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Abstract: A parametric study is performed to assess the influence of the tension reinforcement
index, (ω = ρ fy /f Bc), and the bending moment distribution (loading type) on the ultimate
deformation characteristics of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. The analytical results for 15 simply
supported beams with different amounts of tension reinforcement ratio under three different loading
conditions are presented and compared with the predictions of the various formulations and the
experimental data, where available. The plastic hinge rotation capacity increases as the loading is
changed from the concentrated load at the middle to the third-point loading, and it is a maximum
for the case of the uniformly distributed load. The effect of the loading type on the plastic rotation
capacity of the heavily reinforced beams is not as significant as that for the lightly reinforced beams.
Based on the analytical results obtained using the nonlinear finite element method, new simple
equations as a function of the tension reinforcement index, ω, and the loading type are proposed.
The analytical results indicate that the proposed equations can be used for analysis of ultimate
capacity and the associated deformations of RC beams with sufficient accuracy.
Keywords: Nonlinear Analysis, Finite Element, Plastic Hinge, Reinforced Concrete, Rotation
Capacity
It is well established that the inelastic The plastic hinge rotation, θp, of RC beams
behavior of Reinforced Concrete (RC) depends on a number of parameters including
sections leads to a redistribution of moments the definition of yielding and ultimate
and forces, resulting in an increased load curvatures, section geometry, material
carrying capacity of the members and the properties, compression and tension
indeterminate structure. As the applied load reinforcement ratios, transverse
is increased, hinges start forming in reinforcement, cracking and tension-
succession at locations where the hinge stiffening, the stress-strain curve for the
moment capacity is reached; with further concrete in tension and compression, the
increase in the applied load, these hinges stress-strain curve for the reinforcing steel,
continue to rotate until the last hinge forms bond-slip characteristics between the
converting the structure into a mechanism concrete and the reinforcing steel, support
resulting in failure. conditions and the magnitude and type of
loading, axial force, width of the loading
Kheyroddin has reviewed the various limit plate, influence of shear, and the presence of
design methods which have been proposed column. Several researchers have
based on the concepts of limit equilibrium, investigated this problem; however,
serviceability, and rotational compatibility in individual researchers differ even on the
terms of the available rotation at the plastic basic definition of what is to be taken as the
hinge being larger than the rotation required plastic rotation capacity. Some of these
ultimate load and yielding, respectively and 2.Nonlinear Finite Element Program
lp is the equivalent length of the plastic hinge
over which the plastic curvature, (φp=φu−φy), A nonlinear finite element analysis program,
is assumed to be constant. Equation 3 results NONLACS2 (NONLinear Analysis of
in the same area as the actual plastic Concrete and Steel Structures), developed by
curvature distribution (Shaded area in Fig. 1). Kheyroddin [1], is used to analyze the
A survey of the literature shows that most selected RC beams. The program can be used
researchers first calculate the equivalent to predict the nonlinear behavior of any plain,
plastic hinge length, lp, and then the plastic reinforced or prestressed concrete, steel, or
rotation, θp, is determined using equation 3. composite concrete-steel structure that is
composed of thin plate members with plane
In this paper, a nonlinear layered finite stress conditions. This includes beams, slabs
element program is used for determination of (plates), shells, folded plates, box girders,
the yielding length, plastic hinge length and shear walls, or any combination of these
the plastic hinge rotation. In fact, at first the structural elements. Time-dependent effects
plastic rotation is determined and then the such as creep and shrinkage can also be
equivalent plastic hinge length is derived considered.
only for comparison. The advantage of the
present study is that the yielding length and 2.1. Concrete Properties
the "exact" value of plastic rotation (shaded As shown in Fig. 2(a), the uniaxial stress-
area in Fig. 1b) can be determined with more strain curve of concrete adopted in this study
accuracy without using the concept of the is made of two parts. The ascending branch
equivalent plastic hinge length. Further, a up to the peak compressive strength is
parametric study is performed to examine the represented by the equation proposed by
influence of tension reinforcement index and Saenz [2]:
the loading type on the ultimate deformation
characteristics of RC beams and new E0H (4)
V 2
equations are developed to consider the ⎛ E ⎞⎛ H ⎞ ⎛ H ⎞
1 ⎜⎜ 0
2 ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
influence of the various parameters on the ⎝ E SC ⎠⎝ H max ⎠ ⎝ H max ⎠
calculation of the plastic hinge rotation.
