1D Continuum-2

1D Continuum!
Douglas J Bammann!
EM 8113!
Fall 2015!
1!
1D Continuum (slides 1-39)!
One dimensional continuum thermodynamics!

• Kinematics!
• Balance Laws!
2!
Configurations!
Kinematics of continuum mechanics begins by introducing a map from material space

(manifold) to physical space (R3). Thus the map is from a reference configuration in
material space to the current configuration in physical space. The reference
configuration is not to be confused with the Lagrangian configuration which is simply a
previously occupied configuration in physical space. !
To simplify matters we will

consider the reference
x! configuration to be the initial or
Bt
X! Lagrangian configuration as we
develop our 1D continuum!
x 0!
BR
Bt0
3!
Motion -Deformation in 1-D!
t=0! B0! t! Bt!
We begin by introducing the
P0! X! Pt! x! notion of a 1D continuum, i.e....,
a line. We consider a body B0,
X! at time, t=0, which is deformed
into a body Bt at time, t. In
x! particular, we are interested in
parts of the body P0 and Pt,
We define motion as a one to one mapping of the reference respectively.!
configuration to the present configuration! ε!0
χ : B0 → Bt and χ −1 : Bt → B0
i.e. x = (1 + ε!0 t ) X
x = χ ( X,t ) , χ ( X, 0 ) = X , χ −1 exists
The velocity is then defined as!

dχ
d χ ( X,t ) v= = ε!0 X = v ( X,t )
v = v ( X,t ) ≡ ≡ x! dt
dt
The acceleration is then defined as!
d 2 χ ( X,t ) d2χ
a = a ( X,t ) ≡ 2
≡ !!
x = v! a= 2 =0
dt dt
4!
Lagrangian observation: “Attach” Eulerian observation:Fix sights at one
yourself to a particle of the body at X point of space view changes of physical
and view changes of physical quantities quantities from that perspective. Most
from that perspective. Most appropriate appropriate for fluids.!
for solids.!
As an example consider temperature!
Lagrangian : θ =f ( X,t )
Eulerian : θ =f ( x,t )
For a given motion
θ = f ( x,t ) = f ( χ ( X,t ) ,t ) = f ( χ −1 ( x,t ) ,t ) = f ( X,t )
Material time derivative!
df ( X,t )
f! =
dt
5!
Spatial time derivative!
∂ f ∂ f ( x,t )
=
∂t ∂t
Relationship between Lagrangian and Eulerian derivatives!
df ( X,t ) ∂ f ( x,t ) dx ∂ f ( x,t )

f! = = + Chain rule!
dt ∂ x dt ∂t
Derivative of 1st
Derivative of 2nd
argument!
argument!
d 2 χ ( X,t ) ∂ x! ∂ x!
⇒ a = a ( X,t ) ≡ ≡ !!
x = !
v = + x!
dt 2 ∂t ∂ x
6!
Local deformation - 1D!
t=0! t!
dX! dx!
X1! X2! x1! x2!
X!
x!
dx = x2 − x1 = χ ( X1 + dX,t ) − χ ( X1 ,t )
By Taylor's theorem, as dX tends to zero, we may approximate χ ( X + dX,t ) by
∂χ ∂2χ
χ ( X1 + dX,t ) = χ ( X1 ,t ) + dX + dX 2 +… = χ ( X1 ,t ) + FdX +…
∂X X1 ∂X2 X1
where,
∂χ ( X,t )
∂χ ( X1 ,t ) is the deformation gradient at X1, hence,!
F=
∂X
= 1+ ε!0 t
F≡
∂X
dx=FdX
7!
Displacement!
u = x − X = χ ( X,t ) − X = u ( X,t ) ..........Lagrangian form
u=x-χ -1 ( x,t ) = u ( x,t ) ........................Eulerian form
Displacement gradient!
∂u ∂χ ∂u
= − 1= F − 1....Lagrangian form (for F = 1⇒ =0) ∂u
∂X ∂X ∂X = F − 1= 1+ ε˙0t − 1 = ε˙0t
∂X
∂u ∂u ∂x ⎛ ∂u ⎞
chain rule ⇒ = = F
∂X ∂x ∂X ⎝ ∂x ⎠
∂u
F − 1= ⎛ ⎞ F ∂u 1 ε˙ t
⎝ ∂x ⎠ = 1− F −1 = 1− = 0
∂x 1+ ε˙ 0t 1+ ε˙ 0t
∂u
⇒ = 1− F −1 ........ Eulerian form
∂x
8!
Stretch!
We make a natural definition of the stretch as the ratio of the length in

