Coolant-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient

Coolant-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient
Coolant-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient

 Coolant flows through the tubes of a radiator.
 The primary purpose of the radiator tubes is to permit the efficient
In performing the radiator/HEX design or analysis tasks, transfer of heat from the hot coolant to the cold air.
knowledge of coolant-side and air-side heat transfer and fluid  A convenient method to quantify this heat transfer is through a
dimensionless heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt Number, Nu.
flow behaviors are essential.
hh Dh
 To carry out these tasks, you have to refresh the Nu h 
k h, b
background theories of Convective Heat Transfer and Fluid Where:
Flow (Internal and External Fluid Flow). b = Bulk [i.e. coolant property is to be evaluated at its
bulk temperature, Th,b = (Th,in+Th,out)/2],
kh,b = Thermal conductivity of the coolant @ Th,b, and
Dh = Characteristic length of the radiator tube [usually the
hydraulic diameter, Dh = 4 (X-Area)/Wetted Perimeter]
"The lecture presentations and slides are provided for educational purposes in this course. No part of them should "The lecture presentations and slides are provided for educational purposes in this course. No part of them should
be shared outside of the Blackboard Learn-University of Windsor platform." be shared outside of the Blackboard Learn-University of Windsor platform."
Slide # 1
Slide # 2
Coolant-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient Coolant-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient
 When all the required parameters are either known or can be  To use above relation, we need to know the Nusselt
calculated from the available data, the following relation may be used:
number (Nuh).
Q m h c p  Th, in  Th, out 
hh   For the Nu, various correlations on convective heat
  Aw, inner Th, b  Th, w, inner 
h

Aw, inner Th, b  Th, w, in transfer inside tube are available for laminar,
transitional, and turbulent flows.
Where:
Aw,inner = Inner side tube wall surface area  To use the proper correlation for proper flow
Th,w,inner = Inner side tube wall surface temperature situation, we need to characterize the flow (whether it
m’h = Coolant side mass flow rate is laminar, turbulent, or transitional).
 However, in practical situations, all or any of the Aw,inner, Th,w,inner, and  Characterization of a flow and its heat transfer
m’h may be unavailable. In such situation, we use the following relation to behavior need two key non-dimensional parameters, the
determine hh:
k h, b Reynolds number (Reh,b) and the Prandtl number (Prh,b).
hh  Nu h
Dh
Slide # 3 Slide # 4

 The transition from laminar to turbulent flow depends It is named after Ludwig Prandtl, who introduced the concept of
on the surface geometry, surface roughness, flow boundary layer in 1904.
velocity, surface temperature, and type of fluid, among
Prandtl numbers of fluids range from less than 0.01 for liquid
other things. metals to more than 100,000 for heavy oils.
In the 1880’s, Osborn Reynolds discovered that the Note that the Prandtl number is in the range of 12.2 - 1.65 for
flow regime depends mainly on the ratio of the inertia water and 71.2 – 6.04 for 50% ethylene glycol between 0 – 100 oC.
forces to viscous forces in the fluid. Once the flow is defined, the Nu can be estimated from any
  available correlations:
Re h, b  Vh Dh  
   h, b For fully developed Laminar flow inside a circular tube, the Nu becomes
constant with the following values:
 The relative thickness of the velocity and the thermal boundary
layers is described by the Prandtl number, defined as  At uniform tube wall temperature (Th, w  Constant), Nuh = 3.66
   cp   At uniform tube wall heat flux (Q’h, w  Constant), Nuh = 4.36
Prh, b   
  k  h, b
Slide # 5 Slide # 6
1
Developing Laminar Flow inside tube (Reh, b < 2300): The Dittus-Boelter correlation  Nu h  0.023 Re h, b Prh, b
0.8 0.3
Most commonly used Seider & Tate correlation in the form,

