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Final Exam

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. According to Weber, rational–legal authority is power legitimized on the basis of long-standing custom.

  a Tru
. e
 
  b Fal
. se
 

2. An ideal capitalist economy requires government regulations to work effectively.

  a Tru
. e
 
  b Fal
. se
 

3. Examples of sexism include undervaluing women's work and engaging in hiring and promotion practices that
effectively exclude women from an organization.
  a Tru
. e
 
  b Fal
. se
 

4. Advanced technologies decrease the cost of medical care.

  a Tru
. e
 
  b Fal
. se
 

5. Until the women's movement of the 1960s and 1970s, virtually all physicians in the United States were white and
upper or upper-middle class men.
  a Tru
. e
 
  b Fal
. se
 

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6. The U.S. Supreme Court has criminalized violations of same-sex rights such as the marital property rights and the
child adoption rights of same-sex couples.
  a Tru
. e
 
  b Fal
. se
 

7. Having engaged in homosexual behavior does not necessarily classify a person as homosexual.
  a Tru
. e
 
  b Fal
. se
 

8. Most educational funds for public schools in the United States come from the federal government, and a small
percentage comes from state legislative appropriations and local property taxes.
  a Tru
. e
 
  b Fal
. se
 

9. Lawful jobs, such as nannies and construction workers, are often part of the underground or shadow economy.
  a Tru
. e
 
  b Fal
. se
 

10. During adolescence, adults are more effective agents of gender socialization than peers.
  a Tru
. e
 
  b Fal
. se
 

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

11. Lisa works as a nanny and is paid in cash by the family she works for. She does not declare her earnings to the

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Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Given this information, it can be said that Lisa is part of the __________.
  a underground
. economy
 
  b legitimate economy
.
 
  c contingent economy
.
 
  d marginal economy
.
 

12. The term __________ refers to a situation that occurs when four or fewer companies supply 50 percent or more of a
particular market.
  a conglomeration
.
 
  b shared
. monopoly
 
  c market
. anarchism
 
  d autonomy
.
 

13. The term fecundity refers to the __________.

  a number of women between ages fifteen and forty-five in a population
.
 
  b average number of children a woman gives birth to during a specific period 
.
 
  c approximate number of immigrants who could enter a population in a given year in the absence of any
. immigration legislation
 
  d potential number of children who could be born if every woman reproduced at her maximum biological
. capacity
 

14. Which of the following statements is true of the contemporary functionalist perspective on education?
  a Schools often use the hidden curriculum, which perpetuates class inequalities.

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.
 
  b Education results in labeling, which affects students' self-concept and
. aspirations.
 
  c Schools often perpetuate racial/ethnic and gender inequalities. 
.
 
  d Education is responsible for teaching U.S. values.
.
 

15. Which of the following is a "pull" factor for international migration?

  a natural disasters
.
 
  b war
.
 
  c religious freedom
.
 
  d harsh weather
. conditions
 

16. At birth, male and female infants are distinguished by __________, the genitalia used in the reproductive process.
  a characteristics of gender identity
.
 
  b primary sex characteristics
.
 
  c characteristics of gender
. expression
 
  d secondary sex characteristics
.
 

17. In the context of the conflict perspective on religion, the work of __________ demonstrated that religion could be a
catalyst for social change.
  a Karl Marx
.
 

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  b Max Weber
.
 
  c Emile
. Durkheim
 
  d George
. Simmel
 

18. Emile Durkheim's analysis of __________, characterized by interdependence based on the elaborate division of
labor found in large, urban societies, became the foundation for ecological models/functionalist perspectives in urban
sociology. 
  a organic solidarity
.
 
  b political solidarity
.
 
  c mechanical solidarity
.
 
  d technological
. solidarity
 

19. __________ are companies that provide, for a set monthly fee, total care with an emphasis on prevention to avoid
costly treatment later.
  a Third-party payer
. establishments
 
  b Federally funded organizations
.
 
  c Fee-for-service establishments
.
 
  d Health maintenance
. organizations
 

20. Life expectancy varies by sex. For persons born in the United States in 2014, life expectancy at birth was
__________ for females and __________ for males.
  a 68 years;
. 72 years

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  b 78 years;
. 75 years
 
  c 82 years;
. 77 years
 
  d 76 years;
. 81 years
 

21. The term __________ refers to a situation in which two people live together and think of themselves as a couple,
without being legally married.
  a cohabitation
.
 
  b assimilation
.
 
  c accommodatio
. n
 
  d matrimony
.
 

22. One dimension of the objectification of women is that __________.

  a women are responded to primarily as "females" and their personal qualities are of secondary
. importance
 
  b women are regarded as being "all different," with an emphasis on their unique body parts
.
 
  c women are seen as independent, aloof, and having no regard for the needs of others
.
 
  d women are seen as difficult to ignore, are dismissed, or are trivialized
.
 

23. Worshippers at religious revival services and revelers assembled on New Year's Eve at Times Square in New York
are examples of __________.
  a conventional
. crowds
 

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  b acting crowds
.
 
  c expressive crowds
.
 
  d casual crowds
.
 

24. Samuel is suffering from cold and cough. His mother gives him some medicine to help him recover soon. This is an
example of __________.
  a chronic drug use
.
 
  b recreational drug
. use
 
  c standard drug use 
.
 
  d therapeutic drug
. use 
 

25. Sociologists use the term __________ to refer to a form of dispersed collective behavior that occurs when a large
number of people react with strong emotions and self-destructive behavior to a real or perceived threat.
  a fad
.
 
  b propaganda
.
 
  c mob
. violence
 
  d mass
. hysteria
 

26. Conflict theorists argue that access to quality education is closely related to social class. In this context, schools for
middle-class students differ from schools for affluent students in that the former have curricula that emphasize
__________.
  a procedures and rote
. memorization

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  b decision making and choice
.
 
  c creative self-expression
.
 
  d critical reasoning
.
 

27. In the context of functionalist models of urban growth, __________ emphasizes the significance of terrain and the
importance of transportation routes in the layout of cities.
  a social area analysis
.
 
  b the multiple nuclei model
.
 
  c Burgess's concentric zone
. model
 
  d Hoyt's sector model
.
 

28. Which of the following is an accurate statement about matrilineal descent?

  a In this pattern, girls tend to be considered more expendable than boys.
.
 
  b In this pattern, inheritance of property and position is usually traced from the maternal uncle to his
. nephew.
 
  c This pattern is used in the United States to determine kinship and inheritance rights.
.
 
  d Using this pattern, mothers usually pass on their property to daughters.
.
 

29. Identify the conflict/feminist perspective on family problems.

  a Family problems are related to cyberspace, consumerism, and the hyperreal.
.
 
  b Family problems are related to changes in social institutions such as the economy, religion, education, and

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. government.
 
  c How family problems are perceived and defined depends on patterns of communication. 
.
 
  d Family problems reflect social patterns of dominance and subordination.
.
 

30. __________ requires that citizens be able to meet together regularly to debate and decide the issues of the day.
  a Representative democracy
.
 
  b Symbolic democracy
.
 
  c Direct participatory democracy
.
 
  d Independent involvement
. democracy
 

31. __________ focuses on the ability of members of a social movement to acquire resources and deploy people in
order to advance their cause.
  a Resource
. mobilization theory
 
  b Resource-added theory
.
 
  c Relative deprivation theory
.
 
  d New social
. movement theory
 

32. A(n) __________ is a highly emotional crowd whose members engage in, or are ready to engage in, violence
against a specific target (such as a person, a category of people, or physical property).
  a mass
.
 
  b collectivit
. y

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  c mob
.
 
  d aggregate
.
 

33. Identify a true statement about housework and childcare responsibilities.

  a Compared with mothers, more fathers report sustained sleep deprivation. 
.
 
  b Activities such as night duty with young children appear to be evenly distributed between both partners of a
. family.
 
  c Husbands spend less time on household activities than do their wives.
.
 
  d A woman's earnings potential has no impact on the amount of help with housework she receives from her
. partner. 
 

34. In the context of adult gender socialization, which of the following is a similarity between women and men?
  a Both women and men are subjected to a double standard of aging and are equally affected by society's
. expectations of aging.
 
  b Both women's and men's socialization includes a measure of whether their work can be successfully
. combined with having a family.
 
  c Both women and men are taught the "appropriate" type of conduct for persons of their sex in a particular job
. or occupation.
 
  d Both women and men are considered to be at the height of their success as their hair turns gray and their face
. gains a few wrinkles.
 

35. According to conflict theorists, the standardized tests that are used to group students by ability and to assign them to
classes often measure students' __________ rather than their "natural" intelligence or aptitude.
  a cultural capital
.
 
  b social control
.
 
  c self-esteem

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.
 
  d emotional
. intelligence
 

36. Which of the following is a view put forward by Emile Durkheim?

  a Married life is a shared reality created through the interaction of marital partners.
.
 
  b Females are socialized to be passive, while males are socialized to be aggressive.
.
 
  c A division of labor contributes to greater efficiency in marriages and families.
.
 
  d Men's domination over women existed long before private ownership of property and
. capitalism.
 

37. Education keeps students off the streets and out of the full-time job market for a number of years, thus keeping
levels of unemployment within reasonable bounds. This exemplifies how education serves the latent function of
__________.
  a restricting some
. activities
 
  b socialization
.
 
  c creating a generation
. gap
 
  d social placement
.
 

38. __________ seek to bring about a total change in society. These movements usually do not attempt to work within
the existing system; rather, they aim to remake the system by replacing existing institutions with new ones.
  a Reform movements
.
 
  b Expressive movements
.
 
  c Alternative movements

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.
 
  d Revolutionary movemen
. ts
 

39. __________ refers to the attitudes, behavior, and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and
that are learned through the socialization process.
  a Sexual role
.
 
  b Gender
. identity
 
  c Gender role
.
 
  d Sexual
. identity
 

40. A dual-earner marriage is one in which __________.

  a the husband earns from two salaried jobs 
.
 
  b the wife earns from two salaried jobs 
.
 
  c both spouses of a family are in the labor
. force
 
  d two children of a family are in the labor
. force
 

41. In the context of mortality as a factor affecting population size, in 2015, the leading cause of death in the United
States was __________.
  a cancer
.
 
  b chronic lung
. disease
 
  c diabetes
.

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  d heart disease
.
 

42. In the context of the categories of religion, __________ is the belief that plants, animals, or other elements of the
natural world are endowed with spirits or life forces that have an impact on events in society.
  a theism
.
 
  b animism
.
 
  c simple
. supernaturalism
 
  d transcendent idealism
.
 

43. For economist Thomas Malthus, the only acceptable preventive check to curb the exponential growth in population
was __________.
  a the use
. of contraception
 
  b moral restraint
.
 
  c famine
.
 
  d disease
.
 

44. Monarchies are most commonly associated with __________ societies and with __________ authority.
  a agrarian; rational–legal
.
 
  b industrial; charismatic
.
 
  c agrarian; traditional
.
 

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  d postindustrial; rational–
. legal
 

45. __________ focus on the socially constructed nature of “health” and “illness” and how both should be treated.
  a Symbolic
. interactionist theorists 
 
  b Functionalist theorists 
.
 
  c Postmodernist theorists 
.
 
  d Conflict theorists 
.
 

46. Political sociology primarily focuses on:

  a power distribution in different types of political systems.
.
 
  b different aspects of political power.
.
 
  c the social circumstances of politics.
.
 
  d society's perception and understanding of political
. systems.
 

47. The United Nations defines high-, intermediate-, and low-fertility countries according to the __________.
  a fecundity rate
.
 
  b life expectancy of the average woman
.
 
  c average number of daughters, born to each woman, who live to the childbearing
. age
 
  d ratio of infant mortality to infant morbidity rates
.
 

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48. In postindustrial societies, __________.

  a technological developments have eliminated the boundaries between women's and men's
. work
 
  b the economy is dominated by manual labor and a mechanized production of goods
.
 
  c a number of households are headed by women with no adult male present
.
 
  d women no longer have a double burden of responsibilities
.
 

49. AIDS, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, is caused by __________ and is among the most significant health
problems that the United States and the world face today.
  a human immunity virus
.
 
  b human immunodeficiency
. virus
 
  c high-level immunity virus
.
 
  d acquired human virus
.
 

50. Georgia is an upper-income individual who works as an investment banker in New York, a city that is dominated by
knowledge-based industries such as financial services. The well-connected subway in New York makes it possible for
Georgia to commute to work daily from her home, which is in the suburbs of the city. In the context of the evolution of
cities, Georgia most likely lives in a(n) __________.
  a postindustrial
. city
 
  b primal city
.
 
  c industrial city
.
 
  d preindustrial
. city

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