10th Science Hindi - 10C02-1

10C02 – vEy {kkjd ,oa yo.
k (Acids, Bases and Salts) 21
10C02 – vEy {kkjd ,oa yo.k

TABLE OF CONTENTS
10C02 – vEy {kkjd ,oa yo.k .............................................................................................................................. 21

10C02.0 Revision Notes ................................................................................................................................. 21
10C02.1 vEy ,oa {kkjd (Acids and Bases) ...................................................................................................... 23
10C02.2 vEy o {kkjd ds jklk;fud xq.k/keZ (Chemical Properties of Acids and Bases) .................................. 24
10C02.3 vEyksa ,oa {kkjdksa dh izcyrk (Strength of Acids and Bases) ................................................................ 26
10C02.4 yo.k (Salts) ..................................................................................................................................... 28
[ksy [ksy esa ..................................................................................................................................................... 30
Recall Test ..................................................................................................................................................... 32
Concept Test.................................................................................................................................................. 33
HBSE Practice Questions ............................................................................................................................... 34
10C02.0 Revision Notes

d{kk - 7 esa vkius i<+k
A. v/;k; 5 es:a -
1. vEy (Acid):- ,flM “kCn dh mRifŸk ySfVu “kCn ,fl;j ls gqbZ gS] ftldk vFkZ gS [kêkA ngh] uhacw dk jl] larjs dk jl
vkSj fljds dk Lokn [kêk gksrk gS] D;ksfa d buesa vEy ¼,flM½ gksrs gSaA ,sls inkFkksZa dh jklk;fud izd`fr vEyh; gksrh gSA
bu inkFkksZa esa ik, tkus okys vEy izkd`frd vEy gksrs gSaA
 dqN izkd`frd vEy (Some Natural Acids):-
vEy dk uke fdlesa ik;k tkrk gS
,slhfVd vEy fljdk
QkWfeZd vEy phaVh dk Mad
flfVªd vEy flVªl Qy] tSls larjk o uhacw
ySfDVd vEy ngh
vkWDlsfyd vEy Ikkyd
,sLdkWfcZd vEy ¼foVkfeu 𝐶 ½ vk¡oyk] flVªl Qy
VkVZfjd vEy beyh] vaxwj] dPps vke vkfn
2. {kkjd (Base):- ,sls inkFkZ] ftudk Lokn dM+ok gksrk gS vkSj tks Li”kZ djus ij lkcqu tSls yxrs gSa] {kkjd dgykrs gSaA
bu inkFkksZa dh izd`fr {kkjdh; dgykrh gSA
10C02 – vEy {kkjd ,oa yo.k (Acids, Bases and Salts) 22
 dqN egRoiw.kZ {kkjd (Some Important Bases):-

{kkjd dk uke fdlesa ik;k tkrk gS
dSfYl;e gkbMªkWDlkbM pwus dk ikuh
veksfu;e gkbMªkWDlkbM f[kM+dh ds dk¡p vkfn lkQ djus ds fy, mi;qDr ektZd
lksfM;e gkbMªkWDlkbM/iksVSf”k;e gkbMªkWDlkbM Lkkcqu
eSXuhf”k;e gkbMªkWDlkbM nwf/k;k eSXuhf”k;e ¼feYd vkWQ eSXuhf”k;k½
3. lwpd (Indicators):- dksbZ inkFkZ vEyh; gS vFkok {kkjdh;] bldk ijh{k.k djus ds fy, fo”ks’k izdkj ds inkFkksZa dk mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA ;s inkFkZ lwpd dgykrs gSaA
 dqN izkd`frd lwpd (Some Natural Indicators):-
I. fyVel
II. gYnh
III. xqM+gy dk iq’i
4. mnklhu foy;u (Neutral Solutions):- ,sls foy;u] tks yky vFkok uhys fyVel i= ds jax dks ifjofrZr ugha djrs]
mnklhu foy;u dgykrs gSaA ,sls inkFkZ u rks vEyh; gksrs gSa vkSj u gh {kkjdh;A
5. mnklhuhdj.k vfHkfØ;k (Neutralisation Reaction):- fdlh vEy vkSj {kkjd ds chp gksus okyh vfHkfØ;k mnklhuhdj.k
dgykrh gSA bl izØe esa Å’ek ds fueqZDr gksus ds lkFk&lkFk yo.k vkSj ty fufeZr gksrs gSaA
 mnklhuhdj.k ds vuqiz;ksx (Applications of Neutralisation):-
a. phaVh dk Mad (Sting of an Ant):- tc phaVh dkVrh gS rks ;g Ropk esa vEyh; nzo Mky nsrh gSA Mad ds izHkko dks
ueh;qDr [kkus dk lksMk ¼lksfM;e gkbMªkstudkcksZusV½ vFkok dSysekbu ¼ftad dkcksZusV½ foy;u }kjk mnklhu fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
b. dkj[kkuksa dk vif”k’V (Industrial Waste):- vusd dkj[kkuksa ds vif”k’V ¼dpjs½ esa vEyh; inkFkZ fefJr gksrs gSaA ;fn
,sls vif”k’V inkFkksZa dks lh/ks gh tyk”k;ksa o ufn;ksa esa cgus fn;k ¼folftZr fd;k½ tk,] rks eNyh vkSj vU; tyh;
thoksa dks vEy u’V dj ldrs gSaA vr: dkj[kkus ds vif”k’V dks tyk”k;ksa o ufn;ksa esa folftZr djus ls igys {kkjdh;
inkFkZ feykdj mnklhu fd;k tkrk gSA
Exercise 10C02.0
1. ,flM “kCn dh mRifŸk gqbZ gS&
A. ,flMks ls B. ,fl ls C. ,fldks ls D. ,fl;j ls
2. vkWDlsfyd vEy gksrk gS&
A. xktj esa B. czsM esa C. ikyd esa D. phaVh ds Mad esa
3. phaVh ds Mad esa dkSu lk vEy gksrk gS \
4. vk¡oys esa dkSu&lk foVkfeu gksrk gS \
5. rhu izkd`frd lwpdksa ds uke fy[kksA
6. vEy o {kkjd esa vUrj crkb,A
7. {kkjd ds y{k.k crkvksA
8. phaVh ds dkVus ij Ropk ij dSysekbu foy;u D;ksa yxk;k tkrk gS \
9. mnklhu foy;u D;k gksrk gS \
10. dkj[kkuksa ds dpjs dks lh/ks gh tyk”k;ksa esa D;ksa ugha cgkuk pkfg, \
10C02.1 vEy ,oa {kkjd (Acids and Bases)

