Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Abstract: The composite flexural action of prismatic reinforced concrete 共RC兲 members repaired/strengthened by RC jacketing was
modeled with a dual-section approach. The model considers the relative slip at the interface between the existing member and the jacket
and establishes the mechanisms that are mobilized to resist this action, thereby supporting composite behavior. An iterative step-by-step
incremental algorithm was developed for calculating the overall flexural response curve. Consideration of frictional interlock and dowel
action associated with sliding at the interfaces as well as the spacing and penetration of flexure-shear cracks are key aspects of the
algorithm. The proposed procedure was verified through comparison with published experimental data on RC jacketed members. The
sensitivity of the upgraded member’s flexural response to jacket design variables was investigated parametrically. Monolithic response
modification factors related to strength and deformation indices were evaluated and the sensitivity of the model was assessed.
DOI: 10.1061/共ASCE兲0733-9445共2007兲133:10共1373兲
CE Database subject headings: Concrete, reinforced; Rehabilitation; Seismic design; Inelasticity; Flexure.
Introduction various values have been reported for Ki, ranging from 0.7 up to
1. Eurocode 8 共CEN 1996兲 recommends KR = 0.8 for strength and
Reinforced concrete jacketing is a traditional method for seismic KK = 0.7 for stiffness provided that: 共1兲 Loose concrete and buck-
upgrading of damaged or poorly detailed reinforced concrete con- led reinforcement in the damaged area have been repaired or re-
struction. In applying this technique, the objective is to suppress placed before jacketing; 共2兲 all new reinforcement is anchored
alternative premature modes of failure that would otherwise pre- into the beams and slabs; and 共3兲 the additional concrete cross
vail in the structural members under reversed cyclic loading, section is not larger than twice the cross section of the existing
thereby promoting flexural yielding of primary reinforcement. column. Based on the results of a recent experimental study con-
Through reinforced concrete 共RC兲 jacketing stiffness and strength ducted by Vandoros and Dritsos 共2006a,b兲, the monolithic factors
are increased, whereas dependable deformation quantities may or associated with strength, stiffness, and deformation vary greatly
may not be enhanced, depending on the aspect ratio of the up- depending on the techniques followed in constructing the jacket.
graded element and the factors limiting deformation capacity in For example, it was shown that dowels improve the ductility ca-
the initial state of the element. For practical purposes, response pacity of the jacketed member, roughening of the interface in-
indices of the jacketed members such as resistance and deforma- creases the energy absorption capacity, and a combination of the
tion measures at yielding and ultimate are routinely obtained by two procedures improves stiffness.
applying pertinent multipliers on the respective properties of Monolithic factors are used by codes of practice for con-
monolithic members with identical geometry. The multipliers are venience, as the mechanics of composite action of jacketed re-
referred to in the literature as monolithic factors, Ki. inforced concrete members under cyclic shear reversals is too
Depending on the member property being scaled 共strength or complicated for practical calculations. So far the focus has been
stiffness兲, the method of load application and the jacket function, on stiffness and strength, whereas no specific reference has been
made for monolithic factors related to deformation indices. A de-
1 tailed method for calculating these factors would be required in
Dept. of Civil Engineering, Laboratory of Reinforced Concrete,
order to assess their parametric sensitivity to the relevant design
Demokritus Univ. of Thrace, Vas. Sofias 12, Xanthi 67100, Greece.
E-mail: gthermou@civil.duth.gr variables. From the available experimental evidence it appears
2
Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Laboratory of Reinforced that slip and shear stress transfer at the interface between the
Concrete, Demokritus Univ. of Thrace, Vas. Sofias 12, Xanthi 67100, outside jacket layer and the original member that serves as the
Greece 共corresponding author兲. E-mail: pantaz@civil.duth.gr core of the upgraded element are controlling factors 共CEN 1996;
3
William J. and Elaine F. Hall Professor, Dept. of Civil and KANEPE 2004兲. Indeed, sliding failure at the interface limits the
Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, strength and affects the rotation capacity of the entire member.
2129 Newmark CE Lab., 205 North Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801. This paper presents a detailed procedure for estimating the
E-mail: aelnash@uiuc.edu behavior of concrete members jacketed with an outer RC shell.
