Singular and plural nouns

Singular nouns :

Apple, book, car, dog, hat, pencil, towel, window

Plural nouns : add “s” to the end of the word

Apples, books, cars, dogs, hats, pencils, towels, windows

For some plural nouns, there are different endings to the word :

Nouns that end in “ch”, “x”, “s”, add “es” to make the word plural

Watches, boxes, dresses, buses

Nouns ending in “f”, “fe” change “f” to “v” and add “es” to make the word plural

Shelf (shelves), wife (wives), leaf (leaves), life (lives)

Some nouns have different plural forms

Child (children), woman (women), man (men), mouse (mice), goose (geese)

Nouns ending in vowels like “y”, “o” do not have definite rules

Baby (babies), toy (toys), kidney (kidneys), potato (potatoes), memo (memos), stereo
(stereos).

Be verbs
I am a student, she is a teacher, he is funny, it is hot, we are happy, they are sad, you are
a clown.

Negative sentences need “not” after the “be” verb

I am not student, I am not strong, she is not a teacher, he is not funny, it is not hot, we
are not happy, they are not sad, you are not a clown.

Interrogative sentence the “be” verb come first in these sentences.

Am I a student?, am I strong?, is she a teacher?, is he funny?, is it hot?, are we happy?,

are they sad?, are you a clown?.
Action verbs
He, she, and it I, you, they, we
He walks to school I walk to school
She writes stories You write stories
It floats on water They sleep early
We work in an office

Action verbs can be turned into negatives sentences

He, she, and it I, you, they, we

He does not walk to school I do not walk to school
She does not write stories You do not write stories
It does not float on water They do not sleep early
We do not work in an office

Interrogative sentences begin with “do” or “does”

He,she and it I, you,they, we

Does he walk to school? Do I need a map?
Does she write stories? Do you speak a different language?
Does it float on water ? Do they sleep early?
Do we need to go home?

Demonstrative determiners
this or these : this and these are used when reffering to something close to the speaker.
“this” is followed by a singular noun. “these” is followed by a plural noun.

This car is very expensive

These dogs are friendly

That or those : that and those are used when reffering to something far from the
speaker. “that” is followed by a singular plural. “those” is followed by a plural noun.

That woman is my neighbor

Those flowers are beautiful.