PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN WHICH INVOLVED:

PROPOSED PROJECT OF ONE (1) UNIT, 5-STOREY HOSTEL BUILDING

AT LOT 559, TAMAN POKOK MANGGA, 75250 BALAI PANJANG,
MELAKA

DESIGN REPORT
REFERENCE NO:
UTHM/BFC43303/IDP/INFRASTRUCTURE/SECTION_9

Prepared By;
Mohammad Syahir Zaman Bin Abdul Rahman (CF 170203)
Nur Azreen Farahin Binti Mohd Fadzli (CF 170021)
Ku Muhammad Firdaus Bin Ku Meh (CF 170202)
Harith Adhwa Bin Mohd Zemee (CF 170209)
Priscilla A/P Samasundram (CF 170001)

Checked By;
Ir. Ts. Dr. Abdul Halim Abdul Ghani

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

Data in this document shall not be used or reproduced by unauthorized person or persons
without obtaining prior written permission from the

SKHPA CONSULTANS SDN. BHD.

 Contents

Item Particulars Pages No.

AUTHENTIFICATION OF THE FACTUAL REPORT

1.0 Company Background 1

1.1 Company Profile 2
1.2 Company Vision 2
1.3 Company Mission 2
1.4 Company Values 3
1.5 Staff Profile 4
1.6 Project of Organization Chart 6
1.7 Duties And Responsible 7
1.7.1 Project Director Job Description 8
1.7.2 Vice Project Director Job Description 9
1.7.3 Geotechnical Engineer Job Description 10
1.7.4 Structural Engineer Job Description 11
1.7.5 Infrastructural Engineer Job Description 12

2.0 Project Background 13

2.1 Project Details 13
2.2 Project Location 14
2.3 Scope of Project 15
2.4 Scope of Duty 15

3.0 Infrastructure Work 16

3.1 Earthwork 16
3.1.1 Earthwork Design Process 17
3.1.2 Site Clearing 18
3.1.3 Temporary Earth Drain and Silt-Trap 18
3.1.4 Clearing and Grubbing 19
3.1.5 Stripping Topsoil 21
 3.1.6 Cut and Fill 21
3.1.7 Cut Section 22
3.1.8 Fill Section 22
3.1.9 Grid Method 23
3.1.10 Preparation of Site 25
3.1.11 Proposed Level (Pl) 25
3.2 Road and Drainage System 26
3.2.1 Standards and Guidelines 26
3.2.2 Road and Drainage Design Process 27
3.2.3 Road System 28
3.2.4 Road Design 28
3.2.5 Drainage System 28
3.2.6 Design Criteria 29
3.3 Sewerage System 30
3.3.1 Sewerage Layout Plan 31
3.4 Water Reticulation System 32
3.5 Landscape 36

4.0 Infrastructure Design 36

4.1 Earthwork 36
4.1.1 Calculation for Earthwork Method 37
4.2 Road System 38
4.2.1 General 38
4.2.2 Selection of the Design Standards 40
4.2.3 JKR Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 5/85 Design Method 41
4.2.4 Road Signs 42
4.2.5 Design of Road Signs 43
4.2.6 Installation of the Road Sign at the Suitable Place 43
4.3 Water Reticulation System 44
4.3.1 Water Supply Submission 44
4.3.2 Water Supply Scheme 44
4.3.3 Details Calculation for Water System 46
4.4 Drainage System 51
 4.4.1 Existing Catchment Conditions 51
4.4.2 Storm Water Management Practice 51
4.4.3 Calculation of Propose Drainage 52
4.5 Sewerage System 61
4.5.1 Determine Population Equivalents (PE) 61
4.5.2 Details Calculation of Sewerage 62

5.0 Bill of Quantity 67

6.0 Work Programme 84

7.0 Appendix 88
7.1 Earthwork Drawing 89
7.2 Road Drawing 96
7.3 Drainage Drawing 102
7.4 Water Reticulation Drawing 106
7.5 Sewerage Drawing 115
 SKHPA
CONSULTANT
No. 28-3, Jalan Impian Mahkota 1, Saujana Impian,
SKHP 43000 Kajang, Selangor Tel: 04-441
4058 Fax: 04-441 3058
A Email: skhpaconsultingengineer@yahoo.com

1.0 COMPANY BACKGROUND

Figure 1: SKHPA Consultant Sdn. Bhd

company logo

SKHPA Consulting Engineer was established in 1996 and has evolved into one of the leading
engineering consulting companies in the areas of engineering design, project management,
supervision, quality assurance and consulting services. The firm has extensive experience in
infrastructure works and maritime projects and has undertaken numerous project assignments
both in Malaysia and abroad.
SKHPA applies a management system in line with EN ISO 9001:2015. In addition to
design, the firm is also involved in preparation of tender documents, project management,
construction supervision, quality control, expert appraisal, bid evaluation and post auditing.
These faculties assure the firm’s ability to handle major multi-disciplinary projects.
Besides, the firm has extensive experience in project planning, feasibility and
environmental impact assessment studies, technical design and earthquake engineering,
floating and underwater structures and pipelines, aquaculture development, topographic and
bathymetric surveys, geotechnical investigations, environmental and water quality control
studies. For design purposes, the latest available engineering software packages are used,
which can be modified in-house and adapted to suite the client’s particular requirements.