Note. Associate Editor: Dat Duthinh. Discussion open until March 1, The composite action that jacketed reinforced concrete members
2008. Separate discussions must be submitted for individual papers. To
develop in flexure greatly depends on the force transfer that oc-
extend the closing date by one month, a written request must be filed with
the ASCE Managing Editor. The manuscript for this paper was submitted curs between the core and the jacket. Estimating strength and
for review and possible publication on October 27, 2005; approved on deformation capacity of such members is a complex mechanics
March 9, 2007. This paper is part of the Journal of Structural Engineer- problem that is hampered by the limited understanding of the
ing, Vol. 133, No. 10, October 1, 2007. ©ASCE, ISSN 0733-9445/2007/ interfacial resistance mechanisms such as friction, interlock, and
10-1373–1384/$25.00. dowel action. To calculate the monolithic factors and to establish
冉 冊
implications of slip along horizontal planes are considered in the
model. The inaccuracy associated with neglecting shear transfer vc共s兲 s 1/3
s
= 1.14 for 艋 0.5 共3a兲
along the vertical contact faces 共i.e., on faces normal to the z axis兲 vc,u sc,u sc,u
is small if jacket longitudinal tension reinforcement is evenly dis-
tributed in the perimeter 关Fig. 1共a兲兴. Note that in that case, a
vertical slice of the jacketed cross section is self-equilibrating
vc共s兲
vc,u
冉 冊
= 0.81 + 0.19
s
s
c,u
for
s
sc,u
⬎ 0.5 共3b兲
关consider for example the rectangular portion of the cross section,
to the left of line A-A’ in Fig. 1共a兲兴. This means that the total where sc,u⫽ultimate slip value beyond which the frictional
stress resultant is zero since compression and tension forces over mechanisms break down 共sc,u is taken approximately equal
the height of the segment are in equilibrium; hence the shear to 2 mm兲 共CEB-FIP 1993兲. The normalizing term,
stress xz 关Fig. 1共d兲兴 acting in a plane normal to the z axis and vc,u⫽ultimate frictional resistance of the interface, given by
oriented in the longitudinal direction is also zero. As usually done
vc,u = 共f ⬘c 2N兲1/3 共4兲
in flexural analysis of layered composite beams, it is assumed that
the three layers deform by the same curvature, 关Fig. 1共a兲兴. From where ⫽ultimate interface shear friction coefficient taken
free body equilibrium of any of the two exterior layers the shear equal to 0.4 and f ⬘c ⫽concrete cylinder uniaxial compressive
flow at the interface is calculated as the difference in the stress strength 关Fig. 1共b兲兴. To calculate the axial stress of the bars
resultant between two adjacent cross sections. The procedure is crossing the interface, f s, the separation w between contact
implemented in an iterative algorithm that employs dual-section surfaces as they slide overriding one another is considered
analysis. A key element of the algorithm is the shear stress slip 关Fig. 1共c兲兴. According to Tassios and Vintzēleou 共1987兲 the
separation w and lateral slip, s, are related by: w = 0.6· s2/3. To Estimation of Crack Spacing
account for w, it is assumed that the bars pull out by w / 2
Similar to conventional bond analysis, shear transfer at the inter-
from each side of the contact surface. Considering uniform
face between the existing member and the jacket is carried out
bond stresses along the embedment length, the axial bar
between half crack intervals along the length of the jacketed