the current configuration to the length in the reference configuration!
dx FdX
λ= = =F
dX dX
Stretching!
The rate at which stretching occurs is then given by,!

dx!
λ! dX !
FdX F˙ ε˙ 0
= = = ! −1 ≡ L
FF Velocity L= =
λ dx dx Gradient! F 1+ ε˙ 0t
dX
We used this algebra !
∂u ∂ u! ! ∂ v
λ! ∂ v = F −1⇒ =F=
= =L Notice the motivation for ∂X ∂X ∂X
λ ∂x logarithmic strain rate! ∂v ∂v ∂ x ∂v
= = F
∂X ∂x ∂X ∂x
∂v
∴ F! = F
∂x 9!
Strain : Reference Configuration!
dx − dX F dX − dX dx − dX
E= = E= = F − 1 = ε˙0 t
dX dX dX
E = F −1
E˙ = F˙ E˙ = ε˙0
This is engineering strain!
Strain : Current Configuration!
dx − dX F dX − dX F −1 ε˙ t
e= = e= = 0
dx F dX F 1 + ε˙ 0t
F −1
e=
F
F˙F − (F −1)F˙ F˙ F˙ ε˙0 t
e˙ = = 2 e˙ = =
F 2 (1 + ε˙0 t )2
F2 F
This is true strain!
10!
Another Strain (used in finite deformations): Reference Configuration!
dx 2 − dX 2 = FdX ⋅FdX − dX ⋅ dX = dX ⋅F T FdX − dX ⋅ dX
( )
= dX ⋅ F T F − 1 dX = 2dX ⋅E dX
E=
2
(
1 T
F F −1 )
Another Strain (used in finite deformations) : Current Configuration!
dx
2
− dX
2
()
= dxF −1 ⋅ F T F − 1 dxF −1
= dx ⋅ (1− F −1F −T )dx = 2dx ⋅e dx
e = (1− F −1F −T )
1
2
11!
Second Example!
Assume the motion,!
x = X exp(ε˙0 t )
12!
Second Example!
Assume the motion,!
x = X exp(ε˙0 t )
Then the velocity!

dχ ˙
v(X, t) = = ε 0 X exp(ε˙ 0 t )
dt
v(x, t ) = ˙ε 0 x
13!
Second Example!
Assume the motion,!
x = X exp(ε˙0 t )
Then the velocity!

dχ ˙
v(X, t) = = ε 0 X exp(ε˙ 0 t )
dt
v(x, t ) = ˙ε 0 x
14!
Second Example!
Assume the motion,!
x = X exp(ε˙0 t )
Then the velocity!

dχ ˙
v(X, t) = = ε 0 X exp(ε˙ 0 t )
dt
v(x, t ) = ˙ε 0 x
The acceleration,!
d2χ ˙ 2
a (X, t ) = 2 = ε 0 X exp(ε˙ 0 t )
dt
dv ∂v
a (x, t ) = + v = ε˙ 0 2x
dt ∂x
The deformation gradient,!
15!
Second Example!
Assume the motion,!
x = X exp(ε˙0 t )
Then the velocity!

dχ ˙
v(X, t) = = ε 0 X exp(ε˙ 0 t )
dt
v(x, t ) = ˙ε 0 x
The acceleration,!
d2χ ˙ 2
a (X, t ) = 2 = ε 0 X exp(ε˙ 0 t )
dt
dv ∂v
a (x, t ) = + v = ε˙ 0 2x
dt ∂x
16!
Second Example!
Assume the motion,!
x = X exp(ε˙0 t )
Then the velocity!