 f 2 Re h, b Prh, b
The Petukhov correlation  Nu h 
1 0 .14
 D  3 
 h, b  
 f 2 0.5  Prh, b  1
2
Nu h  1 .86  Re h, b Prh, b h  1.07  12 .7 3
 L   
 h, w    
where“w” refers to wall and in this case the dynamic viscosity is to The Friction Factor of the tube is given by, f  1.58 ln Re h, b  3.28  2 .
be evaluated at the tube inner-side wall temperature (Th,w, in). All
other properties are evaluated at the bulk temperature.
Transitional Flow inside tube (2300 < Reh, b < 104):
Turbulent Flow inside tube (Reh, b > 104):
Most automotive radiators operate in this flow regime.
Three of the notable proposed correlations are: the modified
Seider & Tate, the Dittus-Boelter, and the Petukhov correlations. In an attempt to include this flow regime, some modifications to the
0 .14 Petukhov relationship were made by Gnielinski using experimental
1   h, b  data to give a correlation as follows:
Prh,3b  
0.8
Modified Seider & Tate correlation  Nu h  0 .027 Re h, b
 
"The lecture presentations and slides are provided for educational purposes in this course. No part of them should   h, w  "The lecture presentations and slides are provided for educational purposes in this course. No part of them should
Slide # 7 Slide # 8

The Gnielinski correlation   f 2   Re h, b  1000  Prh, b
Nu h   RHS figure shows typical
1  12.7  f 2   Prh, b  1 
0.5
improvement of HEX
2
3
 
performance due to the use
The Friction Factor of the tube is given by, f  1.58 ln Re h, b  3.28  2 . of “dimple tubes”.
 It compares two HEXs
 To improve the coolant-side heat transfer coefficient,
having identical tubes except
some kind of augmentation devices are often added to the for dimples.
coolant tubes to breakup the boundary layer and induce
 At low airflow rates, the
turbulence at low Re. performance improvement of
coolant-side heat transfer
 These devices may be modifications to the tube itself, or
coefficient (hh) is small
inserts placed into the tube. compared to high air flow
rates. coolant Re
 The most common method of tube modification is to roll
As the Re on the coolant-side increases, the flow in general becomes
dimples into the surface of the tube. more turbulent and the improvement diminishes.
Slide # 9 Slide # 10
Effect of Ethylene Glycol on Coolant-side Heat Transfer Effect of Ethylene Glycol on Coolant-side Heat Transfer
 The ethylene glycol is required to be added to the coolant Although the coolant boiling point temperature increases,
to reduce its freezing point and to increase the boiling point ethylene glycol addition does not improve performance of
temperatures. radiator, due to the coolant's loss of heat transfer
 This addition significantly changes the physical properties performance.
of the coolant. The increased viscosity, reduced heat capacity and thermal
The thermal properties of water and water mixed with 50% conductivity combine to reduce the coolant-side heat transfer
ethylene glycol solution at 100C are: characteristic by over 50%. For example, at coolant flow rate
of 1 m/s inside a tube, the heat transfer coefficient of water
specific heat 4.219 (kJ/kgK) vs 3.590 (kJ/kgK)
could be about 11 kW/m2K while the 50% EG could be about only
thermal conductivity 0.68 (W/mK) vs 0.42 (W/mK) 4.5 kW/m2K.
 The physical properties are: At higher ethylene glycol concentrations, the loss of heat
dynamic viscosity is 0.000279 (kg/m.s) vs 0.0007 (kg/m.s) transfer performance is even worse. This can be a problem for
vehicles that are required to operate in severe cold weather,
density 957.9 (kg/m3) vs 1023.0 (kg/m3)
where freeze protection needs to be maximized.
2
Engine Cooling System –Example
Example
Soln.: Coolant (hot water) side parameters:
The coolant (water) enters an automotive radiator Flow velocity, V = 0.7 m/s
tubes at 96C with a velocity of 0.7 m/s. Ambient air Inlet temp., Th, in = 96C
enters the radiator at 15C and flows across the Outlet temp., Th, out = not known (to be
radiator tubes at a volumetric flow rate of 0.1 m3/s. assumed / guessed)
The radiator is made of 24 tubes of 0.6 m length with
an ID of 4 mm and tube wall thickness of 0.8mm. The Air-side parameters:
airside convective heat transfer coefficient is 250
W/m2.C. For the coolant-side, determine the exit Volumetric flow rate,  = 0.1 m3/s
temperature and the heat transfer coefficient. Also, Inlet temp., Tc, in = 15C
estimate the overall heat transfer coefficient and the Outlet temp., Tc, out = not known (to be assumed)
effectiveness of the radiator. Heat trans. coeff. hc = 250 W/m2C
Slide # 13
Slide # 14
Engine Cooling System –Example Engine Cooling System –Example

