Johanna Marie D.

Cardinal
MD2 | Pharmacology – Dr. Rodrigo
ACTIVITY 1

“An act regulating and modernizing the practice of pharmacy in the

Philippines, repealing for the purpose republic act numbered five
thousand nine hundred twenty-one (R.A. no. 5921), otherwise known
as the pharmacy law.”
Philippine Pharmacy Law
This act aims to regulate and standardize pharmacy education in the
country as well as to administer practices such as examination,
registration, and the licensing of pharmacists. It promotes the role of
the pharmacists as part of the health care system of the country.

“An act to promote, require and ensure the production of an adequate

supply, distribution, use and acceptance of drugs and medicines
identified by their generic names.”
Generics Act of 1988
This act promotes the use of generic terms in improving drug use.
Generic terms must be used in purchasing, dispensing, and
prescribing of drugs. It also aims to lessen duplication in medication
and promotes drug safety.

“An act instituting the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs act of 2002,

repealing Republic Cct no. 6425, otherwise known as the Dangerous
Drugs Act of 1972, as amended, providing funds therefor, and for
Comprehensive Dangerous other purposes.”
Act of 2002
This act is concerned with the welfare of the consumers in terms of
drug and medication usage. It aims to protect the citizens, particularly
the youth, from the adverse effects of dangerous drugs on their well-
being and development.

“An act granting additional benefits and privileges to senior citizens,

further amending Republic Act no. 7432, as amended, otherwise
known as “an act to maximize the contribution of senior citizens to
Senior Citizen Act of 1992 nation building, grant benefits and special privileges and for other
and Expanded Senior purposes.”
Citizen Act of 2010
This act supports the role and participation of senior citizens in the
development of our nation. As part of this act, senior citizens must be
provided with a comprehensive health care system and help them
achieve a more meaningful and productive life.

Universally Accessible
Cheaper and Quality “An act providing for cheaper and quality medicines, amending for the
Medicines Act of 2008 purpose Republic Act no. 8293 or the Intellectual Property Code,
Republic Act no. 6675 or the Generics Act of 1988, and Republic Act

Philippine National Health
Research System Act of
2013
Rare Diseases Act of the
Philippines
Traditional and Alternative
Medicine Act of 1997
Data Privacy Act of 2012
Johanna Marie D. Cardinal
MD2 | Pharmacology – Dr. Rodrigo
no. 5921 or the Pharmacy Law, and for other purposes ”
This act intends to provide access to affordable and quality drugs for
everyone. It also protects the people from unlawful acts of the
manufacturers in the disposition of drugs and medicines.
“ An act institutionalizing the Philippine National Health Research
System.”
It address the right to health of the people and encourage them to be
conscious about their health and to improve their quality of living with
the help of researches that are appropriately conducted and
developed for the enhancement of their health.
“An act promulgating a comprehensive policy in addressing the needs
of persons with rare disease.”
It promotes the rights of every citizen to a timely health information
and quality medical care including persons with rare diseases. They
must also take part in having access to a proper and adequate health
care system. The act recognizes the importance of research in
developing special programs and activities that will be needed by
patients with rare disease.
“An act creating the Philippine Institute Of Traditional And Alternative
Health Care (PITAHC) to accelerate the development of traditional
and alternative health care in the Philippines, providing for a
traditional and alternative health care development fund and for other
purposes.”
This act advocates the use of traditional medicine, an alternative
approach to medicine with the use of herbs that are proven safe,
affordable, and effective. It recognizes the importance of this different
approach in providing essential health care to the people. It also
seek to support the indigenous communities in getting rights with their
products and in promoting their works.
“An act protecting individual personal information in information and
communications systems in the government and the private sector,
creating for this purpose a national privacy commission, and for other
purposes.”
 Johanna Marie D. Cardinal
MD2 | Pharmacology – Dr. Rodrigo
This act serves to protect the people and to avoid any violation in
rights and freedom of the citizens in relation to their data and
information. This act also recognizes the importance of proper
dissemination of information in nation building. Thus, it ensures that
the citizens are provided with the right information and have an
access to their data to allow corrections without violating personal
privacy.