dχ ˙
v(X, t) = = ε 0 X exp(ε˙ 0 t )
dt
v(x, t ) = ˙ε 0 x
The acceleration,!
d2χ ˙ 2
a (X, t ) = 2 = ε 0 X exp(ε˙ 0 t )
dt
dv ∂v
a (x, t ) = + v = ε˙ 0 2x
dt ∂x
17!
Second Example!
Assume the motion,! The engineering strain,!
x = X exp(ε˙0 t )
Then the velocity!

dχ ˙
v(X, t) = = ε 0 X exp(ε˙ 0 t )
dt
v(x, t ) = ˙ε 0 x
The acceleration,!
d2χ ˙ 2
a (X, t ) = 2 = ε 0 X exp(ε˙ 0 t )
dt
dv ∂v
a (x, t ) = + v = ε˙ 0 2x
dt ∂x
∂χ( X, t )
F= = exp(ε˙0 t)
∂X
18!
Second Example!
dx − dX
x = X exp(ε˙0 t ) E= = F − 1 = exp(ε˙0 t ) −1
dX
Then the velocity!

The engineering strain rate,!
dχ ˙
v(X, t) = = ε 0 X exp(ε˙ 0 t )
dt
v(x, t ) = ˙ε 0 x
The acceleration,!
d2χ ˙ 2
a (X, t ) = 2 = ε 0 X exp(ε˙ 0 t )
dt
dv ∂v
a (x, t ) = + v = ε˙ 0 2x
dt ∂x
∂χ( X, t )
F= = exp(ε˙0 t)
∂X
19!
Second Example!
dx − dX
x = X exp(ε˙0 t ) E= = F − 1 = exp(ε˙0 t ) −1
dX
Then the velocity!

dχ ˙
v(X, t) = = ε 0 X exp(ε˙ 0 t )
dt E˙ = ε˙0 exp(ε˙0t )
v(x, t ) = ˙ε 0 x
The true strain,!
The acceleration,!
d2χ ˙ 2
a (X, t ) = 2 = ε 0 X exp(ε˙ 0 t )
dt
dv ∂v
a (x, t ) = + v = ε˙ 0 2x
dt ∂x
∂χ( X, t )
F= = exp(ε˙0 t)
∂X
20!
Second Example!
dx − dX
x = X exp(ε˙0 t ) E= = F − 1 = exp(ε˙0 t ) −1
dX
Then the velocity!

dχ ˙
v(X, t) = = ε 0 X exp(ε˙ 0 t )
v(x, t ) = ˙ε 0 x
The true strain,!
F −1
The acceleration,! e= = 1 − exp(−ε˙0 t)
F
d2χ ˙ 2
a (X, t ) = 2 = ε 0 X exp(ε˙ 0 t ) The true strain rate,!
dt
dv ∂v
a (x, t ) = + v = ε˙ 0 2x
dt ∂x
∂χ( X, t )
F= = exp(ε˙0 t)
∂X
21!
Second Example!
dx − dX
x = X exp(ε˙0 t ) E= = F − 1 = exp(ε˙0 t ) −1
dX
Then the velocity!

dχ ˙
v(X, t) = = ε 0 X exp(ε˙ 0 t )
v(x, t ) = ˙ε 0 x
The true strain,!
F −1
F
d2χ ˙ 2
dt
F˙
e˙ = = ε˙0 exp(−ε˙0 t)
dv ∂v F2
a (x, t ) = + v = ε˙ 0 2x
dt ∂x
The velocity gradient,!
∂χ( X, t )
F= = exp(ε˙0 t)
∂X
22!
Second Example!
dx − dX
x = X exp(ε˙0 t ) E= = F − 1 = exp(ε˙0 t ) −1
dX
Then the velocity!

dχ ˙
v(X, t) = = ε 0 X exp(ε˙ 0 t )
v(x, t ) = ˙ε 0 x
The true strain,!
F −1
F
d2χ ˙ 2
dt
F˙
e˙ = = ε˙0 exp(−ε˙0 t)
dv ∂v F2
a (x, t ) = + v = ε˙ 0 2x
dt ∂x
F˙ ˙
The deformation gradient,! L= = ε0
F
∂χ( X, t )
F= = exp(ε˙0 t)
∂X
23!
Third Example!

