NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

APLANN 2: Supplemental Module 1

Culture
a : the integrated pattern of human behavior that includes thought, speech, action, and artifacts
and depends upon the human capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding
generations
b : the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group

Society
a : an enduring and cooperating social group whose members have developed organized patterns
of relationships through interaction with one another
b : a community, nation, or broad grouping of people having common traditions, institutions, and
collective activities and interests
Merriam-Webster Dictionary

Ancient Planning

Cities are not simply made up of buildings; rather, they are ordered spaces in which roads,
fortification walls, houses, government buildings, monuments, churches and temples are related
to create a whole. All societies relate these elements in some formalized way, the most common
of which is called city planning.

A. Early Greek Planning

1. No evidence of planned communities at an early date, although some point to the Mycenaean
megaron as the basic idea behind all ancient urban planning (this is probably an overstatement).

2. As with early Mesopotamian cities, planning of some sort was apparently first connected with
religious sanctuaries.

a. In part this may have had to do with the "liturgical/ceremonian" aspect of religious sites:
processions toward the complex.

b. It may have to do with the fact that buildings in religious sanctuaries were seen as related
structures and these were controlled by a single body of individuals.

c. This may also have had to do with the great Pan-Hellenic sanctuaries (Olympia, Delphi, Isthmia,
Nemea) that were controlled by individual powers and that were developed in large part to
demonstrate certain ideas--largely political power.

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 3. Smyrna
a. Hippodamos (Hippodamus) is usually seen as responsible for "inventing" orthogonal planning,
yet some elements existed earlier.
Ancient Greek Architect, Urban Planner, Physician, Mathematician, Meteorologist, and
Philosopher, and is considered to be the “father” of URBAN PLANNING

b. The example of Smyrna, which was rebuilt after a great fire in the 7th century B.C.
c. The rebuilt city had a series of parallel streets running north and south; at one point
there was an open space laid out for the agora and near it, on a hill, was a temple.

d. This scheme was a simple one, but it represents a definite plan, applied to the larger urban
area and based on the natural topography.

4. Importance of the Greek colonies.

a. Colonies were independent cities "sent out" by states in the

Greek "motherland" in the 8th to 5th centuries.
b. These were not like colonies in the early modern world
(American colonies, etc.)--most importantly they were totally
independent in the political sense.
c. Colonies established on the shores of the Black Sea,
southern Italy and Sicily, and southern France and Spain.
d. There is little evidence of what these early cities looked like,
but the creation of the colonies presented an opportunity -- or
even the necessity -- to consider how a city should be laid out.
e. It would be natural to use simple systems of road layout and
division of house-plots and monuments.
f. Land (i.e., farms) was also normally divided since the citizens
of the new city would normally be given farms in the new
colonies.

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 5. The "principles" of Hippodamian planning.

a. It is not certain what role Hippodamos actually played in this

development: he may have been a "codifier," who took the
ideas of others and wrote about them in a theoretical way,
saying how cities should be laid out.

b. The primary characteristic was the orthogonal plan

("gridiron" plan, with streets at right angles), adapted to
function and topography (i.e., not mechanically applied).

c. Regular housing blocks.

d. Large areas set aside for public use: temples, theaters,

offices, commercial centers.

e. Wide arterial avenues.

f. Walls that enclose the city, but are not necessarily related to
the plan.

B. Early Roman Planning

a. City planning were schemed for both civil

convenience and military defense
b. Use of rectilinear grid streets and wrapped in a
wall for defense
c. Settlements were places in rivers or bodies of
water for domestic use, sewage and
transportation purposes
d. All roads are equal in width and length, except for
2 main roads with is slightly wider than the rest.
East – west and north to south which intersects
in the middle to form the center of the grid
e. Bridges were constructed where needed so as
arch.
f. Each Squares marked by four roads was called an insula, the roman equivalent of a modern City
Block
http://isthmia.osu.edu/teg/hist50402/lec08.htm 11.11.11 (Ohio State of University)

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Colonial Philippines

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 RA 9266– Architecture Act of 2004

