CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Steel
1.1 Definition
2. Steel is a metal alloy between iron (Fe) and carbon (C), where iron is the basic
element and carbon is the main alloying element. The carbon content in steel ranges
from 0.1% to 1.7% according to its level. In the steel making process there will be
other elements besides carbon which will be left behind in the steel such as
manganese (Mn), silicon (Si), chromium (Cr), vanadium (V), and other elements.
Based on the composition in practice, steel consists of several types, namely Carbon
Steel and Alloy Steel.
3. (Arief Murtiono, 2012 : 58)
3.1 Classification
Based on carbon content, steel is divided into three types, namely:
3.1.1 Low carbon steel
Low kabon steel (low carbon steel) contains carbon in carbon steel mix less than
0.3%. This steel is not hard steel because it contains a low carbon of less than 0.3%
C. Low carbon steel cannot be hardened because it contains insufficient carbon to
make a martensitic structure
3.1.2 Medium carbon steel
Carbon steel contains 0.3% C – 0.6% C carbon (medium carbon steel) and with its
carbon content allows the steel to be hardened according to appropriate heat
treatment. Carbon steel is harder and stronger than low carbon steel.
3.1.3 High carbon steel
High carbon steels contain 0.6% C – 1.5% C and have high hardness but lower
ductility, it is almost unknown the distance of the melt stress to the proportional stress
on the stress strain graph. In contrast to low carbon steel, hardening by handling heat
in high carbon steel does not provide optimal results because there is too much
martensite which makes the steel brittle.
(Nevada,2012:2)
4. AISI 1045
4.1 General Observation
Aisi 1045 is carbon steel which has a carbon content of about 0.43 to 0.5 and belongs
to the medium carbon steel group. This specific steel is widely used as an automotive
component for example for gear components in motorized vehicles.
(Parmono,2011:32)
4.2 Composition
On the steel AISI 1045 have chemical composition as in the table:
Table 2.2 Chemical compostion of AISI 1045 Steel
 Code C% Si% Mn% Mo% P% S%
AISI 1045 0,4-0,45 0,1-0,3 0,6-0,9 0,025 0,04 0,05
max Max
(Parmono,2011:32)
4.3 Aplication
AISI 1045 steel means carbon steel or plain carbon steel which has a carbon
composition of 0.45%. This specification steel is widely used as a component of
gears, shafts and bearings. The application of this steel must have good wear
resistance because according to its function it must be able to withstand the wear
caused by rubbing against the chain.
(Parmono,2011:32)
5. Heat Treatment
Heat treatment or heat treatment is a combination of heating operations on metals
below the melting temperature of the metal and cooling of metals or alloys in a solid
state for a certain time.
(Anver,1974:249)
5.1 Normalizing
Normalizing is one part of the heat treatment carried out by heating at least 55
degrees Celsius (100 degrees Fahrenheit) above the upper critical temperature ie
above A3 for compositions less than eutectooid (0.76% wt% C) and above Acm for
compositions larger than eutectoid after a long period of time, the alloy will turn into
austenite and is called the austenisation process. This treatment ends with cooling in
the air.
(Callister,2010:423-424)
5.2 Hardening
The strength and hardness of some metal alloys can be increased by the formation
of very small uniformly dispersed particles and the second phase in the matrix phase.
This must be done by phase transformation induced by proper heat treatment. This
hardening process is carried out to produce monkey workpieces, a process carried out
at high temperatures, namely at austenization temperature used to dissolve a minute
in austenite which is then quenched. At this stage it will produce carbon trapping so
that the atoms shift and form a tetragonal center structure or an unbalanced structure
called martensite is hard and brittle.
(Callister,2010:436-438)
5.3 Annealing
Annealing process refers to the heat treatment in which the material is exposed to
high temperatures for long periods of time and then slowly cooled. The purpose of
annealing itself is to eliminate stress, increase softness, toughness and toughness, and
produce certain micro structures.
In the annealing process consists of three stages: first heating to the desired
temperature, second holding or soaking at that temperature, and the third cooling is
 usually done at room temperature. The annealing process is intended to produce
coarse pearlite which is soft by heating to austenitization and cooling, improving
grain size and in some cases also improving machirubility.
(Callister,2010:424)
6. Mechanical Properties
Mechanical property is one of the most important properties because it states the
ability of a material to accept a load or force or energy without causing damage to the
material or component. Some mechanical properties that must be known are
described as follows:
6.1 Hardness
Hardness is the resistance of a material from suppression or indentation or
penetration. This is due to wear resistance, which is a material resistance from a
treatment that causes scratching or scraping. The initial hardness test is based on
natural minerals with a scale that is capable of thickening the scale used in the
hardness scale of Mosh which ranges from 1 to 10 or diamonds.
(Callister,2010:174)
6.2 Strenght

Strength is the ability of a material to accept stress without causing the material to
break. based on the type of load at work, we can divide in several kinds. strengths
include tensile strength, shear strength, compressive strength, torque strength, and
flexural strength.

