TANTRAYUKTIS

No of Yuktis
• arthaśāstra- 32
• carakasaṃhitā - 36
• suśrutasaṃhitā - 32
• aṣṭāṅgasaṅgraha - 36
• viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇam – 32
 Three aspects
Yuktis for …

• Content – developing (9)

• Structure – streamlining (14)

• Diction – Delivering (9)

 Content (9)
• saṃśayaḥ, anumatam, apadeśaḥ – doubts/
acceptance of other’s views /quoting other’s views
(literary survey)

• hetvarthaḥ, upadeśaḥ, ekāntaḥ, niyogaḥ,

apavargaḥ - Cause/ suggestion/ Mandatory
prescription/ Phenomenon without exceptions/
Generalizations with exceptions (based on
observation and experiment )
• ūhyam – limits of the study (?)
 1. ubhayato hetumān arthaḥ
saṃśayaḥ।
• A thing which has reason on both sides.
 Saṃśaya – Example
1.kṣīṇalubdhaprakṛtim apacitaprakṛtiṃ vā
(arthaśāsra 7.5) –
which king to attack? -weak and lureble subjects/virtuous but under trouble

2.mātaraṃ pitaraṃ caike manyante janmakāraṇam।

svabhāvaṃ paranirmāṇaṃ yadṛcchāṃ cāpare janāḥ॥
ataḥ saṃśayaḥ- kiṃ nu khalvasti punarbhavo na veti|
(CS 1.11.6)
eṣaṇātrayam - tadarthamārogyam āvaśyakam
 2. paravākyam apratiṣiddham
anumatam।
• The staement of another not contradicted is
agreement.
 Example - Anumatam
• pakṣāvurasyaṃ pratigrahaḥ itauśanaso vyūhavibhāgaḥ -
daṇḍa-bhoga-maṇḍalādi-vyūhanaṃ
tatprativyūhasthāpanaṃ ca (arthaśā 10.6)

• (pañcavṛttirmanovad vyapadiśyate) evaṃ tarhi

‘paramatamapratiṣiddhamanumataṃ bhavati’ iti nyāyāt
ihāpi yogaśāstraprasiddhā manasaḥ pañcavṛttayaḥ
parigṛhyante —pramāṇaviparyaya-vikalpanidrāsmṛtayaḥ’
nāma। (bra.sū –śāṅ . bhā 2.4.12)
• Plagiarism avoided.
 3. evam asau āha iti apadeśaḥ।
• So and So says this is reference.

• mantripariṣadaṃ dvadaśāmātyam kurvīta iti mānavāḥ 16

bārhaspatyāḥ, 20 auśanasāḥ, yathāsāmarthayamiti kauṭilyaḥ। -
mantrādhikāraḥ (arthaśā 1.15)
4. hetuḥ arthasādhakaḥ hetvarthaḥ।
hetvarthaprakāśanam ।

A reason is that which proves a thing.

 Example - hetvarthaḥ
• artha eva pradhāna iti kauṭilyaḥ। why? arthamūlau hi
dharmakāmau। (hi hetusūcakam) – (arthaśā 1.7) –
rājarṣivṛttam -

• rogastu doṣavaiṣamyam (a.hṛ.1.29) - rogaḥ

doṣavaiṣamyaṃ na doṣavaiṣamyahetuḥ।

• Not mere hypothesis find the cause

• Also explain the cause found out clearly
 5. evaṃvartitavyamiti upadeśaḥ।
āptānuśāsanam
• One should behave in this manner is advice.
In the form of prohibition or advice.

• dharmārthāvirodhena kāmaṃ seveta। na nissukhaḥ syāt।

(arthaśā 1.7) (indriyajayādikathanāt param - rājarṣivṛttam)
• snehamagre prayuñjīta tataḥ svedam anantaram।
(carakasaṃ 1.13.99)
• na jāgṛhyād rātrau divāsvapnaṃ ca varjayet। (suśruta 3.4.39)
 6. Sarvatra āyattam ekāntaḥ।
• That which follow everywhere without exception invariable rule
• Arising out of consistent observation and experimentation
• Firm grasp in the subject.

