Sedimentation

Operasi Teknik Kimia I

Institut Teknologi Indonesia
 Where are we?
 Unit processes* designed to
◦ remove _________________________
Particles and pathogens
◦ remove __________ ___________
dissolved chemicals

◦ inactivate ____________
pathogens

 *Unit process: a process that is used in similar

ways in many different applications
 Unit Processes Designed to Remove Particulate
Matter
◦ Screening
Empirical design
◦ Coagulation/flocculation
◦ Sedimentation Theories developed later

◦ Filtration
Sedimentation
 the oldest form of water treatment
 uses gravity to separate particles from
water
 often follows coagulation and flocculation
 Sedimentation: Effect of the particle
concentration

 Dilute suspensions
◦ Particles act independently
 Concentrated suspensions
◦ Particle-particle interactions are significant
◦ Particles may collide and stick together
(form flocs)
◦ Particle flocs may settle more quickly
◦ At very high concentrations particle-particle
forces may prevent further consolidation
Types of Settling
Four types of sedimentation:
 Discrete settling (pengendapan partikel diskrit,
partikel mengendap secara individual dan tidak ada
interaksi antar-partikel)
 Flocculant settling (pengendapan partikel
flokulen, terjadi interaksi antar-partikel sehingga ukuran
meningkat dan kecepatan pengendapan bertambah)
 Hindered settling (pengendapan pada lumpur
biologis, dimana gaya antarpartikel saling
menahan partikel lainnya untuk mengendap)
 Compression (terjadi pemampatan partikel yang
telah mengendap yang terjadi karena berat
partikel)
 Examples of Settling Types

Discrete Flocculant Hindered

 Type I settling
During settling, a particle will accelerate until the drag force, FD,
equals the impelling force, F1

 V s2  Identify forces
F1   s   gV F D  C D Ac  
 2

 Fb
 
FD
  Vs2    
 s   gV  C D Ac    V   d 3 ; Ac   d 2
6 4
 2 

 s   
Vs 
4g
 d ; Vs 
4g
S g  1d  F  ma
3C D    3C D
F1  W  Fb
W
CD (drag force) :depend on whether the flow regime around the particle is
laminar or turbulent or function of NRe
V d V S d
N Re  S 
 
 V S d VS d
N Re  
 
 Drag Coefficient on a Sphere
Vs 

d 2g  p   
18
1000
Stokes Law
Drag Coefficient

100

10

0.1

24
Cd 
Re Reynolds Number
turbulent
laminar turbulent boundary
• NRe < 1 : laminar flow; CD = 24/NRe
g
VS 
18
 s   d 2 Stokes equation

24 3
• 1< NRe < 104 : transition flow; CD    0. 34
N Re N Re

•NRe > 104 : turbulent flow; CD=0.4

VS  3.3 g S g  1d Newton equation

 Sedimentation Rate
 VS = particle settling velocity (m/s or ft/s)
 p = particle density (kg/m3 or lbm/ft3)
  = fluid density (kg/m3 or lbm/ft3)
 d = particle diameter (m or ft)
 g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2 or 32.2 ft/s2)
 μ = dynamic viscosity (kg/m·s or lbm/ft·s)
Metode Grafis
*Bila diketahui Sg dan
diameternya pada
temperatur 10oC.
Contoh Soal:

Stokes
Applications
 Stoke’s Law can be used to determine the
surface area of a settling tank
Set the critical velocity equal to the settling
velocity of the smallest particle
The overflow rate is equal to the flow rate
into the tank divided by the surface area
Setting the overflow rate equal to the critical
settling velocity allows time to capture
smallest particles of interest
 Applications

Q
OFR  vc 
A
 OFR = over flow rate (m/s or ft/s )
 vc = critical settling velocity (m/s or ft/s)
 Q = the flow rate into the basin (m3/s or ft3/s)
 A = the surface area of the basin (m2 or ft2)
 t＝V/Q＝(L×W×H)/Q for rectangular settling basin
 Circular basin
dh vo Q dh 2 rHv0 2 Hv0
 ; v ;  dh rdr
dr v 2 rH dr Q Q

H 2 Hv0 ro Q Q
0 dh  Q r1 rdr  vo 
2
 ro  r12

Ap
Typical surface water
treatment process
 Typical water treatment
process with lime softening
Solid- liquid separation in water treatment

Typical layout of a water treatment plant

Sedimentation Tank Configrations

 Rectangular Clarifiers
• Most common

 Circular Clarifiers
• Center feed
• Peripheral feed

 Flocculator Clarifiers
 Chemical addition

Coagulant mixing
Clear Clear water surge
& Flocculation
water
out

Sludge
Zone

Impeller

Sludge Wash Sedimentation Tank

out Overiew