(Roylance, 2001:141)

Material hardness is generally directly proportional to the tensile strength. This means
that if the tensile strength of the material is high then the hardness is also high.
 Picture II.1 The relationship of hardness and tensile strength

the relationship between hardness and strength of materials is at the same hardness value, the
tensile strength of ductile metals is greater than brittle metals. at the change in the value of the
same hardness, the tensile strength of ductile metals experiences greater changes than brittle
metals. it is shown in the slope value of the ductile metal curve which is greater than the brittle
metal.

Picture II.2 Slope Value of Ductile and Brittle Metals Curve

(Sudarno, 2010: 12)

7. Hardness Test
1.1 Definiton
A hardness of a material can be expressed resistance to a deformation and is a
measure for a metal. For resilience in the face of plastic deformation, it can be
classified into three types of measures of violence namely line violence, grooves, and
reflection violence. For metals only the hardness of the grooves attract much attention
in the engineering field. In indentation hardness can be classified into various types,
namely brinell, rockwell, vickers, and knoop hardness tests.
(Callister,2010:191)
1.2 Purpose
 The purpose of the hardness test is to determine the value of violence, where the
resistance is deformation. And to find out the value is done in various ways such as
brickell, vikers, and rockwell
1.3 Type of Hardnest Test
1.3.1 Vickers
In this test, the instrument uses a square-based diamond-pyramid indenter with an
included angle of 136° between opposite faces. The load range is usually between 1
and 120 kg. The Vickers hardness tester operates on the same basic principle as the
Brinell tester, the numbers being expressed in terms f load and area of the impression.
As a result of the indenter's shape, the impression on the surface of the specimen will
be a square. The length of the diagonal of the square is measured through a
microscope fitted with an ocular micrometer that contains movable knife-edges. The
distance between knife-edges is indicated on a counter calibrated in thousandths of a
millimeter. Tables are usually available to convert the measured diagonal to Vickers
pyramid hardness number (HV), or the following formula may be used:
1.845 P
HV =
d2

Where, P = indentation load, kgf

d = diagonal length of square impression, mm
(Anver,1974:31)
1.3.2 Brinell
The Brinell hardneM_lestejL-USiLaiiy_consLsts of a hand-operajed
verticaMhydraulic presg. designed to force a ball indenter into the"test specimen
Standard procedure requires that the f test be made with a ball of 10 mm diameter
under a load of 3,000 kg for ferrous metals, or 500 kg for nonferrous metals. For
ferrous metals the loaded ball is pressed into the test specimen for at least 10 s; for
nonferrous metals the time is 30 s. The diameter of the impression produced is
measured by means of a microscope containing an ocular scale, usually -
graduated in tenths of a millimeter, permitting estimates to the nearest 0.05 mm.
The Brinell hardness number (HB) is the ratio of the load in kilograms to the
impressed area in square millimeters, and is calculated from the following
formula:
P
HB=
D
(π )( D−√ D2−d 2 )
2

Where,
P = indentation load, kgf
D = diameter of ball, mm
d = diameter of impression, mm
(Anver,1974:26)
1.3.3 Rockwell
This hardness test uses a direct-reading instrument based on the principle of
differential depth measurement. The test is carried out by slowly raising the specimen
against the indenter until a fixed minor load has been applied. This is indicated on the
dial gauge. Then the major load is applied through a loaded lever system. After the
dial pointer comes to rest, the major load is removed and, with the minor load still
acting, the Rockwell hardness number is read on the dial gauge. Since the order of the
numbers is reversed on the dial gauge, a shallow impression on a hard material will
result in a high number while a deep impression on a soft material will result in a low
number. There are two Rockwell machines, the normal tester for relatively thick
sections, and the superficial tester for thin sections. The minor load is 10 kg on the
normal tester and 3 kg on the superficial tester.
The Rockwell hardness number (HR) is calculated from the following formula:

HR=E−e

Where,
F 0 = minor load, kgf
F 1 = major load, kgf
F = total load, kgf
e = the distance between condition 1 and condition 3 divided by 0.02 mm
E = the distance between the indenter when given a minor load and the Zero
references Line for each type of indenter is different
HR = the magnitude of the value of rockwell hardness

(Anver,1974:30)