Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

Level I Institutionally Accredited

LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM)

Course Science Technology and Society
Sem/AY First Semester/2020-2021
Module No. 1
Lesson Title Historical Events in Science, Technology and Society
Week
2 weeks
Duration
Date October 12-23, 2020
The lesson discusses the Scientific revolutions through the description of various revolutionary ideas of
Description the intellectuals . It also illustrate the development of science and technology in different civilization .
of the Lesson

Learning Outcomes

Intended Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes:
Learning  Comprehensively analyze the pattern of revolutions of science and technology in different
Outcomes civilization.
 Demonstrate understanding on the importance of various scholars and their contribution in the
development of science and technology
 Cultivate creativity and innovation in developing infographics and other learning activities
related to the Historical events of STS.
Targets/ At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
Objectives  Discuss how the ideas postulated by Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud contributed to the spark of
scientific revolution; and
 Analyze how scientific revolution is done in various parts of the world like in Latin America,
East Asia, Middle East, and Africa.

Student Learning Strategies

Online Activities A. Online Discussion via Google Meet

(Synchronous/ You will be directed to attend in a Two -Hour class discussion on the pedagogies in
Asynchronous) science teaching and status of science teaching in the Philippines. To have access to the
Online Discussion, refer to this link: __________
The online discussion will happen on October 12-23, 2020, from 7:00-9:00AM.

(For further instructions, refer to your Google Classroom and see the schedule of
activities for this module)

B. Learning Guide Questions:

1. What is the contribution Copernicus, Charles Darwin and Sigmund Freud in Science
2. What is though experiment and how is its useful in science in the past. Does it still
useful in the present time?
3. In the past era, to what extent that the church intervene in the developing science
ideas/activities? Do the Church should intervene in the matter of science activities?
4. How can Darwin’s Evolutionary Theory influence the following fields
- economy
- Agriculture

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE1: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

- political
Level I Institutionally science
Accredited
- Religion
5. How did society shape science and how science and vice versa
6. How do the political and cultural landscapes of the society affect the development of
scientific culture , science activities and science literacies
Note: The insight that you will post on online discussion forum using Learning Management
System (LMS) will receive additional scores in class participation.
Lecture Guide
INTRODUCTION
■ Scientific Revolution
How can we defined science?
1. Science as an idea.
-> includes ideas, theories, and all available systematic observations about the
natural and physical world.
2. Science as an intellectual activity.
-> encompasses a systematic and practical study of natural and physical world. This
process of study involves systematic observation and experimentation.
3. Science as a body of knowledge it is a field study, a body of knowledge that
deals with the process of learning natural and physical world. This is what we refer
Offline Activities
to as
(e-Learning/Self- 4. Science as a personal and social activity.
Paced) -> Science is both knowledge and activities done by human beings to develop better
understanding of the world around them. To improve life and to survive in life. It is
interwoven with people’s live.

Scientific Revolution

-claimed to have started in early 16th century up to 18th century in Europe.Why Europe
though?
-> Probable answer is the invention of the printing machine and the blooming
intellectual activities done in various fields of human interests.

-> was the period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of
mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the views of
society about nature.
-> explained the emergence or birth of modern science as a result of this developments.
-> it is very significant in development of human beings, transformation of the society,
Nicolaus Copernicus and in the formulation of scientific ideas.
-> it significantly improved the conduct of scientific investigations, experiments, and
observations.
-> also led to creation of new research fields in science and prompted the
establishment of a strong foundation for modern science.

Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas

Scientists in all periods of time are driven by their curiosity, critical thinking, and creativity to
explore the physical and natural world. Their love for science is driven by their deep passion to
know and to discover.

Nicolaus Copernicus
one of the renaissance men, particularly in the field of science.
-> he resembled the Greek ancient philosophers or thinkers.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE1: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

-> he
Level did not doAccredited
I Institutionally anything
extensive such as observing heavenly bodies or inviting
people to test his ideas. His ideas were an example of what is presently called as
thought experiment.

