Human Health &

Disease
LECTURE 1
subtopic
 Seep Pahuja
M.Sc ( Hons )
6+ yrs of experience with
leading coaching institutes

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Human Health &
Disease
LECTURE 1
subtopic
Human health and diseases
Earlier definition of health

Hippocrates- Father of western medicine believed that in

healthy person four ‘Humours’ of the body have to be balanced.
Humoral theory of Hippocrates
EARLY MEDICATION

Blood letting
Charaka theory of health

Health is maintained by 3 ‘doshas’- Bile, Phlegm and wind

Discovery of blood circulatory system

Discovery of blood circulatory system by William Harvey refuted

Humoral theory
Present definition of health

It is not merely absence of disease

State of complete, physical, mental and social well being.
Factors affecting health

❏ Genetic disorder- Diseases which are passed on from

generations to generations

❏ Infections- acquired from surrounding

❏ Life style- It includes preferences for food, habits, addictions,

exercise
Requisite for good health

❏ Hygienic and balanced diet

❏ Clean drinking water

❏ Personal and community hygiene

Requisite for good health

❏ Awareness about disease and its effect on body

❏ Immunisation

❏ Proper disposal of waste

❏ Control of vectors
Disease

❏ Any physical/ functional change from normal state

that causes discomfort or disability or impairs health
of living organism

❏ Malfunctioning of body with specific symptoms

Disease agents

Factors (substance or force) whose excess or deficiency or absence

may cause disease

★ Biological agent
★ Nutrient agent
★ Physical agent
★ Chemical agent
★ Mechanical agent
★ deficiency/excess of substances
Biological agent

❏ Pathogens like

❏ Bacteria

❏ Virus

❏ Helminthes

❏ protozoa
Nutrient agent

❏ Carbohydrates

❏ Proteins

❏ Fats

❏ vitamins
Chemical agents

Endogenous chemicals- Chemicals which are formed

inside the body eg hormones, enzymes, urea, uric acid

Exogenous chemicals- Agents which enter from outside eg

pollutant, pollens
Physical agents

It includes- heat, cold humidity, pressure, sound

Mechanical agent

Strong mechanical force which results in dislocation, injury, sprain,

fracture
Types of diseases

Congenital diseases- diseases that occur since birth and may

result from metabolic disorder or defect in development

Acquired diseases- Diseases which develop after birth. This can

be divided into two types

● Infectious
● Non infectious
Non infectious disease

1. Organic disease- Disease due to malfunctioning of organ eg.

Heart disease

1. Deficiency disease- due to deficiency of nutrients, hormones

eg, Beri beri, Diabetes
Non infectious disease

1. Allergies- Hypersensitivity towards some substance eg

pollen grains

1. Cancer- Due to uncontrolled mitosis of cell.

Infectious disease/communicable disease

1. Diseases caused by pathogen which are easily transferred

from infected person to healthy person

1. Pathogens- Disease causing organism eg Bacteria, virus,

fungi, protozoan, helminths
 Koch’s postulates

Described criteria to establish relationship between microbe and

disease

➢ 4 postulates given
Modes of transmission of disease

❏ Direct

❏ Indirect
Direct transmission

❏ Contact with infected person

❏ Small pox

❏ Chicken pox

❏ Ring worm
Droplet infection borne

❏ Tuberculosis

❏ Pneumonia

❏ Cold

❏ Whooping cough
Soil borne

Tetanus
Animal bite

Rabies- Bite of any rabbit animal eg. Dog, Cat or Monkey

Transplacental

❏ Infected mother to Foetus via placenta

❏ AIDS
❏ Syphilis
Indirect transmission

❏ Arthropod vectors

❏ Vehicle borne

❏ Fomite borne

❏ Human carriers
Arthropod vectors

❏ Mosquito- Malaria, Dengue, elephantiasis

❏ Sand fly- Kala Azar

❏ Tse Tse fly- Sleeping sickness

❏ House fly- Typhoid, Cholera

Vehicle borne

Contamination with food items, ice, water.

Fomite borne

Any non living article handles by patient eg Door knob, Utensils,

toothbrush
Human carriers

Extra-ordinary case in medical history of TYPHOID MARY

She was a cook by profession who became a carrier for the spread of
Typhoid
 Exceptions to koch postulates

❏ Viruses
❏ Mycoplasma
❏ Chlamydia
❏ Mycobacterium leprae
❏ Treponema pallidum
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