1
1.1 COMPANY PROFILE

Table 1: The information of company

Company Name SKHPA CONSULTANS SDN. BHD.
Company Address No. 28-3, Jalan Impian Mahkota 1, Saujana
Impian, 43000 Kajang, Selangor
Company Registration No. 352680-W
Established Date 29th January 1996
Telephone No. 04 – 441 4058
Facsimile No. 04 – 441 3058 / 04 – 442 4982
E-mail skhpaconsultingengineer@yahoo.com

1.2 COMPANY VISION

The company continues to move forward in become the leading multi-discipline engineering
company providing project engineering, project management, engineering studies,
construction and maintenance works in Malaysia and eventually the region, by consistently
delivering projects that meet international standards.

1.3 COMPANY MISSION

With a well-defined direction in place, the path to realizing our Vision is based on
fundamental drivers, instrumental in achieving our goals. Our mission:

a. To undertake the engineering and construction business with a focus on becoming

the cost leadership while excellence in every aspect to meet customers’ stringent
requirements regarding quality, on-time delivery, safety and environmental
concerns.
 b. To develop an effective management that stresses productivity, perpetual
development of the organization, and instilling work ethics in all personnel.
c. To build value for the organization in order to become a unique and distinct firm.
d. To remain focused on controlled organizational growth and recognizing those who
contribute to this growth.

1.4 COMPANY VALUES

SKHPA’s key personnel comprised of highly experienced professionals who has previously
served in the multi-national companies. In addition to in-house expertise, SKHPA is also able
to draw specialist support from overseas. At SKHPA, every employee member is a
professional dedicated to the success of each project and to the exceeding of the customer
expectations. Thus, our company’s value;

a. Ethics. We are uncompromising in our integrity, honesty, and fairness.

b. Safety & Health. We are relentless in keeping people safe from harm, and we provide a
healthy work environment.
c. Quality. We are passionate about excellence and doing our work right the first time.
Our reputation depends on our delivered value in the eyes of every customer and
community.
d. People. We inspire each other with important work full of purpose, challenging development
opportunities, and rewarding careers. We aspire to be the employer of choice in our industry.
e. Culture. We actively build a diverse, inclusive, and collaborative work environment where
all views are welcomed, openness is encouraged, and teamwork and merit are cornerstones.
f. Relationships. We build positive, long-term relationships with our customers, joint-venture
partners, subcontractors, suppliers, and colleagues that are built on trust, respect, and
collaboration.
g. Innovation. We develop and apply world-class technology. We listen, learn, and seek out the
best ideas. We attack complacency and continually improve.
h. Sustainability. We improve the quality of life in communities where we work by respecting
local cultures, engaging local people, and protecting the environment.
1.5 STAFF PROFILE

Position: Director
Name: Mohammad Syahir Zaman Bin Abdul Rahman
Education: Bachelor of Civil Engineering (Hons)
Email: cf170203@siswa.uthm.edu.my
Contact: +6010 - 826 9556

Position: Vice-Director
Name: Priscilla D/O Samasundram
Education: Bachelor of Civil Engineering (Hons)
Email: cf170001@siswa.uthm.edu.my
Contact: +6014 – 601 6561
Position: Geotechnical Manager
Name: Ku Muhammad Firdaus Bin Ku Meh
Education: Bachelor of Civil Engineering (Hons)
Email: cf170202@siswa.uthm.edu.my
Contact: +6011 – 1640 0722

Position: Structural Manager

Name: Nur Azreen Farahin Bt Mohd Fadzli
Education: Bachelor of Civil Engineering (Hons)
Email: cf170021@siswa.uthm.edu.my
Contact: +6013 – 345 1617

Position: Infrastructure Manager

Name: Harith Adhwa Bin bin Mohd Zemee
Education: Bachelor of Civil Engineering (Hons)
Email: cf170209@siswa.uthm.edu.my
Contact: +6016 – 777 7156
 1.6 PROJECT OF ORGANIZATION CHART

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Muhammad Syahir Zaman Bin
Abdul Rahman

VICE PROJECT DIRECTOR

Priscilla D/O Samasundram

INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEER STRUCTURE ENGINEER GEOTECNICAL ENGINEER

Harith Adhwa Bin Mohd Nur Azreen Farahin Binti Ku Muhammad Firdaus Bin
Zemee Mohd Fadzli Ku Meh
Figure 2: The structure of project organization chart
1.7 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBLE

A construction project is at all order and requires many different people with different skill
sets to execute it. Here is a breakdown of the kinds of jobs you will come across on a
construction project.
Duty and responsible are wider terms, which are used in a number of contexts, say in
the field of law, management, education, ethics, and so forth. These are commonly used with
one another, but they are two different terms, wherein the duty is imposed on someone, to
perform something which is morally, legally or professionally considered right. It is
something which was required to do as per law, conventions, rules and norms.
For this project we assigned few duties and responsibilities related in construction
building scope of work. The position was assigned to each of group member such as Project
Director, Design Engineer, C&S Engineer, Infrastructure Engineer and Project Engineer.
Figure 3 below is the list of position to each member in the group.

