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Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 12174–12186 www.materialstoday.com/proceedings

ICMMM - 2017

Optimization of Laser Shock Peening For Titanium

Sowmya Joshi Ka*, Rajyalakshmi Ga, Ranjith Ga, Kalainathan Sb, Prabhakaran Sb
a
School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu-632014
b
School of Advanced sciences, VIT University, Vellore,Tamilnadu-632014

Abstract

Present competitive world is looking for Components with high strength and fatigue resistance finding their applications in
aerospace, turbine parts and especially bio-medical devices with high bio-compatibility. Advanced engineering techniques are
required to produce parts of higher complexities and desirable surface qualities. Laser peening stood first in a row of all various
surface treatments of metallic component. A Fundamental purpose of nobility of the nearby variations in residual stress that
happen inside the processed region, that are sensitive to processing variables and not effectively measured tentatively. The rule of
residual stress is important in guaranteeing the nobility of engineeringsegments and Laser Shock Peening (LSP) process can be
. . . . . . .

utilized to great impact to present the gainful compressive residual stress levels as required. It is, nonetheless, hard to utilize
. .

ordinary laser peening rule frameworks to set up the perfect peening state that will bring about the best execution. This paper
. . . . . . . ..

results from a study to optimize the laser peening parameters for a typical titanium. ND- YAG laser equipment was taken for the
. . . . . . . . .

experimental work and statistical Taguchi technique was used to bound the number of experiments necessary for optimization to
. . . . . . .

be feasible.
© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Materials Manufacturing and Modelling (ICMMM - 2017).

Keywords: Laser peening; Taguchi Technique; Fatigue life; Biomedical applications.

1. Introduction

Titanium compounds discover applications in air motor segments as they are light in weight, have vast rigidity
and stable at high temperatures. These components experience cyclic loads in such applications. Most of the
mechanical properties under those conditions, such as fatigue, are controlled by the defects at the surface

*
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: kanetisowmya.joshi2015@vit.ac.in

2214-7853© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Materials Manufacturing and Modelling (ICMMM - 2017).
 Sowmya Joshi K et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 12174–12186 12175

consequently, attempts to modify the surface by introducing a residual compressive stress near the surface are not
uncommon. These stress states would bring about a conclusion impact on the inconvenient breaks, keeping them
from generating. Shot peening is generally used to induce compressive stresses into the material Shot peening is
generally reasonable, utilizes vigorous process and can be utilized on substantial or little ranges as necessary [1].
Notwithstanding, the shot peening process has its confinements. Peening results in rough surface which should be
eliminated while using in wear applications and most of the processes eliminated the compressive layer [1]. In order
to overcome the defects in shot peening laser shot peening has been introduced.
Keeping in mind the end goal to positively influence execution, the residual stresses created by laser peening
ought to be compressive near critical areas where failure is probably going to happen [3]. Modifying the surface
layer properties of metal components primarily and effectively increases resistance to wear and makes the work
material resistant for a range of high temperatures [4].Amid the laser treatment, the temperature increments with
rapid rates fluctuating from 103 to 105 K/s. These extraordinary warming and resulting cooling conditions prompt to
complex metallurgical and morphological changes of the metal [5].The high pressure developed by high energy
laser power density of 5–10GW/cm2 is sufficient to help the material for plastic deformation [8].After laser surface
treatment, the diverse stages can coincide in the influenced layer depending upon the activeness of the cooling
procedure [5].The fast cooling rate can prompt thermal splits that may debilitate the surface layer [5].
Laser matter collaboration is said to rely upon a few parameters: fluence, wavelength, repetition rate and pulse
duration [2]. The real drawback of the laser peening procedure has been its cost. Another disadvantage is the
reliability problem of high energy laser and its feasibility in commercial usage. [9] In any case, the expenses are
diminishing with advances in technology. One contributing element to the high working expenses is the routine
practice of performing various LP experiments to obtain an optimized process[1] Most of the studies are conducted
with frequency doubled Nd: YAGlaser in aqueous environment [10].Conventional laser peening and laser peening
without coating have no difference. Pre-coating of working surface with temporary layer was the only difference
from conventional laser peening technique.[11] potency of LSP is largely supervised by the power density (power
per unit area) applied to the laser treated region and is equivalent to the immensity and depth of the compressive
residual stress [12].In the LSP high energy laser is collided with the material surface. The surface is covered with an
ablative permeable layer that vanishes and creates plasma. Plasma is confined by a laser-transparent external layer,
generally water . This confinement generates pressure what's more, prompts to plastic deformation to a profundity at
which the pressure no long surpasses the metals Hugoniot flexible cutoff. It is identified with element yield quality
at high strain rates and poisons ratio.
In this paper optimization of the experimental parameters of laser peening of titanium is done with the help
of Taguchi L18 orthogonal array and the characterization of some of the mechanical properties are discussed.