References:

Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency – pdea.gov.ph

Official Gazette – officialgazette.gov.ph
The LAWPhil Project – lawphil.net
Nice Sustainable Agriculture – lbf-nice.org
National Privacy Commission – privacy.gov.ph
Lexology – lexology.com
 Johanna Marie D. Cardinal
MD2 | Pharmacology – Dr. Rodrigo
ACTIVITY 2

The pharmacology of adrenergic agonists is very diverse in terms of mode of action (direct, indirect,
or mixed), selectivity of receptors, and peripheral and CNS effects. The indirect and mixed mode of
action of adrenergic agonists will be discussed together with the substances and their mechanisms
associated to them.

Indirect-acting adrenergic agonists increase the availability of endogenously stored norepinephrine to

stimulate adrenergic reactions. The indirect-acting drugs do not bind to specific receptors, but act by
releasing stored norepinephrine and thus, their actions are nonspecific. Norepinephrine is released
from intra-neuronal storage vesicles by being taken up by pre-synaptic adrenergic neurons.
Substances like amphetamines and cocaine produce NE-like actions by stimulating NE release and
preventing its reuptake and thus, it’s activation.

Amphetamines cause release of stored norepinephrine from adrenergic neuron nerve terminals into

the synaptic cleft. In this way they are termed "Indirect Adrenergic Agonists"). Although the
therapeutic and abuse potential of amphetamines lies in their central effects, peripheral adrenergic
neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are also affected. Indeed, these autonomic effects make
up some of the important adverse and dose-limiting toxicities of these drugs. Although they have long
been used effectively to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents,
amphetamines are now being prescribed increasingly as maintenance therapy for ADHD and narcolepsy in
adults, considerably extending the period of potential exposure. Because the pharmacokinetics of amphetamines
differ between children and adults, reevaluation of the potential for adverse effects of chronic treatment of
adults is essential.

Mixed-acting adrenergic agonists  have direct and indirect mechanisms of action.These are compounds that
cause activation of adrenergic receptors by both direct binding as well as release of endogenously-
stored norepinephrine from presynaptic terminals. Ephedrine is the prototype mixed-acting agonist.
Their effects are blunted, but not abolished, by prior treatment with drugs that deplete presynaptic stores of catecholamines. The
 Johanna Marie D. Cardinal
MD2 | Pharmacology – Dr. Rodrigo
principal mechanism of action relies on its indirect stimulation of the adrenergic receptor system by
increasing the activity of norepinephrine at the postsynaptic α and β receptors.

Ephedrine is a direct and indirect sympathomimetic amine.4 Ephedrine activates adrenergic α and β-receptors as
well as inhibiting norepinephrine reuptake, and increasing the release of norepinephrine from vesicles in nerve
cells.4 These actions combined lead to larger quantities of norepinephrine present in the synapse, for longer
periods of time, increasing stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.4 Ephedrine's stimulation of α-1
receptors causes constriction of veins and a rise in blood pressure, stimulation of β-1 adrenergic receptors
increase cardiac chronotropy and inotropy, simulation of β-2 adrenergic receptors causes bronchodilation.4

Indirect-acting adrenergic agonists Mixed-action adrenergic agonists

Amphetamine Ephedrine
Cocaine Pseudoepidrine

Drug Therapeutic use Adverse Contraindication Toxicity

affects

 Powerful stimulator  Restlessness  Moderate to severe  Psychosis

of the CNS  Blurred vision hypertension  Hyperthermia
 Treatment for  acne  History of bipolar  Hyperlocomotion
Amphetamine ADHD and disorder, depression
narcolepsy  Cardiovascular
disease

 Topical anesthetic  Loss of apetite  Breastfeeding  Malnutrition

 Johanna Marie D. Cardinal
MD2 | Pharmacology – Dr. Rodrigo
 Disturbed mothers  Hallucinations
Cocaine sleep patterns  Seizures  High blood
 Nausea  Thyrotoxicosis pressure

   

Drug Therapeutic use Adverse affects Contraindication Toxicity

Ephedrine
 Hypotension  Irregular heartbeat  Glaucoma  Salivation
 Bronchodilator  Chest pain  Assymetric  Hyperactivity
 Decongestant  Anxiety aseptal  Ataxia
hypertrophy  Lethargy

Pseudophrin
e  Hypotension  Headache  Closed-angle  Agitation
 Relieve nasal  Dizziness glaucoma  Hyperactivity
congestion  Nervousness  High blood  Tachycardia
 Fear pressure  mydriasis
 Diabetes
 Enlarged
prostate