stress, f s, at the contact plane is estimated from
member 关Fig. 2共a兲兴. To evaluate the crack spacing the stress state
fs = 冉 0.3s2/3Es f ⬘c
Db
冊 1/2
共5兲
at the crack is compared with that at the midspan between adja-
cent cracks 关Fig. 2共b兲兴. It is assumed that at the initial stages of
loading cracks form only at the external layers 共jacket兲 increasing
In Eq. 共5兲, Es⫽elastic modulus of steel; and Db⫽diameter in number with increasing load, up to crack stabilization. This
of the bars clamping the interface 共here, the stirrup legs of occurs when the jacket steel stress at the crack, f s,cr exceeds the
the jacket兲. limit 共CEB-FIP 1993兲
2. Dowel resistance: In the dowel model the bar behaves as a
horizontally loaded free-headed pile embedded in cohesive 1 + s,eff
soil. Yielding of the dowel and crushing of concrete are f s,cr ⬎ f ctm 共9兲
s,eff
assumed to occur simultaneously. Dowel force 关the resultant
of term vD in Eq. 共1兲兴 is obtained from the relative interface where f ctm⫽tensile strength of concrete; 共=Es / Ecm兲⫽modular
slip s as follows 关Fig. 1共c兲兴 ratio; and s,eff⫽effective reinforcement ratio defined as the total
steel area divided by the area of mobilized concrete in tension,
VD共s兲 2 usually taken as a circular domain with a radius of 2.5Db around
= 0.5 for s 艋 sd,el = 0.006Db 共6a兲 the bar 共CEB-FIP 1993兲. Using the same considerations in the
VD,u sd,el
combined section it may be shown that a number of the external
for cracks penetrate the second layer 共core兲 of the jacketed member
关Fig. 2共a兲兴. From the free body diagram shown in Fig. 2共b兲 the
VD共s兲
艌 0.5 ⇒ s = 0.006Db shear flow, qs, at the contact between the bottom layer and the
VD,u core is estimated as
+ 1.76sd,u 冋冉 冊 冉 冊 册
VD共s兲
VD,u
4
− 0.5
VD共s兲
VD,u
3
共6b兲
qs =
N jDb,J
f b,J 共10兲
bJ
where sd,el⫽elastic slip value; sd,u⫽ultimate slip value;
VD,u⫽ultimate dowel force; and Db⫽diameter of the bars where NJ⫽number of bars in the tension steel layer of the jacket;
offering dowel resistance 共here, legs of the jacket transverse Db,J⫽bar diameter of the jacket longitudinal reinforcement;
reinforcement兲. f b,J⫽average bond stress of the jacket reinforcement layer; and
In Eq. 共6b兲 the dowel force, VD共s兲, is estimated iteratively bJ⫽width of the jacketed cross section. The crack spacing is es-
given the slip magnitude, s. The ultimate dowel strength and as- timated from free body equilibrium in the tension zone of the core
sociated interface slip are given by of the composite section 关Fig. 2共b兲兴. Assuming that the neutral
axis depth is about constant in adjacent cross sections after stabi-
VD,u = 1.3D2b共f ⬘c f sy共1 − ␣兲2兲1/2 ; sd,u = 0.05Db 共7兲 lization of cracking, the crack spacing is defined as follows:
where ␣⫽bar axial stress normalized with respect to its yield
2bJlc f ctm,c
value and f sy⫽yield strength of steel. c= 共11兲
The total shear resistance of an interface with contact area Aint NcDb,c f b,c + qsbJ
crossed by k dowels is where Nc⫽number of bars in the tension steel layer of the
core; Db,c⫽bar diameter of the core longitudinal reinforcement;
V共s兲 = vc共s兲Aint + kVD共s兲 共8兲
f b,c= average bond stress of the core reinforcement layer;
where vc共s兲 and VD共s兲 are calculated from Eqs. 共3兲 and 共6兲, re- lc⫽height of the tension zone in the core component of the com-
spectively, for a given amount of interface slip. posite cross section; and f ctm,c⫽tensile strength of concrete core.
