2)2 ≤ 2.3 where M1 is the smaller and M2 the larger end moment in
the unbraced segment of the beam; M1/M2 is positive when the moments cause reverse curvature
and negative when bent in single curvature.
Cb = 1.0 for unbraced cantilevers and for members where the moment within a significant portion of
the unbraced segment is greater than or equal to the larger of the segment end moments.
Lb = distance between points braced against lateral displacement of the compression flange, or
between points braced to prevent twist of the cross-section.
For I-shaped members including hybrid sections and channels bent about their major axis:
790r y
Lp = (10.8.40)
F yf
For solid rectangular bars and box beams :
25.86× 10−3 r y
Lp = JA (10.8.41)
Mp
The limiting laterally unbraced length Lr and the corresponding buckling moment Mr shall be
determined as follows:
i) For I-shaped members, doubly symmetric and singly symmetric with the compression flange
larger than or equal to the tension flange, and channels loaded in the plane of the web:

Part 6
Structural Design
( )
r yX 1 2
Lr = 1 + 1 + X2 Fyw − Fr (10.8.42)
(Fyw − Fr )
(
M r = 10−6 F yw − Fr Sx) (10.8.43)
6-22
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
where
π EGJA
X1 = (10.8.44)
Sx 2
2
Cw  Sx 
X2 = 4 (10.8.45)
I y  GJ 
Fr = compressive residual stress in flange; 70 N/mm2 for rolled shapes, 114 N/mm2 for
welded shapes.
ii) For singly symmetric, I-shaped members with the compression flange larger than the tension
flange, use Sxc in place of Sx in Eq (10.8.43) through (10.8.45).
iii) For symmetric box sections bent about the major axis and loaded in the plane of symmetry, Mr
and Lr shall be determined from Eq (10.8.43) and (10.8.46) respectively.
iv) For solid rectangular bars bent about major axis:
0.393r y JA
Lr = (10.8.46)
Mr
M r = 10−6 F ySx (10.8.47)
d) Compact Section Members With Lb > Lr
For laterally unsupported members with compact section members bent about the major axis:
M n = M cr ≤ CbM r (10.8.48)
Where Mcr is the critical elastic moment, determined as follows:
i) For I-shaped members, doubly symmetric and singly symmetric with compression flange larger
than the tension flange (including hybrid members) and channels loaded in the plane of the web:
2
−6 π  πE 
M cr = 10 C b EI y GJ +  I y Cw (10.8.49)
Lb  Lb 
CbSx X1 2 X12X 2
= 10−6 1+
( )
Lb r y 2
2 Lb r y
ii) For solid rectangular bars and symmetric box sections:
0.393Cb JA
M cr = (10.8.50)
Lb r y
e) Tees and Double-angle Beams : The nominal strength of tees and double-angle beams loaded in the
plane of symmetry and bent about the major axis, with flange and web slenderness ratios less than the
corresponding noncompact values given in Table 6.10.4.

Part 6
Structural Design
Cbπ EI y GJ
M n = M cr = 10−6  B + 1+ B2  ≤ M (10.8.51)
Lb   y
where
B = ± 2.3(d Lb ) I y J (10.8.52)
The plus sign for B applies when the stem is in tension and the minus sign applies when the stem is in
compression.
f) Nominal Flexural Strength of Other Sections : There is no lateral-torsional buckling limit state for
circular or square shapes nor for any shape bent about its minor axis.
The nominal strength Mn of other types of cross-sections including noncompact sections or sections
with slender elements, shall be determined as follows for each limit state:
For λ ≤ λ p
Mn = M p (10.8.53)
For λ p < λ ≤ λ r :
For the limit state of lateral-torsional buckling:
  λ − λp  
(
M n = Cb  M p − M p − M r  ) ≤ Mp
 λr − λp  
(10.8.54)

For the limit states of flange and web local buckling:
 λ − λp 
(
Mn = M p − M p − M r  ) 
 λ r − λp 
(10.8.55)
For λ > λr :
For the limit state of lateral-torsional buckling and for flange local buckling:
M n = M cr = 10−6 SFcr (10.8.56)
10.8.6.2 Design for Shear : This section applies to the web (or webs in the case of multiple web members)
of singly or doubly symmetric beams, including hybrid beams, subjected to shear in the plane of symmetry,
and channels subjected to shear in the web. Where failure might occur by shear along a plane through
fasteners, refer to Sec 10.9.4. 2. For members subjected to high shear from concentrated loads, refer to Sec
10.8.11.1(g).
a) Web Area Determination : The web area Aw shall be taken as the overall depth d times the web
thickness t .
w
b) Design Shear Strength : The design shear strength of webs is φv Vn , where φv = 0.90 and the nominal
shear strength Vn is determined as follows :
h
For ≤ 490 k F yw
tw
V n = 0.0006F yw A w (10.8.57)
6-24
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
h
For 490 k Fyw < ≤ 615 k Fyw
tw
490 k F yw
V n = 0.0006F yw A w (10.8.58)
h tw
h
For > 615 k Fyw
tw
182k
Vn = Aw (10.8.59)
(h t w )
2

