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Busbar Protection - A Review: July 2010
Busbar Protection - A Review: July 2010
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Saibal Chatterjee
National Institute of Technology, Mizoram
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Abstract— Busbars, being one of the most critical protection and blocking logic are used to give cost
components of a switchyard where all the power system effective and reliable result. This can also provide
equipments are connected, needs an important attention discriminative phase and earth fault protection. The logic
from protection and from reliability point of view. Any mal- can be described as when there is a through fault in any
operation may lead to threat for system stability but instant
feeder, it will block the incomer to operate but when there
clearance is needed during a fault to avoid cascaded
tripping. Many protection schemes have been devised is a busbar fault, the incomer breaker will operate. A short
starting from over-current protection to differential schemes time delay is applied to the incomer breaker to receive a
using numerical to microprocessor based analysis in recent blocking signal from the feeder relay. For non-directional
times. The paper reviews different aspects of busbar relay greater than 40 ms setting is found satisfactory and
protection schemes and the recent trends of protection and more than 60 ms for directional relay [1]. This delay takes
their advantages including steps taken to overcome the into account CT saturation.
problems of CT saturation and ratio mismatch of CT
secondary.
I. INTRODUCTION
A bus is one of the most critical system elements.
It is the connecting point of a variety of elements and a
number of transmission lines and any incorrect operation
would cause the loss of all of these elements. Protection
of busbars demands high speed reliability and stability.
Failure-to-trip on an internal fault, as well as false tripping
of a busbar during service, or in case of an external fault,
can both have disastrous effect on the stability of the Fig. 1. Blocking Scheme
power system, and may even cause complete blackout of For sectionalized busbars, two settings are to be
the system. So, while designing a busbar protection incorporated where the highest setting will trip the section
scheme, precision and reliability is the most important or coupler breaker and after a time delay if the fault
factors to be incorporated. It was a very old practice in current still persist, the sections will monitor individually
small substations to provide over-current relays to work and isolate the faulty part. The scheme got an inherent
for the protection of the busbar and no separate relays advantage that whenever there is failure of relay of the
were used for the purpose as this was not found to be cost outgoing feeder, the busbar scheme will operate within a
effective. But, with the increase in substation equipments short period of time instead of delayed operation of
and feeders complexity increases and hence, it was felt incomer backup over current protection.
necessary to go for it. For indoor type substations, frame
leakage protection was used. It was quite popular in small III. NUMERICAL RELAY
installations but is found to be prone to mal-operation [1].
Prior to moving to recent microprocessor based
Back-up over-current protection was used for busbar
programmable relays, numerical relay technology has
protection but which results in total loss of load and very
shown improved performance to its static counterpart and
long clearance time for a fault. With the advent of
thereby improving power system operation. R. Houghs
technology, researchers have made remarkable progress in
and E. Legrand of ALSTOM T&D, France, in their paper
the development of numerical as well as microprocessor describes two algorithms suitable in design of numerical
based relays as recent development [2]. relays, statistical compensation of errors relating to
II. BLOCKING LOGIC IN O/C RELAY sensors and the detection algorithm of saturation of
magnetic sensors [3]. In the saturation detection algorithm,
After limitations experienced with the use of they propose a transformer model, which will generate a
back up over-current relays, dedicated busbar protection signal as predicted from the actual as the latter exceeds
using numerical over-current relays with instantaneous the linear zone of magnetic characteristic and gets
saturated. The algorithm will measure the variation CU continuously supervises the whole system by
between real signal received from the transformer and the automatic monitoring software.
model and modifies the generated signal until the
variation is cancelled. Thereby, this avoids the condition
of CT saturation during high through fault current.
Simulated result of both phase and magnitude
compensation values for a substation is presented which
shows satisfactory result for ratio mismatch problem in
CT secondary. The values calculated are specific to a
particular arrangement and for a typical substation
topology.