• rājapraṇidhiḥ – vyāpāraḥ- rājānamuttiṣṭhamānam

anūttiṣṭhante bhṛtyāḥ। pramādyantam anu...tasmādutthānam
ātmanaḥ kurvīta। (arthaśā 1.19) – always awake
• trivṛt virecayati, madanaphalaṃ vāmayatyeva। (suśruta.Saṃ
6.65.23)
 7. evaṃ nānyathā iti niyogaḥ
• This in no other way is restriction.
Do’s and Don’ts in any process

• navabuddhiryaducyate tacchasstropadeśam ivābhijānāti।

tasmāddharmarthañca asya upadiśet nādharmamanarthaṃ ca।
(arthaśā 1.17) – rājaputrarakṣaṇam/ not only he be protected
physically but he should be protected by education – how of it!
 8. abhiplutavyapakarṣaṇam
apavargaḥ।
• Taking away from the rule of universal application in exception.
• Completeness of any systematic enquiry.
• Essential research tool.

• nityam āsannamaribalam vāsayed anyatra abhyantarakopaśaṅkayā।

(arthaśā 9.2 ) – enemy in vicinity better – exception – internal
rebellion.

• asvedyā viṣopasṛṣṭā anyatra kīṭaviṣād। (suśrutasaṃhitā 6.65.18) –

no fomentation for poison bites – except for insect poison.
 9. anuktakaraṇam ūhyam

• That which is not expressly stated is what understood.

•annapāne viśiṣṭayoḥ dvayoḥ grahaṇe kṛte caturṇāṃ

grahaṇaṃ bhavatīti (suśruta saṃ 6.65.40) (bhakṣaṃ
(chew), bhojyaṃ (eat) lehyaṃ, peyam)

•yasmāt gahanā viṣamā durjñeyā — karmaṇaḥ (gatiḥ) iti

upalakṣaṇārthaṃ karmādīnām — karmākarmavikarmaṇāṃ
gatiḥ yāthātmyaṃ tattvam ityarthaḥ (gītā.śā.bhā.4.17)
karmaṇo hyapi boddhavyam
 Original work of Research
• Doubt
• Refer
• Find the cause
• Advice/prescribe - rules with exceptions
• Not reveal everything / only that which is
relevant – scope of the study.
 Structure (14)
1-2 adhikaraṇa-vidhāne – Subject matter and Contents
3-4 uddeśa- nirdeśau – listing and elaborating
5-6 pūrvapakṣa-uttarapakṣau – presenting a concept with
objection and analysis
7-8 atikrānta-anāgatāvekṣaṇe – reference to previous
and later contents
9-10 vikalpa-samuccayau – clubbing or optional rules
11-12 prasaṅga-viparyayau - presenting an idea based on
what has already been stated (remind prev. def)
13-14 atideśa-pradeśau – rules that reappear earlier/later (use an
earlier logic)
 1-2 adhikaraṇa-vidhāna

• yamarthamadhikṛtya ucyate tadadhikaraṇam

• śāstrasya prakaraṇānupūrvī vidhānam।

• Title and TOC

Utility
adhikaraṇa

vidhāna
 Example - adhikaraṇa
1. pṛthivyā lābhe pālane ca yāvantyarthaśāstrāṇi pūrvācāryaiḥ
kṛtāni prāyaśastāni saṃhṛtya ekamidamarthaśāstraṃ kṛtam ।
(arthaśā 1.1)
2. vighnabhūtā yadā rogāḥ prādurbhūtāḥ śarīriṇām। tadā
bhūteṣvanukrośaṃ puraskṛtya maharṣayaḥ sametāḥ
puṇyakarmāṇaḥ pārśve himavataḥ śubhe… (carakasaṃ 1.1.6)
3. yogaśāstram - athayeyayamadhikārārthaḥ। yogānuśāsanaṃ
śāstramadhikṛtaṃ veditavyam (1.1)
 Example - vidhāna
• vinayādhikaraṇam - prathamādhikaraṇasya ārambhe-
1.vidyāsamuddeśaḥ 2 .vṛddhasaṃyogaḥ 3.indriyajayaḥ
4.amātyotpattiḥ...18. ātmarakṣitakam (arthaśā 1.1)