Part 6
Structural Design
The web plate buckling coefficient k is given by
5
k = 5+ (10.8.60)
(a h)
2
[ ]
Except that k shall taken as 5 if a/h exceeds 3.0 or 260 (h t w ) . When stiffeners are not required, k = 5.
2
Maximum h t w limits are given below :
a
For ≤ 1.5
h
 h  5250
= (10.8.61)
 t w  max Fyf
a
For > 1.5
h
 h  96525
= (10.8.62)
 t w  max
( )
Fyf Fyf + 114
In unstiffened girders h t w must be less than 260.
10.8.6.3 Transverse Stiffeners : Transverse stiffeners are not required when h t w ≤ 1100 Fyw , or when
the required shear Vu, as determined by structural analysis for the factored loads, is less than or equal to
φ v V n for k = 5 given in Sec 10.8.6.2. Transverse stiffeners used to develop the web design shear strength as
provided in Sec 10.8.6.2 shall have a moment of inertia about an axis in the web centre for stiffener pairs or
( )
about the face in contact with the web plate for single stiffeners, which shall not be less than at3w j .
where
2. 5
j= − 2 ≥ 0.5 (10.8.63)
(a h)
2
Intermediate stiffeners may be stopped short of the tension flange, provided bearing is not needed to
transmit a concentrated load or reaction. The weld by which intermediate stiffeners are attached to the web
shall be terminated not less than 4 times nor more than 6 times the web thickness from the nears toe of the
web to flange weld. When single stiffeners are used, they shall be attached to the compression flange, if it
consists of a rectangular plate, to resist any uplift tendency due to torsion in the plate. When lateral bracing
is attached to a stiffener, or a pair of stiffeners, these, in turn, shall be connected to the compression flange to
transmit one per cent of the total flange stress, unless the flange is composed only of angles.
Bolts connecting stiffeners to the girder web shall be spaced not more than 300 mm on centres. If
intermittent fillet welds are used, the clear distance between welds shall not be more than 16 times the web
thickness nor more than 250 mm.
10.8.6.4 Web-Tapered Member : Design of tapered members shall satisfy the following modified
requirements along with the requirements stipulated in Sec 10.8.6.1 through 10.8.6.3.
a) General Requirements
i) It shall possess at least one axis of symmetry which shall be perpendicular to the plane of
bending if moments are present.
6-26
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
ii) The flanges shall be of equal and constant area.
iii) The depth shall vary linearly as

Part 6
Structural Design
 z
d = do 1+ γ (10.8.64)
 L
where
γ = (dL − do ) do ≤ the smaller of 0.268 (L do) or 6.0.

b) Design Tensile Strength : The design tensile strength of tapered members shall be determined in
accordance with the requirements of Sec 10.8.4.1.
c) Design Compressive Strength : The design compressive strength of tapered members shall be
determined in accordance with the requirements of Sec 10.8.5.2 using an effective slenderness
parameter λ eff computed as follows:
S QFy
λ eff = π E
(10.8.65)
where
S = KL/roy for weak axis bending and K γ L r ox for strong axis bending
Q = reduction factor
= 1.0, if all elements meet the limiting noncompact width-thickness ratios of Sec 10.8.3.1
= QsQa , determined in accordance with Sec 10.8.5.6., if any stiffened and/or unstiffened
elements execeed the noncompact limits given in Sec 10.8.3.1.
The smallest area of the tapered member shall be used for Ag in Eq (10.8.6).
d) Design Flexural Strength: The design flexural strength of tapered flexural members for the limit state of
lateral torsional buckling is φ bM n , where φ b = 0.90 and the nominal strength is
M n = 1.67x10−3 Sx′ Fbγ (10.8.66)
 Fy 
2
Fbγ =  1.0 −  Fy ≤ 0. 60F y (10.8.67)
3 6B Fs2γ + Fw2γ
 
unless Fbγ ≤ Fy 3 , in which case
Fbγ = B Fs2γ + Fw2γ (10.8.68)
In the above equations,
82735
Fsγ = (10.8.69)
(
hsLdo A f )
1172x103
Fwγ = (10.8.70)
(hw L rTo )
2
where
hs = factor equal to 1.0 + 0.023γ Ldo A f

hw = factor equal to 1.0 + 0.00385γ L rΤ o
6-28
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
r Τo = radius of gyration of a section at the smaller end, considering only the compression flange
plus 1
3 of the compression web area, taken about an axis in the plane of the web, mm .

Part 6
Structural Design
B is determined as follows:
i) When the maximum moment M2 in three adjacent segments of approximately equal unbraced
length is located within the central segment and M1 is the larger moment at one end of the three-
segment portion of a member:
 M   M 
B = 1.0 + 0.37 1. 0 + 1  + 0.50γ  1.0 + 1  ≥ 1.0 (10.8.71)
 M 2  M2 
ii) When the largest computed bending stress fb2 occurs at the larger end of two adjacent segments
of approximately equal unbraced length and fb1 is the computed bending stress at the smaller
end of two-segment portion of a member:
 f   f 
B = 1.0 + 0.58 1.0 + b1  − 0.70γ  1+ b1  ≥ 1.0 (10.8.72)
 f b2   f b2 
iii) When the largest computed bending stress fb2 occurs at the smaller end of two adjacent segments
of approximately equal unbraced length and fb1 is the computed bending stress at the larger end
of the two-segment portion of a member:
 f   f 
B = 1.0 + 0.55 1.0 + b1  + 2. 20γ  1 + b1  ≥ 1.0 (10.8.73)
 f b2   f b2 
In the foregoing, γ = (dL - do)/do is calculated for the unbraced length that contains the maximum
computed bending stress.
iv) When the computed bending stress at the smaller end of a tapered member or segment thereof
is equal to zero:
1.75
B= (10.8.74)
1.0 + 0.25 γ
where γ = (dL − do ) do , calculated for the unbraced length adjacent to the point of zero bending
stress.
e) Design Shear Strength: The design shear strength of tapered flexural members shall be determined in
accordance with Sec 10.8.6.2.
f) Combined Flexure and Axial Force: For tapered members with a single web taper subjected to
compression and bending about the major axis, Eq (10.8.103) through 10.8.106) apply, with the
following modifications: Pn and Pex shall be determined for the properties of the smaller end, using
appropriate effective length factors. Mnx, Mu and Mpx shall be determined for the larger end; Mnx =
1.67x10−3 S′x F bγ where S′x is the elastic section modulus of the larger end, and Fbγ is the design
′ , determined as follows:
flexural stress of tapered members. Cmx is replaced by Cm
i) When the member is subjected to end moments which cause single curvature bending and
approximately equal computed moments at the ends:
2
 Pu   Pu 
′ = 1.0 + 0.1
Cm + 0.3 (10.8.75)
 φ bPex   φ bPex 
ii) When the computed bending moment at the smaller end of the unbraced length is equal to zero:
6-30
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
2
 Pu   Pu 
′ = 1.0 + 0.9
Cm + 0.6 (10.8.76)
 φ bPex   φ bPex 
When the effective slenderness parameter λeff ≥ 1.0 and combined stress is checked incrementally
along the length, the actual area and the actual section modulus at the section under investigation
may be used.