X dx − dX ε˙ t
x= E= = F −1= 0
1 − ε˙ 0t dX 1 − ε˙0 t
Then the velocity!
ε˙ 0 X
v = x˙ =
(1− ε˙ 0 t )2 ε˙0
E˙ =
1 − ε˙ 0t
ε˙0 x
v = x˙ =
(1 − ε˙0 t ) The true strain,!
The acceleration,! F −1 ˙
e= = ε0t
F
2ε˙02 X
a = ˙x˙ =
(1 − ε˙0 t)3 The true strain rate,!
F˙
2ε˙20 x e˙ = 2
= ε˙0
a = ˙x˙ = F
(1− ε˙0 t)2
F˙ ε˙0
∂χ( X, t ) 1 L= =
F= = F 1 − ε˙0t
∂X 1 − ε˙0 t
24!
Small Strain Approximation!
Assume,
F = 1+ ε , ε << 1
( )
We will neglect terms of O ε 2 w.r.t. O (ε ) and O ( ε ) w.r.t. O (1)
i.e. ε + ε 2 + ε 3 ≈ ε and x (1+ ε ) ≈ x
Then,!
E = F − 1= 1+ ε − 1= ε
E˙ ≈ ε˙
F − 1 1+ ε − 1
e= = ≈ ε (1+ ε ) −1 ≈ ε (1− ε ) = ε − ε 2 ≈ ε
F 1+ ε
e˙ ≈ ε˙
F˙ ε˙
L= = ≈ ε˙ (1− ε ) ≈ ε˙
F 1+ ε
25!
Mass Primitive!
M (P0 ) = mass of a part P0 of a body B0 in the reference configuration

M (Pt ) = mass of a part Pt of a body Bt in the current configuration
∃ a positive number called mass density ≡ mass/ unit length for every configuration ofB
such that
M (P0 ) = ∫ ρ0dX , ρ0 = ρ (X ,0) > 0
P0 We treat mass as a primitive and assume
M (Pt ) = ∫ ρdx , ρ = ρ( X,t ) > 0 its existence.!
Pt
Axiom of Conservation of Mass!

The mass of a part of P is conserved ∀ P ⊆ B
M( P0 ) = M (Pt )
⇒ ∫ ρ0 dX = ∫ ρdx = ∫ ρFdX
P0 Pt P0
∴ ∫ (ρ0 − ρF )dX = 0
P0
Since the density is continuous,
ρ0 = ρF
26!
Axiom of Conservation of Mass!
ρ0 = ρF
⇒ ρ˙ 0 = 0 = ρ˙ F + ρF˙ Conservation of mass - Lagrangian (solids)!
but,
∂v
F˙ = F
∂x
∂v
ρ˙ F + ρ F = 0
∂x
since,
F >0
∂v
∴ ρ˙ + ρ =0
∂x
Also, recall,
∂ρ ∂ρ
ρ˙ = + v
∂t ∂x
∂ρ ∂ρ ∂v
+ v +ρ =0
∂t ∂x ∂x
∂ρ ∂ Conservation of mass - Eulerian form (fluids)!