Thought experiments are basically devices of the imagination. They are employed for various
purposes such an entertainment, education, conceptual analysis, exploration, hypothesizing,
theory selection, theory implementation

-> Copernicus’s idea and model of the universe was essentially completed in 1510.
Not a long ago, after that he circulated a summary of his ideas to his few close
friends in a manuscript called “Commentariolus” (Little Commentary)

-> There was no proof that Copernicus was concerned about the risk of persecution by
the church if he published his ideas formally.
he publication of his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolution of
the Heavenly Spheres) in 1543 is often cited as the start of the scientific revolution. In
this book, he wanted a model of the universe in which everything moved around a
single center at unvarying rates. (Gribbin, 2006)
-> Copernicus placed the sun to be the center piece of the universe. (Heliocentric)
-> The earth and all the planets are surrounding or orbiting the sun
-> the moon, however, would still be seen orbiting the Earth.
-> in his model, Copernicus outlined two kinds of planetary motion:

1. the orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the orbit of the Earth, thus closer to the
sun.
2. the orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the orbit of the Earth, thus farther from the
sun.

-> Although the Copernican model seems logical now, it was judges as heretic and cannot be
taught by Catholic Church, it was banned and ignored for the rest of 16th century.

Charles Darwin
->famous for his theory of evolution, he changed our concept of the world’s creation
and its evolution.
->Johnson (2012) - described Darwin as a genius who came from a line of intellectually
gifted and wealthy family. he developed his interest in natural history during his
time as a student in Shrewsbury School.
-> According to Johnson, Darwin went to best schools but was observe to be a mediocre
student.
-> he struggled in his study in ministry and medicine which his father imposed to him
Darwin’s life soon has changed when one of his professors recommended him to join
a five-year voyage through HMS Beagle on the Island of Galapagos
-> Darwin published his book The Origin of Species in 1859-this book is considered one
of the most important works in scientific literature
-> Darwin collected many significant materials in order to present his theory with
overwhelming evidence.
-> his book presented on how species evolved over time and presented traits and
adaptation that differentiate species.
-> Darwin accumulated many pertinent materials and data that he could ever possibly
need to substantiate his theory.
-> Darwin’s observational skills as a scientist were extraordinary that moved beyond
Charles Darwin the realm of plants and animals into realms of humans
-> his book The Descent of Man was so impressive yet very controversial

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE1: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

-he introduced
Level the idea
of all arganic life, including the human beings under the realm
I Institutionally Accredited
of revolutionary thinking.
-> this replaced the dominant views of a religious or biblical design that places human
beings in a privileged position of having been created by God.
-Darwin’s theory of evolution has questioned this view.
-> Darwin’s accomplishments were so diverse that it is useful to distinguish two fields
to which he made major contributions:
1. Evolutionary Biology
2. Philosophy of Science
-> more than these works, what made Darwin truly remarkable was his courage to
challenge religious and unscientific ideas that are deemed to be prominent during
those days his unorthodox way of pursuing science gave more value to evidence-
based science.
-> Darwin provided a different framework for doing scientific activities, it is science
marked by observation and experiment.

Sigmund Freud
->Freud is a famous figure in the field of psychology. Rosenfles (1980) also described
him as towering literary figure and a very talented communicator who did his share
to raise the consciousness of the civilized world in psychological matters.
Freud also made a significant contribution in the scientific world through the
development of an important observational method to gather reliable data to study
human’s inner life. This method is popularly known as the Method of Psychoanalysis

The Method of Psychoanalysis

- the scientific hypothesis he formulated formed the essential fundamental version of
this method.
-for Freud, this method is a scientific way to study the human mind and neurotic mind
and neurotic illness. The method had a great impact on the scientific way of understanding
human nature.

-> Freud is not a traditional thinker.

-> According to Weiner (2016) -his method of psychoanalysis was proven to be effective in
understanding some neurological conditions that were not understood by medicine that time.
->his method was unorthodox—focusing on human sexuality and the evil nature of man
this posed immense challenge to scholars and ordinary citizens of his time, they found his idea
of explanation of sexuality not easy

Cradles of Early Science

Development of Science in Mesoamerica

-> Mesoamerica
-includes the entire area of Central America from Southern Mexico up to boarded of South
America.
-it is rich in culture and knowledge prior to arrival of its European colonizers
-includes the entire area of Central America from Southern Mexico up to boarded of South
America.
-it is rich in culture and knowledge prior to arrival of its European colonizers

Maya Civilization

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE1: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

-one ofAccredited
Level I Institutionally the famous
civilizations that last for approximately 2,000 years.
-these people are known for their works into their astronomy.
-one of the most dominant indigenous societies of Mesoamerica (a term used to
describe Mexico and Central America before the 16th century Spanish
conquest).
-they incorporate their advance understanding of astronomy into their temples
and other religious structures
-this allowed them to use their temples for astronomical observation.
-for example, the pyramid at Chichén Itzá in Mexico is situated at the location of
the Sun during the spring and fall equinoxes.
->Mayan knowledge and understanding about celestial bodies was advance for their
time
-predicting eclipse
-using astrological cycles
- harvesting

-> Mayans also known for measuring time using two complicated calendar system
-These calendars were very useful for their:
-planning their activities
-observing their religious rituals
-cultural celebrations
-they built looms for weaving cloth
-devised a rainbow glittery paints made from mineral mica
- believed to be the first people to produce rubber products, 3000 years before
Goodyear received its patent in 1844.
-considered as one of the most scientifically advanced societies in Mesoamerica
-famous as one of the world’s first civilization using writing system known as

Mayan hieroglyphics.
-they were skilled in mathematics and created a number system based on the
numeral 20
-they independently developed the concept of zero and positional value even before
the Romans did

->Inca Civilization
-also famous in Mesoamerica
-made advance scientific ideas considering their limitation as an old civilization
-the following were scientific ideas and tools to help them in everyday life:
1. Roads paved with stones
2. Stone building that surmounted earthquakes and other disaster
3. Irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in
all types of land
4. Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them
for planting season.
5. The first suspension bridge;
6. Quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts
can interpret
7. Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized artistic achievements.

Aztec Civilization
-has also made a substantial contribution to science and technology and to a
society as a whole
-Some of their contribution are the following:

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE1: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

Level I Institutionally Accredited

1. Mandatory education
-the Aztec puts value on education; that is why their children are
mandated to get education regardless of their social class,
gender, age
2. Chocolates
-the Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate during their time.
--in the Mayan, they used chocolate as their currency
-the Aztec highly value cacao beans that they used it as tributes to
their gods
3. Antispasmodic medication
-they used a type of antispasmodic medication that could prevent
muscle spasms, and relax muscles which can help relax during
surgery
4. Chinampa
-it is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which the
land was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by
canals.
5. Aztec Calendar
-this enabled them to plan their activities, rituals, and planting season

4. Invention of Canoe
-a light narrow boat used for travelling in water systems

Development of Science in Asia

-biggest continent in the world and the home of many ancient
civilization
-in the field of science and great civilizations, China, India and Middle East
civilization stood out

India
-creatively developed various ideas and technologies useful in their everyday
lives
-they are known for manufacturing iron and metallurgical works
-their iron steel is considered to be one of the best and held in high regard in the
whole Roman Empire
-is also famous in medicine-Ayurveda -a system of traditional medicine that
originated in ancient India before 2500 BC, is still practice as a form of
alternative medicine
-they discovered some medicinal properties of plants that led them to developed
medicines to cure various illness
Susruta Samhita -it is an ancient text that describes different surgical and other
medical procedures famous in Ancient India.
-also notable in the field of astronomy
-they developed theories on the configuration of the universe, the spherical
Earth, and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each
-Sama (2008) -noted that their interest in astronomy was evident in the first 12
chapters of Siddhanta Shiromani -written in the 12th century-this ancient text
covered topics such as:
> mean longitude of the planets
> true longitudes of the planets
> the three problems of diurnal rotation
>syzgies

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE1: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

>lunar
eclipse
Level I Institutionally Accredited
>solar eclipse
>latitude of the planets
>rising and settings
>the moon’s crescent
>conjunction of the planet with each other
>conjunction of planet with fixed start
>paths of Sun and Moon
>also known for their mathematics
>Bisht (1982)
-noted that the earliest traces of mathematical knowledge in the Indian
subcontinent appeared in the Indus Valley Civilization
-the people in this civilization tried to standardize measurement of length to a
high degree of accuracy and designed a ruler, the Mohenjo Daro Ruler
>Aryabhata -Indian mathematician and astronomer-in his Aryabhatiya,
introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables and techniques, as
well as algorithm and algebra
>628 AD -another Indian Brahmagupta, also suggested that gravity was a force
of attraction
> explained the use of zero as both placeholder and a decimal digit, along the
Hindu-Arabic numeral system now used universally throughout the world
>Madhava of Sangamagrama -another Indian that is also considered as the
founder of mathematical analysis.