Part 6
Structural Design
10.8.7 Design of Plate Girders

Plate girders shall be distinguished from beams on the basis of the web slenderness ratio hc/tw. When this
value is greater than 2550 F yf , the provisions of this section shall apply for design flexural strength,
otherwise the requirements of Sec 10.8.6.1(f) shall be applicable.
10.8.7.1 Limitations : Doubly and singly symmetrical single web nonhybrid and hybrid plate girders
loaded in the plane of the web shall be designed according to the provisions of this section provided that
the following limitations are satisfied.
a
a) For ≤ 1.5
h
 h  5250
= (10.8.77)
 w  max
t Fyf
a
b) For > 1.5
h
 h  96525
= (10.8.78)
 t w  max
(
Fyf F yf + 114)
In unstiffened girders h/tw must be less than 260.
For girders covered by this section, the shear strength may be determined by the provisions of Sec 10.8.6.2 if
tension field action is not utilized, otherwise the requirements stipulated in Sec 10.8.7.3 shall be applicable.
10.8.7.2 Design Flexural Strength : The design flexural strength of plate girders with slender webs
( hc t w > 2550 Fyf ) shall be φbMn, where φb = 0.90 and Mn is the lower value obtained according to the
limit states of tension flange yield and compression flange buckling.
For tension flange yield
M n = 10−6Sxt RPG ReFyt (10.8.79)
For compression flange buckling
M n = 10−6Sxc R PG ReFcr (10.8.80)
where
h 5250
R PG = 1− 0.0005ar  e −  ≤ 1.0 (10.8.81)
tw Fcr 
(
R e = 1. 0 − 0.1 1.3 + ar )(0.81− m )≤ 1.0 (for nonhybrid girder, Re = 1).
The critical stress Fcr to be used is dependent upon the slenderness parameters λ , λ p , λ r and CPG as follows
:
a) For λ ≤ λ p
Fcr = F yf (10.8.82)
6-32
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
b) For λ p < λ ≤ λ r
 1 λ − λp  
Fcr = CbFyf  1−   ≤ F yf (10.8.83)
2 λr −λ p  
 

Part 6
Structural Design
c) For λ > λr
CPG
Fcr = (10.8.84)
λ2
In the foregoing , the slenderness parameter shall be determined for both the limit state of lateral torsional
buckling and the limit state of flange local buckling; the slenderness parameter which results in the lowest
value of Fcr governs.
For the limit state of lateral torsional buckling.
Lb
λ = (10.8.85)
rT
790
λp = (10.8.86)
Fyf
1985
λr = (10.8.87)
Fyf
CPG = 1.97 × 106 Cb (10.8.88)
where
1.75 + 1.05(M 1 M 2 )+ 0.3(M 1 M 2 ) ≤ 2.3

2
Cb =
rT = Radius of gyration of compression flange plus one-sixth the web, mm.
For the limit state of flange local bucking
bf
λ = (10.8.89)
2t f
170
λp = (10.8.90)
Fyf
395
λr = (10.8.91)
Fyf
CPG = 77200 (10.8.92)
Cb = 1
The limit state of flexural web local buckling is not applicable.
10.8.7.3 Design Shear Strength with Tension Field Action : The design shear strength shall be φ v V n ,
where φ v = 0.90 and Vn is determined as follows :
a) For h t w ≤ 492 k F yw
V n = 0.0006A w Fyw (10.8.93)
6-34
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
b) For h t w > 492 k F yw
 