Mohammad Syahir as Project Director

Priscilla as Vice Project Director

Ku Muhammad Firdaus as Geotechnical Engineer

Harith Adhwa as Infrastructural Engineer

Nur Azreen Farahin as Strcutural Engineer

Figure 3: List of position to each member in the group

1.7.1 PROJECT DIRECTOR JOB DISCRIPTION

Project Director

Job Description

1. Prepare the project plans, schedule and schedules and specifications and comment on the
building design, scheduling, possible cost saving measures and potential construction
problems.
2. Monitoring build progress, overseeing finance and ensuring project quality.
3. Making strategic decisions and providing leadership and direction to project managers to
implement those decisions.
4. Meeting with clients, stakeholders and project managers to report on project progress.
5. Liaising with clients and building strong working relationships.
6. Devising cost-effective plans to enable effective project completion.
7. Managing risks to avoid delays or reputational damage.
8. Ensuring permits and legal papers are secured ahead of the project.
9. Managing project managers and enabling them to supervise and manage their own teams.
10. Working in an office and on a construction site.
1.7.2 VICE PROJECT DIRECTOR JOB DESCRIPTION

Vice Project Director

Job Description

1. Develop cost-effective design layouts based on construction specifications and

requirements.
2. Adhere to established design guidelines and procedures.
3. Analyze design issues and recommend corrective actions.
4. Perform civil design analysis and calculations according to project requirements.
5. Determine construction cost and material estimates based on civil designs.
6. Perform field surveys and investigations to prepare engineering drawings.
7. Review project plan and determine the design feasibilities and constraints.
8. Use latest software and technologies to develop effective designs.
9. Maintain accurate design files for reference purposes.
10. Consider health, safety and environmental requirements when developing civil designs.
11. Manage design projects within allotted timelines and budgets.
12. Perform design changes and improvements according to changing project demands.
13. Stay abreast with latest developments with civil design fields.
14. Ensure compliance with ISO quality requirements.
15. Provide assistance to design and construction teams.
1.7.3 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER JOB DESCRIPTION

Geotechnical Engineer

Job Description

1. Study geological maps and aerial photographs from a range of sources and from different
time periods.
2. Examine construction plans to see how feasible they are based on your understanding of
the site.
3. Investigate risks or geological hazards for the site.
4. Search for environmentally sensitive features, such as landfill.
5. Start to develop factual and interpretive ground models.
6. Plan field investigations.
7. Updating any software and hardware where necessary.
8. Documenting all reported malfunctions and actions taken in response.
1.7.4 STRUCTURAL ENGINEER JOB DESCRIPTION

Structural Engineer

Job Description

1. Completes engineering projects by organizing and controlling project elements.

2. Develops project objectives by reviewing project proposals and plans and conferring
with management.
3. Determines project responsibilities by identifying project phases and elements, assigning
personnel to phases and elements, and reviewing bids from contractors.
4. Determines project specifications by studying product design, customer requirements,
and performance standards.
5. Completes technical studies and prepares cost estimates.
6. Confirms product performance by designing and conducting tests.
7. Determines project schedule by studying project plan and specifications, calculating time
requirements, and sequencing project elements.
8. Maintains project schedule by monitoring project progress, coordinating activities, and
resolving problems.
9. Controls project plan by reviewing design, specifications, and plan, scheduling changes,
and recommending actions.
10. Controls project costs by approving expenditures and administering contractor contracts.
1.7.5 INFRASTRUCTURAL ENGINEER JOB DESCRIPTION

Infrastructural Engineer

Job Description

1. Installing and maintaining operating environments.

2. Monitoring these operating environments.
3. Responding effectively and speedily to any problems.
4. Maintaining a professional demeanor with clients and colleagues.
5. Providing training and support.
6. Ensuring operating environments stay safe and secure.
7. Updating any software and hardware where necessary.
8. Documenting all reported malfunctions and actions taken in response.
2.0 PROJECT BACKGROUND

SKHPA Consultants Sdn. Bhd is main civil and structural consultant that have been
appointed by the client, Cahaya Kota Development Sdn. Bhd. However, SKHPA Consultants
Sdn. Bhd was entrusted to design the building structure and infrastructure of Proposed Project
of One (1) Unit, 5-Storey Hostel Building in Melaka.

2.1 PROJECT DETAILS

Client : CAHAYA KOTA DEVELOPMENT SDN BHD

Level 2, IOI Square IOI Resort, 62505 Serdang, Selangor Darul
Ehsan

Project Tittle
PROPOSED PROJECT OF ONE (1) UNIT, 5-STOREY
: HOSTEL BUILDING AT LOT 559, TAMAN POKOK
MANGGA, 75250 BALAI PANJANG, MELAKA

Architect : KBT ARCHITECT (M) SDN BHD

Architech & Planning Consultant, 123-A, Jalan SS21/37
Damansara Utama, 47400 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan

Consultant C & S : SKHPA CONSULTANTS SDN BHD

No 28-3, Jalan Impian Mahkota 1, Saujana Impian, 43000
Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan

Consultant M & E : BJP CONSULTANT SDN BHD

No. 132, Tingkat 1, Kompleks Alor Setar, Lebuhraya Darul
Aman, 05100 Alor Setar, Kedah Darul Aman.
2.2 PROJECT LOCATION

As shows in Figure 4 is project location key plan and Figure 5 shows the location plan of
site.

Project Location

Figure 4: Project location key plan

Figure 5: Location plan of site

2.3 SCOPE OF PROJECT

The client, proposed construction of 5 storeys of hostel that consists 2 units of bedrooms, 1
unit of master bedroom, 2 units of bathrooms, 34 units of rooms, dining/living hall, multi-
purpose area, store area, store room, resting area, medical room, reception room, kitchen, 9
units of toilet (5 units of shower room, 6 units of water closet room, 4 units of basins, 1 unit
of duct room) and 9 units of wash area. However, the infrastructure works such as earthwork,
drainage works, road and pavement, water reticulation works, and sewerage works also
involved in this project.

