Integrated energy flow analysis in natural gas

and electricity coupled systems

Alberto Martínez-Maresa Claudio R. Fuerte-Esquivela,b
a
Facultad de Ingeniería Eléctrica Instituto de Ingenieríab
Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México

amartinez@faraday.fie.umich.mx, cfuerte@umich.mx

Abstract— The restructuring of energy markets has increased Dkm Inner diameter of pipe linking nodes km, (inches)
the concern about the existing interdependency between the Ec Compressor’s parasitic efficiency, (dimensionless)
primary energy supply and electricity networks, which are Ep Pipe’s efficiency, (dimensionless)
analyzed traditionally as independent systems. The aim of this Gij Conductance of the nodal admittance matrix, (p.u.)
paper is focused on an integral formulation for the steady-state
H1 Pipe’s inlet elevation, (ft)
analysis of electricity and natural gas coupled systems
considering the effect of temperature in the natural gas system H2 Pipe’s outlet elevation, (ft)
operation and the primary frequency regulation in the electric Kpi, Kqi Load frequency dependence factor
power system. A general approach is described to execute a Lkm Pipe’s length from node k to node m, (miles)
single energy flow analysis in a unified framework based on the Πb Base value of pressure, (PSIA)
Newton-Raphson formulation. The proposed approach is PRi Rate active power for the ith generator (MW)
applied to a small-scale coupled system for illustration purposes. i
P Get Generated active power for case base at ith generator
i
P Lset Load active power for case base at the ith bus
NOMENCLATURE ppi Active load ratio modeled as constant power
pci Active load ratio modeled as constant current
Indexes
pzi Active load ratio modeled as constant impedance
i, j Index of electrical system nodes QiGet Generated reactive power for case base at ith
k, m Index of natural gas system nodes generator
Ne Nodes in the electrical system QiLset Load reactive power for case base at the ith bus
Nng Nodes in the natural gas system qpi Reactive load ratio modeled as constant power
Npk Number of pipelines connected at node kth qci Reactive load ratio modeled as constant current
Nck Number of compressors connected at node kth qzi Reactive load ratio modeled as constant impedance
Nc Number of compressors in the natural gas system Rkm Compression ratio, (dimensionless)
Nkload Number of natural gas loads from the node kth Ri Frequency regulation constant for the ith generator
Nksource Number of sources injecting gas at the node kth Tb Base temperature, (°R)
Ukm Heat transfer coeff. at pipe from k to m, (BTU/ft2)
Constants VLBi Base voltage for electric load connected the ith bus
C 77.54 for gas flow formulation in English units Za Supercompressibility factor, (dimensionless)
g 32.2178 gravitational constant, (ft./sec2) ηc Compression process efficiency, (dimensionless)
GHV 1015, gross heating value, (BTU/SCF) ηTG Turbine–generator efficiency, (dimensionless)
RG 10.7316 gas constant (PSI ft3/lbmol °R) α ckm , β ckm and γ ckm Compressor’s gas consumption coefficients
MWair 28.96, air molecular weight α gi , β gi and γ gi Heat rate coefficients for coupled nodes
Parameters ηJT Joule-Thompson coefficient, (°R/PSIA)
γG Gas specific gravity, (dimensionless)
aQi, bQi Reactive power characteristic for the ith generator
Bij Susceptance of the nodal admittance matrix, (p.u.) Variables
ck Gas specific heat ratio, (dimensionless)
Cp Gas heat capacity at constant pressure, BHPkm Energy consumption for the compression station
(dimensionless) connecting nodes k m, (HP)
f Darcy-Weisbach friction factor, (dimensionless) In the context of the secure operation of power systems,
ff Natural gas nodal balance functions vector primary frequency regulation analyses are performed to
fH Compressors’ energy consumption functions vector determine the spinning reserve allocation that is required to
fR Compression ratio functions vector withstand a set of pre-defined contingencies. There are
fT Thermal functions vector several proposals to evaluate the primary frequency
fτ Compressors’ gas consumption functions vector regulation effect on power generation dispatch [2]-[5] which