1− Cv (10.8.94)
V n = 0.0006 A w Fyw  Cv + 
 
1.15 1 + (a h)
2
 
where
Cv = ratio of critical web stress, according to linear bucking theory, to the shear yield stress of web
material.
Except for end panels in nonhybrid plate girders, for all panels in hybrid and web tapered plate girders and
[ ]
when a/h exceeds 3.0 or 260 (h t w ) . In these cases, tension field action is not permitted and
2
V n = 0.0006A w Fyw C v (10.8.95)
The web plate buckling coefficient k is given as
5
k = 5+ (10.8.96)
(a h)
2
[ ]
except that k shall be taken as 5.0 if a/h exceeds 3.0 or 260 (h t w ) . The shear coefficient Cv is determined as
2
follows :
k h k
For 492 ≤ ≤ 615
F yw t w Fyw
492 k Fyw
Cv = (10.8.97)
h tw
h k
For > 615 (10.8.98)
tw Fyw
303365k
Cv =
(h t w ) F yw
2
10.8.7.4 Transverse Stiffeners : Transverse stiffeners are not required in plate girders when
h t w ≤ 1100 Fyw or when the required shear Vu, as determined by structural analysis for the factored
loads, is less than or equal to 0.0006φ Aw F yw Cv , where Cv is determined for k = 5 and φ = 0.90 . Stiffeners
may be required in certain portions of a plate girder to develop the required shear or to satisfy the
limitations given Sec 10.8.7.1.
The moment of inertia Ist of a transverse stiffener about an axis in the web centre for stiffener pairs or about
the face in contact with the web plate for single stiffeners shall not be less than at3w j , where
2. 5
j= − 2 ≥ 0.5 (10.8.99)
(a h)
2
and the stiffener area Ast when designing for tension field action shall not be less than

Part 6
Structural Design
Fyw  
0.15Dhtw (1− Cv ) u − 18t 2w ≥ 0
V
(10.8.100)
Fyst  φ vV n 
6-36
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
where
D = 1.0 for stiffeners in pairs

= 1.8 for single angle stiffeners
= 2.4 for single plate stiffeners
Cv and Vn are defined in Sec 10.8.7.3, and Vu is the required shear at the location of the stiffener.
10.8.7.5 Flexure Shear Interaction : Plate girders with webs that depend on tension field action shall
satisfy flexure shear interaction criteria. When stiffeners are required and
0.6V n V u Vn
≤ ≤ (10.8.101)
Mn M u 0.75M n
the following interaction equation small be satisfied:
Mu V
+ 0.625 u ≤ 1.375φ (10.8.102)
Mn Vn
where Mn is the nominal flexural strength of plate girders from Sec 10.8.7.2, φ = 0.90 and Vn is the nominal
shear strength from Sec 10.8.7.3, except that Mu may not exceed φ M n (φ = 0.90) and Vu may not exceed
φ V n (φ = 0.90) .
10.8.8 Members Under Torsion and Combined Forces

This section covers the design of prismatic members subjected to axial force and flexure about one or both
axes of symmetry, with or without torsion, and torsion only.
10.8.8.1 Symmetric Members Subjected to Bending and Axial Force

a) Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members in Flexure and Tension : The interaction of flexure and tension
in symmetric shapes shall be limited by Eq (10.8.103) and (10.8.104).
Pu
For ≥ 0.2
φ Pn
Pu 8  M ux M uy 
+  +  ≤ 1.0 (10.8.103)
φ Pn 9  φ bM nx φ bM ny 
Pu
For < 0.2
φ Pn
Pu  M ux M uy 
+ +  ≤ 1.0 (10.8.104)
2φ Pn  φ bM nx φ bM ny 
where
φ = φ t = resistance factor for tension, 0.90

φ b = resistance factor for flexure, 0.90.
Second order effects may be considered in the determination of Mu for use in Eq (10.8.103) and
(10.8.104).

Part 6
Structural Design
b) Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members in Flexure and Compression: The interaction of flexure and
compression in symmetric shapes shall be limited by Eq (10.8.103) and (10.8.104), by substituting
with φ c , where φ c = resistance factor for compression = 0.85.
i) Determination of Mu
In elastic design, Mu shall be determined from a second order elastic analysis using factored
loads. In plastic design, Mu shall be determined from a plastic analysis. In structures designed
on the basis of elastic first order analysis the following procedure for the determination of Mu
shall be used.
6-38
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
M u = B1M nt + B2 M t
 (10.8.105)
where
Cm
B1 = ≥1 (10.8.106)
(1 − Pu Pe )
Pe = 1 0−3 A g Fy λ 2c , where λ is given by Eq (10.8.9) with K ≤ 1.0 in the plane of bending.

c
Cm = a coefficient whose value shall be taken as follows :
A. For restrained compression members in frames braced against joint translation and not
subjected to transverse loading between their supports in the plane of bending :
Cm = 0.6 − 0.4(M 1 M 2 ) (10.8.107)
where M1/M2 is the ratio of the smaller to larger moments at the ends of that portion of the
member unbraced in the plane of bending under consideration. M1/M2 is positive when the
member is bent in reverse curvature, negative when bent in single curvature.
B. For compression members in frames braced against joint translation in the plane of loading
and subjected to transverse loading between their supports, the value of Cm can be
determined by rational analysis. In lieu of such analysis, the following values shall be used
:
for members whose ends are restrained Cm = 0.85
for members whose ends are unrestrained Cm = 1.0
1
B2 = (10.8.108)
 ∆ 
1 − ∑ Pu  oh 
 ∑ HL 
or
1
B2 = (10.8.109)
1−
∑ Pu
∑ Pe
in which
∑H = sum of all storey horizontal forces producing ∆ oh , kN.
Pe = 10−3 A g F y λ 2c , where λc is the slenderness parameter given by Eq (10.8.9), in which

the effective length factor K in the plane of bending shall be determined in
accordance with Sec 10.5.2.2 but shall not be less than unity.
L = storey height, mm.
ii) Determination of Mn : In the use of Eq (10.8.103) and (10.8.104), Mnx shall be determined in
accordance with Sec 10.8.6.1. The actual value of Cb from Sec 10.8.6.1(c) shall be used, provided
that the maximum moment Mux occurs at the end of the member or at the end of an unbraced
segment of a member. When the maximum moment occurs between the ends, Mnx shall be
determined with Cb = 1.0. When Eq (10.8.105) is used for determining Mu, the maximum