IV. DISTRIBUTED BUSBAR PROTECTION
Fig. 3. Architecture of the distributed busbar The system is found stable during CT saturation and
ratio mismatch. They claim generation of trip decision
A decentralized busbar protection scheme is with operating time of 9.0 to 13.5 ms.
described in [5] using individual Bay Units (BU)
connected to Central Unit (CU) through fibre optic LAN. VI. USE OF WAVELET ANALYSIS
The sampling rate of the current and status data is 600 Hz
and sent to CU. The communication speed is 2.5 Mbps With the advent of modern technology, new
and optical fibre cable is used to avoid any electrical powerful signal analyzing technologies are developed
interference. The BU samples the local current at 7.5 which are used to analyze the fault signals and thereby
electrical degrees and the CU processes any fault signal yielding time efficient results. Wavelet Transform
sends a trip command through a separate optical fibre Analysis, one of the most powerful analyzing tools is used
cable. This also takes care of CT saturation by generating in busbar fault analysis. This can detect a busbar fault
block signal for a high through fault. To increase the very rapidly and can be utilized to busbar protection relay
reliability of BU, CU and data communication network to clear a fault within a few ms by generating trip
command besides working reliably and free from
IEEE Region 8 SIBIRCON-2010, Irkutsk Listvyanka, Russia, July 11 — 15, 2010 757
influence due to CT saturation and ratio mismatch of CT differential current Id. Hence the detail coefficients appear
secondary. M. E. Mohammed, in his paper describes a in both the windows simultaneously as shown in Figure 6.
novel Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) based differential When Fault indexes of these two signals exceed their
busbar protection scheme [7]. The proposed technique is respective thresholds a trip signal is given to all circuit
based on a feature signal extracted from the original breakers.
current value using the WPT method. The proposed
technique uses the differential-relay principle for the
extracted signals rather than the current values. The
results of feature extraction from wavelet coefficients
corresponding to the line currents are computed at a
certain frequency band (level-3, packet 4 and d2 wavelet
function). According to the differential-relay principle, the
differential-coefficient signal SDC(k) is computed as : -
m
SDC (k) = ∑ Q 73 (k) L ---------- (1)
L =1
where m indicates the total number of lines
connected to the bus, k is the most recent sample after Fig. 6. Variation of dl -coefficients for Internal Fault.
fault occurrence. SDC(k) represents the instantaneous sum
The variations of Fault Indexes Ifd and Ifsl of current
of the wavelet coefficients decomposed from the original
signals Id and Is, are presented along with their threshold
current signals using the WPT.
values in Figures 7 & 8 for a 3-phase bus bar fault for
The accumulated value of the constituent parts of
different fault incidence angles.
the SDC can represent the energy level of the SDC in the
frequency band as
trip(k) = trip(k – 1) + SDC(k) .. (2)
source current Is. This leads to a time shift in the instants basis function are applied on the DIFF and SUM signals.
where the individual Fault Indexes Ifsl and lfd reach their A comparison of the CWT of DIFF and CWT of SUM
thresholds. These are shown in Figures 11 & 12 for a values computed by the relay distinguishes the fault as
feeder and Zone – 2 faults respectively. This shift in time being inside or outside the protection zone of the busbar.
will detect it as out of zone fault and will not generate any For a bus fault, the CWT of DIFF is greater than the
trip signal. restraining factor (can be termed as R) times the CWT of
SUM value. The relay will calculate the values
continuously and will distinguish the fault inside the bus
zone when the calculated sample goes lower than some
negative threshold value. On the other hand, if it goes
higher than a positive threshold value, outside the bus
zone fault is identified.
Fig. 9. Variation in Ifd of three phases currents for feeder fault with fault
incidence angle.
faults. On successful design, this type of relays can also [5] Watanabe H., Shuto I., Igarashi K., Beaumont P., Okuno K., “An
be used in other differential protection applications. Enhanced Decentralized Numerical Busbar Protection Relay
Utilising Instantaneous Current Values from High Speed
Sampling”, Developments in Power System Protection,
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[4] Wang Gang, Li Haibng, Li Xiaohua, “A New Numerical During CT Saturation and Ratio-Mismatch”, Electric Power
Distributed Busbar Protection”, The Institution of Electrical Systems Research, 2004.
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