Fig.1 Principle of LSP method

12176 Sowmya Joshi K et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 12174–12186

2. Experimental Procedure

2.1. Sample Perparation

Commercially pure titanium of grade 2 is considered for this experiment. They find large number of applications
since they are light in weight,and stable at high temperatures. The mechanical properties of commercially pure
titanium is given in Table 1.

Table 1. Base metal Chemical composition

Element composition

Nitrogen (N) 0.03

Carbon (C) 0.1

Hydrogen (H) 0.015

Iron (Fe) 0.3

Oxygen (O) 0.25

Titanium (Ti) Remaining

Titanium sheet ASTM B 265 6mm × 65mm ×200mm is purchased from metal tech India and it is cut into blocks of
20 mm each by using wire cut EDM. Later on these blocks are polished first using emery paper of different grades
and then disc polishing with alumina powder as the abrasives. Finally the samples are turned out to be mirror
polished. The equipment used for the process of laser peening is Q-switched Nd-YAG Laser and principle of LSP
method shon in fig.1. ( Lithron Lasers, UK).The experimental parameters considered are specified in Table 2.
All the experimental parameters discussed below are kept constant except the power and with and without
coating. Powers of 6Gw/cm2, 7Gw/cm2 and 8Gw/cm2 are considered. For coating a PVC tape of 2mm thickness is
used and laser peening is done A mixed level Taguchi orthogonal array is adopted to analyze and optimized laser
peening with Laser Power, Pulse Density, Pulse Duration, Operating Frequency and Coating as variable parameters
for optimizing the responses like surface roughness, hardness and residual stresses. The detailed process
characterization investigations reveals that, Taguchi Technique is feasible to completely optimize theprocessto
. . .

getenhancedadvantagesthanwouldbe with conventional control processes.

. . . . . . .

Table 2. Experimental parameters

specimen Laser Repetition Frequency(nm) Pulse Spot size(mm) Pulse Ablative

energy(m J) rate(Hz) duration(ns) density(pulses/cm2) coating
1 300 10 1064 10 1 1600 With coating

2 300 10 1064 10 1 1600 Without

coating
3 350 10 1064 10 1 1600 With coating

4 350 10 1064 10 1 1600 Without

coating
5 400 10 1064 10 1 1600 With coating

6 400 10 1064 10 1 1600 Without

coating
 Sowmya Joshi K et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 12174–12186 12177

The equipment used for the process of laser peening is Q-switched Nd-YAG Laser ( Lithron Lasers, UK) . The
experimental parameters considered for this are the laser energy, repetition rate, frequency, pulse duration, spot size,
pulse density and power. Except power and energy all other parameters are kept constant and peening is carried out
with and without coating. The utilization of coatings straightforward to the laser energy isfoundto build the shock . .

wave force proliferating into the metal by up to two orders of immensity, when contrasted with plasma produced in
. . . . . . . . .

vacuum. The expansion in shock wave power is accomplished on the grounds the coating that is transparent checks .

the laser produced plasma from extending quickly from the surface. This outcomes in a greater amount of thelaser
. . . . . . . . . .

energy as a shock wave to the work material. For an Nd: glass laser having wavelength of 1064 nm, quartz ,
. . . .

transparent coatings of water, or glass can increment the shock wave force. These coatings are otherwise called
. . . . . . ... .. .

overlays. Among the absorbent coatings, economically accessible level dark paint has been found to be the most
useful and viable, when contrasted with other covering frameworks. At the point when a laser beam with adequate
power lights a metal focus with a absorbent coating, the permeable material vaporizes and structures a plasma. The
hydrodynamic expansion of the hotplasmain the limited space between the metal and the absorbent over lay makes a
. . . . . .. . .. . .

high range, short time pressure pulse. A Part of the energy is transferred to the metal as shock wave. Right when the
. . . . .

pressure of the shock wave out performs the plastic deformation , dynamic yield strength of the metal which
. . . . .. .. .

upgrades the nearby Properties and surface micro structure

..