Part 6
Structural Design
moment for a braced member bent about the strong axis and laterally braced only at its ends
will occur at an end whenever the calculated value of B1 is equal to or less than unity.
10.8.8.2 Unsymmetric Members and Members Under Torsion and Combined Torsion, Flexure and/or
Axial Force : The design strength φ Fy of the member shall equal or exceed the required strength expressed
in terms of the normal stress ƒun or the shear stress ƒuv , determined by elastic analysis for the factored loads.
6-40
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
a) For the limit state of yielding under normal stress :

ƒ un ≤ φ Fy (10.8.110)
φ = 0.90
b) For the limit state of yielding under shear stress :

ƒ uv ≤ 0.6φ F y (10.8.111)
φ = 0.90
c) For the limit state of buckling :

ƒun or ƒuv ≤ φ c Fcr , as applicable (10.8.112)
where
φ c = 0.85 and Fcr shall be determined from Eq (10.8.11) or (10.8.12) as applicable.
Some constrained local yielding is permitted in areas adjacent to areas which remain elastic.
10.8.8.3 Alternative Interaction Equations for Members under Combined Stress : For biaxially loaded I-
shaped members used in braced frames only, the following interaction equations may be used in lieu of Eq
(10.8.103) and (10.8.104).
ζ ζ
 M ux   M uy 
  +  ≤ 1.0 (10.8.113)
φ M ′
 b px   φ b M ′py 
η η
 Cmx M ux   Cmy M uy 
+  ≤ 1.0 (10.8.114)
 φ bM nx
′   φ bM ′ny 
For 0.5 ≤ bf d ≤ 1.0 :
Pu Py
ζ = 1.6 −
[( )]
(10.8.115)
2 l n Pu Py
For bf d ≥ 0.3 :
Pu bf
η = 0. 4 + + ≥ 1.0 (10.8.116)
Py d
For bf /d < 0.3 : η = 1. 0
In the above,
[ (
′ = 1.2M px 1− Pu Py
M px )]≤ M px (10.8.117)

( )  ≤ M py
2
M ′py = 1.2M py 1− Pu Py (10.8.118)

 P  P 
′ = M nx  1− u   1− u 
M nx (10.8.119)
 φ c Pn   Pex 

Part 6
Structural Design
 P  P 
′ = M ny  1− u   1− u 
M ny (10.8.120)
 φ c Pn   Pey 
6-42
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
10.8.9 Design of Trusses

10.8.9.1 General : Trusses are composed of individual members connected by welds, rivets or bolts.
10.8.9.2 Purlin : Requirements of this section shall be in accordance with the requirements of Sec 10.7.9.2.
10.8.9.3 Design of Members

a) Compression Members : All members under compressive forces shall be designed to satisfy the
requirements of Sec 10.8.5.
b) Tension Members : All members under tensile forces shall be designed to satisfy the requirements of
Sec 10.8.4.
10.8.9.4 Joints and Connections : Design of joints and connections in trusses shall satisfy the requirements
of Sec 10.9.
10.8.9.5 Deflection and Camber

a) Deflection : Deflection due to service live load plus impact, if any, shall be limited so as not to impair
serviceability.
b) Camber : Trusses shall be provided with camber in accordance with Sec 10.10.1.
10.8.9.6 Bracing : Trusses shall be adequately braced against instability.
10.8.10 Design of Composite Members

This section specifies the requirements for composite columns made of rolled or built-up structural steel
shapes, pipe or tubing and structural concrete acting together and for steel beams supporting a reinforced
concrete slab so interconnected that the beams and the slab act together to resist bending. Simple and
continuous composite beams with shear connectors and concrete encased beams, constructed with or
without temporary shores, are included.
10.8.10.1 Design Assumptions

a) Force Determination : In determining forces in members and connections of a structure that includes
composite beams, consideration must be given to the effective sections at the time each increment of
load is applied.
b) Elastic Analysis : For an elastic analysis of continuous composite beams without haunched ends, it is
acceptable to assume that the stiffness of a beam is uniform throughout the beam length and may be
computed using the moment of inertia of the composite transformed section in the positive moment
region.
c) Plastic Analysis : When plastic analysis is used, the strength of flexural composite members shall be
determined from plastic stress distributions as specified in Sec 10.8.10.3.
d) Plastic Stress Distribution for Positive Moment : If the slab in the positive moment region is connected
to the steel beam with shear connectors, a concrete stress of 0.85f ′c may be assumed uniformly
distributed throughout the effective compression zone. Concrete tensile strength shall be neglected. A
uniformly distributed steel stress of Fy shall be assumed throughout the tension zone and throughout
the compression zone in the structural steel section. The net tensile force in the steel section shall be
equal to the compressive force in the concrete slab.
e) Plastic Stress Distribution for Negative Moment : If the slab in the negative moment region is
connected to the steel beam with shear connectors, a tensile stress of Fyr shall be assumed in all
adequately developed longitudinal reinforcing bars within the effective width of the concrete slab.
Concrete tensile strength shall be neglected. A uniformly distributed steel stress of Fy shall be assumed
throughout the tension zone and throughout the compression zone in the structural steel section. The
net compressive force in the steel section shall be equal to the total tensile force in the reinforcing steel.