Attention is focused on the plastic rotation Where E0 is the initial modulus of elasticity
capacity at the ultimate limit state only. of the concrete, Esc is the secant modulus of
assumed between the steel and the concrete. quadrature point. The history, capability,
element library, constitutive models and the
2.3. Finite Element Formulation limitations of the NONLACS2 program are
The element library includes plane presented by Kheyroddin [1].
membrane, plate bending, one dimensional
bar, spring boundary elements as well as a
facet shell element which is a combination of 3. Analysis of Reinforced Concrete
the plane membrane and the plate bending Beam,C5
elements. Figure 3 shows some of these
elements and the associated degrees of One simply supported beam, C5, subjected to
freedom. The program employs a layered a midspan-concentrated loading tested by
finite element approach. The structure is Mattock [8] is analyzed using the
idealized as an assemblage of thin constant NONLACS2 program and a finite element
thickness plate elements with each element mesh with 88 elements (Fig. 4). This beam is
subdivided into a number of imaginary layers also used for further parametric studies. The
as shown in Fig. 3(c). A layer can be either of experimental material properties for the
concrete, smeared reinforcing steel or a concrete and the reinforcing steel are
continuous steel plate. Each layer is assumed presented in Table 1. Since the reinforcement
to be in a state of plane stress, and can and the loading are symmetrical with respect
assume any state - uncracked, partially to the mid span, only one half of the beams is
cracked, fully cracked, non-yielded, yielded modeled. The vertical loads are applied in 30
and crushed - depending on the stress or load steps with smaller increments of loads
strain conditions. Analysis is performed being applied just before the beam reaches its
using an incremental-iterative tangent ultimate load stage. This would improve the
stiffness approach, and the element stiffness rate of convergence of the solution and the
is obtained by adding the stiffness accuracy in predicting the ultimate load. The
contributions of all layers at each Gauss details of geometry, reinforcement, loading
As (mm2) A´s (mm2) f´c (MPa) E0 (MPa) εcu f´t (MPa) fy (MPa) Es (MPa) Es* (MPa) εsu
1135.5 142.0 23.4 23145 0.0078 3.0 328.2 195130 5515 0.05
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Fig.4 Geometry, Reinforcement Details and Mesh Fig.5 Comparison of Experimental and Analytical Results
Configuration for Beam C5 for Beam C5; Load-Deflection Curve
pattern and finite element modeling of this the accuracy of the 172-element model, beam
beam are shown in Fig. 4. Since this C5 is analyzed using the NONLACS2
phenomenon represents a plane stress program. The load-deflection and moment-
condition, only one layer of concrete is curvature curves obtained from the program
sufficient. The longitudinal reinforcements are compared with the experimental findings
are lumped in a single bar at the reference in Fig. 5. The computed results from the
surface as a bar element. The stirrups are beam idealization using 172 elements shows
modeled as smeared steel layers on the two excellent agreement with the experimental
sides of the beam. results. In this model, the load corresponding
to the initiation of crack in the structure is
In order to determine accurate values of the 14.23 kN, when the first crack occurs in the
yielding length and plastic rotations near the beam. The experimental values of loads for
critical section (midspan), a fine mesh yielding of steel reinforcement and crushing
configuration with 172 elements is utilized of the concrete at the ultimate load are
[Fig. 4(b)]. In other words, nonlinear finite Py=115.29 kN and Pu=121.79 kN, while the
element analysis of selected beams have been analytical yielding and ultimate loads are
carried out using the NONLACS2 program 118.76 kN and 119.2 kN, with discrepancies
using small elements (35G35 mm) in the of +3 and -2 percent from experimental
neighborhood of the "critical" section, and results, respectively, showing excellent
progressively increasing to, 70G70 mm, agreement with the experimental results (Fig.