2.2. Experimental design by Taguchi approach

Considering the Taguchi orthogonal design the parameters power with three levels and the ablative coating with
two levels are considered and the responses measured are roughness and hardness at 100 microns.
Table.3 Taguchi L18
Ablative power Roughness Hardness at
coating 100 microns
1 1 0.4302 245
1 1 0.4302 245
1 1 0.4302 245
1 2 1.5520 265
1 2 1.5520 265
1 2 1.5520 265
1 3 0.9032 282
1 3 0.9032 282
1 3 0.9032 282
2 1 0.7455 285
2 1 0.7455 285
2 1 0.7455 285
2 2 1.1031 301
2 2 1.1031 301
2 2 1.1031 301
2 3 0.7211 325
2 3 0.7211 325
2 3 0.7211 325

3.Results and Discussion

3.1. Microstructure

The cross-sectional optical micrographs of the peened samples are given and analyzed with the unpeened
samples. Fig 2 represents the microstructure of unpeened titanium. Fig 3, 4 and 5 shows the microstructure of
titanium which is peened with a power of 6Gw/cm2, 7Gw/cm2 and 8Gw/cm2 with and without coating. When the
Surfaces observed in optical microscopy, it was noticed that there was no noticeable variations which has to be
taken into account . However, the curves observed on the laser may. be the effect. of step .by step .peening. along
the Y-axis. There was no near surface solidification on the cross section of the metal surface.
12178 Sowmya Joshi K et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 12174–12186

Fig.2.Microstructure of unpeened titanium

Fig.3. Laser peening using 6Gw/cm2 with and without coating

Fig.4. Laser peening using 7Gw/cm2 with and without coating

 Sowmya Joshi K et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 12174–12186 12179

Fig.5. Laser peening using 8Gw/cm2 with and without coating

3.2. Changes in Surface morphology

The surface structure of metals greatly affects fatigue behavior. Numerous examinations identified with the
. . .

surface structure of laser shock handled materials are performed with SEM perceptions and surface roughness
. . . .

estimations. From fig. 6,8,10,12 shows the SEM images of the surface with coating. From fig.7, 9, 11 at the point
.

when there is no coating on the surface, causes serious surface melting and vaporization because of the laser shock.
. . . . .. .

This can bring about re solidified. Droplets and holes prompting to unpleasant surfaces. Because of the shock wave
compression, there was a difference in peened and un peened surfaces. On laser peening without coating surface.
The lion's share of the reports on micro structural changes have been subjective with couple of quantitative subtle
. . . .

elements, for example, dislocation density

Fig.6. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images of laser peened titanium with 6Gw/cm2 with coating

Fig.7. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images of laser peened titanium with 6Gw/cm2 without coating
12180 Sowmya Joshi K et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 12174–12186

Fig.8. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images of laser peened titanium with 7Gw/cm2 with coating

Fig.9. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images of laser peened titanium with 7Gw/cm2 without coating

Fig.10. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images of laser peened titanium with 8Gw/cm2 with coating
 Sowmya Joshi K et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 12174–12186 12181

Fig.11. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images of laser peened titanium with 8Gw/cm2without coating

Fig.12. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images of unpeened titanium

As observed from SEM images the peening which is done without coating melting of the top surface layer as
observed..From Fig 8 a relatively smooth polished surface of unpeened specimen. When the elemental analysis is
considered traces of carbon and oxygen are also observed in fig.12.

3.3. Hardness

Laser shock handling can deliver increments in Surface hardness of the metal on the whole area. The intensityof .

surface hardening depends on control parameters of the process, microstructure of the compounds and combination
.

sort. Increments in the Hugoniot elastic limit and alterations in the metal's dynamic yield strength with every laser
. .. ..

shock wave are differentiated as the two systems in charge of the self-limiting hardness changes. With every laser
. . . . .

produced shockwave, the pressure must be same altogether more prominent than the expanded Hugoniot limit of
. . .

confinement and dynamic yield strength for remaining shock processing and surface hardness alterations to happen.
.. . . . . .