Article I, Section 3, Definition of Terms

- (1) "Architecture" is the art, science or profession of planning, designing and constructing
buildings in their totality taking into account their environment, in accordance with the principles
of utility, strength and beauty;

- (3) "General Practice of Architecture" means the act of planning and architectural designing,
structural conceptualization, specifying, supervising and giving general administration and
responsible direction to the erection, enlargement or alterations of buildings and building
environments and architectural design in engineering structures or any part thereof; ……………

- (4) "Scope of the Practice of Architecture" encompasses the provision of professional services in
connection with site, physical and planning and the design, construction, enlargement,
conservation, renovation, remodeling, restoration or alteration of a building or group of buildings.
Services may include, but are not limited to:

(a) planning, architectural designing and structural conceptualization;

(b) consultation, consultancy, giving oral or written advice and directions, conferences, evaluations,
investigations, quality surveys, appraisals and adjustments, architectural and operational
planning, site analysis and other pre-design services;

(f) construction and project management, giving general management, administration,

supervision, coordination and responsible direction or the planning, architectural designing,
construction, reconstruction, erection, enlargement or demolition, renovation, repair, orderly

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removal, remodeling, alteration, preservation or restoration of buildings or structures or complex
buildings, including all their components, sites and environs, intended for private or public use;

(g) the planning, architectural lay-outing and utilization of spaces within and surrounding such
buildings or structures, housing design and community architecture, architectural interiors and
space planning, architectural detailing, architectural lighting, acoustics, architectural lay-outing of
mechanical, electrical, electronic, sanitary, plumbing, communications and other utility systems,
equipment and fixtures;

URBAN PLANNING

Urban planning (urban, city, and town planning) is a technical and political process concerned
with the control of the use of land and design of the urban environment, including transportation
networks, to guide and ensure the orderly development of settlements and communities. It
concerns itself with research and analysis, strategic thinking, urban design, public consultation,
policy recommendations, implementation and management.
A plan can take a variety of forms including: strategic plans, comprehensive plans, neighborhood
plans, regulatory and incentive strategies, or historic preservation plans. Planners are often also
responsible for enforcing the chosen policies.
The modern origins of urban planning lie in the movement for urban reform that arose as a
reaction against the disorder of the industrial city in the mid-19th century. Urban planning can
include urban renewal, by adapting urban planning methods to existing cities suffering from
decline. In the late-20th century the term sustainable development has come to represent an ideal
outcome in the sum of all planning goals.

List of urban planners chronological by initial year of plan.

c. 332 BC Dinocrates - Alexandria, Egypt

c. 408 BC Hippodamus - Peiraeus, Thurii, Rhodes
1666 Christopher Wren - London
1791 Peter Charles L'Enfant and Andrew Ellicott - Washington, DC
1882 Arturo Soria y Mata - the Ciudad Lineal, Madrid
1898 Ebenezer Howard - Garden City
1909 Daniel Burnham - Chicago, Illinois Manila, Philippines, Baguio City, Philippines
1912 Walter Burley Griffin - Canberra
1935 Frank Lloyd Wright - Broadacre City (concept)
1950 Le Corbusier - Chandigarh, India
1957 Lucio Costa - Brasília, Brazil
1960 Konstantinos Doxiadis - Islamabad, Pakistan
1984 Andres Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk - Seaside, Florida

URBAN DESIGN

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Urban design deals with the creation of the physical public realm of human settlements within the
public realm of decision-making. The objective in the opening chapter is thus not only with giving
a broad definition to urban design but also with coming to some understanding of the nature of
the public realm of the physical fabric of cities and the public realm of decision-making. certain
ideas--largely political power.

is the collective term used to describe the process of designing and shaping cities, towns and
villages.

Whereas architecture focuses on individual buildings, urban design address the larger scale of
groups of buildings, of streets and public spaces, whole neighbourhoods and districts, and entire
cities, to make urban areas functional, attractive and sustainable.
Urban design is an inter-disciplinery subject, that unites all the built environment professions,
including urban planning, landscape architecture, architecture, civil and municipal engineering. It
is common for professionals in all these disciplines to practice in urban design. In more recent
times different strands of urban design have emerged such as landscape urbanism.
Urban Design – A typology of Procedures and Products

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