2nd SsNpd-5 P2R 200 200 12 1.13 6 0.22 53.2 480 260 260 12 1.64 6 0.33 58.2 480 6.0 1,000
Gomes and Appleton SsNpd-6 P3R 200 200 12 1.13 6 0.66 58.2 480 260 260 12 1.64 6 0.49 49.6 480 7.1 1,000
共1998兲 MsN-7 P4 200 200 12 1.13 6 0.22 56.2 480 260 260 12 1.64 6 0.33 56.2 480 6.3 1,000
3rd MsN-8 Q-RCL0M 250 250 14 0.98 8 0.24 30.6 313 400 400 20 1.29 10 0.44 30.6 500 18.0 1,600
Bousias et al. SsN-9 Q-RCL0 250 250 14 0.98 8 0.24 26.3 313 400 400 20 1.29 10 0.44 55.8 500 7.9 1,600
共2004兲 SsN15-10 Q-RCL1 250 250 14 0.98 8 0.24 27.5 313 400 400 20 1.29 10 0.44 55.8 500 8.4 1,600
SsN25-11 Q-RCL2 250 250 14 0.98 8 0.24 25.6 313 400 400 20 1.29 10 0.44 55.8 500 8.4 1,600
SsNpd15-12 Q-RCL01pd 250 250 14 0.98 8 0.24 28.1 313 400 400 20 1.29 10 0.44 20.7 500 25.0 1,600
SsNpd25-13 Q-RCL02pd 250 250 14 0.98 8 0.24 28.6 313 400 400 20 1.29 10 0.44 20.7 500 27.0 1,600
4th SsN15-14 R-RCL1 250 500 18 0.81 8 0.24 36.7 514 400 650 18 1.13 10 0.44 55.8 500 6.6 1,600
Bousias et al. SsN30-15 R-RCL3 250 500 18 0.81 8 0.24 36.8 514 400 650 18 1.13 10 0.44 55.8 500 6.6 1,600
共2004兲 SsN45-16 R-RCL4 250 500 18 0.81 8 0.24 36.3 514 400 650 18 1.13 10 0.44 55.8 500 5.2 1,600
5th MsN-17 Q-RCM 250 250 14 0.98 8 0.24 24.7 313 400 400 20 1.29 10 0.44 24.7 487 21.2 1,600
Vandoros and Dritsos SsNl-18 Q-RCW 250 250 14 0.98 8 0.24 22.9 313 400 400 20 1.29 10 0.44 18.8 487 21.6 1,600
共2006a,b兲 SsD-19 Q-RCD 250 250 14 0.98 8 0.24 27.0 313 400 400 20 1.29 10 0.44 55.8 487 8.9 1,600
SrN-20 Q-RCR 250 250 14 0.98 8 0.24 27.0 313 400 400 20 1.29 10 0.44 55.8 487 8.9 1,600
SrD-21 Q-RCRD 250 250 14 0.98 8 0.24 27.0 313 400 400 20 1.29 10 0.44 55.8 487 8.9 1,600
SsNw-22 Q-RCNT 250 250 14 0.98 8 0.24 27.0 313 400 400 20 1.29 10 0.44 17.8 487 25.6 1,600
SsN-23d Q-RCNTA 250 250 14 0.98 8 0.24 23.8 313 400 400 20 1.29 10 0.44 34.5 487 11.8 1,600
SsDw-24 Q-RCE 250 250 14 0.98 8 0.24 36.8 313 400 400 20 1.29 10 0.44 24.0 487 20.6 1,600
a
S⫽strengthened members with jacketing, M⫽specimens built monolithically, r⫽roughened interface, s⫽smooth interface, D, N⫽specimens with or without dowels, respectively, pd⫽predamaged units,
15, 25, 30, and 45: stand for the lap splice length corresponding to 15Db, 25Db, 30Db and 45Db; b⫽U-shaped steel links utilized, w⫽welding of stirrup ends of the first four stirrups, the numeral in the
end is the specimen number considered 共in successive order兲.
b
Original code names used for the specimens by the original investigators.
c
Axial load ratio % calculated on the basis of concrete strength of the jacket.
d
Jacket constructed under axial load.
Fig. 4. Lateral load versus drift for first group of units 共adapted from
Rodriguez and Park 1994兲
75 mm thick. After application of the jacket the shear span ratio wJ = 0.4%, and N⬘ = 0 for the rectangular one. The arrows indicate
was reduced from 4.3 to 3 共flexure dominated兲 and from 3 to 2.3 the influence on the monolithic factors plotted in the x and y axes,
共shear dominated兲 for the two case studies, respectively. effected by a corresponding change in the parameter studied.