2.4 SCOPE OF DUTY

The project that will be develop in Balai Panjang, Melaka is propose to development of a 1
unit hostel with 5 storey. Thus, SKHPA Consultants Sdn. Bhd as consulting engineer to
design the structural and infrastructural of the development according client's required.
As civil and structural consulting engineer, our tasks was given to plan, design, and
oversee construction, maintenance of building structures and infrastructures and also
construction supervision activity that consists of two parts which is general supervision and
resident supervision. General supervision involves the following:
a. Periodic visits to site.
b. Consultation with the Owner/Client
c. Interpretation of plans and specifications.
d. Checking working drawings and data.
e. Processing and certification of contractor’s payment estimation.
f. Preparation of amendments to contractor’s contract.
g. Final inspection of project.
h. Preparation “as built” drawings.

However, the resident supervision however requires the consulting engineer to send a
representative of a resident engineer to send a representative or a resident engineer to the site
of the project. The resident engineer is responsible for detailed supervision and inspection to
ensure that the project is constructed according to the plans and specifications. In addition,
another tasks are to coordinates and expedites the activities of the contractors.
3.0 INFRASTRUCTURE WORK
Infrastructure is the fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or other area,
including the services and facilities necessary for its economy to function. Infrastructure is
the general term for the basic physical systems of a business, region, or nation for instance,
transportation systems, communication networks, sewage, water, and electric systems are all
examples of infrastructure.
These systems tend to be capital intensive and high-cost investments and are vital to a
country's functioning, economic development, and prosperity. Projects related to
infrastructure improvements may be funded publicly, privately, or through public-private
partnerships. In economic terms infrastructure often involves the production of public goods
or production processes that support natural monopolies.

3.1 EARTHWORK
Earthwork is the process where the surface of earth is excavated, transported to and
compacted at another location. Earthwork includes the excavation of existing earth materials
and any placement of fill material required for constructing the embankment. Generally,
earthwork are engineering works created through the moving or processing of the parts of the
earth’s surface involving qualities of soil or unframed rock. The earth may be moved to
another location and farmed into a desired shape for a purpose.
In the field of civil engineering, typical earthworks include roads, railway beds,
causeways, dams, levees, canals and berms. Other common earthworks are land grading to
reconfigure the topography of a site, or to stabilize the slopes.
 SKHPA
CONSULTANT
No. 28-3, Jalan Impian Mahkota 1, Saujana Impian,
SKHP 43000 Kajang, Selangor Tel: 04-441
4058 Fax: 04-441 3058
A Email: skhpaconsultingengineer@yahoo.com

3.1.1 EARTHWORK DESIGN PROCESS

To perform a safe and economic earthwork design, team member need to make sure that
earthwork design process are following the right flow. The earthwork design process used for
both structures is as follows:

Received Drawing from Architect / Client

- Survey drawing
- Project layout drawing

Estimate ground level from

survey drawing for earthwork
design (Cut and fill works)

Design for silt trap and earth

drain

Submit earthwork design plan to responsible authority

Approval by No Re-design for earthwork

local authority;

Yes

Construct earthwork on site

Figure 6: Earthwork design process

17
 SKHPA
CONSULTANT
No. 28-3, Jalan Impian Mahkota 1, Saujana Impian,
SKHP 43000 Kajang, Selangor Tel: 04-441
4058 Fax: 04-441 3058
A Email: skhpaconsultingengineer@yahoo.com

3.1.2 SITE CLEARING

Site clearing is the process of removing trees, stumps, brush, stones and other obstacles from
an area as required to make sure that the proposed constructed area are free from any material
that can cause damage to the structure. It is done in order to prepare the site for the
excavation and formation of the road. The site clearing process will be conducted on the early
stage of the construction followed by earthwork. There are several principles in site clearing
need to be follow by the contractor which is:
i. Natural vegetation should be retained as much as possible at areas fronting
watercourses.
ii. Any topsoil removed and planed for re-spreading should be stored temporarily at
designated sites.
iii. All cleared biomass and vegetation shall be collected and composted on-site.
These materials shall be placed away from any waterways.

3.1.3 TEMPORARY EARTH DRAIN AND SILT-TRAP

The construction work will unavoidably change the drainage pattern over the site dictated by
the restructuring of earthworks to suits land use planning proposal. To cater for this
development needs and erosion control measures, the main and temporary drainage system
will be established concurrently including channelization, silt trap and turfing before the
other infrastructures move in.
Silt trap is a temporary device installed on a construction site to capture eroded or
disturbed soil that is washed off during rain storms, and protect the water quality of a nearby
stream, river, lake, or bay. The trap is basically an embankment built along a waterway or
low- lying area on the site. They are typically installed at the perimeter of a site and above
storm drain inlets, to keep sediment from entering the drainage system. Sediment traps are
commonly used on small construction sites, where a sediment basin is not practical. Sediment
basins are typically used on construction sites of 5 acres (20,000m2) or more, where there is
sufficient room.

18
 The design references are based on the Planning and Design Procedure no 1, Standard
and Procedures for Peninsular Malaysia, Volumes 1 – 20 (Manual Saliran Mesra Alam
Malaysia) Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia, 2000. The overall concept in the
temporary drain and silt trap design is as follows:
i. Providing site perimeter temporary earth drain to curb silt water from
construction site and channel into the silt trap in order to prevent it from directly
flowing into the nearby swamp or river.
ii. Silt trap shall be constructed and maintained to effectively trap the silt from the
muddy water before the water flow into the drain.
iii. Final discharges all the filtered water (by silt trap) from this development and
shall be flow into the existing drain.