A. vEy (Acids):- vEyksa dk Lokn [kV~Vk gksrk gS] ;s uhys fyVel i= dks yky dj nsrs gSa rFkk ty esa ?kqyus ij 𝐻 + vk;u
nsrs gSaA
B. {kkjd (Bases):- {kkjdksa dk Lokn dM+ok gksrk gS] ;s yky fyVel i= dks uhyk dj nsrs gSa rFkk ty esa ?kqyus ij 𝑂𝐻 − vk;u
nsrs gSaA
C. lwpd (Indicator):- os inkFkZ tks vius jax ;k xa/k esa fo”ks’k ifjorZu dj nwljs inkFkksZa ds vEyh; ;k {kkjdh; gksus dh lwpuk
iznku djrs gSa] lwpd dgykrs gSaA ;s eq[;r% fuEu izdkj ds gksrs gSa&
1. izkd`frd lwpd (Natural Indicator):- ;s izd`fr esa ik, tkrs gSaA tSls&fyVel ¼fypsu ikS/ks ls fudkyk tkrk gS½] gYnh
bR;kfnA
2. la”ysf’kr lwpd (Synthetic Indicator):- budk fuekZ.k d`f=e :i ls fd;k tkrk gSaA tSls&esfFky vkWjsat] QhukWY¶Fksfyu
bR;kfnA
3. xa/kh; lwpd (Olfactory Indicator):- dqN ,sls inkFkZ gksrs gSa ftudh xa/k vEyh; ;k {kkjdh; ek/;e esa fHkUu gks tkrh gSA
bUgsa xa/kh; lwpd dgrs gSaA tSl&
s oSfuyk] I;kt ,oa ykSax dk rsy vkfnA
Note:- fyVel ,d cSaxuh jax dk izkd`frd lwpd gS ftls FkSyksQkbVk lewg ds fypsu ikS/ks ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
cgqr lkjs izkd`frd inkFkZ tSls& yky iŸkk xksHkh] gYnh] gk;Mªasft;k] isVwfu;k ,oa tsjkfu;e tSls dbZ Qwyksa dh
jaxhu ia[kqfM+;k¡ fdlh foy;u esa vEy ,oa {kkjd dh mifLFkfr dks lwfpr djrs gSaA bUgsa vEy&{kkjd lwpd ;k
dHkh&dHkh dsoy lwpd dgrs gSaA
mnkgj.k:- vkidkss rhu ij[kufy;k¡ nh xbZ gSaA buesa ls ,d esa vklfor ty ,oa “ks’k nks esa ls ,d esa vEyh; foy;u
rFkk nwljs esa {kkjh; foy;u gSA ;fn vkidks dsoy yky fyVel i= fn;k tkrk gS rks vki izR;sd ij[kuyh
esa j[ks x, inkFkksZa dh igpku dSls djsx
a s\ [NCERT Intext Q1]
gy:- loZizFke yky fyVel isij ij rhuksa ij[kufy;ksa ls dqN cwans Mkys]a foy;u tks yky fyVel dks uhyk dj
nsxk] og {kkjd gSaA vc bl uhys fyVel ij nksuksa ij[kufy;ksa ls dqN cwans Mkysa] foy;u tks bl uhys
fyVel dks yky dj nsxk] og vEy gSa rFkk ty fyVel isij esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dk cnyko ugha yk;sxkA
Exercise 10C02.1
1. vEy tyh; foy;u esa nsrs gSa&
A. 𝐻 + vk;u B. 𝑂𝐻 − vk;u C. nksuksa D. dksbZ ugha
2. fuEu esa ls dkSu tyh; foy;u esa 𝑂𝐻 − mRiUu djrk gS \
A. vEy B. {kkjd C. lwpd D. lHkh
3. fyVel foy;u fdl jax dk gksrk gS \
4. gYnh fdl izdkj dk lwpd gS \
5. izkd`frd lwpd D;k gksrs gSa \ fyVel izkd`frd lwpd D;ksa gS \
6. xa/kh; lwpd D;k gksrs gSa \ mnkgj.k nksA
7. la”ysf’kr lwpd D;k gksrs gaS \ mnkgj.k nksA
8. ,d diM+s ij ,d izkd`frd lwpd dk ihyk /kCck yxk gSA bl ij lkcqu jxM+us ls ;g /kCck yky gks tkrk gSA izkd`frd lwpd
o lkcqu ds vEyh; ;k {kkjh; xq.k dh O;k[;k djks \
9. vEy o {kkjd dh O;k[;k djksA
10. lwpd dks ifjHkkf’kr djks o fuEufyf[kr lwpdksa ds izdkj igpkuks&
a
I. gYnh II. esfFky vkWjsat III. fyVel IV. QhukWY¶Fksfyu
V. Oksfuyk VI. Ykky iRrkxksHkh VII. YkkSax dk rsy VIII. isVwfu;k
IX. I;kt X. tsjkfu;e
10C02.2 vEy o {kkjd ds jklk;fud xq.k/keZ (Chemical Properties of Acids and Bases)
A. vEy o {kkjd dh /kkrqvksa ls vfHkfØ;k (Reaction of Acid and Base with Metals):-
1. vEy dh /kkrqvksa ls vfHkfØ;k (Reaction of Acid with Metals):- /kkrq] vEyksa ls gkbMªkstu ijek.kqvksa dk gkbMªkstu xSl ds
:i esa foLFkkiu djrh gS vkSj ,d ;kSfxd cukrk gS ftls yo.k dgrs gSaA
vEy + /kkrq → yo.k + gkbMªkstu xSl
tSls& 2𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝑍𝑛 → 𝑍𝑛𝐶𝑙2 + 𝐻2
gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy ftad ftad DyksjkbM gkbMªkstu xSl
Note:- ;fn ge bl vfHkfØ;k ds nkSjku ij[kuyh ds ikl tyrh gqbZ eksecŸkh ysdj tk,a rks QV&QV dh /ofu ds
lkFk mRiUu xSl tyrh gSA ;g /ofu crkrh gS fd mRiUu xSl gkbMªkstu gSA
2. {kkjd dh /kkrqvksa ls vfHkfØ;k (Reaction of Base with Metals):- {kkjd /kkrqvksa ls vfHkfØ;k dj laxr /kkrq dk yo.k vkSj
gkbMªkstu xSl cukrs gSaA ijUrq flQZ dqN /kkrq,¡ tSls& ftad] ,yqfefu;e bR;kfn gh ;g vfHkfØ;k dj ldrh gSaA
2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞. ) + 𝑍𝑛(𝑠) ⟶ 𝑁𝑎2 𝑍𝑛𝑂2 (𝑠) + 𝐻2 (𝑔)
mnkgj.k:- ihry ,oa rk¡cs ds crZuksa esa ngh ,oa [kV~Vs inkFkZ D;ksa ugha j[kus pkfg, \ [NCERT Intext Q1]
gy:- ngh ,oa [kês inkFkksZa esa vEy gksrs gSa tks ihry o rk¡cs ds lkFk fØ;k djds LokLF; ds fy, gkfudkjd inkFkZ
cuk ldrs gSaA
B. /kkrq dkcksZusV rFkk /kkrq gkbMªkt s udkcksZusV dh vEy ls vfHkfØ;k (Reaction of Metal Carbonates and Metal
Hydrogen Carbonates with Acids):- pwuk&iRFkj (limestone), [kfM+;k (chalk) ,oa laxejej (marble) dSfYl;e dkcksZusV
ds fofo/k :i gSaA lHkh /kkrq dkcksZusV ,oa gkbMªkstudkcsZusV vEy ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k djds laxr yo.k] dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM ,oa
ty cukrs gSaA
/kkrq dkcksZusV//kkrq gkbMªkstudkcksZusV + vEy → yo.k + dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM + ty
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝑠) + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞. ) → 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞. ) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) + 𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔)
𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 (𝑠) + 𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞. ) → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞. ) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) + 𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔)
mRikfnr dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM xSl dks pwus ds ikuh esa izokfgr djus ij ikuh nwf/k;k gks tkrk gSA
𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 (𝑎𝑞. ) + 𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔) → 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 (𝑠) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)
pwus dk ikuh 'osr vo{ksi nwf/k;k
;g vfHkfØ;k 𝐶𝑂2 xSl dh tk¡p ds fy, mi;ksx esa yh tkrh gSaA
vR;f/kd ek=k esa dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM izokfgr djus ij nwf/k;kiu pyk tkrk gSA
𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 (𝑠) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) + 𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔) → 𝐶𝑎(𝐻𝐶𝑂3 )2 (𝑎𝑞. )
ty esa ?kqyu'khy
mnkgj.k:- fuEufyf[kr vfHkfØ;kvksa dks larqfyr djds iw.kZ djksA
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 →
𝑴𝒈𝑪𝑶𝟑 + 𝑯𝑪𝒍 →
gy:- 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝑠) + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 (𝑎𝑞. ) → 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 (𝑎𝑞. ) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) + 𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔)
𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑂3 (𝑠) + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞. ) → 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑙2 (𝑎𝑞. ) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) + 𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔)
C. mnklhuhdj.k vfHkfØ;k (Neutralisation Reaction):- vEy ,oa {kkjd vkil esa vfHkfØ;k djds ,d&nwljs ds izHkko dks
lekIr dj nsrs gSa rFkk mRikn ds :i esa yo.k o ty izkIr gksrs gSaA bls mnklhuhdj.k vfHkfØ;k dgrs gSaA
{kkjd + vEy → yo.k + ty
𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞. ) + 𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞. ) → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞. ) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)
D. vEyksa ds lkFk /kkfRod vkWDlkbMksa dh vfHkfØ;k,¡ (Reactions of Metallic Oxides with Acids):- {kkjd ,oa vEy dh
vfHkfØ;k ds leku gh /kkfRod vkWDlkbM vEy ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k djds yo.k ,oa ty iznku djrs gSa] vr: /kkfRod vkWDlkbM
dks {kkjdh; vkWDlkbM Hkh dgrs gSaA
/kkrq vkWDlkbM + vEy → yo.k + ty
𝐶𝑢𝑂 + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙 → 𝐶𝑢𝐶𝑙2 + 𝐻2 𝑂
dkWij vkWDlkbM dkWij DyksjkbM
E. {kkjdksa ds lkFk v/kkfRod vkWDlkbMksa dh vfHkfØ;k,¡ (Reactions of Non-Metallic Oxides with bases):- {kkjd
v/kkfRod vkWDlkbM ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k djds yo.k ,oa ty dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA pw¡fd ;g {kkjd ,oa vEy ds chp gksus okyh
vfHkfØ;k ds leku gS] vr: ge ;g fu’d’kZ fudky ldrs gSa fd v/kkfRod vkWDlkbM vEyh; izd`fr ds gksrs gSaA
𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 → 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐻2 𝑂
vEyh; {kkjd yo.k ty
F. vEyksa o {kkjdksa ds tyh; foy;u (Aqueous Solution of Acids and Bases):-
1. vEyksa dk tyh; foy;u (Aqueous Solution of Acids):- vEy foy;u esa gkbMªkstu vk;u 𝐻 + (𝑎𝑞. ) mRiUu djrs gSa]
blh dkj.k budh izd`fr vEyh; gksrh gSA
𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐻3 𝑂+ + 𝐶𝑙 −
tyh; foy;u esa gkbMªkstu vk;u Lora= :i esa ugha jg ldrs ysfdu ;s ty ds v.kqvksa ds lkFk feydj gkbMªksfu;e
vk;u ds :i esa jg ldrs gSaA blfy, gkbMªkstu vk;u dks lnSo 𝐻+ (𝑎𝑞. ) ;k gkbMªksfu;e vk;u (𝐻3 𝑂+ ) ls n”kkZuk
pkfg,A
𝐻 + + 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐻3 𝑂+
tSls& 𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 𝐻3 𝑂+ (𝑎𝑞. ) + 𝐶𝑙− (𝑎𝑞. )
vEyh; foy;u esa fo|qr /kkjk dk izokg vEy esa mifLFkr bu vk;uksa ds dkj.k gh gksrk gSA
2. {kkjdksa dk tyh; foy;u (Aqueous Solution of Bases):- {kkjd ty esa gkbMªkWDlkbM (𝑂𝐻 − ) vk;u mRiUu djrs gSaA
𝐻2 𝑂
𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑠) → 𝑁𝑎+ (𝑎𝑞. ) + 𝑂𝐻 − (𝑎𝑞. )
𝐻2 𝑂
𝐾𝑂𝐻(𝑠) → 𝐾 + (𝑎𝑞. ) + 𝑂𝐻 − (𝑎𝑞. )
𝐻2 𝑂
𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)2 (𝑠) → 𝑀𝑔2+ (𝑎𝑞. ) + 2𝑂𝐻 − (𝑎𝑞. )
ty esa ?kqyu”khy {kkjd dks {kkj dgrs gSaA dqN {kkjd tSls& 𝐹𝑒(𝑂𝐻)3 ty esa v?kqyu”khy gksrs gSaA
Note:- ty esa vEy ;k {kkjd ds ?kqyus dh izfØ;k vR;ar Å’ek{ksih gksrh gSA vr: ty esa lkanz ukbfVªd vEy ;k
lY¶;wfjd vEy dks feykrs le; vR;ar lko/kkuh j[kuh pkfg, o lnSo ty esa /khjs&/khjs vEy feykuk pkfg,A
ftlls vpkud ls vf/kd ÅtkZ dk mRltZu u gksA
Note:- ty esa vEy ;k {kkjd feykus ij vk;u dh lkanzrk (𝐻3 𝑂+ /𝑂𝐻 − ) esa izfr bdkbZ vk;ru esa deh gks tkrh
gSA bl izfØ;k dks ruqdj.k dgrs gSa ,oa vEy ;k {kkjd ruqd`r gksrs gSaA
mnkgj.k:- “kq’d gkbMªksDyksfjd xSl “kq’d fyVel i= ds jax dks D;ksa ugha cnyrh gS \ [NCERT Intext Q3]
gy:- “kq’d gkbMªksDyksfjd xSl esa 𝐻+ vk;u 𝐶𝑙− ls vyx ugha gks ikrk gS] vr: vEyh; izd`fr ugha n”kkZrh o
fyVel i= ds jax dks ugha cnyrh gSA
mnkgj.k:- 𝑯𝑪𝒍, 𝑯𝑵𝑶𝟑 vkfn tyh; foy;u esa vEyh; vfHky{k.k D;ksa iznf”kZr djrs gS] tcfd ,sYdksgkWy ,oa Xywdkst
tSls ;kSfxdksa ds foy;uksa esa vEyh;rk ds vfHky{k.k ugha iznf”kZr gksrs gSa \ [NCERT Intext Q1]
gy:- vEy tyh; foy;u esa vk;uhd`r gks tkrs gSa rFkk 𝐻+ vk;uksa ds dkj.k vEyh; izd`fr iznf”kZr djrs gSa
tcfd Xywdkst rFkk ,YdksgkWy tSls ;kSfxd ty esa vk;uhd`r ugha gksrs gSa vr: vEyh; izd`fr ugha n”kkZrs
gSaA
mnkgj.k:- fuEufyf[kr vfHkfØ;kvksa dks iw.kZ dhft,&
I. 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯(𝒂𝒒. ) + 𝑯𝑵𝑶𝟑 (𝒂𝒒. ) →
II. 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯(𝒂𝒒. ) + 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 (𝒂𝒒. ) →
III. 𝑭𝒆𝟐 𝑶𝟑 (𝒔) + 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 (𝒂𝒒. ) →
IV. 𝑪𝒂𝑶(𝒂𝒒. ) + 𝑯𝑪𝒍(𝒂𝒒. ) →
gy:- I. 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞. ) + 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞. ) → 𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞. ) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)
II. 2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞. ) + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 (𝑎𝑞. ) → 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 (𝑎𝑞. ) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)
III. 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 (𝑠) + 3𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 (𝑎𝑞. ) → 𝐹𝑒2 (𝑆𝑂4 )3 (𝑎𝑞. ) + 3𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)
IV. 𝐶𝑎𝑂(𝑎𝑞. ) + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞. ) → 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 (𝑎𝑞. ) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)
Exercise 10C02.2
1. nkusnkj ftad ij ruq 𝐻𝐶𝑙 Mkyus ij dkSu lh xSl izkIr gksxh \
A. 𝑍𝑛𝐶𝑙2 B. 𝐶𝑙2 C. 𝑍𝑛 D. 𝐻2
2. lksfM;e ftadsV dk lgh lw= gS&
A. 𝑁𝑎3 𝑍𝑛𝑂3 B. 𝑁𝑎2 𝑍𝑛𝑂2 C. 𝑁𝑎2 𝑍𝑛𝑂3 D. 𝑁𝑎3 𝑍𝑛𝑂2
3. lksfM;e dkcksZusV ls ruq 𝐻𝐶𝑙 dh vfHkfØ;k gksus ij dkSu lh xSl fudysxh \
4. pwuk iRFkj] [kfM+;k o laxejej fdlds fofHkUu :i gSa \
5. ty esa v?kqyu”khy ,d {kkjd dk uke crkvksA
6. fdlh vEy ds ruqdj.k dh lgh fof/k dks le>kvksA
7. fuEufyf[kr dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kvks&
I. vEyksa dh /kkrqvksa ls fØ;kA II. {kkjdksa dh /kkrqvksa ls fØ;kA
10C02.3 vEyksa ,oa {kkjdksa dh izcyrk (Strength of Acids and Bases)

A. 𝒑𝑯 Ldsy (pH Scale):- fdlh foy;u esa mifLFkr gkbMªkstu vk;u dh lkanzrk Kkr djus ds fy, ,d Ldsy fodflr fd;k
x;k ftls 𝑝𝐻 Ldsy dgrs gSaA
𝑝𝐻 ,d ,slh la[;k gS] tks fdlh foy;u dh vEyrk vFkok {kkjdh;rk dks n”kkZr h gSA gkbMªksfu;e vk;u dh lkanzrk ftruh
vf/kd gksxh mldk 𝑝𝐻 mruk gh de gksxkA
fdlh Hkh mnklhu foy;u ds 𝑝𝐻 dk eku 7 gksrk gSA ;fn 𝑝𝐻 Ldsy esa fdlh foy;u dk eku 7 ls de gS rks ;g vEyh;
foy;u gksxkA ;fn 𝑝𝐻 eku 7 ls 14 rd gS rks og foy;u {kkjh; gksxkA lkekU;r: 𝑝𝐻 lkoZf=d lwpd varHkkZfjr isij }kjk
Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA
vf/kd la[;k eas 𝐻+ vk;u mRiUu djus okys vEy izcy vEy dgykrs gS] tcfd de 𝐻+ vk;u mRiUu djus okys vEy
nqcZy vEy dgykrs gSaA blh izdkj tks {kkjd vf/kd la[;k esa 𝑂𝐻− vk;u mRiUu djrs gSa mUgsa izcy {kkjd dgrs gSa rFkk de
la[;k esa 𝑂𝐻− vk;u mRiUu djus okys {kkjdksa dks nqcZy {kkjd dgrs gSaA
B. nSfud thou esa 𝒑𝑯 dk egÙo (Importance of 𝒑𝑯 in Daily Life):-
1. 𝒑𝑯 ,oa thfor izk.kh (𝒑𝑯 and Living Organisms):- thfor izk.kh dsoy ladh.kZ 𝑝𝐻 ijkl ¼ifjlj½ esa gh thfor jg
ldrs gSaA tSls& gekjk “kjhj 7.0 ls 7.8 𝑝𝐻 ijkl ds chp dk;Z djrk gSA
Note:- o’kkZ ds ty dk 𝑝𝐻 eku tc 5.6 ls de gks tkrk gS rks og vEyh; o’kkZ dgykrh gSA vEyh; o’kkZ ds dkj.k
ouLifr rFkk tyh; thoksa dks vR;f/kd uqdlku igq¡prk gSA
2. feêh dh vEyh;rk (Acidity of Soil):- vPNh Åit ds fy, ikS/kksa dks ,d fof”k’V 𝑝𝐻 ijkl dh vko”;drk gksrh gS] feêh
esa vEyh; xq.k c<+ tkus ls ikS/kksa dks uqdlku igq¡prk gS] ftlls Qly vPNh ugha gks ikrh gSA
3. gekjs ikpu ra= dk 𝒑𝑯 (𝒑𝑯 of Our Digestion System):- gekjk mnj gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy mRiUu djrk gSA ;g mnj
dks gkfu igq¡pk, fcuk Hkkstu ds ikpu esa lgk;d gksrk gSA vip dh fLFkfr esa mnj vR;f/kd ek=k esa vEy mRiUu djrk
gS ftlds dkj.k mnj esa nnZ ,oa tyu dk vuqHko gksrk gSA bl nnZ ls eqDr gksus ds fy, ,sUVSfLkM (antacid) tSls {kkjdksa
dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA lkekU;r: ,sUVSflM ds :i esa 𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)2 ¼feYd vkWQ eSxuhf”k;k½ tSls nqcZy {kkjd dk mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA
4. nUr {k; (Tooth Decay):- eq¡g esa mifLFkr cSDVhfj;k] Hkkstu ds i”pkr eq¡g esa vof”k’V “kdZjk ,oa [kk| inkFkksZa dk
fuEuhdj.k djds vEy mRiUu djrs gSaA eq¡g ds 𝑝𝐻 dk eku 5.5 ls de gksus ij nk¡rksa dk {k; izkjaHk gks tkrk gSA nk¡rksa
dk buSey ¼nŸkoYd½ dSfYl;e gkbMªksDlh,isVkbV ¼dSfYl;e QkWLQsV dk fØLVyh; :i½ ls cuk gksrk gS tks fd “kjhj dk
lcls dBksj inkFkZ gSA eq¡g ds 𝑝𝐻 dk eku 5.5 ls de gksus ij ;g buSey ijr la{kkfjr gks tkrh gSA Hkkstu ds ckn eq¡g
lkQ djus ls blls cpko fd;k tk ldrk gSA
mnkgj.k:- vkids ikl nks foy;u ′𝑨′ ,oa ′𝑩′ gSaA foy;u ′𝑨′ ds 𝒑𝑯 dk eku 𝟔 gS ,oa foy;u ′𝑩′ ds 𝒑𝑯 dk
eku 𝟖 gSA fdl foy;u esa gkbMªkstu vk;u dh lkanzrk vf/kd gS \ buesa ls dkSu vEyh; gS rFkk dkSu
{kkjdh; \ [NCERT Intext Q1]
gy:- 𝐴 dh 𝑝𝐻 6 gS] vr: ;g vEy gS rFkk 𝐵 dh 𝑝𝐻 8 gS] vr: ;g {kkjd gSA 𝐴 vEy esa gkbMªkstu vk;u dh
lkUnzrk vf/kd gksxhA
mnkgj.k:- D;k {kkjdh; foy;u esa 𝑯+ (𝒂𝒒. ) vk;u gksrs gSa \ vxj gk¡] rks ;g {kkjdh; D;ksa gksrs gSa \
[NCERT Intext Q3]
+ −
gy:- gk¡] {kkjdh; foy;u esa 𝐻 vk;u mifLFkr gks ldrs gSa] ijUrq 𝑂𝐻 vk;uksa dh vf/kd la[;k gksus ds dkj.k
;g {kkjdh; xq.k iznf”kZr djrs gSaA
mnkgj.k:- dksbZ fdlku [ksr dh e`nk dh fdl ifjfLFkfr esa fcuk cq>k gqvk pwuk ¼dSfYl;e vkWDlkbM½] cq>k gqvk pwuk
¼dSfYl;e gkbMªkWDlkbM½ ;k pkWd ¼dSfYl;e dkcksZusV½ dk mi;ksx djsxk \ [NCERT Intext Q4]
gy:- tc e`nk vEyh; gks tkrh gS] rks mldh vEyh;rk dks [kRe djus ds fy, feêh esa pkWd ikmMj ;k pwuk
feyk;k tkrk gSA
Exercise 10C02.3
1. uhacw ds jl dk 𝑝𝐻 gksrk gS&
A. yxHkx 4.2 B. yxHkx 2.2 C. 7.2 D. 5
2. 𝑝𝐻 dk eku 7 ls uhps tkus ij&
A. vEyrk c<+rh gSA B. vEyrk ?kVrh gSA C. {kkjrk c<+Rkh gSA D. lHkh xyr gSaA
3. fdlh foy;u ds 𝑝𝐻 dks ekius okys iSekus dks D;k dgrs gSa \
4. fuEufyf[kr dk yxHkx 𝑝𝐻 crkvks&
I. tBj jl II. “kq) ty III. jDr
5. fuEufyf[kr dks le>kvks
I. nqcZy vEy II. izcy vEy III. nqcZy {kkjd IV. izcy {kkjd
6. vPNh Qly ds fy, [ksr dh feV~Vh dk vEyh; xq.k tkuuk D;ksa vko”;d gS \
7. 𝑝𝐻 iSekuk D;k gS \ blesa izFke o vfUre fcUnq D;k gSa \ blesa mnklhu fcUnq fdruk gksrk gS \
8. fuEu iz”uksa ds mRrj nks&
I. thfor izkf.k;ksa ds fy, 𝑝𝐻 dk D;k egRo gS \ II. vEyh; o’kkZ D;k gS \
I. gekjk mnj dkSu lk vEy mRiUu djrk gS \ bl vEy dk D;k dk;Z gS \
II. vip dh fLFkfr D;k gksrh gS \ blds D;k y{k.k gSa \
III. vip dh fLFkfr dk mipkj dSls fd;k tkrk gS \
10. 𝑝𝐻 o nUr {k; esa D;k lEcU/k gS \ foLrkj ls le>kvksA
10C02.4 yo.k (Salts)

