MENG 1008

Engineering Drawing I
Lecture 2
Drawing of Projections
Principles of Projections
Types of Projections
› Pictorial projections: The description of
the object is completely understood in
one view
– Perspective
– Isometric
– Oblique
› Orthographic Projections: When the
projectors are perpendicular to the
plane on which the projection is
obtained, it is known as orthographic
projection.
Principles of Projections
Orthographic Projections
Orthographic projection technique can produce either
1. Multiview drawing that each view show an object in two
dimensions.
2. Axonometric (Isometric) drawing that show all three
dimensions of an object in one view.
Orthographic Projections
The Glass Box Concept
The glass box concept theorizes that an object is suspended
inside a six-sided glass cube.
Orthographic Projections
Orthographic Projections
Six Principal Views
Orthographic Projections

1. What are the differences

between the Right Side and
Left Side views?

2. What are the differences

between the Top and Bottom,
and Front and Rear views?

3. Which view(s) have the least

number of hidden or dashed
lines?
Orthographic Projections
Three Primary/Standard Views
General Guidelines

• Pick a Front View that is most

descriptive of object

• Normally the longest dimension is

chosen as the width (or depth)

• Most common combination of

views is to use:
o Front, Top, and Side View
Orthographic Projections
Four Quadrants
› When the planes of projections are extended beyond their
line of intersection, they form Four Quadrants. These
quadrants are numbered as I, II, Ill and IV in clockwise
direction.
Orthographic Projections
First Angle Projection -
When the object is
situated in First Quadrant
ISO standard used
internationally
Orthographic Projections
First Angle Projection
› STEP 1 – Draw guidelines and establish Front Elevation. Draw
45° line as shown which always points toward the front view.
› STEP 2 - Draw Plan in the direction of the arrow shown.
› STEP 3 – Draw End view in the direction of the arrow shown.
NOTE: Leave 20mm space between views
Orthographic Projections
› Example 1
Orthographic Projections
Third Angle Projection
When the object is
situated in Third Quadrant.

US standard
Orthographic Projections
Third Angle Projection
› STEP 1 – Draw guidelines and establish Front Elevation. Draw 45° line
as shown which always points toward the front view.
› STEP 2 - Draw Plan in the opposite direction of the arrow shown.
› STEP 3 – Draw End view in the opposite direction of the arrow
shown.
› NOTE: Leave 20mm space between views
Orthographic Projections
› Example 1
 FRONT

Use a dimension of 10 mm
between lines
Lines in Space
› All orthographic views are composed of lines.
› Below is a line AB shown in 3D and how it looks when viewed from the three
principal planes (front, plan and end).
› Front view (designated as FVP below) is line ab.
› Plan/top view (designated as HP below) is line a1b1.
› End view (designated as EVP below) is line a2b2.
True Length
› When a line in 3D space is angled to the three principle planes (front, plan,
end), the true length of the line cannot be directly determined.
› Thus the following steps can be followed to determine the true length of a line
in space.

METHOD 1:
1. Given the line’s Front View a1b1 and Plan View
a2b2. Shown in First Angle Projection.
2. Draw the X-Y line between both views.
3. Project perpendicular lines from the plan view.
4. Transfer the distances from the front view to
these perpendicular lines such that the distance
from a1 to the X-Y line is equal to the distance
a2-A and the distance from b1 to the X-Y lines is
equal to the distance b2-B.
5. Line AB then represents the line’s true length.
6. Alternatively, this method can be used to draw
the true length using the front view as shown in
the diagram.
True Length
METHOD 2:
1. Given the line’s Front View a1b1 and Plan
View a2b2. Shown in First Angle Projection.
2. Draw the X-Y line between both views.
3. Draw horizontal lines through all points a1,
a2, b1 and b2.
4. With b1 as center and radius a1b1 draw an
arc to meet the b1 line.
5. Draw a perpendicular line from the arc and
b1 line intersection point to the a2 line
6. Join points b2B and A to obtain the true
length
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