Parameters of the investigation were the percentage of With reference to the square cross section 共Case 1兲, increasing
the longitudinal reinforcement of the jacketed cross section both the percentage of longitudinal reinforcement of the jacket
关lJ = AJ / 共bJhJ − bchc兲兴 which varied between 1 and 3%, the trans- 共lJ and the applied axial load ratio 共N⬘ = N / Ag f ⬘c 兲 results in a
verse confining reinforcement ratio of the jacket 共wJ兲 which var- reduction of KyM and an increase of Ky 关Fig. 9共a兲兴. This is also
ied for the square cross section 共Case 1兲 between 0.3 and 1.25%, observed in the shear dominated member 共Case 2兲, however, the
and for the rectangular cross section 共Case 2兲 between 0.4 and influence is less pronounced, especially on KyM . This indicates that
1.75% and the axial load 共N兲 applied on the jacketed cross section flexure-dominated members are more sensitive to changes of
expressed as a fraction of the theoretical crushing capacity 共Ag f ⬘c 兲 axial load and longitudinal reinforcement compared to the shear-
of the jacketed cross section which varied between 0 and 0.3. The dominated ones. As discussed earlier, the jacketed member
cylinder compressive strength of the jacket concrete was taken as reaches a yield at lower strength but at increased curvature as
f ⬘c = 20 MPa. Yield strength of both longitudinal and transverse compared to its monolithic counterpart, owing to the increased
jacket reinforcements was taken as f sy = 500 MPa.
The results of the parametric study are presented in terms of
the monolithic factor values both for flexural strength and for
deformation capacities. In this regard, the following three defini-
tions are adopted for the objectives of the study
My Mu
KyM = ; KuM = 共17a兲
M y,M M u,M
y u
Ky = ; Ku = 共17b兲
y,M u,M
⌬
K, = ; K⌬, = 共17c兲
,M ⌬,M
where K M , K, and K⫽monolithic factors for flexural strength,
curvature, and ductility. Subscripts y and u⫽yield and ultimate,
respectively; whereas and ⌬⫽curvature and displacement duc-
tilities. The moments at yield, M y, and ultimate, M u, of the RC
jacketed member are estimated by multiplying the corresponding
moments, M y,M , and M u,M , of the monolithic member with factors
KyM and KuM 关Eq. 共17a兲兴. Pertinent monolithic factors Ky and Ku
may be used in the same way in order to obtain the curvature
at yield, y, and ultimate, u, of the RC jacketed members
关Eq. 共17b兲兴. Similarly, by multiplying the curvature ductility ,M
and the displacement ductility ⌬,M , of the monolithic cross sec-
tion with appropriate monolithic factors K, and K⌬,, the curva-
ture ductility and the displacement ductility ⌬ of the jacketed
member may be estimated 关Eq. 共17c兲兴.
Fig. 10. Influence of jacket longitudinal reinforcement on monolithic Fig. 12. Influence of jacket confinement reinforcement on monolithic
factors 共Case 1, Case 2兲 factors 共Case 1, Case 2兲
Discussion of Results of Parametric Study able conditions at the interface, the shear friction coefficient is
The results of the current parametric study provide an insight increased stepwise up to 0.65 共values used are: 0.4, 0.55, 0.65
into the mechanical effect that jacket characteristics play on while keeping = 1; this coefficient indirectly accounts for the
the lateral load response of jacketed members. Monolithic factors roughness of the interface兲. The steepness of the descending
are sensitive to the design variables of the jacket and do branch was examined for = 1, 1 / 2, and 1 / 3, whereas vc,u
not generally assume an obvious fixed value. From the results of was given by Eq. 共4兲. The values selected for are based on
the parametric study for both the square 共Case 1兲 and the rectan- published experimental data 共Bass et al. 1989; Papanicolaou and
gular 共Case 2兲 cross section the values of the monolithic factors Triantafillou 2002兲. The results of the parametric investigation
range as follows: 共1兲 KyM = 共0.63– 0.95兲; 共2兲 KuM = 共0.49– 0.97兲; 共3兲 are summarized in Fig. 13 in a moment versus curvature diagram.