3.1.4 CLEARING AND GRUBBING

Limits of clearing and grubbing are generally noted on the plans. Usually areas outside the
work limits are to be left in their natural condition unless otherwise designed on the plans.
In general, it is intended that the roadway fit into the landscape in a pleasing way. Natural
features should be left undisturbed where possible.
Clearing is defined as the removal of all trees, brush, and so forth, and is required in
all work areas. Grubbing is defined as the removal of stumps and roots. It is not always
necessary to remove all stumps and root system beneath embankments. Trees and brush
should be cut off close to the original ground surface so that the initial layers of fill can be
replaced and compacted properly. The specification should be read carefully to determine
grubbing requirement. Example of earthwork machine is:

Figure 7: Excavator machine

 Figure 8: Backhoe loader

Figure 9: Bulldozor machine

Figure 10: Roller compactor

3.1.5 STRIPPING TOPSOIL
Stripping topsoil shall consist of the removal of topsoil to a depth of 150 mm below ground
level. Prior to the commencement of earthworks topsoil is to be stripped within the limits of
the earthworks. In particular topsoil is to be stripped from any areas to be covered by
paving, structures or fill. Also strip topsoil within the limits of clearing for underground
services beyond the limit of earthworks.
Unless otherwise directed, the depth of stripping shall be in the bottom of the
grassroots zone. The grass shall be stripped together with topsoil. Avoid contamination by
any other material. Unless otherwise specified soils shall not be stripped from around
existing trees closer than a distance equal to twice the radius of the tree's crown measured
from the trunk.
The Contractor shall obtain the written consent of the Superintendent to the use of
any stockpile site which is not shown on the drawings. The proposals in this regard shall be
submitted at least three working days before stockpiling is due to commence and shall
specify the maximum dimensions of the proposed stockpile. Topsoil stockpiles shall not
exceed 2.5m in height and the maximum batter slope shall not exceed 2:1. If to remain
unused for more than four (4) weeks, topsoil stockpiles shall be shown as specified for
“Temporary Grassing”.

3.1.6 CUT AND FILL

In earthmoving, cut and fill is the process of constructing a railway, road, or canal
whereby the amount of material from cuts roughly matches the amount of fill needed to
make nearby embankments, so minimizing the amount of construction labour. This
technique is widely practiced in mining applications. The objectives of cut and fill are as
follows:
i. To provide a landform that is capable of supporting a range of residential,
business and industrial uses.
ii. To minimize the impact of earthworks on the storm water regime, salinity
and groundwater.
iii. To ensure that the extent of cut and fill required for large scale development
does not detract from the appearance and design.
 iv. To ensure that development is capable of visual integration with the
surrounding environment.
v. To ensure that any imported fill material to a site is clean and complies with
the contamination and salinity provisions of this section.
vi. To ensure land is appropriately stabilized and retained.
vii. To ensure that the extent of cut and fill does not encroach within, or
adversely affect the efficiency, integrity and stability of any open space area.
viii. To minimize the need to cut and fill at the subdivision phase of development.
ix. To ensure accessibility where necessary.

3.1.7 CUT SECTION

Cut slopes are rarely created greater than a slope of two to one (horizontal to vertical
dimensions). Cut sections of roadway or rail are characterized by the roadway being lower
in elevation than the surrounding terrain. From an operational standpoint there are unique
environmental effects associated with cut sections of roadway. For example, air pollutants
can concentrate in the “valleys” created by the cut section. Conversely, noise pollution is
mitigated by cut sections since an effective blockage of line of sight sound propagation is
created by the depressed roadway design.

3.1.8 FILL SECTION

Fill sections manifest as elevated sections of a roadway or tracked. Environmental effects of

fill sections are typically favourable with respect to air pollution dispersal, but in the matter
of sound propagation, exposure of nearby residents is generally increased, since sound walls
and other forms of sound path blockage are less effective in this geometry.
There are a variety of reasons for creating fills, among them reduction of grade along
or elevation of the route above water, swampy ground, or areas where snow drifts frequently
collect. Fills can also be used to cover tree stumps, rocks, or unstable soil, in which case
material with a higher bearing capacity is placed on top of the obstacle in order to carry the
weight of the roadway or railway and reduce differential settlement.
3.1.9 GRID METHOD

A much easier method for calculating cut and fill requirements for general building and site
work is the grid method. This method does not require section drawings or complicated
area formulas. Following are the steps to calculate cut and fill by grid method:

1. Gridding off the drawing

Take the site plan and lay it on a large flat surface like a drafting table or a large desk. With
a large T-square, draw a series of equally spaced Coors auto and vertical lines across the
drawing. The lines should be spaced in multiples of the drawing scale. The spacing should
strike a balance between speed and accuracy. The smaller the grid cells, the more
calculations will need to be performed but the higher the accuracy. The larger the grid cells,
the fewer calculations will need to be performed the lower the accuracy will be. A good
compromise is to base the spacing on the average complexity of the job site. In more
complex areas the grid cells can be further subdivided so as to increase the accuracy in
those portions of the drawing.

2. Calculating the existing elevations

For the corner of each grid cell, determine the existing elevation. To do this accurately,
take a scale and find the shortest distance between two contours that form a line crossing
through the corner. Use the ratio of the distance between the contours and the distance
from one contour to the corner to determine the elevation at the corner. If stripping topsoil
from the site, make sure to reduce the existing elevation by the thickness of the topsoil
strip.