∴ + ( ρv ) = 0
∂t ∂x Also called continuity equation!
27!
Force!
Total contact force on Pt
x 2 ∂σ
fc (Pt ) = σ (x 2 ,t ) − σ ( x 1,t ) = ∫
( x,t )dx Bt!
∂x
x1 x1! x! x2!
Total body force on Pt
x2 x2 Pt!
fb (Pt ) = ∫ b ( x,t ) ρ( x,t )dx = ∫ bρdx
x1 x1
Resultant force on Pt
x!
f (Pt ) = fc + fb !(x1,t)! !(x2,t)!
b(x1,t)!
⎛ ∂σ ( x,t )
x2
⎞
∴f (Pt ) = ∫ ⎜ + ρb⎟dx
x
⎝ ∂x ⎠
1
⎛ ∂σ ( x,t ) ⎞
∴f (Pt ) = ∫ ⎜ + ρb ⎟dx
P
⎝ ∂x ⎠
t
Momentum! Euler's axiom : Conservation of
Momentum!
Define momentum as,
l(Pt ) = ∫ ρvdx f (Pt ) = l˙(Pt )
Pt
28!
Eulers axiom: Balance of momentum!
⋅
˙l (Pt ) = ∫ ρvdx
Pt
use dx=FdX to transform to P0 to differentiate since Pt is a
⋅
function of time!
= ∫ ρvFdX
P0
⋅ by using continuity !
= ∫ ρ0 vdX
P0 b(x,t)!
χ (x1,t)! χ (x2,t)!
= ∫ ρ0 v˙dX
P0 x1! x2!
= ∫ ρ v˙ dx
Pt
σ ( x2 ,t ) − σ ( x1 ,t ) + ∫ (b ( x,t )) dx = 0
x2
⎛ ∂σ
⇒ ∫ + ρb⎞ dx = ∫ ρv˙ dx Euler’s axiom!
⎝ ⎠ x1
P ∂x
t P t
⎛ ∂σ
⇒ ∫ + ρb − ρv˙ ⎞ dx = 0
⎝
Pt ∂x
⎠
And for a continuous integrand,
∂σ
+ ρb − ρ˙v = 0 , ∀Bt conservation of momentum - Eulerian form (fluids)!
∂x
29!
Eulers axiom: Conservation of momentum!
∂σ ∂σ ∂x ∂σ
= = F
∂X ∂x ∂X ∂x
∂σ ρ
∴ + b = ρ0v˙
∂x F
∂σ
∴ + ρ0b = ρ0v˙ Conservation of momentum
∂x Langrangian form (solids)!
30!
Thermodynamics!
Mechanical Working (Power)!
⎛ ∂σ ⎞ The rate at which work is done on

W ( Pt ) ≡
x2
∫ x1
⎜⎝
∂x
+ ρb ⎟⎠ vdx x1 < x < x2 ⊆ B the body by the action of the
stresses and body forces!
Kinetic Energy!
1 x2 2
K (Pt ) = ∫ ρv dx
Amount of energy due to
x1 < x < x 2 ⊆ B motion of the body!
2 x1
Power Theorem!
x2
W (Pt ) = K˙ (Pt ) + ∫ σLdx x1 < x < x 2 Start with momentum balance and
x1 multiply by velocity!
31!
Multiply momentum balance by velocity!
Bt!
x1! x! x2!
L.H .S. Pt!
∂σ ( x,t ) v ( x,t )
x2
σ ( x2 ,t ) v ( x2 ,t ) − σ ( x1 ,t ) v ( x1 ,t ) =
∫x dx
∂ x
1
χ (x1,t)!
x!
x2
⎡ ∂σ ( x,t ) ∂ v ( x,t ) ⎤ χ(x2,t)!
= ∫⎢ v ( x,t ) + σ ( x,t ) ⎥dx b(x1,t)!
x1 ⎣
∂x ∂x ⎦
Body force times velocity
x2 x2
∫ b ( x,t ) v ( x,t ) ρ ( x,t )dx = ∫ bρvdx

x1 x1 x2
Sum of these two ∫ σ ldx

x1
⎡ ∂σ ( x,t ) ∂ v ( x,t )
x2
⎤
∴= ∫ ⎢ v ( x,t ) + σ ( x,t ) + b ( x,t ) v ( x,t ) ρ ( x,t ) ⎥dx
x1 ⎣
∂x ∂x ⎦
W ( Pt )
32!
Add R.H.S. times velocity!
d ⎛ 1 2⎞
⎜ ρv ⎟⎠
dt ⎝ 2
⎡ ∂σ ( x,t ) ∂ v ( x,t )
x2
⎤
∴∫⎢ v ( x,t ) + σ ( x,t ) + b ( x,t ) v ( x,t ) ρ ( x,t ) − ρ ( x,t ) v! ( x,t ) v ( x,t ) ⎥dx
x1 ⎣
∂x ∂x ⎦
Note:! W ( Pt ) − K! ( Pt ) = external power
⎡ ∂σ ∂v ⎡ ∂ v ⎛ ∂σ ⎡ ∂v ⎤
x2 x x
⎤
2
⎞ ⎤ 2
= ∫ ⎢ v+σ ! ⎥dx = ∫ ⎢σ
+ bvρ − ρbvv +⎜ + bρ − ρv!⎟ v ⎥dx = ∫ ⎢σ ⎥dx
x1 ⎣
∂ x ∂ x ⎦ x1 ⎣
∂ x ⎝ ∂ x ⎠ ⎦ x1 ⎣
∂ x ⎦
33!
Internal Energy!
x2
E (Pt ) ≡ ∫ ρedx x 1 < x < x 2 ⊆ Bt e is the internal energy density
x1 (internal energy/mass) : includes
stored energy of work and random
motion of molecules!
Heating Primitive!
x2
Q (Pt ) = q (x 1,t ) − q ( x 2 ,t ) + ∫ ρrdx x 1 < x < x 2 ⊆ B r is the radiation or heat supply/mass
x1
generated from points within the body and q
x2 x2
∂q is the conduction from contact of the part of
Q (Pt ) = ∫ dx + ∫ ρrdx x1 < x < x 2 ⊆ B the body x1 < x < x2 with that not in x1 < x < x2 !
x1 ∂ x x1
34!
1st Law of Thermodynamics!
E! ( Pt ) + K! ( Pt ) = W ( Pt ) + Q ( Pt )
or, using the power theorem The time rate of change of the total
energy (which is the sum of the internal
E! ( Pt ) − ∫ σ Ldv − Q ( Pt ) = 0 energy and the kinetic energy is equal
Pt
to the mechanical working on the body
plus the total heating of the body!
⋅
∂q
x2 x2 x2 x2
∫ ρedx = ∫ σ Ldx − ∫
x1 x1 x1
∂x
dx + ∫ ρrdx
x1
∂q
ρe! = σ L − + ρr
∂x
Rate of change of internal energy is

Conservation of Energy! the sum of the rate at which work is
being done on the body, s L,
ρe! = σ L + h balanced by rate at which heat is
∂q supplied to the body, h!
where, h ≡ − + ρr
∂x 35!
Temperature!
θ (x ,t ) > 0 Introduce absolute temperature as a

primitive quantity!
Entropy!
x2 Introduce the entropy H , as the energy/per unit

H (Pt ) = ∫ ρηdx x1 < x < x 2 ⊆ B temperature in a form of heat due to all sources both
x1
by direct heat supply and conversion of mechanical
working. η is the entropy density.!
2nd Law of Thermodynamics! Motivated from classical thermodynamics, define

1)Planck’s inequality! change of entropy as rate of heat supply/
temperature. The rate at which the local energy/unit
h
η˙ ≥ temperature is increasing, is never less than the rate
θ at which it is supplied in the form of heat, at any
2)Fourier’s inequality! temperature.!
∂θ
q⎛ ⎞ ≤ 0 Heat, through conduction, flows from hot to
⎝ ∂x ⎠
cold.!
36!
Clausius - Duhem Inequality!
q ∂θ 1 ⎛ ∂q ⎞ ≥0
ρη˙ − + − ρr
θ 2 ∂x θ ⎝ ∂x ⎠
or, This is a basic axiom in continuum
thermodynamics, but can be motivated by
∂ ⎛q⎞ r combining Planck’s and Fourier’s inequalities!
ρη˙ + −ρ ≥0
∂x ⎝ θ ⎠ θ
Then, combining with the 1st law,!