Part 6
Structural Design
f) Elastic Stress Distribution: When a determination of elastic stress distribution is required, strains in
steel and concrete shall be assumed to be directly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis. The
stress shall equal strain times E or Ec. Concrete tensile strength shall be neglected. Maximum stress in
the steel shall not exceed Fy. Maximum compressive stress in the concrete shall not exceed 0.85f ′c . In
composite hybrid beams, the maximum stress in the steel flange shall not exceed Fyf but the strain in the
web may exceed the yield strain and the stress shall be taken as Fyw at such locations.
g) Fully Composite Beam: Shear connectors are to be provided in sufficient numbers to develop the
maximum flexural strength of the composite beam. For elastic stress distribution it may be assumed
that no slip occurs.
h) Partially Composite Beam: The shear strength of shear connectors governs the flexural strength of the
partially composite beam. Elastic computations such as those for deflections and vibrations should
include the effect of slip.
6-44
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
j) Concrete Encased Beam : A beam totally encased in concrete cast integrally with the slab may be
assumed to be interconnected to the concrete by natural bond, without additional anchorage, provided
that : (1) concrete cover over beam sides and soffit is at least 50 mm; (2) the top of the beam is at least
40 mm below the top and 50 mm above the bottom of the slab; and (3) concrete encasement contains
adequate mesh or other reinforcing steel to prevent spalling of concrete.
k) Composite Column : A steel column fabricated from rolled or built-up steel shapes and encased in
structural concrete or fabricated from steel pipe or tubing filled with structural concrete.
10.8.10.2 Compression Members

a) Limitations : To qualify as a composite column, the following limitations shall be met.
i) The cross-sectional area of the steel shape, pipe or tubing shall comprise at least 4% of the total
composite cross-section.
ii) Concrete encasement of a steel core shall be reinforced with longitudinal load carrying bars,
longitudinal bars to restrain concrete and lateral ties. Longitudinal load carrying bars shall be
continuous at framed levels; longitudinal restraining bars may be interrupted at framed levels.
The spacing of ties shall be not grater than 23 of the least dimension of the composite cross-
section. The cross-sectional area of the transverse and longitudinal reinforcement shall be at least
0.178 mm2 per mm of bar spacing. The encasement shall provide at least 40 mm of clear cover
outside of both transverse and longitudinal reinforcement.
iii) Concrete shall have a specified compressive strength f c′ of not less than 20 N/mm2 nor more
than 55 N/mm2.
iv) The specified minimum yield stress of structural steel and reinforcing bars used in calculating
the strength of a composite column shall not exceed 380 N/mm2.
v) The minimum wall thickness of structural steel pipe or tubing filled with concrete shall be equal
to b Fy 3E for each face of width b in rectangular sections and D F y 8E for circular sections
of outside diameter D.
b) Design Strength: The design strength of axially loaded composite columns is φ c Pn , where φ c = 0.85
and the nominal axial compressive strength Pn shall be determined from Eq (10.8.6) through (10.8.9)
with the following modifications :
i) As = gross area of steel shape, pipe or tubing, mm2 (replaces Ag)
rm = radius of gyration of the steel shape, pipe or tubing except that for steel shapes it shall
not be less than 0.3 times the overall thickness of composite cross-section in the plane of
buckling, mm (replaces r)
ii) Replace Fy with modified yield stress Fmy from Eq (10.8.121) and replace E with modified
modulus of elasticity Em from Eq (10.8.122).
Fmy = Fy + c1F yr (A r A s )+ c2 f c′ (A c A s ) (10.8.121)
Em = E + c3Ec (A c A s ) (10.8.122)
where
c1,c2,c3 = numerical coefficients. For concrete-filled pipe and tubing c1 = 1.00, c2 = 0.85, and
c3 = 0.40 . For concrete encased shapes c1 = 0.70, c2 = 0.60 and c3 = 0.20.

Part 6
Structural Design
c) Columns with Multiple Steel Shapes: If the composite cross-section includes two or more steel shapes,
the shapes must be interconnected with lacing, tie plates or batten plates to prevent buckling of
individual shapes before hardening of concrete.
d) Load Transfer : The portion of the design strength of axially loaded composite columns resisted by
concrete shall be developed by direct bearing at connections. When the supporting concrete area is
wider than the loaded area on one or more sides and otherwise restrained against lateral expansion on
the remaining sides, the maximum design strength of concrete shall be 1.7φ c f ′c AB , where φ c = 0.60 is
the resistance factor in bearing on concrete and AB is the loaded area.
6-46
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
10.8.10.3 Flexural Members

a) Effective Width : The portion of the effective width of the concrete slab on each side of the beam centre
line shall not exceed:
i) One-eighth of beam span, centre to centre of supports;

ii) One-half the distance to the centre line of the adjacent beam; or
iii) The distance from the beam centre line to the edge of the slab.
b) Strength of Beams with Shear Connectors: The positive design flexural strength φ bM n shall be
determined as follows:
i) For hc t w ≤ 1680 Fyf

φb = 0.85; Mn shall be determined from plastic stress distribution on the composite section.
ii) For hc t w > 1680 F yf

