PUMPS

Pumps are devices designed to convert mechanical

energy to hydraulic energy.
Pump Uses:
(i) To move water from lower points to higher points
with a required discharge and pressure head.

(ii) To transport liquid from one place to another e.g.

city water distribution.

(iii) To transfer fuel from a low pressure to a high

pressure zone e.g. fuel pump in engines.
 PUMP CLASSIFICATION
1- Rotodynamic turbo pumps, 2- Positive displacement pump
1. Rotodynamic turbo pumps:
- The machines whose functioning depend basically on the principle of
fluid dynamics, are known as rotodynamic turbo pumps.

- The rotating element of the machine usually consist of a number of

vanes or blades known as rotor or impeller while the fixed part is
known as stator.

- Within the impeller, a change of angular momentum of fluid occurs

imparting torque to the rotating member.
- Examples are:
(i) Centrifugal pumps (radial-flow pumps)
(ii) Propeller pumps (axial-flow pumps)
(iii) Jet pumps (mixed-flow pumps)
2. Positive-displacement pumps:
- The machines whose functioning depend mainly on the change of
volume of a certain amount of fluid within the machine are known
as positive displacement machines.

- The word 'positive displacement' implies that there is a physical

displacement of the boundary of a certain mass of fluid.

- Examples are:
(i) Screw pumps
(ii) Reciprocating pumps
 Pump classification is based on the way by which the
water leaves the rotating part of the pump.

(i) In radial-flow pump the water leaves the impeller in radial

direction,

(ii) while in the axial-flow pump the water leaves the

propeller in the axial direction.

(iii) In the mixed-flow pump the water leaves the impeller in

an inclined direction having both radial and axial components
 ROTODYNAMIC TURBO PUMPS
(1) Centrifugal Pump
COMPONENTS OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

The two main components of a

centrifugal pump are:
(i) The impeller (rotating):
-The impeller, commonly driven by an
electric motor, increases the kinetic
energy of the liquid. The K.E. depends on
speed and diameter of the impeller.

(ii) The volute casing (stationary):

- High velocity liquid leaving the impeller
then flows through the volute. Volute
slows down the liquid due to its
progressively increasing cross-sectional
area and as consequence part of the kinetic
energy is converted to pressure according
to Bernoulli’s equation
 Main Parts of Centrifugal Pumps
(i) Impeller:
- which is the rotating part of the
centrifugal pump.

- It consists of a series of
backwards curved vanes (blades).

- The impeller is driven by a shaft

which is connected to the shaft of
an electric motor.
(ii) Casing
- Which is an air-tight passage surrounding the impeller
- designed to direct the liquid to the impeller and lead it away
- Volute casing: It is of spiral type in which the area of the flow
increases gradually.

(iii) Suction Pipe.

(iv) Delivery Pipe.

(v) The Shaft: which is the bar by which the power is transmitted from
the motor drive to the impeller.

(vi) The driving motor: which is responsible for rotating the shaft. It can
be mounted directly on the pump, above it, or adjacent to it.
2. Propeller Pumps
 This type of pump, often called axial-flow,
develops most of its head by the propelling
or lifting action of the vanes upon the
liquid.

 These pumps are built in horizontal or

vertical casings and are primarily used in
handling sludge, dewatering pits, sewage
pumping, and similar duties requiring large
capacities and heads under 100 ft (30 m).

 Axial flow propeller pumps are commonly

designed as tubular casing pumps; mixed
flow propeller pumps can either be tubular
casing pumps or volute casing
pumps (with a concrete casing for large
pump sizes)
3. Jet pumps
 Jet pumps are centrifugal pumps with an ejector (venturi nozzle)
attached at the discharge outlet. They function based upon the Venturi
effect of Bernoulli's principle - utilizing constriction to reduce pressure
and provide suction.

