Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad

Department of Chemical engineering

prepared by:
Prof. J.M.Jivani
 Wastewater
Refer Table 5-1: Typical
physical unit operations
Bar Rack/
Comminutor
PRETREATMENT PROCESS
Grit Chamber

Equalization Basin

Primary Settling PRIMARY PROCESS

Biological Treatment
SECONDARY PROCESS
Secondary Settling

Advance
Wastewater Treatment TERTIARY PROCESS
e.g: Depth Filter, Membrane filter, adsorption,
Ion exchange, gas stripping etc
❖ Purpose:
Wastewater Treatment
To manage water discharged from homes,
businesses, and industries to reduce the threat of water
pollution.

❖ Classification:
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary or Biological treatment
4) Complete final treatment
 Waste Water Treatment
Methods for purifying the public water supplies:
i. Screening
ii. Sedimentation
iii. Filtration
iv. Disinfection
v. Aeration
vi. Softening
vii. Miscellaneous treatments ( fluoridation, recarbonation, liming,
desalination etc.
 Water Treatment
Sedimentation
Screen Sedimentation
with Coagulation

Raw
water Softening Aeration Disinfection Filtration

Fluoridation Desalination Recarbonisation Liming

Supply for
purpose
 Process of heavier solid particles in suspension, settle to the
body of tank by gravity

Removal light
of SS from WW

Depends on Velocity of flow

Size and shape of particles

Sedimentation
Viscosity of water

Types of particles

Discrete /non-flocculant particles

Size & velocity constant during the settling

Flocculant particles
Size & velocity fluctuates during the settling
Common operation & found almost in WWT plant

LESS COSTLY than many other treatment processes

Sedimentation(Type –I Settling)
Derivation of Stoke’s Law
❖Size, shape and specific gravity of the particles do not change with time
(d< 0.1mm)
❖Settling velocity remains constant
If a particle is suspended in water, it initially has two forces acting upon
it:
(1) Effective Weight Fnet = force of gravity - buoyant force
force of gravity: Fg=ρpgVp
Buoyant force :quantified by Archimedes as: Fb=ρgVp
Fnet=(ρp-ρ)gVp
(2)Drag force:(Fd )is created due to viscous friction
Fd=CDAp ρ v2/2
CD= drag coefficient.
Ap = projected area of the particle.
The settling of discrete particles can be analysed by means
of the classic laws of sedimentation by Newton & Stokes.

Gravitational force,

Fg = (  p −  ) gV p
Frictional drag force,

C d A p  w p 2
Fd =
2
Refer page 363 in text book
 Sedimentation(Type –I Settling)
a settling velocity is reached at a point where the drag force equals the
driving force
(ρp-ρ)gVp = CDAp ρ v2/2
For spherical particles,
Vp=πd3/6 and Ap=πd2/4
v2= 4g(ρp-ρ)d
3ρCD
CD = 24 (laminar)
Re
Re=ρvd
μ
For laminar flow, terminal settling velocity equation becomes:
v= (ρp-ρ)gd2
18μ
which is known as the stokes equation.
 In the design of sedimentation basin, the settling velocities
of the particles MUST be KNOWN.

The knowledge of settling velocity of particle is used

to determining the depth of a treatment unit to
separate the suspended solids (particulate
light
matter) by gravity settling and for checking the
sedimentation adequacy of length or diameter of a tank to remove
particles before the effluent flows out of the basin.

Q
vc =
A
Where,
vc = particle settling velocity
Q = flowrate of WW
A = surface of sedimentation tank
 Idealized discrete particles settling in 3 different type of basins

Outlet zone
Inlet zone
Outlet zone

Inlet zone
Outlet zone
Settling
Inlet zone

Settling
zone zone

Sludge zone
Sludge zone
UPFLOW BASIN
Outlet zone

Inlet zone
RECTANGULAR BASIN CIRCULAR BASIN

Settling
zone
 Circular Basin

Rectangular Basin
 Classification of particles settling

Type 1 Type 3
Discrete Zone

Type 2
Flocculant
Particles DOES NOT change in size, shape & density during the settling
process

Particles settle discretely at a constant velocity

Settle as individual particles & do not flocculate

Occurs during:

Presedimentation for sand removal

Grit Chamber
Flocculate during sedimentation

Particles size constantly changing

Settling velocity is changing increase with depth & extent of flocculation

Occurs during:

Alum or iron coagulation

Primary sedimentation basins

The floc particles adhere together & the mass settle as a blanket (layer)

water

Solid settle

Distinct clear zone & sludge zone present

Concentration HIGH (greater than 500 mg/L)

Occurs during:

Activated sludge sedimentation

Sludge thickeners
 High of
B
B sludge liq
Transition B interface
A A zone

Compression
A

Transition
C

Settling
C D Dense

Zone

Zone

Zone
D D solid
Settling properties of
flocculated sludge
Initially, all the sludge is at uniform concentration A

A settling proceeds, the collapsed solid on the bottom of the settling unit (D) build up at constant rate.

C is zone of transition through which the settling velocity decrease as a result of high conc. of solid.

Through the transition zone C, the settling velocity will decrease due to the increasing density &
viscosity of the suspension surrounding the particles.

When the rising layer of settle solid reaches the interface, a compression zone occur.
10 February 2021 19