φ b = 0.90 ; Mn shall be determined from the superposition of elastic stresses, considering the
effects of shoring.
The negative design flexural strength φ bM n shall be determined for the steel section alone, in
accordance with the requirements of Sec 10.8.6.
Alternatively, the negative design flexural strength φ bM n may be computed with φ b = 0.85 and Mn
determined from the plastic stress distribution on the composite section, provided that:
i) Steel beam is an adequately braced compact section, as defined in Sec 10.8.3.1.
ii) Shear connectors connect the slab to the steel beam in the negative moment region.
iii) Slab reinforcement parallel to the steel beam, within the effective width of the slab, is properly
developed.
c) Strength of Concrete Encased Beams : The design flexural strength φ bM n shall be computed with
φ b = 0.90 and Mn determined from the superposition of elastic stresses, considering the effects of
shoring. Alternatively, the design flexural strength φ bM n may be computed with φ b = 0.90 and Mn
determined from the plastic stress distribution on the steel section alone.
d) Strength During Construction : When temporary shores are not used during construction, the steel
section alone shall have adequate strength to support all loads applied prior to the concrete attaining
75% of its specified strength f ′c . The design flexural strength of the steel section shall be determined in
accordance with the requirements of Sec 10.8.6.1.
e) Formed Steel Deck

i) The design flexural strength φ bM n of composite construction consisting of concrete slabs on
formed steel deck connected to steel beams shall be determined by the applicable portions of (b)
above with the following modifications.
This section is applicable to decks with nominal rib height not greater than 75 mm. The average
width of concrete rib or haunch wr shall be not less than 50 mm, but shall not be taken in
calculations as more than the minimum clear width near the top of the steel deck. See (iii) below
for additional restrictions.
The concrete slab shall be connected to the steel beam with welded stud shear connectors,
conforming to AWS D1.1, 20 mm or less in diameter. Studs shall be welded either through the
deck or directly to the steel beam. Stud shear connectors, after installation, shall extend not less
than 40 mm above the top of the steel deck.

Part 6
Structural Design
The slab thickness above the steel deck shall be not less than 50 mm.
ii) Deck Ribs Oriented Perpendicular to Steel Beam : Concrete below the top of the steel deck shall
be neglected in determining section properties and in calculating Ac for deck ribs oriented
perpendicular to the steel beams.
The spacing of stud shear connectors along the length of a supporting beam shall not exceed
800 mm.
6-48
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
The nominal strength of a stud shear connector shall be the value stipulated in Sec 10.8.10.5
multiplied by the following reduction factor:
0.85
Nr
[ ]
(w r hr ) (H s hr )− 1. 0 ≤ 1.0 (10.8.123)
To resist uplift, steel deck shall be anchored to all supporting members at a spacing not to exceed
400 mm. Such anchorage may be provided by stud connectors, a combination of stud connectors
and arc spot welds or other devices specified by the designer.
iii) Deck Ribs Oriented Parallel to Steel Beam : Concrete below the top of steel deck may be
included in determining section properties and shall be included in calculating Ac for
Sec 10.8.10.5. Steel deck ribs over supporting beams may be split longitudinally and separated to
form a concrete haunch.
When the nominal depth of steel deck is 40 mm or greater, the average width wr of the
supported haunch or rib shall be not less than 50 mm for the first stud in the transverse row
plus 4 stud diameters for each additional stud.
The nominal strength of a stud shear connector shall be the value stipulated in Sec 10.8.10.5
except that when wr/hr is less than 1.5, the value from Sec 10.8.10.5 shall be multiplied by the
following reduction factor;
0.6(w r hr )[H s hr − 1.0]≤ 1.0 (10.8.124)
f) Design Shear Strength : The design shear strength of composite beam shall be determined by the shear
strength of the steel web, in accordance with the requirements of Sec 10.8.6.2.
10.8.10.4 Combined Compression and Flexure : The interaction of axial compression and flexure in the
plane of symmetry on composite members shall be limited by Eq (10.8.103) through (10.8.109) with the
following modifications :
Mn = nominal flexural strength determined from plastic stress distribution on the composite cross-
section except as provided below, kNm
2
Pe = As Fmy λ c , elastic buckling load, kN.
φb = resistance factor for flexure from Sec 10.8.10.3.
φc = 0.85.
λc = column slenderness parameter defined by Eq (10.8.9) as modified in Sec 10.8.10.2(b).
When the axial term in Eq (10.8.103) and (10.8.104) is less than 0.3, the nominal flexural strength Mn shall be
determined by straight line transition between the nominal flexural strength determined from the plastic
distribution on the composite cross-sections at (Pu φ cPn ) = 0.3 and the flexural strength at Pu = 0 as
determined from Sec 10.8.10.3. If shear connectors are required at Pu = 0, they shall be provided whenever
(Pu φ cPn ) is less than 0.3.
10.8.10.5 Shear Connectors : This section covers the design of stud and channel shear connectors.
a) Material: Shear connectors shall be headed steel studs not less than four stud diameters in length after
installation, or hot rolled steel channels. The stud connectors shall conform to the requirements of
Sec 10.3.5. The channel connectors shall conform to the requirements of Sec 10.3.1. Shear connectors
shall be embedded in concrete slabs made with ASTM C33 aggregate.

Part 6
Structural Design
b) Horizontal Shear Force : Except for concrete encased beams as defined in Sec 10.8.10.1, the entire
horizontal shear at the interface between the steel beam and the concrete slab shall be assumed to be
transferred by shear connectors. For composite action with concrete subject to flexural compression, the
total horizontal shear force, kN, between the point of maximum positive moment and the point of zero
moment shall be taken as the smallest of :
i) 0.85 × 10−3 f ′cA c