Hckm Slope pipe correction, (PSIA2) also consider load models with dependence of frequency and
mG Mass of natural gas, (lbm/sec) voltage; nevertheless none of these formulations perform an
Takm Gas average temperature for the pipeline connecting integral analysis that permits the understanding of how this
nodes k m, (°R) primary regulation control affects the mass flow in the natural
Tk Final temperature of a mixture of several natural gas
gas infrastructure under contingencies in the electrical
injections (°R) at kth node
system.
Tmkm Gas temperature at node mth in the natural gas
On the other hand, there are several proposals that consider
flowing by the pipe connecting nodes k m, (°R)
Tskm Average temperature of the environment a single integral formulation for natural gas and electricity
surrounding the pipe connecting nodes k m, (°R) systems to achieve an optimal operation of the coupled
Pigen Generation of active power at ith node, (p.u.) energy system [6]-[10]. These proposals are based on an
Piload Demand of active power at ith node, (p.u.) optimal power flow approach where equality constraints
Qigen Generation of reactive power at ith node, (p.u.) associated with the balance of the injected power and injected
Qriload Demand of reactive power at ith node, (p.u.) gas must be satisfied at each node in the electrical and natural
Qpkm Pipe’s natural gas mass flow, (SCFD) gas systems, respectively, considering the nodal voltages and
Qckm Compressor’s natural gas mass flow, (SCFD) nodal pressures as state variables. The static security
Qlk-load Natural gas load at kth node, (SCFD) constraints associated with the operation of both
Qsk-source Natural gas injection at kth node, (SCFD) infrastructures are related to nodal voltage magnitudes,
Qktotal Total natural gas injected by pipelines and thermal limits in transmission lines, generation limits of
compressors at kth node, (SCFD) active and reactive powers, nodal pressures, and compression
|Vi| Voltage magnitude at ith node, (p.u.) rates, as well as injection and consumption of gas. Other
xng State variables for the natural gas system constraints have also been taken into account: maximum flow
xe State variables for the electric power system rate in natural gas pipes [11], natural gas contracts and
X State variables for the coupled system reserves [12], and the linepack of a pipeline [13].
Πakm Average pressure for the pipeline connecting nodes k The steady-state equation of the mass flow in a pipeline
m, (PSIA) can be derived from Bernoulli’s equation that relates the
Πk Pressure at the kth node, (PSIA) pressure, volume and temperature of gas [14]. However,
τkm Gas extracted from the kth node by the compressor several assumptions are adopted in all above-mentioned
connecting nodes k m, (SCFD) references to simplify the mass flow calculations by using
δi Voltage angle at ith node, (rad) Weymouth’s formulae, which neglects changes in the altitude
ρGkm Gas density calculated for the pipeline connecting over the pipeline, in the compressibility factor and in gas
nodes k m, (lbm/ft3) temperature along the pipeline, among others [1].
Δf Frequency deviation from rate value (pu) The gas temperature in a pipeline is strongly dependent on
ΔP i Active power nodal balance at the ith node the gas inlet temperature, the pressure at the end-node of the
Δ Qi Reactive power nodal balance at the ith node pipe, the environmental surrounding conditions, and the
pipeline insulation [14], [15]. Therefore, the gas temperature
I. INTRODUCTION must be determined in combination with nodal pressure
The restructuring of energy systems in several parts of the profiles to define suitable operational conditions that avoid
world has increased the interest in evaluating in a coordinated the hydrate formation in the inner-wall of a pipeline, natural
manner the interdependency existing between the individual gas fluctuations, the excessive energy consumption in
primary energy and electricity sectors in order to determine compression stations, and the condensation of gas [15], [16],
how the state of each infrastructure affects the economic and as well as to assure the quality of the natural gas supplied at
secure operation of the overall energy grid. Among all types each electric power generating plant in order to maximize the
of primary energy systems, electric power generation relies efficiency in the energy conversion cycle [17]. Hence, the gas
increasingly on the natural gas supply system as additional temperature must be considered as a variable in the mass flow
natural gas-fired power plants are installed in power systems equation.
driven by technical, economic, and environmental reasons In order to address the challenge of analyzing the
[1], such that electric power and natural gas systems are steady-state interdependency between natural gas and
becoming increasingly interdependent. electricity networks and considering that the power flow
analysis is the cornerstone of power system studies, this paper
proposes a unified approach for the solution of the energy
flow problem in both infrastructures. The energy flow
problem is formulated individually for each system, and a
generic framework is then proposed to execute the energy
flow analysis in conjunction for both systems. In this context,
the gas temperature is viewed as a variable in the mass flow
Figure 1. Natural gas network representation.
equation based on the proposal detailed in [18], which
considers that the gas temperature starts at the inlet pipe’s 0.5
temperature and tends to the surrounding pipe’s temperature ⎛T ⎞ ⎛ Π 2k − Π 2m − H ckm ⎞
Q = C ⎜ b ⎟ D 2.5 ⎜ km
km
⎟ Ep . (1)
as the gas flows through the pipeline. Additionally, the p
⎝ Πb ⎠ ⎜ L γ G T km Z a f ⎟
⎝ a ⎠
primary frequency regulation is contemplated in the power
system modeling. Lastly, the set of nonlinear algebraic According to (1), pipelines transmitting colder natural gas
equations representing both systems is solved by using permit a higher rate of mass flow with smaller pressure
Newton’s method in order to assess the values of state differences at the two-end nodes. Additionally, the term Hckm
variables that provide the steady-state operating point of the considers the effect of the changes in the altitude over the
overall energy grid under a pre-specified contingency. pipeline and is calculated by
( )
2
The proposed approach is described in detail in the rest of 0.0375 g ( H m − H k ) Π km
H km
=
a
(2)
the paper as follows: Section II presents a detailed mass flow c
Z a Takm
and thermal balance formulation for the natural gas
infrastructure considering pipelines and compressor elements, where the average pressure Πakm is a function of the pressures
Section III describes the electric power system modeling for measured at the pipeline’s two-end nodes (k and m) and is
steady-state analysis including the primary frequency calculated by (3) which considers the nonlinear pressure drop
response in each generator and the nonlinear load behavior, with distance [19]
Section IV shows the formulation to integrate both systems 2⎡ ⎛ Πk Πm ⎞⎤
Π km = ⎢( Π k + Π m ) − ⎜ ⎟⎥ . (3)
and the unified solution of the whole set of nonlinear a
3 ⎢⎣ ⎝ Πk + Πm ⎠ ⎥⎦
equations by Newton’s approach; the application of the The average temperature (Takm) used in (1) and (2) can be
proposed approach to a small-scale coupled energy system is calculated as an arithmetic average [19], but in order to
presented in Section V. Lastly Section VI presents the include the nonlinear effect of distance and the environmental
conclusions of this work. weather to which pipelines are exposed, (4) is proposed
according to [15]
II. NATURAL GAS SYSTEM FORMULATION
Tk − Tm
The steady-state analysis of a natural gas system could be T km = km
+ Tskm . (4)
formulated by the equations related to the gas flow and to the
a
Tk − Ts
ln
thermal behavior of the gas in those elements making up the Tm − Tskm
system. For the purpose of this paper, the elements Lastly, the friction factor value strictly depends on the
considered are Pipelines, Compressors, Sources and Loads, as inner diameter of the pipeline for high pressure networks
shown in Fig. 1. The storage elements are not explicitly working in the fully turbulent flow region [1] and is given by
considered in the formulation because they can be modeled as
0.032
sources or as loads depending of the storage element’s f = 1
. (5)
operation condition. This section describes the equations and D 3
state variables associated with the modeling of each element B. Compression station equations
of the natural gas network. The nodal mass flow balance is The requirements for the transmitting of large volumes of
also formulated to assess the equilibrium point condition at gas over long distances drove the necessity of higher
each node of the natural gas system. operation pressures. When gas is circulating in the network,
there exists a loss of pressure caused mainly by the friction
A. Pipeline equation factor; hence, compression stations are installed to control the
Several equations have been proposed to compute the mass profile of pressure along the network in order to maintain the
flow through pipelines [16], being the main difference natural gas flow and to supply the demand [15]. By assuming
between them how the friction coefficient term and natural that the compression stations are driven by a gas turbine,
gas characteristics are considered in the formulation. In this which is supplied with gas extracted directly from the natural
context, equation (1) is the most commonly used in natural gas system, each compressor is represented by the following:
gas transmission networks, as is the one employed in this a) its energy consumption which is described by (6); b) the
paper. This equation is given by [15], [19] gas extracted from the system given by (7); and c) the
compression ratio described by (8), [1]
 ⎡ ck −1
⎤ Several methods to evaluate formations of hydrates have
⎡ Qckm Tk ⎤ ⎡ ck ⎤ ⎢⎛ Π m ⎞ ck
BHP km
= 0.0854 Z a ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎜ ⎟ − 1⎥⎥ (6) been reported in the literature [15], being one of the most
⎣ Ec ηc ⎦ ⎣ ck − 1 ⎦ ⎢⎝ Π k ⎠ ⎥⎦ used approaches the chart proposed in [20] and showed in
⎣
Fig. 2. Natural gas is composed mainly of methane, and as
τ km = α km + β km BHP km + γ km ( BHP km )
2
c c c
(7) reported in this chart, higher operation pressures require
Π k R km = Π m . (8) higher gas temperature conditions in order to keep the gas
composition in a safety zone (the right-hand side of the
From (6) is clear that the energy consumption is directly curve) to avoid formation of hydrates. By way of example,
proportional to the gas temperature. On the other hand, the the risk of hydrates formation increases for gas temperatures
compression ratio given by (8) has a direct impact on the below 14ºC considering an operation pressure of 10 MPa.
design of the compression station and the type of compressor The temperature of gas flowing in a pipeline is computed
selected to regulate the gas pressure level in the network [15]: by (10) based on the proposal detailed in [18], which neglects
the reciprocating compressor is used for low volume flow and the kinetic and potential energy of gas and assumes that the
high pressure ratios, while the centrifugal compressor is heat capacity at constant pressure Cp and the Joule-Thomson
employed for high volume flow.
coefficient ηJT are constants along the pipeline
⎪⎧ ⎡ ⎛ η ⎞⎛ Π − Π ⎞ ⎤ ⎪⎫ km ⎡ ⎛ η ⎞⎛ Π − Π ⎞ ⎤
C. Natural gas sources and loads Tmkm = ⎨Tk − ⎢Tskm + ⎜ JT ⎟⎜ k km m ⎟⎥ ⎬ e− aL + ⎢Tskm + ⎜ JT ⎟⎜ k km m ⎟⎥
⎪⎩ ⎣ ⎝ a ⎠⎝ L ⎠ ⎦ ⎪⎭ ⎣ ⎝ a ⎠⎝ L ⎠⎦
The natural gas sources are the conventional gas field, gas (10)
extraction associated with an oil field, and coal bed methane, where
among others. These sources can be modeled as constant
π D km U km
natural gas injection (or uncontrolled nodal pressure) or a= (11)
constant nodal pressure (which means natural gas injection mG CP
not controlled). The variety of natural gas loads can be
summarized as industrial, residential and for power ⎛ Π ⎞ ⎛ T ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ km
generation; these loads are represented in the formulation as mG = Qpkm ⎜ b ⎟ ⎜ k ⎟ Z a ⎜ ⎟ ρG (12)
constant extractions of gas. ⎝ Π k ⎠ ⎝ Tb ⎠ ⎝ 86400 ⎠

Π k γ G MWair
D. Mass nodal balance equation ρGkm = . (13)
Z a RG Tk
A nodal mass flow balance must be satisfied at each node
in the natural gas system to assure that the sum of the mass When gas injections with different temperatures arrive to a
flow injected at each node must be equal to zero, as given by given node from different pipelines and compressors, the heat
(9) considering the kth node transfer theory aids in calculating the thermal equilibrium of
the nodal gas mixture [21]. In this case, the thermal
N ng N ng Nk k
N source k
N load
equilibrium at the kth node is given by
c
fk = Q pik + Qcjk + τ xi − Qsk −source + Qlk −load = 0
i=1 j=1 x=1 s=1 l=1 (9)
k k
Np Qikp Nc Qcjk jk
∀i ∈ N p
∧ ∀j ∈ N c Tk = ∑ Tkik + ∑ Tk . (14)
k k
i =1 Q j =1 Q
It must be pointed out that at least one nodal pressure must total total

be specified in order to perform the steady-state analysis.

This pressure is taken as a reference to compute the unknown Lastly, the same temperature value at both ends of the
nodal pressures. Furthermore, the gas injection computed at compression stations is assumed.
this node will provide the mass flow balance by
compensating the gas consumed by compressors. F. Natural gas state variables
The expressions (6), (7), (8), (9), and (10), are used to
E. Thermal formulation assess the steady-state operating point of the natural gas
The knowledge of gas temperature at each node of the network by computing the values of node pressures and mass
network permits the definitions of the following: the heaters’ flow in pipelines and compressors, the gas and energy
location to prevent hydrate formation or gas condensation, the consumption in compressors, and nodal temperatures for a
gas inlet temperature for compressors, and the minimum mass given values of nodal pressures in known-pressure nodes and
flow values in the network [15]. The hydrates could originate of nodal gas injections in all other nodes that do not supply
critical operating problems, because they could be deposited energy to gas-fired power plants. In this context, the state
in the inner pipeline walls and block the gas flow. The variables are the values of nodal pressures, temperatures, as
solution of this problem represents great technical difficulties well as energy and gas consumed by compressors, as given
and high maintenance costs [15], [20]. by (15)
 ⎡ δ1→ Ne ⎤
⎢ ⎥
xe = ⎢ Δf ⎥ . (18)
⎢V ⎥
⎣⎢ 1→ Ne ⎦⎥

For both power mismatch equations, the first term

corresponds to the power modulation according to the system
frequency deviation; the second term considers the
consumption of power as a nonlinear function of nodal
voltage magnitude and of system frequency deviation. The
last term is associated with the power injected at the terminals
of the transmission elements.
Note that an increment of the frequency value due to a load
Figure 2. Hydrates formation chart, John Carroll (2003). shedding will produce an increment in the energy demanded
by those loads that remains embedded in the network, which
in turn reduces the disturbance impact on the electric power
system behavior.
⎡ Π1→ Nng ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ T1→ Nng ⎥ IV. COUPLING SYSTEMS AND INTEGRAL FORMULATION
xng = ⎢ BHP1→ Nc ⎥ . (15)
⎢ ⎥
⎢ τ 1→ Nc ⎥ Once the modeling theory to conduct energy flow studies
⎢ 1→ N ⎥ in natural gas and electricity systems has been described, an
⎣⎢ Qc ⎦⎥
c
approach can be formulated to assess the energy flows’
interdependency between both networks within a single
III. ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM FORMULATION framework. In order to achieve this goal, the linkage between
The power flow mismatch equations representing the these infrastructures has to be established.
steady-state condition of an electric power system are [2] The linkage between the natural gas and electricity
networks is provided by gas-fired turbines’ generators, which
⎛ i P ⎞ act as energy converters. This coupling is mathematically
ΔPi = ⎜ PGset − Ri Δf ⎟
⎝ Ri ⎠ formulated by (19), referred to as the heat rate curve, which
⎧ represents the efficiency conversion of the energy contained
⎛ ⎛ Vi ⎞ ⎞ ⎪⎫
2
⎪ i ⎛ Vi ⎞
− ⎨ PLset ( pi ) ⎜ pi ci ⎜ V ⎟ zi ⎜ V ⎟ ⎟⎟ ⎬
1 + K Δ f ⎜ p + p ⎜ ⎟ + p ⎜ ⎟ in natural gas at the kth node into electrical energy injected at
⎪⎩ ⎝ ⎝ LBi ⎠ ⎝ LBi ⎠ ⎠ ⎪⎭ the ith node of the electrical network
⎛ 2 ⎞
( )
N
− ⎜ Vi Gii + Vi ∑ V j Gij cos (δ i − δ j ) + Bij sin (δ i − δ j ) ⎟
e
2
⎝ j =1 ( j ≠ i ) ⎠ ⎛ i P ⎞ ⎛ i P ⎞
HR = α g + β ⎜ PGset
i i
− Ri Δf ⎟ + γ ig ⎜ PGset − Ri Δf ⎟ . (19)
(16) ⎝
g
Ri ⎠ ⎝ Ri ⎠
⎛ P ⎛P ⎞ ⎞
2

ΔQi = ⎜ QGset
i
− aQi Ri Δf + bQi ⎜ Ri Δf ⎟ ⎟
⎜ Ri ⎝ Ri ⎠ ⎟⎠ Note that the gas consumed by a gas-fired turbine is a
⎝
function of the active power generated by the unit according
⎧ ⎛ ⎛ V ⎞ ⎛ V ⎞ ⎞⎫
2
⎪ i
− ⎨QLset (1 + K qi Δf ) ⎜⎜ q pi + qci ⎜⎜ V i ⎟⎟ + qzi ⎜⎜ V i ⎟⎟ ⎟⎟⎪⎬ to its frequency regulation control, and that both systems
could be coupled by more than one electric generator.
⎪⎩ ⎝ ⎝ LBi ⎠ ⎝ LBi ⎠ ⎠ ⎪⎭
Additionally, the mass flow required for the energy
⎛ ⎞
( )
Ne
V j Gij sin (δ i − δ j ) − Bij cos (δ i − δ j ) ⎟
2
− ⎜ − Vi Bii + Vi ∑ demanded by the heat rate curve is computed by
⎝ j =1 ( j ≠ i ) ⎠
(17) HR .
k
ΔQload = (20)
where (i,j) ∈ Ne. Equations (16) and (17) consider the GHV
primary frequency regulation characteristic in power
generators and nonlinear load models with dependency on Assuming that the electric generator connected at the mth
voltage magnitude and frequency. In this case, the electrical node is the electric angular reference for the electric power
state variables given by (18) and related to nodal voltage system, the proposed integral solution approach consists of
magnitudes and angles as well as the system’s frequency are applying Newton’s method to provide an approximate
adjusted to satisfy the equality constraints (16) and (17) solution to the total set of equality constraints F(X) by solving
for [Δxng Δxe]T in the linear problem J i ΔX i = -F(X i), given
in expanded form by (21) where J is known as the Jacobian The results show the interdependency of the systems from
matrix. For given initial values of Xi=[xing, xie]T, the method a perspective of the secure operation. In this case, a load
updates the solution at each iteration i, i.e. contingency will produce a frequency deviation, such that a
T
generation re-dispatch is imperative to achieve a new balance
i+1
xng i
= xng i
+ Δxng xei+1 = xei + Δxei , until F(Xi) satisfies a between the generation and demand of electrical power. This
pre-defined tolerance. The set of equality constraints in turn changes the natural gas demanded by gas-fired
F(X)=[ff , fT , fH , fτ , fQc , ΔP, ΔPi , ΔQ] is defined by (9), turbines, causing a redistribution of mass flows and variations
(23),(24),(25), (16) and (17) in pressure and temperature profiles that could steer the
system to a critical operation condition.
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ = −⎡ ⎤ This condition can be determined based on the Methane
⎢ ∂f f ∂f f ∂f f ∂f f ∂f f ∂f f ∂f f ∂f f ⎥ ⎢ ΔΠ ⎥ ⎢ ff ⎥
⎢ ∂Π ∂T ∂BHP ∂τ ∂Qc ∂δ ∂Δf ∂V ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ curve proposed in [20], as illustrated in Fig. 4 where the
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ∂fT ∂fT ∂fT ∂fT ∂fT ∂fT ∂fT ∂fT ⎥ ⎢ ΔT ⎥ ⎢ fT ⎥ operation conditions for the analyzed cases are located.
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ∂Π ∂T ∂BHP ∂τ ∂Qc ∂δ ∂Δf ∂V ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ Observe that the natural gas system remains operating within
⎢ ∂f ⎥ ⎢ ΔBHP ⎥ ⎢ f ⎥
⎢ H
∂f H ∂ f H ∂ f H ∂f H ∂f H ∂f H ∂f H
⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ H ⎥ the secure zone for all contingencies, but as it is expected, the
⎢ ∂Π ∂T ∂BHP ∂τ ∂Qc ∂δ ∂Δf ∂V ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
magnitude of the disturbance has an impact on the location of
⎢ ∂fτ ∂fτ ∂fτ ∂fτ ∂fτ ∂fτ ∂fτ ∂fτ ⎥ ⎢ Δτ ⎥ ⎢ fτ ⎥
⎢ ∂Π ∂T ∂BHP ∂τ ∂Qc ∂δ ∂Δf ∂V ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
the equilibrium point with respect to the risky zone.
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ∂f Qc ∂f Qc ∂f Qc ∂f Qc ∂fQc ∂fQc ∂f Qc ∂f Qc ⎥ ⎢ ΔQc ⎥ ⎢ fQc ⎥
⎢ ∂Π ∂T ∂BHP ∂τ ∂Qc ∂δ ∂Δf ∂V ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ∂ΔP ∂ΔP ∂ΔP ∂ΔP ∂ΔP ∂ΔP ∂ΔP ∂ΔP ⎥ ⎢ Δ δ ⎥ ⎢ ΔP ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ∂Π ∂T ∂BHP ∂τ ∂Qc ∂δ ∂Δf ∂V ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ∂ΔP ∂ΔP ∂ΔPm ∂ΔPm ∂ΔPm ∂ΔPm ∂ΔPm ∂ΔPm ⎥ ⎢ ΔΔf ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ m m ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ΔPm ⎥
⎢ ∂Π ∂T ∂BHP ∂τ ∂Qc ∂δ ∂Δf ∂V ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ΔV ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ∂ΔQ ∂ΔQ ∂ΔQ ∂ΔQ ∂ΔQ ∂ΔQ ∂ΔQ ∂ΔQ ⎥ ⎣  
⎦ ⎢⎣ ΔQ ⎥⎦


⎢ ∂Π ∂T ∂BHP ∂τ ∂Qc ∂δ ∂Δf ∂V ⎦ ⎥ ΔX

⎣  

F(X )

(21)
ik
Np Q Nc Q jk

T jk ∀ k ∈ N ng (22)
p
fT = Tk − k
T ik + c
k
i=1 Q total
k j=1 Q total
k

ck −1

Qckm Tk ck Πm ck
km
f H = BHP − 0.0854 Za −1 , ∀H ∈NC (23)
Ec ηc ck −1 Πk Figure 3. Natural gas and electric energy systems coupled (case 1).

( ),
2
fτ = τ km − α km + β km BHP km + γ km BHP km ∀ τ ∈ N C (24)
c c c
TABLE I. RESUME OF ENERGY FLOWS SOLUTION
fQc = Π k R km − Π m , ∀ QC ∈ N C . (25)
Natural gas network Electrical network
Study Total Gas Power
Node 4 Δf
V. STUDY CASE case Consumption generation (MW)
(Hz)
Temperature (°C) (MSCF) Gen 1 Gen 2
The proposed methodology is applied to assess the A) 4.883 3.078 77.6 84.6 +1.32
steady-state operation of the interconnected natural gas and B) 4.871 3.125 130.4 137.4 0
electricity systems shown in Fig. 3. The former system C) 4.853 3.188 179.3 186.3 -1.11
D) 4.830 3.259 222.1 229.4 -2.14
consists of 4 nodes connecting two pipelines and one
compressor while the power system consists of 14 nodes
(IEEE 14-bus test system) and has two gas-fired generators at
nodes 1 and 2 [22]. The compressor maintains the pressure at Segement of curve proposed by John Carrol to identify hydrates
formation in methane
4.0 MPa at node 4, and a heat transfer coefficient of 0.0025 4.20

BTU/HRft2 is considered. The rest of the natural gas network

4.15
data are given in Appendix A. In order to assess how the Risk of hydrate
formation in John Carroll: hydrates formation in
Pressure in MPa

primary frequency control affects the natural gas operation

methane proposed

4.10

condition, the active power load is modified at different

4.05
nodes of the electrical network with respect to a base case. A +ΔPload −ΔPload
summary of the results associated with the energy flow 4.00

solutions are reported in Table I for the following cases: A)

3.95
Load reduction of ΔPload=-100 MW in nodes 3 and 4; B) Base 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5

case; C) Load increment of ΔPload=+100 MW at node 10; and

Temperature in °C

Figure 4. Graphic operation point for the NG system in node 4, considering

D) Load increment of ΔPload=+200 MW at node 10. constant pressure in 4.0 MPa.
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VI. CONCLUSIONS
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in 1993, and the PhD degree from the University of Glasgow, Glasgow,
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