ME-09 Class

to
Your FINAL Year

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 1

 This is your Elective Class of
the subject

ME-460
Gas Turbines

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 2

 Lets First Discuss the Course
Contents!

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 3

 Gas Turbines: What is Ahead?
ME-460 (Gas Turbines) Course Contents
S No Topics Contents to be Covered
1. Course Outline, objectives, teaching plan,
assessment method, concepts review
1 Introduction
2. Intro to Gas Turbines
3. Main Types
1. Main Types and their usage
2 Usage and Construction 2. GT Components
3. Comparison with other cycles
1. Ideal Brayton cycle
2. Actual Brayton cycle
3 Brayton Cycle
3. Brayton Cycle with Intercooling, Reheating and
Regeneration
1. Ideal jet propulsion cycle
4 Jet propulsion Cycle
2. Open and closed cycle GT power plants
1. Open & Closed cycle
Ground Applications 2. Combined Cycle plants
5 Advantages & 1. Comparison of various generation technologies
Disadvantages 2. Component description
8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 4
3. applications
 Gas Turbines: What is Ahead?
ME-460 (Gas Turbines) Course Contents
S No Topics Contents to be Covered
Gas Turbines for 1. Description
6 Aircraft 2. Thrust production
(Thrust Production) 3. Thrust equation and efficiencies
1. Propulsive efficiency
Gas Turbines for
2. Thermal efficiency
Aircraft
3. Overall efficiency
6 (Performance
4. Thrust power and Engine power
Parameters)
7. Thrust specific fuel consumption
8. Comparison of performance parameters
1. Simple turbojet
2. Thermodynamic analysis
Turbojet, Turbofan & 3. Turbojet performance
7
Turboprop Engines 1. Concept of by-pass engine
2. Ideal and actual turbofan
3. Turboprop engine

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 5

 Gas Turbines: What is Ahead?

ME-460 (Gas Turbines) Course Contents

S No Topics Contents to be Covered
1. Introduction
2. Euler energy equation
3. Axial and centrifugal machines
1. Axial compressor stage dynamics
Gas Turbines 2. Axial compressor velocity triangles
8
Turbomachinery 1. Pressure rise limitations
2. Degree of reaction
1. Axial turbine
2. Stage dynamics
3. Degree of reaction

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 6

 Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)
No CLO PLO Level

1 To enable students to apply laws of thermodynamics PLO 2 C3

on Gas turbine power plants.
2 To prepare students to carry out thermodynamic PLO 2 C4
analysis of Gas turbine power plants.
3 To develop ability to investigate and conclude PLO 2 C4
results from the analysis of the Gas turbine power
plants.

Cognitive Domain:
Levels: (C3) – Applying
and (C4) – Analyzing

PLO – 2: Problem Analysis

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 7
 Resources
Text:
• ‘Mechanics and Thermodynamics of
Propulsion’ by Hill & Peterson

References:8
• ‘Gas Turbines’ by V. Ganesan
• “Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach”,
Cengel, Younus A., Boles, Micheal A, McGraw Hill Inc.
• Instructor’s Notes
8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 8
 Sequence of Discussion
• Related concepts that you have already studied –
something not very new!
• Gas Turbine introduction, history
• Components involved
• Gas turbines Types, advantages / disadvantages of each
• Performance factors
• Comparison of various configurations (Ground & Aerospace
applications)
• Simple power plant: Component details, working
principles, engineering concepts involved
• Components matching and factors involving
performance
8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 9
 Gas Turbines: Introduction
• Category: Gas Power Cycle (Part of your thermo-II course)!
• A gas turbine is a machine delivering mechanical power
or thrust.
• It does this by using a continuous flow of the gaseous
working fluid.
• The mechanical power generated can be used by an
industrial device.
• The outgoing gaseous fluid can be used to generate
thrust.

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 10

 History of Gas Turbines
• Invented in 1930 by Frank Whittle
• Patented in 1934
• First used for aircraft propulsion in 1942 by Germans
during second world war
• Currently most of the aircrafts and ships use GT engines
• Also used for power generation (Prime interest of Mechanical
Engineers)

• Manufacturers: General Electric, Pratt &Whitney,

SNECMA, Rolls Royce, Honeywell, Siemens –
Westinghouse, Alstom etc.
8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 11
 Gas Turbine Components
• Intake
– Slows down incoming air
– Removes distortions
• Compressor
– Dynamically Compresses air
• Combustion Chamber
– Heat addition through chemical reaction (burning)
• Turbine
– Runs the compressor
– Produces shaft work
• Nozzle / Free Turbine
– Generation of thrust power / shaft power
8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 12
 Working Principle
• Energy is added to the gas
stream by compressor
(work addition)
• Combustion (heat addition)
increases the temperature,
velocity, and volume of the
gas flow
• Turbine rotates, powering
the compressor (back work)
• Energy is then extracted in
the form of shaft power,
compressed air and thrust

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 13

 The Simple Cycle
• Compressor pumps air into combustion chamber
• Fuel in gaseous or liquid spray form injected into the
combustion chamber and burned
• Continuously expanding combustion products when
directed through stationary airfoils of turbine:
– react against the blades of a turbine wheel
– cause the shaft to turn
– drive the compressor
• Remaining high energy gas can be used to:
– expansion across a nozzle (propulsion)
– expansion across another turbine stage (shaft power)

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 14

 Types
• We can distinguish two important types of
gas turbines.
– Industrial gas turbines
– Jet engine gas turbines
• To use a gas turbine, a high initial compression is
necessary.
• Owing to this difficulty, industrial gas turbines
were developed rather slowly.

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 15

 Types

Industrial
Application

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 16

 Types

Aircraft
Application

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 17

Advantages of Gas Turbine Engines
• Very high power-to-weight ratio
• More size efficient
• Moves in one direction only, with fewer moving
parts (you like it for lesser engineer’s trouble!)
• Low operating pressures (reduced gas leaks; you like it
again!!)
• High operation speeds (Material strength; Engineering
concern!)
• Low lubricating oil cost and consumption (low
operational cost)

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 18

 Disadvantages of Gas Turbine Engines
• More expensive compared to a similar-sized
reciprocating engine (high initial cost)
• More complex machining operations (to keep
surfaces smooth for well behaved flow boundary layer)
• Usually less efficient than reciprocating
engines, especially at idle (low compression at idle)
• Delayed response to changes in power
settings

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 19

 Gas Turbine Power Plant
(Power Generation)

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 20

 Gas Turbine Power Plant
(Aircraft Application)

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 21

Comparison of Various Generation Technologies

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 22

 Power Plant Performance Factors
(Ground Applications)
• The performance of a power plant can be expressed
through some common performance factors:
• Heat Rate (Energy Efficiency)
– Amount of energy used by an electrical generator or
power plant to generate one kilowatt-hour (kWh) of
electricity
• Thermal Efficiency
– Inverse of Heat Rate
• Capacity Factor
– Ratio between average load and rated load for a period of
time

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 23

 Power Plant Performance Factors
(Ground Applications)
• Load Factor
– ratio between average load and peak load
• Economic Efficiency
– ratio between production costs, including fuel, labor,
materials and services, and energy output from the
power plant for a period of time
• Operational Efficiency
– ratio of the total electricity produced by the plant
during a period of time compared to the total
potential electricity that could have been produced if
the plant operated at 100% in the period

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 24

 Typical Heat rates of Various Plants
(Energy used to generate one kilowatt-hour)

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 25

 Typical Efficiencies of Various Plants
(Thermal efficiency is inverse of Heat rate)

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 26

 Gas Turbine Power Plant
• It mainly consists of a gas turbine coupled to a rotary
type air compressor and a combustor (combustion
chamber)
• Combustor is placed between the compressor and
turbine in the fuel circuit.
• Auxiliaries, such as cooling fan, water pumps, etc. and
the generator itself, are also driven by the turbine.
• Other auxiliaries are starting device, lubrication system,
duct system, etc.
• A modified plant may have in addition to the above, an
inter-cooler, a regenerator and a reheater.
• The schematic of a simple gas turbine power plant is
shown in the next slide.

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 27

 Simple Gas Turbine Power Plant

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 28

 Simple Gas Turbine Power Plant
(Electric Power Generation)

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 29

 Simple Gas Turbine Power Plant

• Electrical Power Generation

• In electricity generating applications the turbine is used to drive a
synchronous generator which provides the electrical power output.
• Sine the turbine normally operates at very high rotational speeds
of (12,000 RPM or more) it is connected to the generator through a
high ratio reduction gear.
• The generators run at speeds of 1,000 or 1,200 RPM depending on
the AC frequency of the electricity grid.

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 30

 Gas Turbine Power Plant
• In a gas turbine electric power plant, gas turbine is used
as the prime-mover for electricity generation.
• Overall efficiency of a gas turbine as a prime-mover is
limited mainly due to the following:
– Larger part of the work produced by turbine is consumed
by the compressor for its operation (back work)
– Maximum temperature is restricted below the material
thermal limit of turbine blades
• Advanced gas turbines are:
– more than 60% efficient
– have less emission of NO2, CO and un-burnt hydrocarbons
– operate at high temperature of about 1400oC.

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 31

 Gas Turbine Power Plant
• After necessary modification the aircraft propulsion
engines are also used for generation of electric power.
• Advantages are:
– Compact size and modular design
– Quick installation
– Fast starting
– Easy and quick maintenance
– High operating efficiency
– Easy availability and low initial cost
• Disadvantages:
– 10-15% more costlier than heavy duty gas turbines
– Needs clean thus more costly fuel

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 32

 Gas Turbine Power Plant
• Applications: Gas Turbine Power Plants are usually
used:
– For driving generators and supplying peak loads in steam
and hydro-electric power plants
– As starting plants for driving auxiliaries in other power
plants
– As stand-by power plants
– As base-load power plants where fuel, oil or natural gas is
cheap and easily available, water supply is scarce and load
factor is low (15-18%)
– (Remember: Load Factor is ratio between average load and peak load)
– In combination with conventional steam boilers (combined
cycle power plants)Can be used in parallel with tidal power
plants
8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 33
 End of Part-I

8-Oct-20 Lecture by Asst. Prof. NAEEM 34