ii) 10−3 As Fy
iii) ∑ Qn
6-50
Chapter 10
Steel Structures
where
∑ Qn = sum of nominal strengths of shear connectors between the point of maximum positive
moment and the point of zero moment, kN.
In continuous composite beams where longitudinal reinforcing steel in the negative moment regions is
considered to act compositely with the steel beam, the total horizontal shear force between the point of
maximum negative moment and the point of zero moment shall be taken as the smaller of 10-3ArFyr
and ∑ Qn;
where
Ar = area of adequately developed longitudinal reinforcing steel within the effective width of
the concrete slab, mm2.
Fyr = minimum specified yield stress of the reinforcing steel, N/mm2.
c) Strength of Stud Shear Connectors : The nominal strength of one stud shear connector embedded in a
solid concrete slab is
Qn = 0.5 × 10−3 A sc f c′ Ec ≤ 10−3 Asc Fu (10.8.125)
For a stud shear connector embedded in a slab on a formed steel deck, see Sec 10.8.10.3 for reduction
factors given by Eq (10.8.123) and (10.8.124) as applicable. The reduction factors should be applied
only to 0.5 × 10−3 A sc f ′cEc term in Eq (10.8.125).
d) Strength of Channel Shear Connectors : The nominal strength of one channel shear connector
embedded in a solid concrete slab is
( )
Qn = 0.3 × 10−3 t f + 0. 5t w Lc f ′cEc (10.8.126)
e) Required Number of Shear Connectors : The number of shear connectors required between the section
of maximum bending moment, positive or negative, and the adjacent section of zero moment shall be
equal to the horizontal shear force as determined from (b) above divided by the nominal strength of
one shear connector as determined from (c) or (d) above.
f) Shear Connector Placement and Spacing : Shear connectors required on each side of the point of
maximum bending moment, positive or negative, shall be distributed uniformly between that point
and the adjacent points of zero moment. However, the number of shear connectors placed between any
concentrated load and the nearest point of zero moment shall be sufficient to develop the maximum
moment required at the concentrated load point.
Except for connectors installed in the ribs of formed steel deck, shear connectors shall have at least
25 mm of lateral concrete cover. Unless located over the web, the diameter of studs shall not be greater
than 2.5 times the thickness of the flange to which they are welded. The minimum centre to centre
spacing of stud connectors shall be 6 diameters along the longitudinal axis of the supporting composite
beam and 4 diameters transverse to the longitudinal axis of the supporting composite beam, except that
within the ribs of formed steel decks the centre to centre spacing may be as small as 4 diameters in any
direction. The maximum centre to centre spacing of shear connectors shall not exceed 8 times the total
slab thickness.
10.8.11 Special Design Considerations

This section provides the design consideration related to special situations such as concentrated loads,
ponding and torsion.

Part 6
Structural Design
10.8.11.1 Webs and Flanges with Concentrated Forces

a) Design Basis : Members with concentrated loads applied normal to one flange and symmetric to the
web shall have a flange and web design strength sufficient to satisfy the local flange bending, web
yielding, web crippling and sidesway web buckling criteria of (b) through (e) below. Members with
concentrated loads applied to both flanges shall have a web design strength sufficient to satisfy the
web yielding, web crippling and column web buckling criteria of (c), (d) and (f) below.
Where pairs of stiffeners are provided on opposite sides of the web at concentrated loads and extend at
least half the depth of the member, (b) and (c) below need not be checked.
For column webs subjected to high shears, the provisions of (g) below shall apply.
For bearing stiffeners, the provisions of (h) below shall apply.
6-52

Chapter 10 (6) - B

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Chapter 10

Cp + 0.9Cs ≤ 0.25 (10.7.79)

10.8 LOAD FACTOR DESIGN METHOD

10.8.2 Basis of Design

span shall be increased by 1

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-1

10.8.3 Local Buckling

iv) For stems of tees, d is taken as the full nominal depth.

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-3

10.8.4 Design of Tension Members

Webs in combined flexural and hc t w for 2547 Fy

502  P  665 (3)

Circular hollow sections

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-5

Notes: (1) Assumes net area of plate at widest hole.

a) For yielding in the gross section :

b) For fracture in the net section :

The pin diameter shall not be less than 7

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-7

a) Tension on the net effective area :

b) Shear on the effective area :

c) Bearing on the projected area of the pin :

10.8.5 Design of Columns and Other Compression Members

10.8.5.1 Effective Length and Slenderness Limitations

10.8.5.2 Design Compressive Strength

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-9

For λ c > 1.5

The nominal critical stress Fcr is determined as follows:

b) For λ e Q > 1.5 :

The critical torsional or flexural-torsional elastic buckling stress Fe is determined as follows:

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-11

In Eq (10.8.14), (10.8.15), (10.8.16) above,

a) For Snug-tight Bolted Connectors :

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-13

a = distance between connectors, mm

ri = minimum radius of gyration of individual component

i) The width-thickness ratio conforms to the limitations of Sec 10.8.3.1.

10.8.5.5 Pin-Connected Compression Members : Pin-connections of pin-connected compression members

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-15

For single angles :

Qs = 1.340− 0. 0017(b t ) F y (10.8.25)

When 250 Fy < b t < 462 Fy

Qs = 1.415− 0.00166(b t ) F y (10.8.27)

For stems of tees :

Qs = 1.908− 0.0027(b t ) F y (10.8.29)

i) For flanges of square and rectangular sections of uniform thickness :

ii) For other uniformly compressed elements :

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-17

iii) For axially loaded circular sections :

Fcr = Q 0.658 λ c  F y

where Q is given by the following :

When λ c Q > 1.5 , the critical stress Fcr shall be determined by

10.8.6 Design of Beams and Other Flexural Members

10.8.6.1 Design for Flexure

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-19

ii) For solid rectangular bars and symmetric box beams

c) Compact Section Members with Lb ≤ Lr

For solid rectangular bars and box beams :

Bangladesh National Building Code 6-21

iv) For solid rectangular bars bent about major axis:

M r = 10−6 F ySx (10.8.47)

d) Compact Section Members With Lb > Lr

Where Mcr is the critical elastic moment, determined as follows: