Pile capacity for eccentric inclined load in clay

G. G. MEYERHOF
AND A. S. YALCIN
Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University ofNova Scotin, P.O. Box 1000, Hnlifnw, N.S., Canada B3J 2x4
Received November 3, 1983
Accepted February 2, 1984
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In connection with the design of offshore structures and bridge foundations, the ultimate bearing capacity of rigid piles and pile
groups in clay has been determined under various combinations of eccentricity and inclination of the load varying from the
vertical to horizontal directions. The results of load tests on single rigid model piles and freestanding groups are compared with
theoretical estimates. 'The influence of eccentricity and inclination of the load on the ultimate bearing capacity can be represented
by simple interaction relationships between the ultimate loads and moments and between the axial and normal components of the
ultimate load. The effect of a pile cap resting on the soil in piled foundations and the influence of pile flexibility on the ultimate
load are examined briefly.
Key words: bearing capacity, clay, eccentric load, inclined load, pile groups, pile-soil interaction, rigid piles, ultimate load,
ultimate moment.
Dans le cadre du dimensionnement des structures en mer et des fondations de ponts, la force portante i la rupture des pieux
rigides et des groupes de pieux dans l'argile a CtC determinee pour differentes combinaisons d'excentricitt et d'inclinaison de la
charge entre les directions verticale et horizontale. Les rksultats d'essais de chargement sur des modbles de pieux rigides isolts et
de groupes de pieux libres en t&tesont comparCs avec les Cvaluations thtoriques. L'influence de llexcentricitC et de l'inclinaison
de la charge sur la force portante i la rupture peut &trerepr6sentCe par de simples relations d'interaction entre les charges ultimes
et les moments et entre les composantes axiale et normale de la charge 2 la rupture. Les effets d'un massif de t&tede pieux en
contact avec le sol et l'influence de la flexibilitk du pieu sur la force portante sont bribvement examinks.
For personal use only.

Mots cle's: force portante, argile, charge excentrCe, charge inclinCe, groupe de pieux, interaction sol-pieu, pieu rigide, charge
limite, moment limite.
Can. Geotech. J. 21,389-396 (1984)
[Traduit par la revue]

Introduction complex. Accordingly, only a semiempirical analysis

Pile foundations of engineering structures, such as
bridges, offshore structures, and retaining walls, are
frequently subjected to eccentric and inclined loads. A
theoretical analysis of the corresponding ultimate
bearing capacity was published previously (Meyerhof
1960, 1979a). This analysis has been confirmed by the
results of model tests on rigid piles and pile groups under
eccentric vertical loads in sand (Kishida and Meyerhof
1965) and in clay (Saffery and Tate 1961). In subsequent
papers the bearing capacity of rigid piles under central
inclined loads was presented for vertical and batter piles
and for pile groups in sand (Meyerhof and Ranjan 1972,
1973; Meyerhof et al. 1981b) and similarly for clay
(Meyerhof 198 1). The corresponding uplift capacity of
vertical and inclined anchors and piles was treated in two
further papers (Meyerhof 1973a, b).
More recently the ultimate bearing capacity of rigid
model piles and pile groups in sand has been investi-
gated for the general case of combined eccentricity and
inclination of the load (Meyerhof et al. 1983). The
present paper summarizes the results of the continuation
of this work as applied to the pile capacity under
combined eccentric and inclined loads in clay. The
behaviour of piles under nonaxial loads depends to a
considerable extent on the deformation characteristics of
the piles and soil, and the failure mechanism is rather
can be developed on the basis of test results on single
piles and pile groups subjected to various combinations
of eccentricity and inclination of the load.
Tests
Soil data
The saturated clay used for the model pile tests had a
medium plasticity (liquid limit = 43%, plastic limit =
21%), average water content of about 30%, and was
made more brittle by the addition of 2% lime. After
being packed into the test boxes the clay was allowed to
cure for about 1 week before testing, as indicated
previously (Meyerhof and Sastry 1978). Unconfined
and triaxial compression tests were carried out on
samples taken from the test beds to obtain the undrained
shear strength, which varied from about 15 to 30 kPa
(soft consistency). The average shear strength of vertical
samples from the test beds was about 20 kPa compared
with about 24kPa for horizontal samples, which
indicates a small degree of anisotropy of the clay.
Model tests
The model piles used in this investigation were
vertical rough steel piles of 12.5 mm diameter and
190 mm embedded length (depthldiameter ratio D I B =
15). In the small pile groups of 2 X 2 piles the
freestanding piles had a centre spacing of 38 mm (three
 CAN. GEOTECH. J . VOL. 21, 1984
T ESTS THEORY
3 o0 0O
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150 100 50 0 50
HORIZONTAL FAILURE LOAD Q U h ( N )
FIG. 1. Polar bearing capacity diagrams for single piles under eccentric inclined loads
pile diameters) at the steel cap. The piles were pushed
For personal use only.
fairly rapidly into the clay and were then immediately
loaded to failure by a load that was generally applied at
the pile head or cap near the ground level. Some
additional tests were made by applying a horizontal load
to the piles at various heights above the soil surface.
The different eccentricities of the load varied from
0 to 150 mm (maximum eccentricity/pile depth ratio
e/D = 0.8), and in some special tests the were
subjected to a simple moment at the pile head or cap
without vertical load. The different inclinations of the
load comprised the whole range between vertical and
horizontal directions. The load was applied at a
displacement rate of about 2.5 mm/min with measure-
ments of horizontal and vertical disulacements and
rotation at the head or cap of the Details of the
testing procedures used were given previously (Meyerhof
and Ranjan 1972, 1973). The load-displacement and
moment-rotation curves of the piles were similar to
those found previously for eccentric inclined loads in
sand (Meyerhof et al. 1983). The ultimate load at which
the increase in the rate of dis~lacementfirst reached the
maximum occurred at a displacement of the resultant
load at the pile head of about 2-4% of the pile length and
at a rotation of about 1-2" under eccentric inclined
loads.
The test results for single piles under various
eccentricities and inclinations of the load are shown in
Fig. 1 in the form of polar bearing capacity diagrams,
which give the ultimate loads of the piles for different
directions of the applied load. While the ultimate
bearing capacity e l - d o e s not vary much with the
inclination a of the load, it is of interest to note that the
3 0'
( 190 mm)
k
100 150
curves for various eccentricities e of the load are,
approximately, geometrically similar to those for a
central load. Figure 2, which compares the experimental
vertical component Q,, = Q, cos a of the eccentric
inclined failure load Q, with the ultimate value Q,, of a
pile under an eccentric vertical load for different load
inclinations a, indicates that the decrease of the ratio
Quv/Qevwith an increase of a is practically independent
of the load eccentricity to pile depth ratio e/D.
In order to study the effect of the ultimate moment Mu
= Quv.e at the pile head on the ultimate load Q, for
various load inclinations a, it is convenient to use an
interaction diagram plotted in terms of ultimate loads as
ordinates and ultimate moments as abscissas. The
corresponding relationships for the test results on single
piles are shown in Fig. 3 and indicate the rapid decrease
of the ultimate load with greater moment and inclination
of the load. These interaction diagrams are normalized
by using the ratios of Q,/Qo as ordinates and Mu/Mo as
abscissas, where Qo and Mo are the maximum values of
Q, and Mu, respectively, for different load inclinations.
Figure 4 shows that the experimental ultimate load-
moment relationships depend on the inclination of the
load. A similar interaction diagram for ultimate load and
moment at the pile head is given in Fig. 4 for the special
tests in which a horizontal load was applied to single
piles at various heights h above the ground surface.
These test results show that the horizontal failure
load Q, decreases linearly with greater applied moment
Mu = Q;h.
The test results for the 2 x 2 model pile groups are
shown in Fig. 5 in the corresponding polar bearing
capacity diagrams. It is found that the ultimate bearing
 MEYERHOF AND YALCIN 39 1
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INCLINATION OF LOAD oC ULTIMATE MOMENT RATIO M , , / M ,

FIG. 2. Effect of load inclination on ultimate bearing
- "
capacity of single piles and pile groups (0), for FIG. 4. Effect of moment at pile head on ultimate bearing
tests. capacity of single piles (@, a = On; X , a = 27"; + ,a = 63"; *,
or = 90") and pile groups ( 0 , a = 0"; A, a = 27"; 0,a = 90°),
For personal use only.

for tests.