q ∂θ
ρ(θ η˙ − e˙) + σL − ≥0
θ ∂x
Introduce the Helmholtz Free
Energy Density!
Free energy is the amount of internal
ψ ≡ e − ηθ energy available for doing work at
constant temperature!
q ∂θ
− ρ(ψ˙ + ηθ˙ ) + σL − ≥0 Clausius - Duhem Inequality!
θ ∂x
37!
Clausius - Duhem Inequality!
q ∂θ 1 ⎛ ∂q ⎞ ≥0
ρη˙ − + − ρr
θ 2 ∂x θ ⎝ ∂x ⎠
or, This is a basic axiom in continuum
thermodynamics, but can be motivated by
∂ ⎛q⎞ r combining Planck’s and Fourier’s inequalities!
ρη˙ + −ρ ≥0
∂x ⎝ θ ⎠ θ
Then, combining with the 1st law,!

q ∂θ
ρ(θ η˙ − e˙) + σL − ≥0
θ ∂x
Introduce the Helmholtz Free
Energy Density!
ψ ≡ e − ηθ
q ∂θ
− ρ(ψ˙ + ηθ˙ ) + σL − ≥0 Clausius - Duhem Inequality!
θ ∂x
38!
Thermodynamic Restrictions on Constitutive Equations!
Combining the 1st and 2nd laws with the definition of the Helmholtz
free energy!
− ρ(ψ˙ + ηθ˙ ) + σL + gq ≥ 0
1
θ
∂θ
where g ≡
∂x
Now assume that the free energy, entropy, stress, and heat depend
upon the deformation, temperature and temperature gradient!
ψ = ψ (F ,θ,g )
η = η(F ,θ,g )
σ = σ (F, θ ,g )
q = q (F ,θ ,g )
Then,!
∂ψ ˙ ∂ψ ˙ ∂ψ
ψ˙ = F+ θ+ g˙
∂F ∂θ ∂g
39!
Substituting,!
⎛ ∂ψ (F , θ ,g )⎞ ˙ −1 ⎛ ∂ψ (F ,θ ,g ) ⎞ ˙ ∂ψ (F , θ ,g ) ρ
⎜⎝ σ − F ⎟⎠ F F − ⎜⎝ + η (F ,θ ,g )⎟⎠ θ − ˙
g − gq (F ,θ ,g ) ≥ 0
∂F ∂θ ∂g θ
Since the inequality must hold for all values of F, θ , g and F˙, θ˙, , g˙ can vary
independently, to ensure satisfaction of the entropy inequality, we must have;!
∂ψ (F ,θ ,g )
= 0 ⇒ ψ = ψ (F, θ )
∂g
∂ψ (F ,θ )
σ =F
∂F
∂ψ (F ,θ )
η = −ρ
∂θ
ρ
− gq (F, θ ,g ) ≥ 0
θ
40!
∂θ
(  1
)
− ρ ψ + ηθ + σ L + gq ≥ 0 where g ≡

θ ∂x
(  )
1  −1 1
− ψ + ηθ + σ FF +
ρ ρθ
gq ≥ 0 1D mass balance ρF= ρ0
( 1
)
− ψ + ηθ + σ F +
ρ0
1
ρθ
gq ≥ 0
substituting!
⎛ (
1 ∂ψ F,θ ,g ⎞  ⎛ ∂ψ F,θ ,g) ( ) (
⎞
)
⎜σ − ⎟F −⎜ + η F,θ ,g ⎟ θ
⎝ ρ0 ∂F ⎠ ⎝ ∂θ ⎠
( ) g −
(*)!
∂ψ F,θ ,g 1
−
∂g ρθ
( )
gq F,θ ,g ≥ 0
41!
() (  F
Notice that verything in * depends upon θ ,g,F ,θ ,g, )
and all these quantities may be chosen indepently
!
1!
2! (
same θ θ1 = θ 2 )
but θ1 ≠ θ 2
X!
t! (  F then,
Fix θ >0,g,F>0,g, )
ψ +η )θ + f (θ ,g,F, g,
(
θ
 F ) ≤ 0 ∀ θ
 