elements in the neighborhood of the zero 5.). The analytical yielding and ultimate
moment location at the support. To evaluate deflections are 10.95 mm and 40.64 mm with
Group No. Beam f´c (MPa) fy (MPa) ρ´ Parameters Studied Type of Loading
Table 3 Analytical Results Obtained Using the NONLACS2 Program (Group No. 1)
∆y ∆u Iy Iu θp ly lp
Beam ρ=As/bd ω=ρfy/f´c µ∆=∆u/∆y (10-5 (10-5
PI Iu I y c
(mm) (mm)
rad/mm) rad/mm)
(mm) (rad) (mm) (mm)
M15F 0.0294 0.412 10.95 40.64 3.71 1.70 8.27 4.88 102.87 0.013 314.5 197.6
M14F 0.022 0.309 8.84 47.0 5.32 1.54 9.84 6.41 85.1 0.0148 332.7 178.1
M13F 0.0147 0.206 7.49 62.23 8.30 1.30 12.9 9.92 65.53 0.020 349.3 172.7
M12F 0.011 0.154 6.43 69.3 10.8 1.18 16.7 13.83 50.30 0.026 393.7 167.1
M11F 0.0074 0.103 5.59 84.3 15.1 1.02 22.4 21.9 37.08 0.034 402.6 158.8
Fig.6 Load-Deflection Curves at Mid-Span for Beams Fig.7 Variation of Yielding Curvature with Tension
with Different Reinforcement Index (Group No. 1) Reinforcement Index, ω
reinforcement index. The ultimate deflection from the program are about 9 to 35 percent
for the beam M11F with ω=0.103 is 84.3 mm greater than that the model assuming the
which is 79 percent higher than that for the linear stress distribution. For beam C5
beam M14F with ω = 0.309. The deflection (M15F) with ω = 0.412, the analytical
ductility ratio varies between 3.71 to 15.1, as yielding curvature is 1.7G10-5 rad/mm which
ω changes from 0.412 to 0.103. is very close to experimental value of
1.57G10-5rad/mm with an 8 percent
5.1. Yielding Curvature discrepancy, while the model with a linear
In reinforced concrete sections, the yielding stress distribution underestimates the
curvature φy is well defined as a curvature yielding curvature by about 20 percent
when the tension reinforcement first reaches (φy =1.26G10-5 rad/mm). As the tension
the yield strength, fy. Most researchers (e.g. reinforcement index is increased, the
[9]) used a linear distribution of concrete yielding curvature increases and the
stress and strain at the yielding stages (see difference between two models (linear and
Fig. 7). In a more accurate model, a nonlinear nonlinear stress distributions) increases.
(curved) stress distribution should be used at
the yielding stage, especially when the 5.2. Ultimate Curvature and Ductility Ratio
concrete compressive stress is high. As can In the ACI 318-02 Building Code[10], the
be seen from Fig. 7, the value of neutral axis ultimate limit state is based implicitly on the
depth, c, calculated assuming a linear assumption of a limit strain for concrete
distribution of concrete stress is smaller than (εcu=0.003), while in CEB Model Code [11]
the "actual" value of the c if the concrete it is based explicitly on both the steel and the
stress distribution is nonlinear, which would concrete ultimate strains i.e. εsu=0.01, and
lead to an underestimation of the curvature at εcu=0.0035. Although the ultimate concrete
first yield, φy, and an overestimation of the strain values are satisfactory for the
curvature ductility ratio, µφ=φu/φy . Since evaluation of the ultimate strength, they are
the NONLACS2 program considers the very conservative for deformation analysis
nonlinear concrete compressive stress and moment redistribution. The ultimate steel
distribution, the yielding curvatures obtained strain limitation of εsu=0.01 in the CEB
∫ >1 ( x) 1 (dx
Present study ly
6p y
0
z ; (k1k 3 0.5)
6p 0.8(0 cu 0 cy )k1k 3 ( )
Baker and d
Amarakone d
0 cu = 0.0015 [ 1 + 150 U s + ( 0.7 - 10 U s ) ]
[16] c
Mu z Z - Zc d d
6 p = (1u - 1 y ) ( 1 + ( 1.14 -1) (1 - ( ) ))
My d Zb 16.2 2
Mattock [8]
0.5
0 cu = 0.003 +
z
M u ) ( 1 + 0.4 z ) ( d )
6 p = ( 1u - 1 y
My d d 2
Corley [17] b Us f y 2