Fig. 4 do not differ significantly from those of single

piles.
The experimental results of the failure load of the pile
groups have been analysed in terms of a group efficiency
defined as the ratio of the ultimate group resistance to the
sum of the single pile resistances under the same
LU eccentricity and inclination of the load as for the group.
I- The observed group efficiency is shown in Fig. 7 in the
50 form of a polar efficiency diagram. It is found that the
-
3 group efficiency varies considerably with the load
3 inclination and decreases somewhat with greater eccen-
0 tricities of the load to a minimum for a simple moment.
0 5 10 15 20 25 The group efficiency is roughly unity under a vertical
ULTIMATE MOMENT M U ( ~ - m ) load and it is smaller than unity under a horizontal load
and simple moment when the overlap of shear zones in
FIG.3. Interaction diagram for ultimate load and moment at the soil leads to pier failure of the pile group.
head of single piles. Tests: @, e > 0, h = 0; x , e = 0, h > 0. The influence of combined eccentricity and inclina-
Theory: --, eq. [6], ci = 0"; ---,eq. [13], a = 90". tion of the load on the ultimate bearing capacity of piled
foundations in which the pile caps rest on the soil has not
capacity Q, of the pile groups varies with the yet been investigated by load tests. However, compara-
eccentricity e and inclination of the load a in a manner tive model tests on small pile groups under central
similar to that of single piles. This is also shown in Fig. 2, inclined loads (Meyerhof 1981) have shown that for
where the observed vertical component of the failure piled foundations the influence of the pile cap on the
load Q,, under a load inclination a is expressed in terms ultimate bearing capacity is a maximum under vertical
of the ultimate value Q,, of a similar group under an load and decreases rapidly, with greater load inclination
eccentric vertical load. Furthermore, the shape of the becoming negligible for a horizontal load, as would be
interaction diagrams of the ultimate loads Q, and expected. Moreover, the corresponding experimental
moments Muat the cap of the pile groups, shown in Fig. relationships between the load inclination a and the
6, and the corresponding normalized relationships in ultimate load ratio Qu,/Qev of piled foundations were
 CAN. GEOTECH. J. VOL. 21, 1984

TESTS THEORY
30°
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Cohesion
c = 20 kPa

600 400 200 0 200 400

HORIZONTAL FAlLUR E LOAD QUh(N)

FIG.5. Polar bearing capacity diagrams for pile groups under eccentric inclined loads.
For personal use only.

U LTlMATE MOMENT MU (N-m)

FIG.6. Interaction diagram for ultimate load and moment at cap of pile groups. Tests: 0 , e > 0, h = 0; x , e = 0, h > 0.
Theory: --, eq. [6], a = 0"; ---,eq. [13], a = 90".