• śāstrasaṅgrahaḥ, 2.śāstranirdeśaḥ, 3.kāvyapuruṣotpattiḥ,

śiṣyapratibhā, ...17.deśakālaḥ, 18.bhuvanakośaḥiti
kavirahasyaṃ prathamamadhikaraṇam – kāvyamīmāṃsā,
rājaśekharaḥ
 3-4 uddeśa- nirdeśau
• samasavākyam uddeśaḥ

• vyāsavākyaṃ nirdeśaḥ

• Synopsis and thesis

 Utility
uddeśa

nirdeśa

Helps to expand the synopsis .

 Examples - uddeśa
1. vidyāvinayaheturindriyajayaḥ। (arthaśā 1.6) -
ariṣaḍvargatyāgaḥ

2. vāyuḥ pittaṃ kaphaśceti trayo doṣāḥ samāsataḥ। (a.hṛ.sū 1.6)

3. pramāṇaviparyayavikalpanidrāsmṛtayaḥ (yo.sū 1.6)

pratyakṣānumānāgamāḥ pramāṇāni (yo.sū 1.7)
 Examples - nirdeśa
• karṇātvagakṣijihvāghrāṇendriyāṇāṃ
śabdasparśarūparasagandheṣu apratipattirindriyajayaḥ (arthaśā
1.6) - ariṣaḍvargatyāgaḥ

• pramāṇaviparyaya... (yo.sū1.6)
– pratyāksanumānāgamāḥ (1.7),
– viparyayo mithyājñānamatadrūpa... (1.8),
– śabdajñānānupātī...(1.9)
 5-6 pūrvapakṣa-uttarapakṣa
• pratiṣeddhavyaṃ vākyaṃ pūrvapakṣa:।

• tasya nirṇayavākyam uttarapakṣaḥ/ vicāritasya arthasya

vyavasthāpanam
Utility
pūrvapakṣa

uttarapakṣa
 Examples
pūrvapakṣa
1. svāmyamātyavyasanayoḥ amātyavyasanaṃ garīyaḥ। -
bharadvājaḥ (arthaśā 8.1) – vyasanādhikāraḥ
2. na matsyān payasā saha abhyavaharet – ātreyavacanam।
sarvāneva matsyān payasā abhyavaharet anyatra cilicimāt iti
bhadrakāpyavacanam (carakasaṃ 1.26. 82-83)

• uttarapakṣa
svāmyamātyajanapadadurgakośa....vyasaneṣu pūrvaṃ
pūrvaṃ...garīyaḥ। neti bharadvājaḥ।...(tannirākaroti kauṭilyaḥ)
tadāyattattvāt kūṭasthānīyaḥ hi svāmī। (arthaśa 8.1)
 7-8 atikrānta-anāgatāvekṣaṇa
• purastādevam uktamiti atikrāntāvekṣaṇam

• paścādevaṃ vihitam iti anāgatāvekṣaṇam

 Utility

atikrānta-anāgatāvekṣaṇa
 Examples
Atikrāntāvekṣaṇa

• trayodaśavidhaḥ svedaḥ svedādhyāye nidarśitaḥ|

mātrākālavidā yuktaḥ sa ca śītajvarāpahaḥ||268|| jvaracikitsā/
cikitsāsthānam - 6.3 238 / sutrasthānam svedaprakārāḥ– 1.14/
(caraka.Saṃ )

anāgatāvekṣaṇa

• etadaṣṭavidhaṃ karma samāsena prakīrtitam cikitsiteṣu (6)

kārtsnyena vistarastasya vakṣyate (suśruta Saṃhitā – Sutra
1.25.29) chedya-bhedya-lekhya-vedhya-eṣya-āhārya-visrāvya-
sīvya-bhedāḥ
 9-10 vikalpa-samuccaya
• anena vā anena veti vikalpaḥ।