The maximum hardness of the pure titanium measured on Vickers hardness tester is around 210HV at a load of 100g
with a dwell time of 10s.

3.4. Roughness

Roughness is measured using Marsurf roughness machine shown in fig 13 and the values of peened and
unpenned are compared. Table 3 shows the values are as shown and plot in fig 14 and 15.
12182 Sowmya Joshi K et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 12174–12186

Fig 13. Marsurf roughness machine

Table 4. Roughness values

Laser beam power With coating Without coating Un peened

Gw/cm2
6 0.4302 0.7455
7 1.5520 1.1031
8 0.9032 0.7221 0.0947

Fig 14. Ra with coating

 Sowmya Joshi K et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 12174–12186 12183

Fig. 15 Ra without coating

3.5 Optimized parameters

3.5.1 Optimization of hardness

The S/N ratios of hardness are surface roughness are given in Table.5
Table.5.S/N ratios
Ablative coating Power level(B) Roughness Hardness S/N Ra S/N hardness
level (A)
1 1 0.4302 245 7.32861 47.833
1 1 0.4302 245 7.32861 47.833
1 1 0.4302 245 7.32861 47.833
1 2 1.5520 265 -3.81783 48.4649
1 2 1.5520 265 -3.81783 48.4649
1 2 1.5520 265 -3.81783 48.4649
1 3 0.9032 282 0.88432 49.0050
1 3 0.9032 282 0.88432 49.0050
1 3 0.9032 282 0.88432 49.0050
2 1 0.7455 285 2.56271 49.0969
2 1 0.7455 285 2.56271 49.0969
2 1 0.7455 285 2.56271 49.0969
2 2 1.1031 301 -0.85230 49.5713
2 2 1.1031 301 -0.85230 49.5713
2 2 1.1031 301 -0.85230 49.5713
2 3 0.7221 325 2.82805 50.2377
2 3 0.7221 325 2.82805 50.2377
2 3 0.7221 325 2.82805 50.2377

The S/N ratio of hardness from fig 16 found to be higher both at level 2 or uncoated surface and level 3 for higher
input power which also confirms that the obtained results are having very less noise interruption when conducted
and measured.

The hardness of the surface laser peened should be larger so as we can see from in mean of mean graphs that
hardness is found to be higher at the level 2 for both the coating level and level 3 for the power input. The response
tables for the S/N ratio are given in Table 6.
12184 Sowmya Joshi K et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 12174–12186

Fig. 16 Main effects plot for S/N ratios of hardness

Taguchi Analysis: hardness versus A, B

Response Table for Signal to Noise Ratios

Larger is better

Table.6 Response table for S/N ratio

Level A B
1 48.42 48.44
2 49.64 49.02
3 49.62
Delta 1.22 1.18
Rank 1 2

Table.7 Response Table for Means

Level A B
1 264.0 265.0
2 303.7 2830
3 303.5
Delta 39.7 38.5
Rank 1 2

3.5.2 ANOVA analysis of hardness

Table.8 ANOVA
source DF SS MS % influence
A 1 7080.5 7080.5 61.194417
B 2 4453.0 2226.5 38.485804
Interaction 2 37.0 18.5 0.3197787
Error 12 0.0 0.0
Total 17 11570.5

S = 0 R-Sq = 100.00% R-Sq(adj) = 100.00%

Here from response table we can conclude that the coating factor is more influencing than the power factor.
FromTable.8 and fig.17 we concludes that % contribution of factor coating is much higher than that of power
input.
 Sowmya Joshi K et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 12174–12186 12185

Main Effects Plot for SN ratios

Data Means

A B
5

Mean of SN ratios
3

-1

-2

-3
1 2 1 2 3
Signal-to-noise: Smaller is better

Fig. 17 Mean effects plot for S/N ratios of surfaceroughness

3.5.3 Optimization of SurfaceRoughness

In this experiment it is found from mean of means table that Ra is lower at level 2 or uncoated surface.
In case of the power input as we increase the power first surface roughness goes higher till maximum point and then
it comes lower again and the level 1 is itself the most favourable level for the lower surface roughness.