0 cu = 0.003 + 0.02 +( )
z 20
1 pu 7.0 1 pu -0.9
For d 7.0 : 6 p = ( 0.39 - )( ) 1 pu z
1 py 800 Z 1 py
1 pu 5.4
For 〉 7.0 : 6 p= ( ) 1 pu z
1 py 100
Model Code [11] is excessively conservative, Figure 8 shows the variation of analytical
while the absence of a steel strain limitation ultimate compressive concrete strain, εcu, at
in the ACI 318-02 [10] and the CSA Standard the top and the ultimate tensile steel strain,
CSA A23.3-M94 [12] is unconservative. The εsu, at the bottom at midspan with respect to
most common definition adopted in the ω for beams in Group No. 1. The ultimate
literature is that the ultimate limit state compressive strain of concrete is larger than
corresponds to the maximum moment 0.0082 and can be as high as 0.0085. The
capacity of the section (i.e. cM/cφ=0). values of εcu and εsu decrease with an
increase in the value of ω. Riva and Cohn
Based on the experimental data reported by [13] arrived at a similar conclusion from their
Mattock [8], the concrete ultimate analyses. As can be seen from Baker and
compressive strain, åcu, is selected equal to Amarakone's equation (Table 4), with an
0.0078. The most widely used εcu increase in the tension reinforcement index,
formulations available in the literature are the neutral axis depth, c, increases and
presented in Table 4. The values of consequently the value of åcu decreases. All
εcu=0.0057, εcu=0.012, and εcu=0.00645 have other equations for εcu estimate constant
been adopted from the works of Baker and values of εcu regardless of the amount of
Amarakone, Mattock, and Corley (see Table 4). tension reinforcement index. The ultimate
Fig.8 Effect of ω on Ultimate Concrete and Reinforcing Steel Strains (Group No. 1)
steel tensile strain at the bottom of the beams values obtained from the ACI, Corley's, and
at midspan, as shown in Fig. 8, varies from Mattock's methods, respectively. The ACI
0.0115 to 0.049, as the tension reinforcement 318-02 Building Code [10] predicts the
index changes from 0.412 to 0.103. ultimate curvature very conservatively as
compared with the other methods. Although
The neutral axis depth, c, is determined from the ultimate concrete compressive strain
the compatibility of the strains at the section. value, εcu=0.003, is satisfactory for the
The ultimate curvature is then calculated as ultimate strength design, it is very
the ratio of ultimate concrete compressive conservative for deformation analysis.
strain at the top of beam to the neutral axis Mattock's method overestimates the ultimate
depth when the failure of structure occurs, curvature compared with the analytical
i.e. φu=εcu/c . The influence of the tension results, because the concrete ultimate
reinforcement index on the ultimate compressive strain determined by Mattock's
curvature and curvature ductility ratio, equation (Table 4) is about 54 percent greater
µφ = φu/φy for Group No. 1 are shown in than the analytical concrete compressive
Figures 9 and 10, respectively. For strain value. For beam C5 (M15F), the value
comparison, the ultimate curvatures obtained of φu using NONLACS2 program is equal to
using NONLACS2 program, Mattock's 8.3G10-5 rad/mm, while the ACI, Corley's,
equation (Table 4), Corley's equation (Table and Mattock's methods result in values of
4) and the ACI method are presented. The 2.4G10-5 rad/mm, 5.5G10-5 rad/mm, and
neutral axis depth for each method is 9.3G10-5 rad/mm, respectively. The experimental
calculated based on the assumptions relevant value of the ultimate curvature for this beam
to the method. For a given z/d ratio, the as reported by Mattock [8] is equal to
ultimate curvature decreases with an increase 11.8G10-5 rad/mm, respectively.