Tube-side parameters:
T
Number of tubes, N = 24  As the exit temperatures of both water and air are unknown and as
Length, L = 0.6 m they are required to evaluate the thermophysical fluid properties, we
Th, in = 96C
Internal diameter, Di = 4 mm Coolant
have to initially assume these temperatures in a logical/wise way
Thickness, t = 0.8 mm before proceeding for a solution.
This gives an OD, Do = 5.6 mm Tc, out = ? Th, out = ?
 Let us assume, in the heat transfer mechanism in this radiator, a
Internal x-sectional area of the
temperature drop of 8C at the coolant-side and a rise of 12C at the
tube,
Air
Tc, in = 15C
airside.
Ac,i = (Di2)/4 = 1.2566 x 10-5 m2
Assumptions made:
L This give the
1 – Negligible heat loss to surroundings,
coolant-side exit temperature of Th, out = 88C,
2 – HEX is a single pass cross-flow type with one fluid mixed (air) and
other unmixed (coolant/water), and and the airside of Tc, out = 27C.
3 – Negligible thermal resistance due to thin tube wall.

Evaluation of thermophysical properties:  With these temperatures, we can evaluate the fluid properties as
follows: Coolant (water) side, @ Th,b= 92C:
 The evaluations of properties generally be based on bulk
temperature for waterside (Th, b) and average temperature for airside Specific heat, c p,h = 4207 J/ kg-C
(Tc, avg.), which are calculated as follows: Density,  h, b = 964 kg/m3
Th, in  Th, out Dynamic Viscosity,  h, b = 3.08 x 10-4 kg/m-s

Th, b  Eq. (1a) Thermal conductivity, k h, b = 0.6762 W/m-C
2
96  88 Prandtl number, Prh, b = 1.913
 Airside, @ 1 atm and Tc,avg.= 21C:
2
Tc, in  Tc, out Specific heat, c = 1007 J/ kg-C
 92 C Tc, avg  p,h
2 Eq. (1b) Density,  c, b = 1.2 kg/m3

15  27 Dynamic Viscosity, c, b = 1.83 x 10-5 kg/m-s

2 Thermal conductivity, k c, b = 0.0252 W/m-C
 21 C Prandtl number, Prc, b = 0.7306
3
 The heat capacity rate at the airside:
 The coolant exit temperature can be found via radiator
effectiveness. C c   mcp  Eq. (2b)
c
 To do this, we have to use the –NTU method, where we first need      c  cp 

to determine the heat capacity rates for both fluids:
c
 (1.2 x 0.1)(1007)
 120.8 W
 The heat capacity rate at the coolant-side: C
 Note that, in this example, Ch > Cc thus the cold air flow is the
minimum fluid flow, Cc = Cmin. So, the capacity ratio (C*) is now
C h   mch  h Eq. (2a) calculated to be:
C min
C* 
  VAc N  h  cp  C max Eq. (2c)
h
 (964 x 0.7 x 0.000012566 x 24)(4207) 120.8


855.84
 855.84 W
C  0.14
 The overall h.t. coefficient follows from (remember tube wall

 The Re of the coolant flow inside tube (Reh) can be calculated as,
resistance is ignored here),
1
 1 1 
UA     Eq. (3)  VDi Eq. (4)
 hi Ai ho Ao  Re h, b 

1
 1 1  964 x 0.7 x (4/1000)
   
 hh Ah hc Ac  0.0003075
 8777.89
where, hh must be estimated from an appropriate internal flow
correlation.  8.78 x 10 3
 This Reynolds number indicates that the flow is in the transitional

 To select a correlation, we need to find out the nature of the regime, (i.e. 2,300 < Reh < 104).
coolant side fluid flow via Reynolds number (Reh).
 The Friction factor, f is found first and then the Nu from Eq (5) as
follows:
 To find hh, we need to find out Nuh, because the correlation is
usually given as Nu~Re functional relationship f  1.58 ln Re h, b  3.28 
2
 (1.58 x ln (8778) - 3.28) -2

 Here we will use the Gnielinski correlation, which is appropriate for
this kind of flow.  0.008166 and
 f 2   Re h, b  1000  Prh, b  2   Re h, b  1000  Prh, b

f
Nu h  Eq. (5) Nu h 
1  12.7  f 2   Prh, b  1  1  12.7  f 2   Pr 
1 
0.5 2
0.5 2 3
 
3
h, b
 
 0.008166
 8778  1000  (1.913)

2
where, Friction factor f is estimated from, f  1.58 ln Re h, b  3.28 

2 1  12.7  0.008166 2 

0.5
 (1.913) 2
3

1 

 42.22
4
 Now, hh can be found as follows (since, Nu = hD/k),  The outside tube surface area, Ao, is calculated to be,
Ao  N ( Do L )  24  x (5.6 x 10 3 ) x 0.6   0.253 m 2

kh 0.6762 W
hh  Nu h  (42.22)  7136.52 Eq. (6)
Di (4 /1000) m C2
 Now, the NTU can be estimated as follows:

 The overall heat transfer coefficient, Uo, based on the outside (i.e.
U o Ao
the airside) tube surface area can be found using Eq. (3) as follows: NTU  Eq. (8)
1 C min
 A  1 1
U o   c    238.3 x 0.253
Eq. (7) 
  Ah  hh hc  120.8
1
  5.6  1 1   0.5
    
  4  7136.52 250   From any figure or associated formula given in any heat transfer
W textbook, with the capacity ratio of C* = 0.14 and the NTU of 0.5,
 238.3 2 the effectiveness of the radiator can be found to be,  = 0.36.
m C
 From the definition of effectiveness of HEX, we know

 Now the coolant side exit temperature can be determined from Eq.
Cc  Tc, out  Tc, in  T  Tc, in  (11) as follows,
Q
   Eq. (9)
c, out
Qmax C min  Th, in  Tc, in  T  Tc, in 

T  Tc, in 
Cc Eq. (12)
Th, out  Th, in 
h, in
c, out
Ch
 From Eq. (9), we can find the exit temperature of air as follows, 120.8
 96   44.2  15 
Tc, out  Tc, in    Th, in  Tc, in 
855.84
Eq. (10)
NOTES:  91.88 C
 15  (0.36)(96  15)
 44.2 C  As the calculated values of the exit temperatures of coolant and air
are different from the ones assumed at the beginning, we need to
 The energy balance on both fluid sides can be done as follows,
iterate the solution process with new values of Th, out and Tc, out until
Cc  Tc, out  Tc, in   Ch Th, in  Th, out  Eq. (11) convergence.

Coolant-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient

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Coolant-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient

Coolant-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient

Coolant-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient Coolant-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient

Coolant-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient Coolant-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient

Most commonly used Seider & Tate correlation in the form,

Coolant-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient Coolant-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient

Engine Cooling System –Example Engine Cooling System –Example

Engine Cooling System –Example Engine Cooling System –Example

Th, in  Th, out Dynamic Viscosity,  h, b = 3.08 x 10-4 kg/m-s

2 Eq. (1b) Density,  c, b = 1.2 kg/m3

 To do this, we have to use the –NTU method, where we first need      c  cp 

 (964 x 0.7 x 0.000012566 x 24)(4207) 120.8

Engine Cooling System –Example Engine Cooling System –Example

 The overall h.t. coefficient follows from (remember tube wall

 This Reynolds number indicates that the flow is in the transitional

Engine Cooling System –Example Engine Cooling System –Example

 (1.58 x ln (8778) - 3.28) -2

 f 2   Re h, b  1000  Prh, b  2   Re h, b  1000  Prh, b

where, Friction factor f is estimated from, f  1.58 ln Re h, b  3.28 

Ao  N ( Do L )  24  x (5.6 x 10 3 ) x 0.6   0.253 m 2

 Now, the NTU can be estimated as follows:

Engine Cooling System –Example Engine Cooling System –Example

 From the definition of effectiveness of HEX, we know

Qmax C min  Th, in  Tc, in  T  Tc, in 

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