vEy o {kkjd dh vfHkfØ;k ls yo.k curk gSA izcy vEy ,oa izcy {kkjd ds yo.kksa ds 𝑝𝐻 dk eku 7 gksrk gS rFkk ;s mnklhu
gksrs gSaA tcfd izcy vEy ,oa nqcZy {kkjdksa ds yo.kksa ds 𝑝𝐻 dk eku 7 ls de gksrk gS rFkk ;s vEyh; gksrs gSaA izcy {kkjd ,oa
nqcZy vEy ds yo.kksa ds 𝑝𝐻 dk eku 7 ls vf/kd gksrk gS rFkk ;s {kkjdh; gksrs gSaA
A. lk/kkj.k ued (Common Salt, 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍):- gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy ,oa lksfM;e gkbMªkWDlkbM ds foy;u dh vfHkfØ;k ls mRiUu
yo.k dks lksfM;e DyksjkbM dgrs gSaA blh yo.k dk ge vius Hkkstu esa mi;ksx djrs gSaA
1. mRiknu (Production):- leqnzh ty esa dbZ izdkj ds yo.k ?kqys gksrs gSaA bu yo.kksa ls lksfM;e DyksjkbM dks i`Fkd fd;k
tkrk gSA fo”o ds dbZ Hkkxksa esa Bksl yo.k dk fu{ksi Hkh gksrk gSA cM+s vkdkj ds ;g fØLVy izk;: vinzO;ksa ds dkj.k Hkwjs
jax ds gksrs gSaA bls [kfut ued dgrs gSaA ;g [kfut ued rc cus tc ;qxksa ds O;rhr gksus ds lkFk leqnz dk dksbZ
fgLlk lw[k x;kA [kfut ued dk [kuu Hkh dks;ys dh rjg gksrk gSA
2. jlk;uksa ds dPps inkFkZ ds :i esa ued dk mi;ksx (Use of Common Salt as Raw Material for Chemicals):- lk/kkj.k
ued gekjs nSfud mi;ksx ds dbZ inkFkksZa] tSls&lksfM;e gkbMªkWDlkbM] csfdax lksMk] okf”kax lksMk] fojatd pw.kZ vkfn ds
fy, ,d egÙoiw.kZ dPpk inkFkZ gSA
a. Dyksj&{kkj izfØ;k (Chlor-Alkali Process):- lksfM;e DyksjkbM ds tyh; foy;u ¼yo.k ty½ ls fo|qr izokfgr djus
ij ;g fo;ksftr gksdj lksfM;e gkbMªkWDlkbM] gkbMªkstu xSl o Dyksjhu xSl mRiUu djrk gSA bl izfØ;k dks
Dyksj&{kkjd izfØ;k dgrs gSaA
2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞. ) + 2𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞. ) + 𝐶𝑙2 (𝑔) + 𝐻2 (𝑔)
Dyksjhu xSl ,suksM ij eqDr gksrh gS ,oa gkbMªkstu xSl dSFkksM ijA dSFkksM ij lksfM;e gkbMªkWDlkbM foy;u dk
fuekZ.k Hkh gksrk gSA bl izfØ;k ls mRiUu gq, rhuksa mRikn mi;ksxh gSaA
b. fojatd pw.kZ (Bleaching Powder, 𝑪𝒂𝑶𝑪𝒍𝟐 ):- “kq’d cq>s gq, pwus [𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 ] ij Dyksjhu dh fØ;k ls fojatd pw.kZ
dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 + 𝐶𝑙2 → 𝐶𝑎𝑂𝐶𝑙2 + 𝐻2 𝑂
 fojatd pw.kZ ds mi;ksx (Uses of Bleaching Powder):-
I. oL= m|ksx esa lwrh ,oa fyusu ds fojatu ds fy,] dkxt dh QSDVªh esa ydM+h ds eTtk ,oa ykmaMªh esa lkQ diM+ksa ds
fojatu ds fy,
II. dbZ jklk;fud m|ksxksa esa ,d mipk;d ds :i esa
III. ihus okys ty dks thok.kqvksa ls eqDr djus ds fy,A
c. csfdax lksMk (Baking Soda) (𝑵𝒂𝑯𝑪𝑶𝟑 ):- bldks cukus esa lksfM;e DyksjkbM dk mi;ksx ,d ewy inkFkZ ds :i esa
fd;k tkrk gSA
𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝑁𝐻3 → 𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝑙 + 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3
¼veksfu;e DyksjkbM½ ¼lksfM;e gkbMªkstudkcksuZ Vs ½
;g ,d nqcZy vla{kkjd {kkjh; yo.k gSA [kkuk idkrs le; bls xeZ djus ij fuEu vfHkfØ;k gksrh gSA
Å"ek
2𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 → 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2
¼lksfM;e gkbMªkstudkcksuZ Vs ½ ¼lksfM;e dkcksuZ Vs ½
 csfdax lksMk ds mi;ksx (Uses of Baking Soda):-
I. csfdax ikmMj cukus es]a tks csfdax lksMk ¼lksfM;e gkbMªkstudkcksZuVs ½ ,oa VkVZfjd vEy tSlk ,d ean [kk| vEy dk
feJ.k gSA tc csfdax ikmMj dks xeZ fd;k tkrk gS ;k ty esa feyk;k tkrk gS] rks fuEu vfHkfØ;k gksrh gSA
𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐻+ → 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂 + vEy dk lksfM;e yo.k
¼fdlh vEy ls½
bl vfHkfØ;k ls mRiUu dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM ds }kjk ikojksVh ;k dsd esas [kehj mBk;k ¼Qwy/mHkj½ tk ldrk gS rFkk
blls ;s eqyk;e ,oa Liath gks tkrk gSA
II. lksfM;e gkbMªkstudkcksZusV Hkh ,sUVSflM dk ,d la?kVd gSA {kkjh; gksus ds dkj.k ;g isV esa vEy dh vf/kdrk dks
mnklhu djds jkgr igq¡pkrk gSA
III. bldk mi;ksx lksMk&vEy vfXu”kked esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
d. /kksus dk lksMk (Washing Soda) (𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶):- /kksus ds lksMs dks lksfM;e DyksjkbM ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk
gSA csfdax lksMk dks xeZ djds lksfM;e dkcksZusV izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA lksfM;e dkcksZusV ds iqu: fØLVyhdj.k ls
/kksus dk lksMk izkIr gksrk gSA ;g Hkh ,d {kkjdh; yo.k gSA
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 + 10𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 . 10𝐻2 𝑂
¼lksfM;e dkcksuZ Vs ½
 /kksus ds lksMs ds mi;ksx (Uses of Washing Soda):-
I. lksfM;e dkcksZusV dk mi;ksx dk¡p] lkcqu ,oa dkxt m|ksxksa esa gksrk gSA
II. bldk mi;ksx cksjsDl¼lqgkxk½ tSls lksfM;e ;kSfxdksa ds mRiknu esa gksrk gSA
III. lksfM;e dkcksZusV dk mi;ksx ?kjksa esa lkQ&lQkbZ ds fy, gksrk gSA
IV. ty dh LFkk;h dBksjrk dks gVkus ds fy, bldk mi;ksx gksrk gSA
B. fØLVyu dk ty (Water of Crystallisation):- yo.k ds ,d lw= bdkbZ esa ty ds fuf”pr v.kqvksa dh la[;k dks fØLVyu
dk ty dgrs gSaA
“kq’d fn[kus okys uhys dkWij lYQsV fØLVyksa esa Hkh fØLVyu dk ty gksrk gSA tc ge fØLVy dks xeZ djrs gSa] rks ;g ty
gV tkrk gS ,oa yo.k dk jax “osr gks tkrk gSA
;fn fØLVy dks iqu: ty ls fHkxksrs gSa] rks fØLVy dk uhyk jax okil vk tkrk gSA
dkWij lYQsV ds ,d lw= bdkbZ esa ty ds ik¡p v.kq mifLFkr gksrs gSaA tyh; dkWij lYQsV dk jklk;fud lw= 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 . 5𝐻2 𝑂
gSA
ftIle ,d vU; yo.k gS ftlesa fØLVyu dk ty gksrk gSA blesa fØLVyu ds ty ds nks v.kq gksrs gSaA bldk jklk;fud
lw= 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 . 2𝐻2 𝑂 gSA
 IYkkLVj vkWQ isfjl (Plaster of Paris):- ftIle dks 373 𝐾 ij xeZ djus ij ;g ty ds v.kqvksa dk R;kx dj dSfYl;e
1
lYQsV v/kZgkbMªsV/gsfegkbMªVs (𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 . 2 𝐻2 𝑂) cukrk gSA bls IykLVj vkWQ isfjl dgrs gSaA bl inkFkZ dk mi;ksx
MkWDVj VwVh gqbZ gfì;ksa dks lgh txg ij fLFkj j[kus ds fy, djrs gSaA IykLVj vkWQ isfjl ,d lQsn pw.kZ gS tks ty
feykus ij ;g iqu: ftIle cudj dBksj Bksl inkFkZ iznku djrk gSA
1 1
𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 . 2 𝐻2 𝑂 + 1 2 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 . 2𝐻2 𝑂
¼IykLVj vkWQ isfjl½ ¼ftIle½
IYkkLVj vkWQ isfjl esa 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 dk nks bdkbZ lw= ty ds ,d v.kq ds lkFk lk>snkjh djrs gSaA IykLVj vkWQ is fjl dk
mi;ksx f[kykSuk cukus] ltkoV dk lkeku ,oa lrg dks fpduk cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k:- dBksj ty dks e`nq djus ds fy, fdl lksfM;e ;kSfxd dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS \ [NCERT Intext Q3]
gy:- dBksj ty dks e`nq cukus ds fy, lksfM;e dkcksZusV (𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 ) dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k:- lksfM;e gkbMªkstudkcksZusV ds foy;u dks xeZ djus ij D;k gksxk \ bl vfHkfØ;k ds fy, lehdj.k
fyf[k,A [NCERT Intext Q4]
gy:- 2𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 → 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2
Exercise 10C02.4
1. izcy vEy o izcy {kkjd ds yo.k ds 𝑝𝐻 dk eku gksxk&
A. 7 ls de B. 7 ls vf/kd C. 7 D. dksbZ ugha
2. ftIle dk lw= gS&
A. 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 2𝐻2 𝑂 B. 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 𝐻2 𝑂 C. 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 2𝐻2 𝑂 D. 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 𝐻2 𝑂
3. uhys dkWij lYQsV esa fØLVyu ds ty ds fdrus v.kq gSaA
4. IykLVj vkWQ isfjl esa ty ds fdrus v.kq gSaA
5. csfdax lksMk esa ruq 𝐻𝐶𝑙 feykus ij D;k mRikn cusxsa \ jklk;fud lehdj.k nsdj le>kvksA
6. fuEufyf[kr ds fy, jklk;fud lehdj.k nks&
I. IykLVj vkWQ isfjl + ty →
rki
II. lksfM;e gkbMªkstudkcksZusV →
I. fojatd pw.kZ D;k gS \ bls 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 ls izkIr djus dk jklk;fud lehdj.k nksA
II. fojatd pw.kZ ds nks mi;ksx fy[kks
8. Dyksj {kkjd izfØ;k dk foLrkj iwoZd o.kZu djksA
9. csfdax lksMk cukus dk jklk;fud lehdj.k nks o blds dksbZ 3 vuqiz;ksx fy[kksA
10. /kksus dk lksMk dSls cuk;k tkrk gS \ blds dksbZ 4 mi;ksx fy[kksA
Remaining NCERT Questions:-
Q-6, Q-10, Q-12, Q-13, Q-15
[ksy [ksy esa