3. Calculating the proposed elevations

Repeat step 2 above for all the proposed elevations. If re-spreading topsoil or adding
parking lot and building pads, make sure to reduce the proposed elevation by the thickness
of the topsoil re-spread or other man-made materials.
 4. Calculating the cut and fill depths

For the corner of each grid cell, subtract the existing elevation from the proposed
elevation. Positive quantities are fill. Negative quantities are cut.

5. Calculating the average cut/fill depth

For each grid cell, add the four corners cut or fill depths together and divide that sum by
4.0 to calculate the average cut or fill depth for that grid cell.

6. Calculating the cut or fill volume for each grid cell

For each grid cell, calculate the total cut or fill volume by multiplying the average cut or
fill depth by the area of the grid cell. (To determine the area of the grid cell, multiply the
length of one horizontal side by the length of one vertical side). Finally, divide this number
by 27 in order to calculate cut and fill in cubic yards. Negative volumes are cut. Positive
volumes are fill.

7. Calculate cut and fill volumes for the entire site

Determine the total cut for the site by adding up all of the negative volumes in every grid
cell on the drawing. (You can record the cut as a positive number at this point.) Then
determine the total fill for the site by adding up all the positive volumes in every grid cell
on the drawing.

8. Calculating the import or export from the site

To determine the export from the site, subtract the fill from the cut. If the result is
positive, this is the volume of soil that must be exported from the site. If the result is
negative, this is the volume of soil that must be imported to the site.
3.1.10 PREPARATION OF SITE

On sidelong ground, drainage grips or trenches shall be excavated uphill in the area to be
filled and compacted. Drainage shall be effected without causing sedation or erosion and
water shall be disposed of in a manner to be agreed by the Superintending Officer (SO). The
area to be filled, whether an existing excavation or otherwise undisturbed ground, shall be
graded to fall, and sump pumping or other suitable dewatering facilities shall be provided
by the Contractor to keep the base of the excavation dry at all times.
Where the area to be filled comprises an existing excavation, the excavation shall be
inspected and subsequently monitored by the Contractor, to ensure that there is no danger of
its collapse during the works with consequences for safety, for existing buildings or for
other construction adjoining.
The contractor shall provide where necessary temporary watercourses, ditches,
drains, pumping or other means of maintaining the earthworks free from water. Such
provision shall include carrying out the work of forming the cuttings and fill platforms in
such a manner that their surfaces have at all times a sufficient gradient to enable them to
shed water and prevent bending. Similar arrangements shall be made for all earthworks
including excavations whether for pile trenches, foundations or cuttings.
If the surface of completed areas be damaged by erosion or any other cause, the
Contractor shall at his own cost make good such areas to the agreement of the SO. The
Contractor shall exercise care in preventing wastage of suitable material needed for
construction of fill platform. The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions to prevent
the breeding of mosquitoes and pay all charges made by the local Authority for anti-
malarial measures.

3.1.11 PROPOSED LEVEL (PL)

Proposed level is level that in suggest by architect for construction purposes. As
consultant, we will make consideration with proposed level that made based on existing
level. The analysis of proposed level is for ensuring that the cut and fill is balance in site.
It will be affected the cost of the project.
3.2 ROAD AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM

The first urban drainage manual, ‘Planning and Design Procedures No.1: Urban Drainage
Design Standards and Procedures for Peninsular Malaysia’ was published by DID in 1975.
This manual was prepared as a guideline for engineers in designing drainage system and had
been referred to by various agencies at federal and state level for the drainage requirements
needed for any development in urban areas. The manual has been in used as a guideline for
more than twenty five years and since its publication, changes have not been made although
there have been many new technological developments in urban drainage.
Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) Malaysia is taking a proactive step by
introducing New Urban Drainage Manual known as Storm Water Management Manual for
Malaysia (Manual Saliran Mesra Alam or MSMA). It is time to take a proactive measure to
change the manual to incorporate the latest development in stormwater management that is
known as control-at-source approach. This approach utilizes detention/retention, infiltration
and purification processes. The quality and quantity of the runoff from developing area can
be maintained to be the same as predevelopment condition.

3.2.1 STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES

Standard and guidelines for the road and drainage as following below:
i. Road – For this proposed project, we decide to choose road and drainage.
Thus, JKR standard specification for road works as our references.
ii. Drainage – MASMA will be using for design culvert and drainage system.
 SKHPA
CONSULTANT
No. 28-3, Jalan Impian Mahkota 1, Saujana Impian,
SKHP 43000 Kajang, Selangor Tel: 04-441
4058 Fax: 04-441 3058
A Email: skhpaconsultingengineer@yahoo.com

3.2.2 ROAD AND DRAINAGE DESIGN PROCESS

To perform a safe and economic road and drainage design, team member need to make sure
that road and drainage design process are following the right flow. The road and drainage
design process used for both structures is as follows:

Start

Received Drawing from Architect / Client

- Survey Drawing
- Project Layout Drawing

Estimate ground level from survey drawing for Road & Drainage design

Design Flexible Pavement with JKR Method

Propose Signage At the Road

Approval by No
local authority

Re-design for Road & Drainage

Yes
Construct Road & Drainage on site

End

27
Figure 11: Road and drainage design process
 SKHPA
CONSULTANT
No. 28-3, Jalan Impian Mahkota 1, Saujana Impian,
SKHP 43000 Kajang, Selangor Tel: 04-441
4058 Fax: 04-441 3058
A Email: skhpaconsultingengineer@yahoo.com

3.2.3 ROAD SYSTEM

Malaysian Federal Roads System, it is the main national road network in Malaysia. All
Federal Roads in Malaysia are under the purview of the Ministry of Works (MOW).
According to the Ministerial Functions Act 1969, the MOW is responsible to plan, build and
maintain all Federal Roads gazetted under the Federal Roads Act 1959.

