After you complete this module, you will be able to:

 Define what is scientific research.

 Discuss the types, criteria, steps, and methods of scientific research.

 Explain how to formulate your research problem.

 Explain how to design your research and select your samples.

 Describe how to write your research proposal effectively.

 Describe how to collect, process, analyze, and present your research data.

 Describe how to write your research report effectively. 


o Within our life and professional work, we frequently meet problems and daily
have questions.

o So, we often think, formulate, develop, test, and examine hypotheses to solve

our problems and questions.

o When you work scientifically and systematically to solve your problems and

questions, you are conducting scientific research.


o Meaning that research is an essential activity in our professional
work and development.

o Consequently, we came here to discuss the essential aspects of this top

 What is Research?

 Research is a systematic work that involves collection, analysis, and interpretation of
data to: 

o Answer a question

o Solve a problem

o Test a hypothesis

o Gain a new knowledge
  Systematic means: conducted objectively according to specific
principles and procedures.

Scientific research has specific ethics. So when we conduct it, we must adherestrictly to its ethics.

Types of Research

Fundamental Types of Research Includes:

1.Basic research • It is the research that leads to answer your question or solve your
problem regardless of the applied practical method.

• Meaning that it might be theoretical research.

• It depends on curiosity and the ability of the researcher to describe and understand the

question, problem, or hypothesis.

•It focuses on the generation of new knowledge.

Example: Einstein’s special theory of relativity and Planck’s quantum hypothesis.

2.Applied research
• It is the research that permits you to use the existing knowledge todevelopnew
technologies and artifacts to help the universe.

• It uses practical methods to answer your question, solve your problem, and test your hypothesis.

Example: application of basic knowledge of physics to discover electricity.

3.Evaluative research
• It is the research that concern with the systematic evaluation of institutions, projects, and
interventions.

•  It extensively uses quantitative measures to evaluate them.

It involves the three subtypes:

a.Descriptive research: describes the goals, processes, and expected outcomes.
b.Normative research:evaluates the goals according to several criteria.
c.Impact research: evaluates the effects on society and nature as well as the costs and benefits.

Also, researches are classified according to their:

1. Studied discipline
2. According to the studied discipline, researches are classified into:
3. 1.Multidisciplinary researches.
4. 2.Interdisciplinary researches.
 5.
6. Multidisciplinary Research:
7. It is the research that involves scientists from several
disciplines working collaboratively on the same project. It may contain
both basic and applied types of research at the same time. 
8. Example: Drug Discovery and Development research.
9.
10. Interdisciplinary Research:
11. It is research trying to integrate the aspects of two or more disciplines to generate a new
hybrid discipline. It aims to solve complex problems.

Researches are classified according to their aims into:

1.Exploratory and explanatory researches.
2.Inductive and deductive researches.

• Exploratory researches aim to explore the main aspects of the research question,

problem, or hypothesis.

• Explanatory researches aim to explain the causes and consequences of a known

problem.

• Inductive researches aim to develop a theory.

• Deductive researches aim to test a theory

Researches are classified according to their data into:
1.Qualitative and quantitative researches.
2.Primary and secondary researches.
3.Descriptive and experimental researches.

Qualitative researches concern with interpreting subjects under study. It

uses unstructured and non-numerical data.

Quantitative researches concern with the measuring of subjects under study. It

uses structured and numerical data.
Primary research: data are collected directly by the researchers.

Secondary Research: data has already been collected by another person.

Descriptive research: describewhat is the subject under the study.

Experimental research: concern about how, when, and why to determine cause and effect of the

subject under study.

2.Aim