The S/N graphs for coated or uncoated is almost the same it concludes that coating is not much influencing and also
is not inducing noises and for level 1 of power input it shows that we have best signal at the level 1 measurement
during the experiment.

This draws a conclusion that uncoated surface was itself better means that after coating the surface finish got poor
and the if we give less power input we can have the better surface finish. Although it is shown that after level 2 of
power Ra again stated to fall which will again lead to better surface finish.

Taguchi Analysis: Ra versus A, B

The response tables for the corresponding signal to noise and for means is given in Table 9 and Table 10 Smaller is
the better criteria was applied for the response calculations

Table.9 Response Table for Signal to Noise Ratio

Level A B

1 1.465 4.946
2 1.513 -2.335
3 1.856
Delta 0.048 7.281
Rank 2 1

Table.10 Response Table for Means

Level A B

1 0.9618 0.5873
2 0.8566 1.3276
3 0.8126
Delta 0.1052 0.7402
Rank 2 1
 12186 Sowmya Joshi K et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 12174–12186

3.5.4 ANOVA analysis for surface roughness

Table.11 ANOVA

source DF SS MS % of influence
A 1 0.04980 0.049802 2.235
B 2 1.72775 0.863875 77.565
Interaction 2 0.44993 0.224966 10.099574
Error 12 0.00000 0.000000
Total 17 2.22748

S = 1.216675E-08 R-Sq = 100.00% R-Sq(adj) = 100.00%

From response table Rank comparions we concludes that power input influences more the roughness than factor
coating.From Table.11 we found that % contribution of the factor power input is much times higher (20 times)than
the coating/uncoating factor.

3. Conclusions

Laser peening has been successfully done and the following conclusions are drawn. There is an increase in the
roughness and harness of the peened specimen. For hardness coating factor is more influential than power .and for
roughness pore influences more than the coating. Laser peening has appeared to solidify the surface and enhance the
. . .

mechanical properties. Thermal treatment conditions and material category has to be considered in process
. . . . . .

optimization. The increased compressive residual stress profundity created by laser peening can essentially enhance
. . .

properties and handle the improvement and development of surface fracture. The greater part of the mechanical
properties under those conditions, for example fatigue are controlled by the imperfections at the surface.
Subsequently, endeavors to adjust the surface by presenting a residual compressive stress close to the surface are
normal.

References

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Montross a, Tao Wei a, Lin Ye a,∗, Graham Clark b, Yiu-Wing Mai a
[2] Laser fluence, repetition rate and pulse duration effects on paint ablation Franc¸oisBrygo a,*, Ch. Dutouquet a,
F. Le Guern a, R. Oltra b, A. Semerok a, J.M. Weulersse a
[3] OPTIMIZATION OF RESIDUAL STRESS AND FATIGUE LIFE IN LASER PEENED
COMPONENTSM~chaeRl HIII*, Theresa E P~stoch~And~r,~anTDeWaldMechan~caalnd Aeronautical
EnglneermgUnwerslty of Cahfornla, Davls USA "mrh~ll@ucdav~esd u
[4] Investigation of the influence of laser treatment parameters on the properties of the surface layer of aluminum
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[5] Performance of laser surface preparation of Ti6Al4V M.Chérif*a, C.Loumenab, J.Jumela, R.Klingb
[6] Residual stress distribution in a laser peened Ti-2.5Cu alloyA. Umapathi, S. Swaroop
[7] Process Control Techniques for Laser Peening of Metals Rob Specht, Fritz Harris, Laurie Lane
[8] Recent development and future perspectives of low energy laser shock peening S. Kalainathan n, S.Prabhakaran
[9] Effect oflaser shot peeningonprecipitationhardenedaluminumalloy 6061-T6 using low energy laser S.
Sathyajith,S.Kalainathan
[10] Laser peening without coating on aluminum alloy Al-6061-T6 using low energy Nd:YAGlaser S.
Sathyajith,S.Kalainathan n, S.Swaroop
[11] Effect oflasershotpeeningwithoutcoatingonthesurfacepropertiesand corrosionbehaviorof316Lsteel S. Kalainathan
n, S.Sathyajith,S.Swaroop
[12] Application of laser shock peening Ing. Jan Brajer