However, most of the Federal roads projects were built and maintained by
the Malaysian Public Works Department (JKR), which is also one of the implementing
agencies under the MOW with the exception of Sabah and Sarawak, whereby JKR in these
two states is under respective state government.

3.2.4 ROAD DESIGN

The road design for this project is based on JKR design manual which is suitable for the
design of road with medium or heavy traffic. The core of design manual is the thickness
design monograph which was developed based on AASHTO design chart for pavement with
terminal serviceability index.

3.2.5 DRAINAGE SYSTEM

In Malaysia, the traditional approach widely practiced to manage storm water design where
allow developers to put in drains where appropriate. Need to determine drain size to comply
with drainage capacity. An urban drainage practice is based on the 1975 DID Urban Drainage
Design Manual, ‘Planning and Design Procedure No1: Urban Drainage Design Standard for
Peninsular Malaysia’.

Drainage system is the pattern formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular
drainage basin. They are governed by the topography of the land, whether a particular region
is dominated by hard or soft rocks, and the gradient of the land. A hydrologist often view
streams as being part of drainage basins. A drainage basin is the topographic region from
which a stream receives runoff, through flow, and groundwater flow. Drainage basins are
divided from each other by topographic barriers called a watershed. A watershed represents
all of the
28
stream tributaries that flow to some location along the stream channel. The number, size, and
shape of the drainage basins found in the different area and the larger the topographic map,
the more information on the drainage basin is available.

A rainwater drainage system is very important to properly channel rainwater, which

may damage your property in the long run. If the proper system is not installed, when there is
heavy rainfall there may be problems such as water clogging and leaking in the roofs and so
on. While constructing a house, the utmost importance must be given to its drainage system
as well.

3.2.6 DESIGN CRITERIA

The design criteria according to JPS standard showed as listed below.

3.3 SEWERAGE SYSTEM

Sewerage systems are one of the most important infrastructures in construction of residential,
industrial or commercial project as it determines the quality of life enjoyed by a community.
It consists of a network of underground sewer pipes, pump stations, sewage treatment plants
and sludge treatment facilities. This system usually operates based on by gravity due to the
slope of the pipe which reduces the high cost required for pumping.
Sewers are further classified into a few categories, which depend on the type of
wastewater that each of it carries. For example, storm sewers are designed to carry storm
water from roofs, paved areas, pavements and roads. Other, the industrial sewers are designed
to carry wastewater generate from the industry and sanitary sewers are designed to carry the
waste water from cooking and washing and the wastes from toilets.
There is another type of sewer which is known as combined sewers. These types of
sewers are designed to carry storm water, industrial wastes, and domestic sewage. In
Malaysia, many towns and cities use the separate sewer system. The wastewater is
transported in separate pipes from storm sewers, industrial sewers and sanitary sewers.
Sewerage system is very important as it helps people to transport the wastes or
sewage away from their places. Therefore, the system must be functioning well because
improper functioning system will lead to pollution and contamination of various aspects of
our surrounding which affect human life and health. Hence, regular maintenance must be
done to the existing sewerage system and appropriate design must be applied to the new
sewerage systems to ensure the sewerage systems are in good condition.
The efficiency of the sewerage system is affected by the flow of the wastewater. In
designing a sewerage system, the type and size of the pipe to be used must be able to
accommodate the peak flow. The peak flow is based on the population equivalent which is a
direct measurement of the population in an area.
When designing the sewerage, there is a standard and criteria that should be followed.
The standard code of practice for sewerage design in Malaysia (MS 1228:1991) was adopted
from British Standard; BS 8005:1987. However, British Standard may not be as applicable to
Malaysia due to the season and climate factor which have direct effect on the peak flow. This
is the main reason of doing this research to find out whether the standard is suitable to be
used in Malaysia.
3.3.1 SEWERAGE LAYOUT PLAN
Detailed plans of the sewerage system shall show the following information.
a. Existing and proposed sewer reticulation showing:
o The location of manholes
o Inspection chamber and house connection
o Size, material and type of pipe
o Length between manholes
o Ground level and invert levels of manhole
o Depth and reference number of the manhole

b. Location and details of all crossings:

o Concrete encasement
o Elevated sewers

c. Longitudinal section/profile of all existing and proposed sewer:

o Number and type of manholes
o Length between manholes
o Invert and surface elevation at each manholes
o Grade and force mains

d. Details of all special sewer joints and cross sections and details of all sewer
appurtenance:
o Manholes
o Inspection chambers
o House connections
o Drop manholes
o Inverted syphons
 e. Any proposed amendments to existing systems shall be shown in red and
existing buildings, drains, sewers, appliances shown in black or otherwise
distinctly indicated by different colors.
f. All other component parts of the sewage collection and transport system
g. Bedding details for sewers
h. A manhole schedule giving a summary of all manhole details.
i. Details of existing underground services, where available.
j. All plans of proposed sewerage reticulation must have:
o A grid reference
o Relevant northing and easting coordinates

3.4 WATER RETICULATION SYSTEM

The water reticulation and internal cold-water plumbing works shall be executed by
personnel with valid permits issued by SPAN as stipulated under Water Service Industry Act
2006.
The contractor shall be responsible for employing such personnel and all the work
performed by them. Thus, the procedure for water reticulation (JKR standard specification) as
shows in Table 2.