• anena ca anena ceti samuccayaḥ ।

Utility
vikalpa

samuccaya
 Examples
vikalpa

1. putrāḥ,duhitaro vā dharmiṣṭheṣu vivāheṣu jātāḥ (arthaśā 3.5) –

dāyavibhāgaḥ-riktham (immovable property)
2. sārodakaṃ vā'tha kuśodakaṃ vā madhūdakaṃ vā
triphalārasaṃ vā (carakasaṃ 6.6.46 )– pramehiṇāmanupānāni
samuccaya
• iha khalu varṇaśca svaraśca gandhaśca rasaśca sparśaśca
cakṣuśca śrotraṃ ca ghrāṇaṃ ca rasanaṃ ca sparśanaṃ ca
sattvaṃ ca bhaktiśca śaucaṃ ca śīlaṃ cācāraśca
smṛtiścākṛtiśca ...parīkṣyāṇi pratyakṣānumānopadeśaiḥ
āyuṣaḥ pramāṇāvaśeṣaṃ jijñāsamānena bhiṣajā
(carakasaṃ 5.1.3)
 11-12 Prasaṅga-Viparyaya
• prakaraṇāntareṇa samānaḥ arthaḥ Prasaṅgaḥ।
• Reminding as past definition to serve current purposes ( using
an earlier logic atidesha/pradesha – just to avoid repetition –
anagata-atikranta)

• pratilomena sādhanaṃ viparyayaḥ

Utility
Viparyaya

Prasaṅga
 Example
Prasaṅga

• yato'bhihitaṃ pañcamahābhūta-śarīrisamavāyaḥ puruṣaḥ iti sa

eṣa karmapuruṣaścikitsādhikṛtaḥ (suśruta 3.1.15) asmiñchāstre
pañcamahābhūta-śarīrisamavāyaḥ puruṣa (suśruta 1.1.22)

Viparyaya

• parasya vāci vaktre dṛṣṭyāṃ ca prasādaṃ.....lakṣyet tuṣṭasya|

viparītamatuṣṭasya (arthaśā 1.16) - dūtapraṇidhiḥ
• kṛśa-alpaprāṇa-bhīravaḥ duścikitsyāḥ ityukte viparītaṃ
gṛhyate dṛḍhādayaḥ sucikitsyāḥ iti gṛhyate। (suśrusaṃ
6.65.21)
 13-14 atideśa-pradeśa
• uktena sādhanam atideśaḥ

• vaktavyena sādhanaṃ pradeśaḥ

 Examples
atideśa

• dattasya adānaṃ ṛṇa-adānavad vyākhyeyam (arthaśāstram)

dattasya (gifts)adānam - tṛtīye adhikaraṇe 16 adhyāyaḥ
ṛṇādānam - tṛtīye adhikaraṇe 11 adhyāyaḥ

pradeśa

• sāmadānabhedadaṇḍaiḥ vā yathāpatsu vyākhyāsyāmaḥ। -

arthaśā 7.14 - samavāyibhyaḥ viśleṣaḥ (combined army
heads)|- abhiyāyasyatkarmādhikaraṇam (invader)
āpatprakaraṇam 9.5|
 What have we seen here?
Compact structuring of ideas.
• Subject matter and Contents
• listing and elaborating
• presenting a concept with objection and analysis
• Avoid repetition refer to earlier or later contents
• clubbing or optional rules
• ideas based on what has already been stated
• rules that reappear earlier/later
 Language (9)
• 1- 6 padārthaḥ, yogaḥ, vyākhyā, nirvacanam, upamānam,
nidarśanam – Devices to Explain

• 7, 8 vākyaśeṣaḥ, arthāpattiḥ - Imply/refine

• 9 svasaṃjñā - Invent
 1. yo'rthaḥ abhihitaḥ sūtre pade vā sa
padārthaḥ।(sāndarbhikaḥ arthaḥ।)