in the tension reinforcement index. The
curvature is inversely proportional to the As can be seen from Fig. 10, the curvature
depth of the neutral axis, c, which varies ductility ratio varies from 4.88 to 21.9, when
directly as the tension reinforcement index at the value of ω changes from 0.412 to 0.1. The
the ultimate limit state. The analytical results figure shows that the curvature ductility
are about 2.35, 1.31, and 0.84 times the ratios for the various methods are distributed
Fig.9 Variation of Ultimate Curvature with Respect to Fig.10 Effect of Tension Reinforcement Index on the
Tension Reinforcement Index, ω (Group No. 1) Ductility Factor (Group No.1)
literature is made here. The most widely used results and Corley's theory are found to give
θp formulations in Europe and North safe values except in one case (ω =0.1) and
America along with the formula used in the yet they are not as conservative as Baker and
present study are presented in Table 4. The Amarakone's and Riva and Cohn's
plastic rotations for the beams in Group No. formulations. For ω values greater than 0.15,
1 with z/d =5.5 using the NONLACS2, CEB- the analytical results are close to the values
FIP MC90 [14], Baker and Amarakone's, obtained from CEB-FIP MC 90. The first
Corley's, Mattock's and Riva and Cohn's branch of the CEB-FIP MC90 curve with a
methods are plotted in Fig. 12. Since the positive slope represents the failure of the
CEB, Corley, Mattock and Baker and tension reinforcement, and the second
Amarakone expressions in Table 4 are based branch, with negative slope, indicates failure
on experiments mostly characterized by through the crushing of the concrete. The
z/dy5.0, and Riva and Cohn expression is plastic rotation capacity predicted by the
valid for any z/d values, therefore a formula given by Riva and Cohn appear to
comparison among these models is represent a fairly safe estimate of the actual
reasonable. It is noted that the plastic hinge rotation capacities available up to the
rotation obtained from Riva and Cohn's maximum load. Mattock's equation gives
model (Table 4) is the total inelastic rotation much higher values of the plastic rotation
from the onset of inelastic behavior, i.e. compared with any other models considered;
cracking of concrete. For all of the other this indicates that the expression given by
methods including the present study, the Mattock for calculation of εcu tends to
plastic hinge rotation is defined as the overestimate the deformability of RC
rotation between the yielding and the sections. For beam C5 (M15F), the
ultimate states. The parameters φpu and φpy in experimental plastic hinge rotation is 0.0249
Riva and Cohn's formula are measured from rad, while the present study results in a value
the onset of cracking (φcr) and are determined of 0.013 rad. The CEB, Baker and
using the NONLACS2 program. Compared Amarakone's, Corley's, Mattock's and Riva
with the CEB-FIP MC90 [14], the analytical and Cohn's methods predict plastic hinge
Fig.13 Influence of Different Loading Types on the Plastic Fig.14 Variation of Yielding Length with Respect to
Rotation Tension
the location of the plastic zone and the heavily reinforced beams is not as significant
crushing of the concrete within a narrow as for the lightly reinforced beams. For the
area. This phenomenon will be explained beam M81F (ω = 0.412), Riva and Cohn's
latter. Bosco et al. [19] compared the plastic formula (Table 4, for uniform loads) predicts
hinge rotations of simply supported beams the plastic hinge rotation equal to 0.064 rad,
under two different loading conditions: (1) which is very close to the analytical value of
three loads applied symmetrically with 0.070 rad.
respect to the midspan, and (2) midspan
concentrated load. They arrived at the same The variation of θp values for the differently
conclusion as in the present study. The plastic loaded beams can be explained by the
hinge rotations of lightly reinforced beams differences in the bending moment diagram
under three point loads were higher than that and the yielding length, ly, for each type of
the beams loaded under central loads, while loading. Figure 14 shows that, with the same
in the heavily reinforced beams, the plastic tension reinforcement index, the yielding
hinge of concentrated loaded beams were length of the beam under a central load is less
greater. than that under uniform or third-point loads,
leading to a smaller plastic rotation. Beams
For two extreme values of ω, the effect of the under uniform load show a considerable
loading type is discussed. For beam with increase in the yielding length and the zone
ω =0.103, uniformly distributed loads on a of plasticity. This is due to the smaller
simply supported beam lead to θp values moment gradient (nonlinear moment
varying from 1.90 to 1.35 times as high as distribution) in the neighborhood of the
those corresponding to the beams loaded critical section.