Table 2: Procedure for water reticulation

Activity Details
All setting out for pipe laying works shall be performed by the
contractor’s surveyor. Generally, stakes for alignment and grade
shall be set as 10 m intervals. The survey shall conform to the lines,
grades and dimensions shown on the drawings. The contractor shall
1.0 Setting Out preserve all monuments, benchmarks, survey markers and stakes. In
case of their removal or destruction by the contractor or his
employees, agents or subcontractors, the contractors shall be liable
for the cost of their replacement.
 Excavation for pipe trenches

2.0 Excavation Before commencing the excavation of pipe trenches, the routes of
the pipelines shall be pegged out accurately. Strong sight rails shall
be fixed and maintained at each change of gradient, and at as many
intermediate points as may be necessary but not exceeding 100
metres apart. On these rails shall be marked the centre line and level
to which the pipes are to be laid, and such rails shall be maintained
in position and at the correct level from the time the excavation
commences until backfilling is completed. The run of pipe trenches
opened up ahead of pipe laying operations at any one time shall not
be more than:
i. 100 m if the pipe laying operations are in an urban area.
ii. 300 m if the pipe laying operations are in the side tables of a
trunk road, or
iii. 600 m if the pipe laying operations are in unoccupied land
schemes or housing estates under development or are in the
side tables of minor rural roads.

Table 2(a): Width of Pipe Trenches

External pipe diameter (D) Width of trench
Not exceeding 500 mm D+300mm
Exceeding 500 mm D+600mm

Precast chambers

3.0 Pipework Precast valve chambers shall be as shown on the drawings and in
accordance with section D: concrete works. Chamber covers shall
comply with BS EN 124.
 No Product Name Specified Conditions/
Requirements
1 Steel tanks with lining Maximum capacity allowed for
of coating (non elevated tanks is 2.3ml (500,000
corrugated type) gallons) and for ground storage
tanks is 3.4ml (750,000 gallons).
(glass, fused glass
coated/Epoxy lining, Maximum height allowed is 5m or
HDPE) lining 4 panels high whichever is lower.

The minimum warranty period for

the tank and a sealant/ lining shall
be 10 years.

4.0 External Water The minimum thickness of

PE/HDPE lining shall be 2.0mm.
Storage Tank

2 Cylindrical steel tank Maximum capacity allowed is

- Double fold system 4.5ml (1000,000 gallons).

Maximum height allowed is 5m.

The minimum warranty period for

the tank and sealant/ lining shall be
ten (10) years.

3 Polyethylene storage Tanks shall have interlocking

tanks (PE storage mechanisms.
tanks)
Tanks shall only be allowed up to
3,785.4L (1,000 gallons) capacity
only. Multiple tanks on one tower
structure shall be strictly not
allowed.
 A water supply system or water supply networks is a system of engineering hydrology
and hydraulic components which provide water supply. A water supply system typically
includes:
a. A drainage brain (see water purification- sources of drinking water).
b. A raw (untreated) water collection point (above or below ground) where the
water accumulate such as lake, a river or groundwater from an underground
aquifer. Untreated drinking (usually water being transferred to water purification
facilities) may be transferred using uncovered ground-level aqueducts, covered
tunnels or underground water pipes.
c. Water purification facilities. Treated water is transferred using water pipes
(usually underground).
d. Water storage facilities such as reservoirs, water tank, or water towers. Smaller
water system may store the water in cisterns or pressure vessels. Tall buildings
may also need to store water locally in pressure vessels in order for the water to
reach the upper floors.
e. Additional water pressurizing components such as pumping stations may need to
be situated at the outlet of underground or above ground reservoir or cisterns (if
gravity flow is impractical).
f. A pipe network for distribution of water to the consumers (which may be private
house or industrial, commercial or institution establishments) and other usage
points (such as fire hydrants).
g. Connections to the sewers (underground pipes or above ground ditches in some
developing countries) are generally found downstream of the water consumers,
but the sewer system is considered to be a separate system rather than part of the
water supply system.
3.5 LANDSCAPE

Landscape stands for all actions to preserve the environment and its beauty so that people can
live in comfort and harmony. The landscape is scenery on the land and it is an art of change
the terrain view using natural elements and interesting building natural element is something
natural such as topography, water and vegetation, while building elements are constructed by
human elements such as buildings and human structures.

4.0 INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN

The infrastructure design is the part of design sewerage system, road and drainage, water
reticulation system and also earthwork for proposed Construction of 5 Storeys of Hostel at
Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama, Melaka International Trade Centre, 75450 Ayer Keroh, Melaka.

4.1 EARTHWORK

In this project, the client has appointed our company to prepare the earthwork for the building
area within a unit of 5-storey building of hostel that is located at Ayer Keroh Lama, Melaka.
Earthwork includes the excavation of existing earth materials and any placement of fill
material required for constructing the embankment. Earthwork are engineering works created
through the moving or processing of the parts of the earth’s surface involving qualities of soil
or unframed rock. The earth may be moved to another location and farmed into a desired
shape for a purpose.
4.1.1 CALCULATION FOR EARTHWORK METHOD

In this project, the calculation for earthwork as shows below.

*All dimension are in

meters
Figure 12: Calculation for earthwork

Legend
E - Existing
P - Proposed
C - Cut
F - Fill

Total Area = 50.02 Acres

Total Cut = 1832.50 CuM
Spoil @ 20% = 366.50 CuM
Available Fill = 1466.00 CuM
Total Fill = 4,050.00 CuM
To import Fill = 2.584.00 CuM
Access Cut = Nil CuM