• vedotpattimadhyāyaṃ vyākhyāsyāma’ ityukte sandihyate

buddhiḥ- katamasya vedasyotpattiṃ vakṣyatīti, yataḥ
ṛgvedādayastu, vedāḥ; ‘vida vicāraṇe, vidlṛ lābhe,’ ityetayośca
dhātvoranekārthayoḥ prayogāt, tatra
pūrvāparayogamupalabhya pratipattirbhavati-
āyurvedotpattimayaṃ vivakṣuriti; eṣa padārthaḥ (CS 6.65.10)
 2. vyastānāṃ padānām
ekīkaraṇam yogaḥ

• tailaṃ pibeccāmṛtavalli-nimba-haṃsāhvayā-
vṛkṣakapippalībhiḥ siddhaṃ balābhyāṃ ca sadevadāru hitāya
nityaṃ galagaṇḍaroge (suśruta 4.18.47) tailaṃ pibet
siddhamiti sambandhaḥ। goitre disease.
 3. atiśayavarṇanā vyākhyā

1. prathame māsi sammūrchitaḥ sarvadhātukaluṣīkṛtaḥ

kheṭabhūto bhavatyavyaktavigrahaḥ (suśrutasaṃ 6.65.33)
ityasmadādyaviditārthavyākaraṇam। (carakasaṃ 4.4.9)
2. iha pañcaviṃśatikaḥ puruṣaḥ vyākhyāyate, anyatra
bhūtādiprabhṛtyārabhya cintā। (Suśruta.Saṃ 6,65.33)
avyaktādīnāmaṣṭānāṃ prakṛtivikāraiḥ ṣoḍaśabhiḥ saha
caturviśatitvāt
 4. saṃjñayoktasya tadarthena saha
yojanam Nirvacam।

• āyurvidyate asmin, anena vā āyurvindatīti - āyurvedaḥ

(suśrutasaṃ 6.65.35)
• samādhīyate cittamasminniti samādhiḥ (bha.gī śā 2.53)/
samprasāda iti suṣuptaṃ sthānamucyate;
samyakprasīdatyasminniti nirvacanāt (Brah.sū.śā 1.3.8)
 5,6. dṛṣṭena adṛṣṭasya sādhanam
upamānam/ nidarśanam

• nivṛttaparihārān piteva anugṛhṇīyāt। (arthaśā 2.1) (parihāraḥ -

nūtanaḥ janapadaniveśaḥ)
• pañcāvayaveṣu udāharaṇam - yathā mahānasaḥ।
(tarkasaṅgrahaḥ)

• dṛṣṭānto dṛṣṭāntaytukto nidarśanam

 7. Yallaghavārtham gamyamānatayā vākyeṣu
padamakṛtaṃ pūryate vākyaśeṣaḥ

• chinnapakṣasyeva rājñaḥ ceṣṭānāśaśca। tatra śakuneriti

vākyaśeṣaḥ (arthaśā 8.1) – prakṛtivyasanavargaḥ
(amātyavyasanagarīyastvam- bharadvājaḥ)

• pravṛttiheturbhāvānāṃ na nirodhe'sti kāraṇam|

kecittatrāpi manyante hetuṃ hetoravartanam (carakasaṃ
1.16.28) (astīti padādhyāhāraḥ) - bauddhāḥ – cikitsā-
prayojanābhāvaḥ
 8. yaduktam arthāt āpadyate sā
arthāpattiḥ

• na naktaṃ dadhi bhuñjīta na cāpyaghṛtaśarkaram| (carakasaṃ

1.7.61) yathā naktaṃ dadhibhojananiṣedhaḥ, arthāt divā
bhuñjīta ityāpadyate।

• odanaṃ bhokṣye ityukte arthādāpannaṃ bhavati nāyaṃ

pipāsuryavāgūmiti। (suśrutasaṃhitā 6.65.20)
 9. paraiḥ asaṃmitaḥ śabdaḥ
svasaṃjñā।

• bhūmyantarā (svabhūmyavyavahitā bhūmiḥ,),

bhūmyekāntarā (deśenaikena vyavahitā) (arthaśā 6.2) -
śamavyāyāmikam - yogakṣemayoḥ yoniḥ

• jentāka (1.14.46) dry hot bath, holākādikā (carakasaṃ

1.14.63) vapor bath