Dataset: ETGE71FL

Displacement Restriction: Admin 2 (Zone)

In order to ensure that respondent confidentiality is maintained, we randomly

displace the GPS
latitude/longitude positions for all DHS, MIS, and AIS surveys.
The displacement is randomly carried out so that:
-Urban clusters are displaced up to 2 kilometers.
-Rural clusters are displaced up to 5 kilometers, with 1% of the rural clusters
displaced up to 10 kilometers.

Restricted to admin2:
The displacement is restricted so that the points stay within the country, within
the DHS survey region, and within
the admin2 area. Therefore, the displaced cluster's coordinates are located within
the same admin0, admin1,
and admin2 areas as the undisplaced cluster.

This random error can substantively affect analysis results, where analysis
questions look at small geographic
areas. Specifically, measuring direct distance from a GPS location to some other
site (Facility, school, etc)
is NOT correct since this does not account for the displacement of the GPS
locations.

For more information about how to account for displacement when using our GPS
datasets, users may consult the two most recent
publications in our Spatial Analysis Reports series:

- Geographic Displacement Procedure and Georeferenced Data Release Policy for the
Demographic and Health Surveys (English)
http://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-SAR7-Spatial-Analysis-Reports.cfm

- Guidelines on the Use of DHS GPS Data (English)

http://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-SAR8-Spatial-Analysis-Reports.cfm

A detailed description of the displacement procedure can be found below:

�Displacement� or geographically off-setting GPS Data in The Demographic and Health

Surveys (DHS) Program

DHS surveys contain confidential information that could be used inappropriately to

identify an individual through
unique information and the location or place of residence. To avoid this
possibility, The DHS Program has developed
an approach to degrade the accuracy of the GPS coordinates so that the true place
of residence cannot be derived.
This procedure will significantly reduce the likelihood of identifying an
individual, yet still retain the locational
detail for spatial analysis.

In all DHS surveys, the center of the populated place in the cluster is recorded
with Global Positioning System receivers.
These data have been collected and referenced in geographic coordinates (degrees in
latitude and longitude).
The circular error resulting from within the GPS system is less than 100 meters
from the true location for each value.
In practice, and especially during ideal GPS data collection situations (flat
horizon, no obstructions from vegetation
canopy or buildings), the coordinates are very robust and will typically have less
than 10m of error.

Applying an appropriate amount of error is desired, but somewhat subjective. Rural

areas are usually less densely
populated than urban areas, and the two regions are often considered separately
during data analysis. Separate
degradation error values for each are recommended. They have been selected to be
up to 5km for rural points
(with 1% of rural cluster being randomly displaced up to 10km) and up to 2km for
urban (all urban points have the
same 2km randomization applied). Previous ICF International analyses have shown
that applying random error of 5km
maximum in rural areas and 2km maximum in urban areas decreases the likelihood of
household identification tenfold.
These errors are randomly and blindly applied to each original GPS point. The new
list of coordinates can be thought
of from the perspective of each point having a circular error buffer zone (of 10km,
5km, or 2km) within which the raw
value resides.

The geographic displacement methodology has been revised to the following set of
steps which are conducted using a
Python script. The Python script allows for a polygon layer to be specified as a
displacement restrictor:

1) Convert the coordinates from decimal degrees to meters using a fixed conversion
factor from degrees to radians and
a scalor to correct for differences in the number of meters in a degree of latitude
across the earth.

2) Generate a random direction by generating angle between 0 and 360, and

converting the angle from degrees to radians.

3) Generate a random distance in meters of 0-2,000 meters for Urban points, and 0-
5,000 meters for Rural points with 1% of
rural points being given 0-10,000 meter distance.

4) Generate the offset by applying trigonometry formulas (law of cosines) using

the distance as the hypotenuse and the
radians calculated in step 2.
xOffset = math.sin(angle_radian) * distance
yOffset = math.cos(angle_radian) * distance

5) Add the offset to the original coordinate (in meters) to return the displaced
coordinates.

6) Re-convert the coordinates from meters to decimal degrees using a fixed

conversion factor from radians to degrees and
a scalor to correct for differences in the number of meters in a degree of latitude
across the earth.

7) Determines whether the displaced coordinates are within the same polygon
feature as the undisplaced coordinates. Repeats
steps 1-6 as many times as necessary to generate displaced coordinates within the
same polygon feature as the undisplaced
coordinates.

If you have further questions please contact us at gpsrequests@dhsprogram.com.