->China
-one of the ancient civilizations with substantial contribution in many areas,
medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics, and arts.
-it also influenced its neighboring country
-known for their traditional medicines, a product of centuries of experience and
discovery of Chinese people.
-they discovered various medical properties and used different plants and
animals to cure human illness.
-example is acupuncture known to developed many tools:
*compass
*paper making
*gun powder
*printing tools
*iron plough
*wheel barrow
*propeller
they designed different models of bridges
-invented the first seismological detector
-developed a dry dock facility
-they also made significant records in astronomy:
supernovas
lunar eclipse
solar eclipse

-they observe heavenly bodies to understand weather changes and seasons that
may affect daily activity
-they used lunar calendars, too
-they are also known for Seismology which made them prepared for the natural
calamities.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE1: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

-despite
Level I Institutionally this, the
cultural factor affects Chinese achievements from developing
Accredited
into modern science

->Middle East Countries

-dominantly occupied by Muslims.
-with the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim
scholarship, or what is called the Golden Age of Islam lasted until the 13 th
century.
-the common language of Arabic, access to Greek texts from the Byzantine
Empire, and their proximity to India were contributory to the
intellectualization of Muslims and provided their scholars knowledge to create
innovations and develop new ideas.
-contrary to the Greeks, Muslim scientists placed greater value on science
experiments rather than plain-thought experiments.
-this led to the development of scientific method in Muslim world.

-Ibnal-Haytham -father of optics (empirical proof of the intromission theory of light)

-Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi -gave his name to the concept of algorithm while the term
algebra is derived from al-jabar

Al jabar -the beginning of the title of one of his publications

-now known as Arabic Numeral System originally came from India, but Muslim
mathematician make refinement, such as introduction of decimal point
notation
-some considered

Jabir ibn Hayyan -” father of chemistry”

-Ibn Sina -pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to
conduct clinical trials

-Ibn Sina-has two notable works:

1. The Book of Healing
2. The Canon of Medicine
-these were used as standard medicinal texts in both Muslim world and in Europe
(17th century)
-discovery of contagious nature of infectious disease and introduction of clinical
Pharmacology

Ancient Egyptian civilization

-contribute immensely to the astronomy, mathematics and medicine
-the development of geometry was a product of necessity to preserve the lay out
and ownership of farmland of Egyptians living along the Nile River
-the rules of geometry were developed and used to build rectilinear structures,
the post of lintel architecture of Egypt.
-the great structure of pyramid and the early dams built to divert water from
the Nile river are some proofs of their advanced civilization.
-center of alchemy, which is known as medieval forerunner of Chemistry.
-they study human anatomy and pharmacology, and applied important
components such as examination, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.

Development of Science in Africa

->African Region -also known in the field of Astronomy
documents show that African used three types of calendars:

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE1: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

-lunar
Level I Institutionally Accredited
-solar
-stellar
-and the combination of three technology from the Near East region that
-Lebombo Bone
-from mountains between Swaziland and South Africa, used as tool for
multiplication, division, and simple mathematical calculation for a six month
lunar calendar
-considered as oldest known mathematical artifact dates from 35,000 BCE

Think about these…

Answer the following question briefly but comprehensively .(max of 25 words per question)
1. What is the contribution Copernicus, Charles Darwin and Sigmund Freud in Science
2. What is though experiment and how is its useful in science in the past. Does it still useful in the
present time?
3. In the past era, to what extent that the church intervene in the developing science ideas/activities?
Do the Church should intervene in the matter of science activities?
Engaging activity:

A. Make Graphical representation of timeline about scientific revolution.

B. Fill in the blank with information that applicable to the mentioned continent or country

Contribution Mesoamerica Asia (India,China,Middle Africa

east countries,
Agriculture
Medicine
Mathematics
Astronomy
Arts
Textile
Food
Others…

Performance Tasks

Reflection paper: Write a reflection paper using the guided questions below, maximum of
100 words. Write your references after the essay.
1. How did society shape science and how science shape the society
2. How do the political and cultural landscapes of the society affect the development of scientific
culture , science activities and science literacies

Understanding Directed Assess

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE1: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

Rubric for The Reflection Paper

Level I Institutionally Accredited

Rubric for the Reflection Paper/analysis paper

Category Points
5 4 3 2 1
Organization Information Information Information The appears Information
is very is organized is organized to is not only
organized with well- but disorganized disorganized
with well- constructed paragraphs, Information but
constructed paragraphs, are not well is suspect to inaccurate
paragraphs, and constructed being
use of information information correct and
subheadings is factual and is factual factual
and correct
information
is factual and
correct
Quality of Information Information Information Information Information
Information clearly clearly clearly has little to has nothing
relates to the relates to the relates to the do with the to do with
main topic. It main topic. It main topic. main topic the main
includes provides 1 to No details topic
several 2 supporting and or
supporting several examples
details and details and given
Learning Resources or examples or examples
Mechanics No Almost no A few Many Almost all
grammatical grammatical grammatical grammatical grammatical
spelling or spelling or spelling or spelling or spelling or
punctuation punctuation punctuation punctuation punctuation
errors error error error error
Sources All sources All sources All sources Some Some
are are are sources are sources are
accurately accurately accurately not not
documented documented documented accurately documented
in the but a few are but a many documented accurately
desired not in the are not in and there is
format desired the desired no format
(APA) format (APA format (APA used

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE1: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna

Level I Institutionally Accredited

 Aldea, K.I. , Caronan, H.P., & Candido, M.B. (2018). Science, Technology and Society. Madaluyong City: Books
Atbp. Publishing Corp.
 McNamara D.J., Valverde, V.M. & Beleno III, R. (2018). Science Technology and Society. Quezon City: C & E
Publishing Incorporated.
 Mosteiro, A. (2006). Science Technology and Society (Second Ed.). Malabon: Educational Publishing House.
 Prieto, N., Vega, V., Felipe, E., & Meneses, J. (2019). Science, Technology and Society. Quezon City: Lorimar
Publishing Inc.
 Seludo-Ballena, N., Bernal, R., Samaco-Paquiz, L.P, Ramos, R. & Viet, L. (2004). Science, Technology, Society.
Bulacan: Trinitas Publishing Incorporated.
 Serafica, J., Pawilen, G., Caslib Jr., B. & Alata, E.J. (2018). Science, Technology and Society ( First Ed.).
Manila: Rex Book Store.
 TEDTalk: Julian Assange on “Why the World Needs Wikileaks”
 TEDTalk: Ray Kurzwell on “How Technology Will Transform Us”
 Life and Biodiversity ppt. Evolution and biodiversity . Ecoscience-Biodiversity: an overview
 Article: “The politics of golden Rice” (Dubock, Adrian GM Crops & Food. Jul-Sep2014, Vol5 Issue 3 p 210-
222 13p.)
 Article: “Ethics in Research with Vulnerable Populations and Emerging Countries: The Golden Rice Case.”
(Duguet, Anne Marie et. al., Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulations. Summer 2013, Vol.
38 Issue 4, p979-1013, 35p) Agro-ecology: What it is and what it has to offer? Is this the future of farming?
 http://www.flowofhistory.com.readings  Flowcharts/revival-west/the-ageenlightenment 
http://hti.osu.ed/scientific revolution/lesson plans  Powerpoint presentation on the individual scholars
and great works.
 Government Documents: 1. NEDA. National Development Agenda; Regional Agenda  Filipino Great Men
and Women  Great Filipino Inventions
 The Question Concerning Technology by Martin Heidegger A Return to the Beginning by Daniel J.
McNamara, SJ, in Stellar Origins, Human Ways (2011)

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE1: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY