CEE 471, Fall 2019: HW7 Solutions

Bhavesh Shrimali, Aditya Kumar

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign, IL 61801, USA

1. As schematized on Figure (1a), we consider a domain Ω0 in R3 which is enclosed by its boundary ∂Ω0 .
All the points X of ∂Ω0 are mapped to points x of ∂Ω by the affine transformation x = FX, where
F is a prescribed constant second-order tensor. The domain enclosed by the deormed boundary ∂Ω
is denoted Ω as pictured on Figure (1b).

Figure 1: Surface enclosing a domain in the (a) undeformed and (b) deformed configurations.

The volume of Ω is given by Z Z

|Ω| = dv = det F dV, (1)
Ω Ω0

where F is the deformation gradient of any one-to-one mapping χ : Ω0 → Ω satisfying χ∂Ω0 = FX
and such that the integral of det F over Ω0 in (1) is somewhat defined. Note here that the deformation
gradient for a point close to the boundary is not equal to F in general. Now, Ω — and therefore
its volume — is entirely defined by the sole knowledge of its boundary ∂Ω, hence χ∂Ω . Since Ω
0
does not depend on the mapping of the interior points of Ω0 , we can choose amongst all admissible
mappings χ̃ = FX for the sake of the computation of the integral in (1). This mapping would exist
∂ χ̃
for the case of homogeneous materials. For such a choice, F = = F is a constant, hence
∂X
Z
det F dV = det F|Ω0 |.
Ω0

As explained earlier, this result is independent of the choice of χ or in other words, independent of
the choice of material and hence is true in general. Now in order to prove the other part, we proceed
as follows
Z Z Z  T
1 −T 1 −T 1 ∂X
detF F dX = F dx = dx (2)
|Ω0 | Ω0 |Ω0 | Ω |Ω0 | Ω ∂x
−1
To this end, we note that the boundary conditions x = FX on ∂Ω0 and X = F x on ∂Ω are
equivalent. Therefore
Z  T Z  Z 
1 ∂X 1 1 −T
dx = n ⊗ X dx = n ⊗ x dx F (3)
|Ω0 | Ω ∂x |Ω0 | ∂Ω |Ω0 | ∂Ω
 Z 
1 −T −T
= dx F = detF F . (4)
|Ω0 | Ω

Email addresses: bshrima2@illinois.edu (Bhavesh Shrimali), akumar51@illinois.edu (Aditya Kumar)

 ... (40 points)
2. (a) We consider a cylinder with cross-section AT of boundary C. We need to check that the
1

given φ = 3X12 X2 − X23 satisfies the equilibrium equation and the traction-free boundary
6a
condition, namely

∂2φ ∂2φ
4φ = + = 0 in AT and σij nj = 0 on C,
∂X12 ∂X22
   
∂φ ∂φ
where σ13 =τ − X2 , σ23 = τ + X1 and σ11 = σ22 = σ33 = σ12 = 0.
∂X1 ∂X2

For equilibrium, we have

∂φ 1 ∂2φ 1
= X1 X2 ⇒ = X2 ,
∂X1 a ∂X12 a
∂φ 1
∂2φ 1
and = X12 − X22 ⇒ = − X2 ,
∂X2 2a ∂X22 a

from which it follows

∂2φ ∂2φ 1 1
2 + 2 = X2 − X2 = 0.
∂X1 ∂X2 a a
For the traction-free boundary condition, we have:

∂φ X1 ∂φ X 2 − X22
− X2 = X2 ( − 1) and + X1 = 1 + X1
∂X1 a ∂X2 2a
   2 
X1 X1 − X22
⇒ X2 − 1 n1 + + X1 n2 must be zero on C.
a 2a

This is easily verified by considering the following:

• For the rightmost edge: X1 = a, n1 = 1, and n2 = n3 = 0.
√
√ 3
• For the top edge: X1 = 3X2 − 2a, n1 = − 21 , n2 = , and n3 = 0.
2 √
√ 1 3
• For the bottom edge: X1 = − 3X2 − 2a, n1 = − 2 , n2 = − , and n3 = 0.
2
Thus φ is the warping function for this problem. . . . (20 points)

(b) The Prandtl stress function χ is given by

1
χ(X1 , X2 ) = ψ(X1 , X2 ) − (X12 + X22 ),
2
with the function ψ defined by
∂ψ ∂φ ∂ψ ∂φ
= and =− .
∂X2 ∂X1 ∂X1 ∂X2
Then,
Z
∂ψ X1 X2 X1 X2 X1 X22
= ⇒ ψ (X1 , X2 ) = dX2 = + g (X1 ) .
∂X2 a a 2a
Therefore,

∂ψ X2 ∂φ X 2 − X12
= 2 + g(X1 ) = − = 2
∂X1 2a ∂X2 2a
2
 from the definition of ψ. Solving for the unknown function g yields
Z
X12 X3
g (X1 ) = − dX1 = − 1 + K.
2a 6a
Plugging in gives
X1 X22 X3 1

ψ= − 1 = 3X1 X22 − X13 + K,
2a 6a 6a
and the Prandtl stress is given by
1
1

χ (X1 , X2 ) = 3X1 X22 − X13 − X12 + X22 + K.
6a 2
 2a2
χ is constant on the boundary C of the cross-section AT and χC = K − . This ensures
3
that the traction-free boundary conditions on the boundary are enforced. Note that K is an
arbitrary constant whose value can’t be determined from the available equations. So we choose
 2a2
a value such that χC = 0, hence K = in order to simplify the expression of the moment
3
at the ends of the cylinder. Hence

1
1
2a2
χ (X1 , X2 ) = 3X1 X22 − X13 − X12 + X22 + . ... (20 points)
6a 2 3

(c) For a Prandtl stress function χ being zero on the boundary C of the cross-section of the
cylinder AT , the moment at the ends is simply given by
Z
M = 2µτ χ(X1 , X2 )dS.
AT

For the geometry of interest, it specializes to

Z a Z 1 2a
X1 + √  
√
3 3 1
1
2a2
M = 2µτ 3X1 X22 − X13 − X12 + X22 + dX2 dX1
−2a − √13 X1 − √
2a 6a 2 3
3
√
9 3a4 µ
= τ. ♣ ... (20 points)
5

3
 demoHW7

November 13, 2019

In [1]: from sympy import *

init_printing()

Problem 2

In [2]: X1 = Symbol('X_1')
X2 = Symbol('X_2')
a = Symbol('a')
phi = 1/(6*a)*(3*X1**2*X2 - X2**3)

In [3]: psi_1 = integrate(-simplify(phi.diff(X2)),X1)

In [4]: psi_1

Out[4]:

X13 X1 X22
− +
6a 2a
In [5]: psi_2 = integrate(simplify(phi.diff(X1)),X2)

In [6]: psi_2

Out[6]:

X1 X22
2a
In [7]: K = Symbol('K')
psi = psi_2 - X1**3/(6*a) + K

In [8]: chi = simplify(psi - 1/2*(X1**2 + X2**2)) #definition of chi ()

In [9]: nsimplify(chi.subs(X1,a),rational=True)

Out[9]:

2a2
K−
3
In [10]: Ksol = solve(chi.subs(X1,a),K)[0]

1
In [11]: chi = chi.subs(K,Ksol)

In [12]: nsimplify(chi,rational=True)

Out[12]:

X13 X2 X1 X22 X 2 2a2

− − 1+ − 2+
6a 2 2a 2 3
In [13]: # Calculate integral of chi

2a+ x1
√
∫a ∫ 3

2µ χ( x1 , x2 ) dx2 dx1
x1 =−2a x2 =
−2a− x1
√
3

In [14]: chi_1 = integrate(chi,(X2,-2*a/sqrt(3) - X1/sqrt(3), 2*a/sqrt(3) + X1/sqrt(3) ))

In [16]: mu=Symbol('mu')
nsimplify(2*mu*integrate(chi_1,(X1,-2*a,a)),rational=True)

Out[16]:
√
9 3a4 µ
5