fixed fixed
( ) (
 F ≤ 0
∴ ψ θ +η = 0 and f θ ,g,F, g, )
42!
Therefore, we can write
(  F ≤ 0
ψ g + f θ ,g,F, g,
g )
( )
Now, fix gq,g,F,F and the above inequality must hold arbitrarily ∀g
∴ ( )
ψ g = 0 & f θ ,g,F, F ≤ 0
Hence,
⎛ 1 ⎞  1
⎜ F ρ σ ⎟ F + ρθ qg ≤ 0
ψ −
⎝ 0 ⎠
∂Ω 2
( ) ( )
Fix θ ,g,F at X,t then the following is true ∀F 2
∂v
σ = ρ0ψ F and gq ≤ 0
43!
Now the entropy inequality reduces to Fourier's inequality
( )
q θ ,g,F g ≤ 0
( )
Fix θ ,F . To ensure that this is not violated for all values of g, choose
q = −kg where k > 0
Then,
− kg 2 ≤ 0
Thus we have derived Fourier's law of heat conduction
∂θ
q=-k ; k >0
∂x
44!
STOP!!!!
45!

1D Continuum-2

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1D Continuum-2

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1D Continuum!

One dimensional continuum thermodynamics!

Kinematics of continuum mechanics begins by introducing a map from material space

To simplify matters we will

The velocity is then defined as!

The acceleration is then defined as!

As an example consider temperature!

Material time derivative!

Relationship between Lagrangian and Eulerian derivatives!

df ( X,t ) ∂ f ( x,t ) dx ∂ f ( x,t )

X1! X2! x1! x2!

u=x-χ -1 ( x,t ) = u ( x,t ) ........................Eulerian form

We make a natural definition of the stretch as the ratio of the length in

The rate at which stretching occurs is then given by,!

This is engineering strain!

Strain : Current Configuration!

This is true strain!

dx 2 − dX 2 = FdX ⋅FdX − dX ⋅ dX = dX ⋅F T FdX − dX ⋅ dX

Another Strain (used in finite deformations) : Current Configuration!

= dx ⋅ (1− F −1F −T )dx = 2dx ⋅e dx

Assume the motion,!

Assume the motion,!

Then the velocity!

Assume the motion,!

Then the velocity!

Assume the motion,!

Then the velocity!

The deformation gradient,!

Assume the motion,!

Then the velocity!

The deformation gradient,!

Assume the motion,!

Then the velocity!

The deformation gradient,!

Assume the motion,! The engineering strain,!

Then the velocity!

The deformation gradient,!

Assume the motion,! The engineering strain,!

Then the velocity!

The deformation gradient,!

Assume the motion,! The engineering strain,!

Then the velocity!

The deformation gradient,!

Assume the motion,! The engineering strain,!

Then the velocity!

The deformation gradient,!

Assume the motion,! The engineering strain,!

Then the velocity!

The deformation gradient,!

Assume the motion,! The engineering strain,!

Then the velocity!

Assume the motion,! The engineering strain,!

i.e. ε + ε 2 + ε 3 ≈ ε and x (1+ ε ) ≈ x

M (P0 ) = mass of a part P0 of a body B0 in the reference configuration

Axiom of Conservation of Mass!

∂ρ ∂ Conservation of mass - Eulerian form (fluids)!

And for a continuous integrand,

Mechanical Working (Power)!

⎛ ∂σ ⎞ The rate at which work is done on

∫ b ( x,t ) v ( x,t ) ρ ( x,t )dx = ∫ bρvdx

Sum of these two ∫ σ ldx

Note:! W ( Pt ) − K! ( Pt ) = external power

Rate of change of internal energy is