Ky = 共0.95– 2.57兲; 共4兲 Ku = 共0.34– 0.90兲; 共5兲 K, = 共0.15– 0.93兲; For lower values of , i.e., more gradual decay of the descending
and 共6兲 K⌬, = 共0.39– 0.94兲. branch of the shear stress strain curve 关Fig. 13共a兲兴, higher levels
The above results are consistent with the values suggested by of curvature capacity are estimated 关Fig. 13共b兲兴. Increasing
EC8 共CEN 1996兲 for the monolithic factor of strength KR = 0.8 共no leads to higher shear capacity at the contact surface allowing
differentiation is made by the code between yield and ultimate兲, for the development of higher strength and curvature values
although the range of estimated values is larger for the ultimate 关Fig. 13共c兲兴.
共KuM 兲. The estimated values for Ky show that jacketed cross
sections reach yield at greater curvatures, owing to slip at the
interface between the existing member and the core. The Ku is
Summary and Conclusions
less than 1.0, thus, in general the curvature at ultimate 共u兲 esti-
mated from the analytical approach is smaller than the monolithic
estimate 共u,M 兲. Considering that slip at the upper and bottom An algorithm for calculating the monotonic response of rein-
interfaces contributes to lateral drift, the reduced value of curva- forced concrete jacketed members is presented. The model intro-
ture at ultimate 共2% drift兲 defined by the analytical approach is duces a kinematic degree of freedom 共interface slip兲 that enables
justified. The monolithic factors of curvature and displacement consideration of an important mechanism of behavior that was
ductilities 共K, , K⌬,兲 are less than 1.0, which emphasizes that previously overlooked, namely the shear transfer mechanisms
analytical curvature and displacement ductilities are both lower mobilized due to sliding at the interface between existing and new
than the corresponding monolithic values. material. The weak link controlling deformations in this problem
is the interface. The capacity of the weakest link is evaluated and
checked in every step, to make sure it is not exceeded by the
Sensitivity of Analytical Model demand. The shear demand at the interface is controlled by the
flexural stresses on the cross section and by the spacing of cracks
The proposed analytical model is primarily sensitive to param- in the longitudinal direction, whereas the shear capacity is a func-
eters that affect the estimation of crack spacing and the shear tion of slip. The shear stress slip relationship for the contact sur-
strength of the contact interfaces. Each of these variables has a faces and the definition of crack spacing play a key role in the
distinct influence on the computational procedure; however, algorithm. Analytical results show that the model can reproduce
selection of the shear interface model is fundamental. Variables of successfully the observed response of jacketed members and cor-
the shear transfer model used herein 共Tassios and Vintzēleou relates well with experimental data. This analysis tool was used to
1987; Vintzēleou and Tassios 1986, 1987; Vassilopoulou and explore the difference between the ideal response of monolithic
Tassios 2003兲 are the interface strength 共vc,u兲 and the slope of the
members and the actual response of the RC jacketed members of
postpeak branch 共兲 关Fig. 13共a兲兴.
identical geometry with reference to the design variables. A para-
A brief parametric investigation was conducted in order to
metric study was conducted and the dependence of various mono-
explore the sensitivity of the model to the primary variables.
lithic factors on the characteristics of the jacket was investigated.
The square cross section used in the preceding as Case 1 is
used as a point of reference. Geometric characteristics and mate- It was found that strength factors at yield 共KyM 兲 range between
rial properties of the existing member core were already given 0.63 and 0.95, whereas strength factors at ultimate 共KuM 兲 range
in earlier sections. Longitudinal jacket reinforcement ratio between 0.49 and 0.97. Monolithic factors for deformation indi-
was selected as lJ = 1%, with transverse confining reinforce- ces were found in the case of curvature at yield to range between
ment wJ = 0.3% 共f sy = 500 MPa兲. No axial load was applied on 0.95 and 2.57, whereas in the case of curvature at ultimate be-
the jacketed cross section, whereas f ⬘c = 20 MPa for the jacket tween 0.34 and 0.90. The monolithic factors of curvature and
concrete. displacement ductilities 共K, , K⌬,兲 are both lower than the cor-
First, the influence of the interface shear friction on the re- responding monolithic values with the former to range between
sponse of the jacketed member was studied. To model unfavor- 0.15 and 0.93 and the latter between 0.39 and 0.94.