1. fØ;kdyki:- fp= dh lgk;rk ls uhps fn, x, iz”uksa ds mRrj nhft,A
A. B.
i) fp= dk dkSu&lk Hkkx] {kkjd dks iznf”kZr djrk gS \ _____________

ii) fp= dk dkSu&lk Hkkx] vEy dks iznf”kZr djrk gS \ _____________
iii) Hkkx 𝐴 esa iznf”kZr inkFkZ] 𝑝𝐻 iSekus ij dgk¡ fLFkr gksxk \ _____________
iv) Hkkx 𝐵 esa iznf”kZr inkFkZ] 𝑝𝐻 iSekus ij dgk¡ fLFkr gksxk \ _____________
v) dkSu&lk inkFkZ fyVel isij dks uhyk dj nsxk \ _____________
vi) dkSu&lk inkFkZ fyVel isij dks yky dj nsxk \ _____________
vii) Hkkx 𝐴 esa iznf”kZr inkFkZ ls dkSu ls vk;u curs gSa \ _____________
viii) Hkkx 𝐵 esa iznf”kZr inkFkZ ls dkSu ls vk;u curs gSa \ _____________
ix) fdl inkFkZ dk Lokn [kV~Vk gksxk \ _____________
x) fdl inkFkZ dk Lokn dM+ok gksxk \ _____________
2. fØ;kdyki:- dkWye 𝐵 esa fn, x, izR;sd “kCn dks dkWye 𝐴 esa fn, x, muds fooj.k ds lkFk feyku dhft,A fn, x,
[kkyh LFkkuksa esa lgh v{kj dks fyf[k,A
dkWye 𝑨 dkWye 𝑩
________ 1. u rks vEyh; vkSj u gh {kkjh; a. 𝑝𝐻 iSekuk
________ 2. vEy vkSj {kkjd dh vfHkfØ;k ftlesa yo.k vkSj ty curk gS b. gkbMªkstu
________ 3. ,d foy;u esa gkbMªkstu vk;u dh lkUnzrk dh eki c. “kwU;

________ 4. oks inkFkZ tks gkbMªkWDlkbM vkW;u dks eqDr djus ds fy, vfHkfØ;k djrs gSA d. gkbMªkWfDly
________ 5. tc ,d vEy fdlh /kkrq ls vfHkfØ;k djrk gS rks ;g eqDr gksrh gS e. lkcqu
________ 6. oks inkFkZ ftlesa {kkjd “kkfey gksrk gSA f. mnklhu

________ 7. gkbMªkstu ds ,d v.kq vkSj vkWDlhtu ds ,d v.kq ls cuk _.kkRed vk;u g. {kkjd
________ 8. ,d mnklhu foy;u dk 𝑝𝐻 gksrk gSA h. mnklhuhdj.k
3. fØ;kdyki:- fuEufyf[kr jklk;fud lw=ksa ds vEy gksus dh igpku dhft,A ;fn os vEy gSa rks ^gk¡^ vkSj ;fn vEy ugha gSa
rks ^ugh^] fn, x, [kkyh LFkkuksa esa fyf[k,&
jklk;fud lw= vEy \
1. 𝐻𝑁𝑂3
2. 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
3. 𝐶𝑂2
4. 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
5. 𝐻𝐶𝑙
6. 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4
7. 𝐻3 𝐵𝑂3
8. 𝐾𝐵𝑟
4. fØ;kdyki:- fuEufyf[kr izR;sd 𝑝𝐻 ds fy, crkb, fd og ,d nqcZy vEy] ,d izcy vEy] ,d nqcZy {kkjd] ,d izcy
{kkjd ;k ,d mnklhu foy;u esa ls fdls bafxr djrk gSA
1. 𝑝𝐻 8 _________________ 2. 𝑝𝐻 0 _________________
3. 𝑝𝐻 7 _________________ 4. 𝑝𝐻 6 _________________
5. 𝑝𝐻 13 _________________
5. fØ;kdyki:- igpkfu, fd eSa dkSu gw¡ \ uhps ckWDl esa fn, x, ukeksa dh lgk;rk ls esjk uke vkSj esjk jklk;fud lw=
fyf[k,A
lk/kkj.k ued ftIle csafdx lksMk
IykLVj vkWQ isfjl lksfM;e gkbMªkWDlkbM
fojatd pw.kZ /kksus dk lksMk veksfu;k
1. eSa ,d ,slk ;kSfxd gw¡ ftldk iz;ksx MkWDVj VwVh gqbZ gfM~M;ksa dks lgh txg ij fLFkj j[kus ds fy, djrs gSaA ________
2. eSa ,slk ;kSfxd gw¡ ftlds iz;ksx ls ikojksVh ;k dsd esa [kehj mBrk gSA _________________
3. eSa ,d ,slk ;kSfxd gw¡ ftldk mi;ksx ihus ds ikuh dks dhVk.kqvksa ls eqDr cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA _____________
4. eSa ,d ,slk ;kSfxd gw¡ ftldk iz;ksx ?kjksa esa lkQ&lQkbZ ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA _______________
5. eSa ,d ,slk ;kSfxd gw¡ ftldk iz;ksx [kkuk idkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA eSa Hkkstu ds Lokn dks c<+k nsrk g¡wA _________
Recall Test
1. og xq.k tks vEy }kjk iznf”kZr ugha gksrk gS] fuEu esa ls gS&
A. mudk Lokn [kV~Vk gksrk gSA B. budk Li”kZ lkcqu dh rjg gksrk gSA
C. os fyVel dks yky dj nsrs gSaA D. mudk 𝑝𝐻 7 ls de gksrk gSA
The property which is not shown by acids is:
A. They have sour taste B. They feel soapy
C. They turn litmus red D. Their pH is less than 7
2. gekjs isV esa izkd`frd :i ls fuEu esa ls dkSu&lk vEy mRiUu gksrk gS%
A. ,slhfVd vEy B. flfVªd vEy
C. gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy D. buesa ls dksbZ ugha
The acid produced naturally in our stomach is:
A. Acetic acid B. Citric acid
C. Hydrochloric acid D. Remain unchanged
3. fljdk vkSj ngh ds chp dk mHk;fu’V xq.k ;g gS fd&
A. mudk Lokn ehBk gksrk gS B. mudk Lokn dM+ok gksrk gSA
C. os Lokn ghu gksrs gSA D. mudk Lokn [kV~Vk gksrk gSA
The property which is common between vinegar and curd is that they
A. Have sweet taste B. Have bitter taste
C. Are tasteless D. Have sour taste
4. og inkFkZ tks Dyksjhu ls vfHkfØ;k djus ij fojatd pw.kZ mRiUu djrk gSA
A. fcuk cq>k gqvk pwuk B. pwuk&iRFkj
C. cq>k gqvk pwuk D. ftIle
The substance which on treating with chlorine, yields bleaching powder is
A. Quick lime B. Limestone
C. Slaked lime D. Gypsum
5. IykLVj vkWQ isfjl fuEu esa ls fdls 100°𝐶 ds rkieku ij xeZ djds rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA
Plaster of Paris is prepared by heating one of the following to a temperature of 100o C . This is:
A. 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂3 . 2𝐻2 𝑂 B. 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 . 2𝐻2 𝑂
C. 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 . 2𝐻2 𝑂 D. 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 . 2𝐻2 𝑂
6. dkWye 𝐴 esa fn, x, egRoiw.kZ jlk;uksa dks dkWye 𝐵 esa fn, x, jklk;fud lw=ksa ds lkFk feyku dhft,A
Match the important chemicals given in Column (A) with the chemical formulae given in Column (B)
dkWye Column 𝑨 dkWye Column 𝑩
a) IykLVj vkWQ isfjl i) 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
Plaster of paris
1
b) ftIle ii) 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 . 2 𝐻2 𝑂
Gypsum
c) fojatd pw.kZ iii) 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 . 2𝐻2 𝑂
Bleaching powder
d) cq>k gqvk pwuk
Slaked lime iv) 𝐶𝑎𝑂𝐶𝑙2
A. A—(ii), B—(i), C—(iv), D—(iii) B. A—(ii), B—(iii), C—(iv), D—(i)
C. A—(iii), B—(iv), C—(i), D—(ii) D. A—(ii), B—(iv), C—(iii), D—(i)
7. nk¡rks ds buSey esa dSfYl;e QkWLQsV mifLFkr gksrk gSA budh izd`fr fuEu esa ls gS&
A. {kkjh; B. vEyh;
C. mnklhu D. mHk;/kehZ
Calcium phosphate is present in tooth enamel. Its nature is
A. basic B. acidic
C. neutral D. amphoteric
8. fuEu esa ls fdl yo.k esa fØLVyhdj.k dk ikuh ugha gksrk gS \
A. uhyk rwfr;k B. csfdax lksMk
C. /kksus dk lksMk D. ftIle
Which of the following salts does not contain water of crystallisation?
A. Blue vitriol B. Baking soda
C. Washing soda D. Gypsum
9. Lkk/kkj.k ued dks jlksbZ?kj esa bLrseku djus ds vykok fuEu esa ls fdlds fuekZ.k esa dPps inkFkZ dh rjg bLrseky fd;k
tkrk gSA
i) /kksus dk lksMk ii) fojatd pw.kZ
iii) csfdax lksMk iv) cq>k gqvk pwuk
A. (i) vkSj (ii) B. (i), (ii) vkSj (iv)
C. (i) vkSj (iii) D. (i), (iii) vkSj (iv)
Common salt besides being used in kitchen can also be used as the raw material for making
i) washing soda ii) bleaching powder
iii) baking soda iv) slaked lime
A. (i) and (ii) B. (i), (ii) and (iv)
C. (i) and (iii) D. (i), (iii) and (iv)
10. csfdax lksMk ds ?kVdksa esa ls ,d lksfM;e gkbMªkstudkcksZusV gS] nwljk ?kVd gS&
A. gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy B. VkVZfjd vEy
C. ,slhfVd vEy D. lYQ;wfjd vEYk
One of the constituents of baking powder is sodium hydrogencarbonate, the other constituent is
A. hydrochloric acid B. tartaric acid
C. acetic acid D. sulphuric acid
11. nkarks dh lqj{kk ds fy, gesa vius nkarks dks fu;fer :i ls cz”k djus dh lykg nh tkrh gSA vkerkSj ij bLrseky fd, tkus
okys VwFk isLV dh izd`fr fuEu esa ls D;k gksrh gS \
A. vEyh; B. mnklhu
C. {kkjh; D. la{kkjd
To protect tooth decay we are advised to brush our teeth regularly. The nature of the tooth paste commonly used
is
A. acidic B. neutral
C. basic D. corrosive
Concept Test
1. fuEu esa ls fdldh vEyh; izd`fr gS \
A. uhacw dk jl B. ekuo jDr
C. nUr&eatu D. ,sUVSflM
Which of the following is acidic in nature?
A. Lime juice B. Human blood
C. Toothpaste D. Antacid
2. fuEu esa ls dkSu&lk vEyh; izcyrk dk lgh vkjksgh Øe gS \

A. ty < ,slhfVd vEy < gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy B. ty < gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy < ,slhfVd vEy
C. ,slhfVd vEy < ty < gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy D. gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy < ty < ,slhfVd vEy
Which of the following gives the correct increasing order of acidic strength?
A. Water < Acetic acid < Hydrochloric acid B. Water < Hydrochloric acid < Acetic acid
C. Acetic acid < Water < Hydrochloric acid D. Hydrochloric acid < Water < Acetic acid
3. fuEu esa ls dkSu&lk dFku ,d vEy vkSj ,d {kkjd ds tyh; foy;u ds ckjs esa lgh gSa \
i) mPp 𝑝𝐻] izcy vEy ii) mPp 𝑝𝐻] nqcZy vEy
iii) fuEu 𝑝𝐻, izcy {kkjd iv) fuEu 𝑝𝐻, nqcZy {kkjd
A. (i) vkSj (iii) B. (i) vkSj (iv)
C. (ii) vkSj (iii) D. (ii) vkSj (iv)
Which of the following statements is correct about an aqueous solution of an acid and of a base.
i) Higher the 𝑝𝐻 ] strong the acid ii) Higher the 𝑝𝐻, weaker the acid
iii) Lower the 𝑝𝐻] stronger the base iv) Lower the 𝑝𝐻] weaker the base
A. (i) and (iii) B. (i) and (iv)
C. (ii) and (iii) D. (ii) and (iv)
4. tc fdlh vEy ds foy;u dks fdlh {kkjd ds foy;u ds lkFk ij[kuyh esa feyk;k tkrk gS rks D;k gksrk gS \
i) foy;u dk rkieku c<+ tkrk gS ii) foy;u dk rkieku ?kV tkrk gS
iii) foy;u dk rkieku leku cuk jgrk gSA iv) yo.k dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
A. dsoy (i) B. (i) vkSj (iii)
C. (ii) vkSj (iii) D. (i) vkSj (iv)
What happens when a solution of an acid is mixed with a solution of a base in a test tube?
i) The temperature of the solution increases.
ii) The temperature of the solution decreases.
iii) The temperature of the solution remains the same
iv) Salt formation takes place
A. (i) only B. (i) and (iii)
C. (ii) and (iii) D. (i) and (iv)
HBSE Practice Questions

cgqfodYih; iz”u (Objective Type Questions) (1 Mark Each)
lgh fodYi pqfu;sA Tick() the correct option.
1. csfdax lksMk dk lw= gSA
The formula of Baking Soda is:
A. 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 1
B. 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 . 2 𝐻2 𝑂
C. 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 D. 𝐶𝑎𝑂𝐶𝑙2
2. ml inkFkZ dk uke crkb,] tks Dyksjhu ls vfHkfØ;k djds fojatd pw.kZ cukrk gS&
A. ftIle (𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 . 2𝐻2 𝑂) B. cq>k gqvk pwuk [𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 ]
C. fcuk cq>k pwuk (𝐶𝑎𝑂) D. pwuk iRFkj (𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 )
Name the substance which on treatment with chlorine yields bleaching powder:
A. Gypsum (𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 . 2𝐻2 𝑂) B. Slaked lime [𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 ]
C. Quick lime (𝐶𝑎𝑂) D. Lime stone (𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 )
3. dksbZ foy;u yky fyVel dks uhyk dj nsrk gS] bldk 𝑝𝐻 laHkor: D;k gksxk \ [NCERT Ex-Q1]
A solution turns red litmus blue, its 𝑝𝐻 is likely to be
A. 1 B. 4 C. 5 D. 10
4. vip dk mipkj djus ds fy, fuEu esa ls fdl vkS’kf/k dk mi;ksx gksrk gS \ [NCERT Ex- Q4]
A. ,aVhck;ksfVd ¼izfrtSfod½ B. ,sukytsfld ¼ihM+kgjh½
C. ,sUVSflM D. ,sUVhlsfIVd ¼izfrjks/kh½
Which one of the following types of medicines is used for treating indigestion?
A. Antibiotic B. Analgesic C. Antacid D. Antiseptic
5. fuEu esa ls dkSu lk vEyh; gS \
A. uhacw B. VekVj C. nw/k D. lHkh
Which one of the following is acidic ?
A. Lemon B. Tomato C. Milk D. All
,d “kCn iz”u (One Word Answer Type Questions) (1 Mark Each)

6. dksbZ foy;u vaMs ds fils gq, dop ls vfHkfØ;k dj ,d xSl mRiUu djrk gS] tks pwus ds ikuh dks nwf/k;k dj nsrh gSA bl
foy;u esa D;k gksxk \ [NCERT Ex-Q2]
A solution reacts with crushed egg-shells to give a gas that turns lime-water milky. The solution must contain-
mÙkj. __________________________________________________
7. 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 dk 10 𝑚𝐿 foy;u] 𝐻𝐶𝑙 ds 8 𝑚𝐿 foy;u ls iw.kZr: mnklhu gks tkrk gSA ;fn ge 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 ds mlh foy;u dk
20 𝑚𝐿 ysa rks bls mnklhu djus ds fy, 𝐻𝐶𝑙 ds mlh foy;u dh fdruh ek=k dh vko”;drk gksxh \
10 𝑚𝐿 of a solution of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 is found to be completely neutralised by 8 𝑚𝐿 of a given solution of 𝐻𝐶𝑙. If we take
20 𝑚𝐿 of the same solution of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻, the amount of 𝐻𝐶𝑙 solution (the same solution as before) required to
neutralise 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 will be: [NCERT Ex-Q3]
mÙkj. ___________________________________________________________________________________________
vfry?kqÙkjkRed iz”u (Very Short Answer Type Questions) (2 Marks Each)
8. /kkrq ds lkFk vEy dh vfHkfØ;k gksus ij lkekU;r: dkSu lh xSl fudyrh gS \ ,d mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb,A vki xSl dh
mifLFkfr dh tk¡p dSls djsaxs \ [NCERT Intext Q2]
Which gas is usually liberated when an acid reacts with a metal? Illustrate with an example. How will you test for
the presence of this gas?
mÙkj.___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
9. mnklhuhdj.k vfHkfØ;k D;k gS \ nks mnkgj.k nhft,A [NCERT Ex-Q14]
What is a neutralisation reaction? Give two examples.
mÙkj.___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
10. rkts nw/k ds 𝑝𝐻 dk eku 6 gksrk gSA ngh cu tkus ij blds 𝑝𝐻 ds eku esa D;k ifjorZu gksxk \ viuk mŸkj le>kb,A
[NCERT Ex-Q11]
Fresh milk has a 𝑝𝐻 of 6. How do you think the 𝑝𝐻 will change as it turns into curd? Explain your answer.
mÙkj.___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
11. vklfor ty fo|qr dk pkyd D;ksa ugha gksrk tcfd o’kkZ ty gksrk gS rFkk ty dh vuqifLFkfr esa vEy dk O;ogkj vEyh;
D;ksa ugha gksrk gS \ [NCERT Ex-Q7, 8]
Why does distilled water not conduct electricity, whereas rain water does and why do acids not show acidic
behaviour in the absence of water ?
mÙkj.___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
12. Dyksj&{kkj izfØ;k D;k gS \
What is chlor-alkali process?
mÙkj.___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
13. vEy dks ruqd`r djrs le; ;g D;ksa vuq”kaflr djrs gSa fd vEy dks ty esa feykuk pkfg, Uk fd ty dks vEy esa \
While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that the acid should be added to water and not water to the acid?
[NCERT Intext Q4]
mÙkj.___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
y?kqÙkjkRed iz”u (Short Answer Type Question) (4 Marks Each)

14. ik¡p foy;uksa 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 o 𝐸 dh tc lkoZf=d lwpd ls tk¡p dh tkrh gS rks 𝑝𝐻 ds eku Øe”k: 4,1,11,7 ,oa 9 izkIr gksrs
gSaA dkSu lk foy;u: (i) mnklhu gS (ii) izcy {kkjh; gS (iii) izcy vEyh; gS (iv) nqcZy vEyh; gS (v) nqcZy {kkjh; gS \
𝑝𝐻 ds ekuksa dks gkbMªkstu vk;u dh lkanzrk ds vkjksgh Øe esa O;ofLFkr dhft,A
Five solutions 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 and 𝐸 when tested with universal indicator showed 𝑝𝐻 as 4,1,11,7 and 9, respectively.
Which solution is (i) neutral (ii) strongly alkaline (iii) strongly acidic (iv) weakly acidic (v) weakly alkaline?
Arrange the 𝑝𝐻 in increasing order of hydrogen-ion concentration. [NCERT Ex-Q9]
mÙkj.___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
fucU/kkRed iz”u (Essay Type Questions) (6 Marks Each)

15. fuEu vfHkfØ;k ds fy, igys “kCn&lehdj.k fyf[k, rFkk mlds ckn larqfyr lehdj.k fyf[k, : [NCERT Ex-Q5]
I. ruq lY¶;wfjd vEy nkusnkj ftad ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k djrk gSA
II. ruq gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy eSXuhf”k;e iV~Vh ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k djrk gSA
III. ruq lY¶;wfjd vEy ,syqfefu;e pw.kZ ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k djrk gSA
IV. ruq gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy ykSgs dh jsru ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k djrk gSA
Write word equations and then balanced equations for the reaction taking place when-
I. Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with zinc granules.
II. Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium ribbon.
III. Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with aluminium powder.
IV. Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with iron filings.
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Answer Keys
Exercise 10C02.0
1. 𝐷 4. foVkfeu 𝐶
2. 𝐶 5. fyVel] gYnh o xqM+gy dk iq’i
3. QkfeZd vEy
Exercise 10C02.1
1. 𝐴 3. cSaxuh
2. 𝐵 4. izkd`frd
Exercise 10C02.2
1. 𝐷 4. dSfYl;e dkcksZusV
2. 𝐵 5. QSfjd gkbMªkWDlkbM] 𝐹𝑒(𝑂𝐻)3
3. 𝐶𝑂2
Exercise 10C02.3
1. 𝐵 2. 𝐴 3. 𝑝𝐻 iSekuk
4. I. 1.2 II. 7 III. 7.4
Exercise 10C02.4
1. 𝐶 2. 𝐶
3. 5 v.kq 1
4. v.kq
2
HBSE Worksheet
1. 𝐶 5. 𝐷
2. 𝐵 6. 𝐻𝐶𝑙 vEy
3. 𝐷 7. 16 𝑚𝐿
4. 𝐶
Glossary
vEy & Acid pkyu & Conduct
{kkj & Base foy;u & Solution
yo.k & Salt vEyh; & Acidic
iz;ksx”kkyk & Laboratory {kkjh; & Basic
xq.k/keZ & Properties
/kkrq & lk/kkj.k ued & Common Salt
Metal
vfHkfØ;k djuk & React csfdax lksMk & Baking Soda
ruq & Dilute /kksus dk lksMk & Washing Soda
lkUnz & Concentrated fØLVy & Crystal
pwus dk ikuh & Lime Water mnklhuhdj.k vfHkfØ;k & Neutralisation Reaction
“osr vo{ksi & White Precipitate dyksj&{kkj izfØ;k & Chlor-Alkali Process
/kkfRod vkWDlkbM & Metallic Oxide fojatd pw.kZ & Bleaching Powder
v/kkfRod vkWDlkbM & Non-Metallic Oxides

10th Science Hindi - 10C02-1

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10C02 – vEy {kkjd ,oa yo.

k (Acids, Bases and Salts) 21

10C02 – vEy {kkjd ,oa yo.k

10C02 – vEy {kkjd ,oa yo.k .............................................................................................................................. 21

10C02.0 Revision Notes

 dqN egRoiw.kZ {kkjd (Some Important Bases):-

10C02.1 vEy ,oa {kkjd (Acids and Bases)

10C02.3 vEyksa ,oa {kkjdksa dh izcyrk (Strength of Acids and Bases)

10C02.4 yo.k (Salts)

[ksy [ksy esa

i) fp= dk dkSu&lk Hkkx] {kkjd dks iznf”kZr djrk gS \ _____________

________ 3. ,d foy;u esa gkbMªkstu vk;u dh lkUnzrk dh eki c. “kwU;

________ 6. oks inkFkZ ftlesa {kkjd “kkfey gksrk gSA f. mnklhu

________ 8. ,d mnklhu foy;u dk 𝑝𝐻 gksrk gSA h. mnklhuhdj.k

2. fuEu esa ls dkSu&lk vEyh; izcyrk dk lgh vkjksgh Øe gS \

HBSE Practice Questions

,d “kCn iz”u (One Word Answer Type Questions) (1 Mark Each)

y?kqÙkjkRed iz”u (Short Answer Type Question) (4 Marks Each)

fucU/kkRed iz”u (Essay Type Questions) (6 Marks Each)

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