found to be practically identical to those of similar
freestanding pile groups.
Analysis of test results
Single piles
If a rough rigid vertical pile with a free head and partly
embedded in clay is subjected at the head (at a distance h
above the ground surface) to an ultimate load Q, with an
eccentricity e and inclination cx to the vertical (Fig. 8),
the net lateral earth pressures P , and P2 on the
embedded shaft of the pile can be assumed to have
roughly rectangular and triangular distributions, respec-
tively, as for a horizontal applied load (Meyerhof et al.
. addition, the adhesion forces C l and C2 act
1 9 8 1 ~ )In
on the shaft, while the point resistance Q, is mobilized at
the toe of the pile (Fig. 8). The forces P1 and P2 act in a
horizontal direction and the resistance Q, is inclined at
an angle 6 to the vertical. As the load inclination cx
increases, the forces P1 and P2 increase, while the
forces C 1and C2decrease and the angle 6 increases. The
values of the forces and of 6 depend also on the
movements of the pile and the deformation characteris-
tics of the soil. An estimate of the ultimate load Q, has
so far only been obtained for a central inclined load in
clay (Meyerhof 198 1) and for a vertical eccentric load in
sand (Kishida and Meyerhof 1965). However, on the
 MEYERHOF AND YALCIN
INCLlNATlON OF LOAD d
0O 30'
1.0
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HORIZONTAL GROUP EFFICIENCY
FIG. 7. Polar efficiency diagram for pile groups under
eccentric inclined loads. @, tests; --, theory.
For personal use only.
basis of the present experimental interaction diagrams
for eccentricity and inclination of the loads, the previous
analyses can be extended to estimate, approximately,
the ultimate bearing capacity of piles under eccentric
inclined loads in clay.
Thus, for a central inclined load on the head of a rigid
fully embedded pile ( h = 0) the limits of the vertical and
horizontal components, Q,, and Quh, respectively, of
the ultimate pile capacity Q , can be approximated by the
semiempirical relationship of (Meyerhof and Ranjan
1973)
where Q, and Q , are the ultimate pile capacities under
axial load and normal load to the pile axis at ground
surface, respectively. The ultimate load Q , of an axially
loaded compression pile is the sum of the point
resistance Q p and shaft resistance Q,. In clay the
ultimate load is usually expressed by (Meyerhof 1976)
where A, and A, are the areas of pile point and shaft,
respectively, cp and c, are the average undrained shear
strength of the clay near the pile point and along the
shaft, respectively, and r is an empirical reduction factor
depending mainly on the magnitude of c, and the
method of pile installation (Terzaghi and Peck 1967).
The ultimate lateral resistance Q , of a rigid fully
embedded pile can be expressed by (Meyerhof et al.
FIG. 8. Forces at failure of single rigid pile under eccentric
inclined load.
where B is the pile diameter, D is the depth of
embedment of the pile, and Kc is the coefficient of net
passive earth pressure for zero adhesion, approximately,
on the pile. Comparison of the above relationships with
the present test results for central inclined loads ( e = 0)
shows that the corresponding estimates based on an
undrained shear strength c of 20 kPa of the clay are in
fair agreement with the observations (Fig. 1). It was also
shown that for the vertical component Q,, of the
ultimate load the semiempirical reduction factor for load
inclination CY is roughly given by (Meyerhof 1981)
which can also be used for eccentric inclined loads,
where Qev is the ultimate load on the pile under an
eccentric vertical load. Comparison of this relationship
with the present test results shows (Fig. 2) that the
reduction factor is reasonable.
Further, for an eccentric vertical load Q , on a rigid
fully embedded pile (subjected at the pile head to an
equivalent moment of Mu = Q;e) the interaction
between the limits of the ultimate load Qo without
moment and of the ultimate moment Mo without vertical
load can conservatively be approximated by the
semiempirical relationship of (Fig. 4) (Meyerhof et al.
1983)
 394 CAN. GEOTECH. 1. VOL. 21, 1984
In this equation Qo is given by [3]for an axial load, and
the ultimate moment Mo is given by (Meyerhof et al.
1981a)
[7] Mo=0.2c~~2~c
with symbols as before. It is convenient to set
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where m is the moment coefficient, and trial computa-
tions using [3] and [8] have shown that rn = 0.5,
approximately.
For a given pile geometry, the values of Kc and rn in
[7]and [8]depend also on the average adhesion forces
C , and C2 on the pile shaft. As indicated above, the
values of C , and C2 decrease from a maximum for a
vertical load Qo to a minimum for a simple moment Mo
without vertical load. Analysis of present test results for
piles subjected to simple moment at the head shows that
about one-half of the above-mentioned maximum
adhesion occurs at Mu = Mo. On this basis, the
semiempirical relationship of [6] compares reasonably
For personal use only.
well with the present test results for eccentric vertical
loads (Fig. 3). Trial computations have shown that, in
practice, for most load inclinations of less than about 45"
the reduction factor for moment is roughly given by
Finally, the semiempirical interaction relationship for
a rigid fully embedded pile with an eccentric inclined
load becomes, after combining [I] and [ 6 ] , approxi-
mately,
from which Qu can be determined in any given case.
However, in practice it is often more convenient to use
the vertical component Quv of the ultimate eccentric
inclined load with an approximate overall reduction
factor, obtained by combining [5]and [ 9 ] ,of
'"I "=dm
Quv cos a
1+ -
This overall reduction factor for eccentric inclined loads
appears to be fairly satisfactory, as shown in Fig. 1 .
For the special case of a rigid, vertical, partly
embedded pile with a horizontal load applied at a height
h above the ground surface it has been shown (Meyerhof
et al. 1981a) that the ultimate horizontal load is,
theoretically, given by
where Q, is given by [4].The corresponding interaction
relationship between the ultimate load Qu and moment
Mu = Qu.h can be obtained by substituting [8]into [12],
which gives
where Qn and Mo are given by [4]and [ 7 ] ,respectively.
This simple interaction relationship agrees well with the
present test results (Figs. 3 and 4).
Although no test results for partly embedded rigid
piles subjected to an eccentric inclined load at the free
head at a distance h above ground level (Fig. 8) are
available at present, an approximate overall interaction
relationship may be suggested for this general case by
combining [ l o ]and [ 1 3 ] ,which gives
where Mu, = Q,;e and Muh = Quh.h and other symbols
as before. Alternatively, the corresponding vertical
component Quv of the ultimate eccentric inclined load
may be estimated on the basis of an approximate overall
reduction factor, obtained by combining [ l l ]and [12],
which gives
[15] Quv
-=
cos a
Qa ( / m ) ( l + 1 . 9 ; )
Pile groups
The above analysis of single piles can be extended to
pile groups with a customary pile spacing of about three
pile diameters by considering the smaller ultimate
bearing capacity of either the sum of the individual pile
capacities and of the pile cap, if resting on the soil, or the
ultimate capacity of an equivalent pier consisting of the
piles and enclosed soil mass. General expressions for the
ultimate bearing capacity of rigid pile groups under
eccentric and inclined loads had been derived previously
(Meyerhof 1960 and 1979a) and detailed estimates were
made for the special cases of eccentric vertical loads in
sand (Kishida and Meyerhof 1965) and central inclined
loads in clay (Meyerhof 1981). Thus, it was shown that
at individual pile failure the ultimate moment of the
point resistance Q , of the compression piles and of the
 MEYERHOF PiND YALCIN
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FIG.9. Forces at failure of rigid pile group under eccentric
inclined load.
For personal use only.
uplift capacity Q, of the tension piles about the centre of
the group, and the ultimate moment of resistance q, of
the pile cap, if resting on the soil, are added to the
ultimate moment of the lateral resistance due to forces
C1, C2, P I , and P2 of the piles (eq. [7]), as indicated in
Fig. 9. For pier failure the vertical and horizontal
ultimate bearing capacities of the group are determined
from [3] and [4], respectively, and the ultimate moment
is found from [7] together with the ultimate moment of
the pier base, using throughout the overall width B and
embedded depth D of the group.
As the inclination a of the load increases, the failure
mechanism of pile groups generally changes from
individual pile failure under vertical load (Meyerhof
1963) to pier failure under lateral load and moment
(Meyerhof er al. 1981a) so that the interaction
relationships may differ from those of single piles. For
rigid freestanding pile groups and piled foundations
(pile cap resting on the soil) under central inclined loads
it was found previously (Meyerhof 1981) that the
semiempirical interaction relationship of [ I ] can be
used, which is supported by the present test results for
central inclined loads (Fig. 5). Furthermore, the vertical
component of the ultimate load can be estimated by the
approximate reduction factor for load inclination given
by [5], as shown in Fig. 2.
The test results for rigid freestanding pile groups under
eccentric vertical loads (Fig. 4) indicate that the nor-
malized interaction relationship for ultimate loads and
moments at the head of single piles (eq. [6]) can also,
approximately, be used for pile groups. Accordingly,
395
for combined eccentricity and inclination of the load a
semiempirical interaction relationship for pile groups
can also be obtained from [lo] and [ l l ] , and these
relationships are approximately supported by the present
test results (Fig. 5). Furthermore, the observed group
efficiency compares fairly well with the theoretical
estimates, as shown in Fig. 7, which is based on Figs. 1
and 5.
For the special case of a rigid freestanding pile group
under horizontal load at a height h above the ground
surface, the interaction relationship between the ulti-
mate horizontal load Qu and moment Mu = Q;h is
closely given by [13], as shown in Figs. 4 and 6. If an
eccentric inclined load is applied to a rigid pile group at a
height h above the ground level, an approximate overall
interaction relationship can be obtained from [14] and
[15], as for single piles. However, no test results of pile
groups under this general case of loading are available at
present as a check of the suggested general bearing
capacity relationships.
A recent review of analyses of laterally loaded piles of
various stiffnesses in homogeneous elastic soils indi-
cates that free-head piles may be considered rigid for
practical purposes if their relative stiffness K, 2
approximately (Meyerhof 1979b),
where Eh = average horizontal soil modulus along pile,
E, = modulus of elasticity of pile, and I, = moment of
inertia of pile. Moreover, for more flexible piles (K, 5
lo-*) under eccentric and inclined loads an effective
embedment depth is, approximately, given by
and this value of D' should be used in [4], [9]-[ll] for
flexible single piles and similar pile groups under
eccentric inclined load. However, corresponding load
test data are not yet available for comparison.
Conclusions
The results of model tests on single rigid piles under
eccentric inclined loads in clay show that the eccentricity
and inclination of the load significantly influence the
ultimate bearing capacity of the piles. The results of
model tests on rigid freestanding pile groups in clay
show that the ultimate bearing capacity varies with
eccentricity and inclination of the load in a way similar
to that of single piles, including the contribution of the
base resistance of the group.
The ultimate bearing capacity of single rigid piles
under eccentric inclined loads can approximately be
represented by simple semiempirical interaction relation-
ships between the ultimate loads and moments and
 396 CAN GEOTECH. J VOL
between the axial and normal components of the
ultimate load. The ultimate bearing capacity of rigid pile
groups under eccentric inclined loads can be estimated
from the same interaction relationships. Although these
proposed methods of analysis are approximately sup-
ported by the present model tests, it is hoped that
corresponding field load tests b e made o n driven and
bored piles for further investigation of pile behaviour
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under eccentric inclined loads, including the effect of
pile flexibility on the load capacity.
Acknowledgement
The research at the Technical University of Nova
Scotia was carried out with the financial support of the
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of
Canada.
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