with a midspan concentrated load or a third-
point loading on the same beam, respectively. On the other hand, the bending moment
These ratios for the heavily reinforced beam distribution will also influence the
with ω = 0.412 are 1.59 and 0.88. Thus it can distribution of curvature along the length of
be concluded that the effect of the loading the beam. Figure 15 shows the variation of
type on the plastic rotation capacity of curvature over half length of beams with
Fig.15 Effect of Loading Type on the Plastic Rotation of Fig.16 Analytical and Estimated Values of Plastic
Beam with ω =0.412 Rotations
The maximum error between analytical and deflection ductility ratio, µ∆=∆u/∆y,
estimated values is 9.76 percent. The average decrease with an increase in the value of ω.
value of the ratios of the proposed - to - The deflection ductility ratio varies between
analytical value of the plastic rotations for 3.71 to 15.1, as ω changes from 0.412 to
the beam subjected to uniform loads is found 0.103.
to be 0.991 with a standard deviation of
0.0486. The average value and the standard 2. At the yielding stage, the value of the
deviation for the proposed - to - analytical neutral axis depth, c, is smaller than the
plastic rotations ratio for beam under third- "actual" value of the depth of the
point loadings are 0.965 and 0.0485, compression zone, c, if the concrete stress
respectively. This indicates that the proposed distribution is assumed to be nonlinear,
equation predictions are in good agreement which will lead to an underestimation of the
with the analytical results as shown in Fig.16. curvature at the first yield, φy, and an
As a final remark, it is worth nothing that the overestimation of the curvature ductility
reinforcement index and the type of loading ratio, µφ =φu/φy .
are important factors to be considered in
evaluating the rotation capacity of plastic 3. At the ultimate load stage, the values of εcu
hinges. The proposed equations can be used and εsu decrease with an increase in the value
in any limit design method to evaluate the of ω. For a given z/d ratio, the ultimate
plastic hinge rotations and other deformation curvature decreases with an increase in the
characteristics at the ultimate load when the tension reinforcement index. The analytical
statically indeterminate system transforms ultimate curvatures are about 2.35, 1.31, and
into a collapse mechanism. 0.84 times the values obtained using the ACI,
Corley's, and Mattock's methods,
respectively.
7. Conclusions
4. The Corley's, Mattock's, and Sawyer's
Based on the analytical results, the following theories give a constant plastic hinge length
conclusions can be drawn: regardless the reinforcement index, while the
analytical value of lp and the value of lp
1. The cracking, yielding and the ultimate obtained from Baker and Amarakone's, and
loads increase with the tension reinforcement Riva and Cohn's formulations is not constant
index, ω. The ultimate deflection and the for different values of tension reinforcement
5. The plastic hinge rotation increases as the [3] Smith, G. M., and Young, L. E. (1955).
Downloaded from ijce.iust.ac.ir at 18:02 IRST on Tuesday January 22nd 2019
[15] Siviero, E. (1974). "Rotation Capacity [21] Bazant, Z. P., and Nova´k, D. (2000).
of Mono Dimensional Members in "Energetic-Statistical Size Effect in
Structural Concrete", CEB Bull. d'Inf., Quasi-Brittle Failure at Crack
No. 105, pp. 206-222. Initiation", ACI Mater. J., 97(3),
381–392.
[16] Baker, A.L.L., and Amarakone, A.M.N.
(1964). "Inelastic Hyper Static Frames [22] Hillerborg, A. (1990). "Fracture
Analysis", Proceedings of the Mechanics Concepts Applied to
International Symposium on Flexural Rotational Capacity of
Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete, Reinforced Concrete Beams",
Miami, Florida, ASCE 1965-50, ACI Eng.Fract.Mech, 53(1/2/3), 233–240.
SP-12, pp. 85-142.