 After the pump is primed, a motive fluid is pumped through a standard

centrifugal pump and enters an ejector. At the throat of the converging
section of the ejector, the pressurized fluid is ejected at high velocity.
This creates a low pressure (vacuum) at the throat, drawing the
target fluid (from a well or other source) up into the nozzle.
(4) submersible pump (wet) or dry.
 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP
(1) Screw pumps
In the screw pump a revolving shaft fitted with blades rotates
in an inclined trough and pushes the water up the trough.
(2) Reciprocating pumps
- In the reciprocating pump a piston sucks the fluid
into a cylinder then pushes it up causing the water to
rise.
Hydraulic Analysis of Pumps and Piping Systems

hfd
H md
H stat

Ht
hd
fs
h
hs

Datum pump
center line
H ms
hs (static suction head): it is the difference in elevation between the suction liquid level
and the centerline of the pump impeller.

hd (static discharge head): it is the difference in elevation between the discharge liquid
level and the centerline of the pump impeller.

Hstat (static head): it is the difference (or sum) in elevation between the static discharge
and the static suction heads:
H stat hd hs
Hms (manometric suction head): it is the suction gage reading (if a manometer is
installed just at the inlet of the pump, then Hms is the height to which the water will rise
in the manometer).

Hmd (manometric discharge head): it is the discharge gage reading (if a manometer is
installed just at the outlet of the pump, then Hmd is the height to which the water will
rise in the manometer).

Hm (manometric head): it is the increase of pressure head generated by the pump

H m H md H ms
• Ht (total dynamic head): it is the total head delivered by the pump:
Vd2 Vs2 Eq.(1)
Ht  Hm d   ( Hm s  )
2g 2g

• Ht can be written in another form as follows:

H md hd h f d   hmd
Vs2
Hm s  hs  h f s   hms 
2g

Substitute into eq. (1)

Vd2  Vs2 Vs2 
Ht  hd  h f d   hmd   hs  h f s   hm s   
2 g  2 g 2 g 

but H stat  hd  hs
Vd2
Ht  H stat  h f d   hmd  h f s   hm s 
2g
In the above equations; we define:
hfs : is the friction losses in the suction pipe.
hfd : is the friction losses in the discharge (delivery) pipe.
hms : is the minor losses in the suction pipe.
hmd: is the minor losses in the discharge (delivery) pipe.

• Bernoulli’s equation can also be applied to find Ht (total

dynamic head):

 Pd V   Ps V
2
 2
H t   Z d   Z s 
d s

 g 2 g   g 2 g 
Pump Efficiency
Power output Po gQ H t gQH t
p   or Pi 
Power input Pi Pi p
Which is the power input delivered from the motor to the impeller of the
pump.
Motor efficiency : m
Pi
m 
Pm
Pi
Pm  which is the power input delivered to the motor.
m

Overall efficiency of the motor-pump system: o

o   p m
Po
o 
Pm
 NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH)
On the suction side of a pump, low pressures are commonly
encountered, with the concomitant possibility of cavitation occurring
within the pump.

Cavitation occurs when the liquid pressure at a given location is

reduced to the vapor pressure of the liquid. When this occurs, vapor
bubbles form; this phenomenon can cause a loss in efficiency as well
as structural damage to the pump.
To characterize the potential for cavitation, define the net positive
suction head (NPSH) as:
Ps Vs2 Pvapor
NPSH   
g 2 g g
The total head on the suction The liquid vapor
side near the pump impeller pressure head
inlet
 CAVITATION OF PUMPS AND NPSH
 In general, cavitation occurs when the liquid pressure at a given
location is reduced to the vapor pressure of the liquid.
 For a piping system that includes a pump, cavitation occurs when the
absolute pressure at the inlet falls below the vapor pressure of the
water.
 This phenomenon may occur at the inlet to a pump and on the
impeller blades, particularly if the pump is mounted above the level in
the suction reservoir.
 Under this condition, vapor bubbles form (water starts to boil) at the
impeller inlet and when these bubbles are carried into a zone of higher
pressure, they collapse abruptly and hit the vanes of the impeller (near
the tips of the impeller vanes). causing:
(i) Damage to the pump (pump impeller)
(ii) Violet vibrations (and noise).
(iii) Reduce pump capacity.
(iv) Reduce pump efficiency
How to avoid Cavitation ??
(i) To avoid cavitation, the pressure head at the inlet
should not fall below a certain minimum which is
influenced by the further reduction in pressure within
the pump impeller.
Ps Vs2

g 2 g

(ii) To accomplish this, we use the difference between

the total head at the inlet and the water vapor pressure
head Pvapor
g
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH)

Ps Vs2 Pvapor
NPSH   
g 2 g g
There are two values of NPSH of interest:
(i) The Required NPSH, denoted (NPSH)R , that must be maintained or
exceeded so that cavitation will not occur and usually determined
experimentally and provided by the manufacturer.

(ii) The Available NPSH, denoted (NPSH)A , which represents the head
that actually occurs for the particular piping system.
This value can be determined experimentally, or calculated if the system
parameters are known.

 For proper pump operation (no cavitation) :

(NPSH)A > (NPSH)R
Determination of datum
(NPSH)A hs

applying the energy equation between

point (1) and (2), datum at pump
center line

Patm PS VS2
 hS     hL
g g 2 g
PS VS2 Patm
   hS   hL
g 2 g g
PS VS2 PVapor Patm PVapor
    hS   hL 
g 2 g g g g
Patm PVapor
( NPSH ) A   hS   hL 
g g
 Selection of A Pump
It has been seen that the efficiency of a pump depends on the discharge,
head, and power requirement of the pump. The approximate ranges of
application of each type of pump are indicated in the following Figure.
 Selection of A Pump
• In selecting a particular pump for a given system:

(i) The design conditions are specified and a pump is

selected for the range of applications.

(ii) A system characteristic curve (H-Q) is then prepared.

(iii) The H-Q curve is then matched to the pump

characteristics chart which is provided by the manufacturer.

(iv)The matching point (operating point) indicates the actual

working conditions.
 System Characteristic Curve
The total head, Ht , that the pump delivers includes the
elevation head and the head losses incurred in the system. The
friction loss and other minor losses in the pipeline depend
on the velocity of the water in the pipe, and hence the total
head loss can be related to the discharge rate

For a given pipeline system (including a pump or a group of

pumps), a unique system head-capacity (H-Q) curve can be
plotted.
This curve is usually referred to as a system characteristic
curve or simply system curve. It is a graphic representation of
the system head and is developed by plotting the total head, over
a range of flow rates starting from zero to the maximum
expected value of Q.
 H t H stat   hL
System Curve
70
60

Hstat Shl
50
H (m) 40
30
20
10

0 3 6 9 12 15 18
Q (m3 /hr)
System with valve partially closed Q delivered by a pump not
only depends on the
120 pump performance but
also on the Q and H
100 behavior of the piping
Sytem Head (m)

system, known as system

80 (demand) curve.
The pump has to meet the
60
demand for:
40 (i) Elevation Z2-Z1
Static head (z2-z1) (ii) Head, V22-V12/2g
20
Losses in the suction
0 side, hls and therefore
total system head to be
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Discharge (m3/s) overcome is given by the
following equation:
P2  P1 V22  V12
H sys    Z 2  Z1   hLS  hLD 
g 2g
For most applications: P2  P1  0 (atmospheric) and
V2  V1  0
 H sys   Z 2  Z1    hLS  hLD 
 System Characteristic Curve
H t H stat   hL
H stat  Z 2  Z1

Z2

Z1
 Pump Characteristic Curves
- Pump manufacturers provide information on the performance of
their pumps in the form of curves, commonly called pump
characteristic curves (or simply pump curves).

- In pump curves the following information may be given:

• the discharge (Q) on the x-axis,
• the head (H) on the left y-axis,
• the pump power input on the right y-axis,
• the pump efficiency as a percentage,
• the speed of the pump (rpm = revolutions/min).
• the NPSH of the pump.
 NPSH - m
6
4
NPSH 2
0
70 Pump Curve 80%
60 70%
50 60%
H (m)

Efficiency
cy
cien

40 50%
effi

40%

%
30
20
10

0 100 200 300 400

Q (m3/hr)
• The pump characteristic curves are very important to help select the
required pump for the specified conditions.
• If the system curve is plotted on the pump curves in we may produce
the following Figure:
system curve

pump curve

• The point of intersection is called the operating point.

• This matching point indicates the actual working conditions, and
therefore the proper pump that satisfy all required performance
characteristic is selected.
 NPSH - m
6
4
2
0
70 Pump Curve 70%

Efficiency %
60 cy 60%
50 50%
ien
ic

H (m) 40%
eff

40 System Curve
30
20
10

0 3 6 9 12 15 18
Q (m3 /hr)
TUTORIAL – PROBLEMS ON PUMP
- Tutorial 1
- Tutorial 2
- Tutorial 5