CIV-DU-6024-B.1 Blast Resistant Building Design Criteria: Operating Environment: Onshore

Integrity Critical
CIV-DU-6024-B.1
Blast Resistant Building Design Criteria
Operating Environment: Onshore
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Rev. Date Description Author Technology Leader

— 04/06 Initial release. S. Song R. Mulia (sponsor)
A 09/12 General revision. M. Rookstool R. Mulia
B 09/17 General revision. M. Rookstool R. Mulia
B.1 05/18 Technical modification: Replaced references to M. Chen n/a
FPM-DU-5268 with Owner’s Risk Management
Standard.
September 2017 © 2006–2018 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All rights reserved. Confidential – Restricted Access 1 of 21
Integrity Critical
Blast Resistant Building Design Criteria CIV-DU-6024-B.1
Summary of Changes
Revised technical content may be marked with change bars in the right margin as directed by Author.
The Author denotes the following technical changes to this revision as detailed below:
Author notations regarding this revision
Minor clarifications primarily in commentary. No change in technical content.

Data sheet republished “as is” – no changes to content.
Safety Critical Changes (if applicable) are noted below
n/a
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Contents
1.0 Scope............................................................................................................................................... 4
2.0 References ...................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Owner Documents .............................................................................................................. 4
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards ........................................................................................... 4
2.3 Conflict Resolution .............................................................................................................. 5
3.0 Terminology .................................................................................................................................... 5
3.1 Acronyms ............................................................................................................................ 5
3.2 Definitions ........................................................................................................................... 6
4.0 General ............................................................................................................................................ 7
4.1 Documentation Furnished by Owner .................................................................................. 8
4.2 Engineer-of-Record’s Responsibilities ................................................................................ 8
5.0 Design Parameters......................................................................................................................... 8
5.1 Building Performance .......................................................................................................... 8
5.2 Building Configuration ......................................................................................................... 8
5.3 Blast Loads ......................................................................................................................... 9
5.4 Construction and Materials ................................................................................................. 9
5.5 Material Properties ............................................................................................................ 10
6.0 Structural Design ......................................................................................................................... 11
6.1 General ............................................................................................................................. 11
6.2 Load Combinations ........................................................................................................... 11
6.3 Analysis Methods .............................................................................................................. 12
6.4 Deformation Limits ............................................................................................................ 13
6.5 Component Design ........................................................................................................... 13
6.6 Structural-Framing Design ................................................................................................ 16
6.7 Foundation Design ............................................................................................................ 16
7.0 Ancillary Items .............................................................................................................................. 17
7.1 Blast Doors ........................................................................................................................ 17
7.2 Windows ............................................................................................................................ 18
7.3 Openings ........................................................................................................................... 19
7.4 Penetrations ...................................................................................................................... 19
7.5 Suspended Items .............................................................................................................. 20
7.6 Externally Mounted Items ................................................................................................. 20
7.7 Equipment and Internally Mounted Items ......................................................................... 20
Appendix A Additional References .................................................................................................... 21
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1.0 Scope
1. This specification provides structural design criteria for blast resistant buildings at new
facilities in onshore locations. Many of the requirements can also be used at offshore
locations. It pertains only to design for blast effects.
2. This specification describes the minimum requirements for the design of blast resistant
buildings including selection of structural systems, analysis methods, and design of
ancillary items (doors, openings, etc.).
3. This specification also contains design criteria for non-structural items (e.g., suspended
architectural or electrical items, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning [HVAC]
ductwork) that could pose a hazard to the occupants of blast resistant buildings.
2.0 References
1. The following documents are referenced herein and are considered part of this
specification.
2. Unless otherwise specified in Section 2.1 or Section 2.2, use the latest edition of the
referenced documents.
3. Refer to Appendix A for additional references not cited in the text of this specification.
2.1 Owner Documents

CIV-DU-5009 Structural Design Criteria
CIV-PU-5101 Geotechnical Exploration for Onshore Facilities
CIV-DS-6024 Data Sheet for Blast Resistant Building Design Criteria
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards

American Concrete Institute (ACI)
318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary
530/530.1 Building Code Requirements and Specification for Masonry Structures
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)

341 Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings
360 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)

S100 North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel
Structural Members
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

41088 Design of Blast Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities
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ASTM International (ASTM)

A36/A36M Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
A572/A572M Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Columbium-
Vanadium Structural Steel
A588/A588M Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel,
up to 50 ksi [345 MPa] Minimum Yield Point, with Atmospheric
Corrosion Resistance
A615/A615M Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for
Concrete Reinforcement
A706/A706M Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Low-Alloy Steel Bars
for Concrete Reinforcement
A992/A992M Standard Specification for Structural Steel Shapes
C90 Standard Specification for Loadbearing Concrete Masonry Units
A1064/A1064M Standard Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire and Welded Wire
Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for Concrete
International Code Council (ICC)

IBC International Building Code
U.S. Department of Defense

UFC 3-340-02 Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental Explosions
2.3 Conflict Resolution

Supplier shall submit any conflicts among the inquiry documents in writing to Owner for
resolution.
3.0 Terminology
3.1 Acronyms
CMU Concrete Masonry Units
DIF Dynamic Increase Factor
FEA Finite Element Analysis
HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
MDOF Multi-Degree of Freedom
OWSJ Open Web Steel Joist
SBEDS Single Degree of Freedom Blast Effects Design Spreadsheet
SDOF Single Degree of Freedom
SIF Strength Increase Factor
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3.2 Definitions
Angle of Incidence The angle between the direction of the blast wave travel and
a line perpendicular to the surface of a structure at the point
of interest.
Blast loads The transient dynamic loads from the blast effects of an
explosion, usually stated in terms of peak pressure and impulse
or duration.
Conventional Loads Loads applied in the conventional (non-blast) design of
structures, including dead, live, wind, and seismic loads as
required by local building codes. These loads are typically
statically applied.
Dynamic Increase Factor (DIF) A multiplier applied to the static strength of a material to
reflect the increased effective strength due to fast strain rates
caused by rapidly applied blast loads.
Ductility Ratio A measure of the degree of plasticity in a member at maximum
dynamic response, equal to the maximum displacement
divided by the displacement at yield. This value is a key
measure of dynamic response.
Duration The length of time from start of the initial positive phase of the
blast pressure to the return to ambient pressure.
Dynamic Reaction The support reaction of a structural component to the dynamic
blast loading, taking into account inertia effects.
Engineer-of-record The engineer with overall authority and responsibility for the
structural design of the blast resistant building.
Fragment Resistant The resistance to high-speed fragments that result from the
breakup of equipment or structures that are close to the
explosion source.
Impulse A measure used, along with the peak blast pressure, to define
the ability of a blast wave to do damage. Impulse is calculated
as the integrated area under the positive pressure versus
duration curve and is shown in units of psi-ms (MPa-ms).
Multi-degree of Freedom (MDOF)
Representation of a structure or component as a spring-mass
system with more than one degree of freedom.
Negative Phase The portion of the pressure-time history typically following the
positive (overpressure) phase in which the pressure is below
ambient pressure (suction).
Period The fundamental natural period of a structural component if
modeled as a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system.
Positive Phase The portion of the pressure-time history in which the pressure
is above ambient pressure.
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Primary Component A structural component that supports a secondary support,

rather than directly resisting the blast load. Examples include a
girder supporting beams or purlins, and columns or walls
supporting roof framing under vertical load. High damage or
failure in primary components could result in partial or total
structural collapse.
Rebound The deformation in the direction opposing the initial blast
pressure. This occurs after a component has reached a peak
deformation and returns in the direction of its initial position.
Reflected Pressure The rise in pressure above ambient produced by a shock wave
or pressure wave striking a surface facing the direction of blast
wave propagation.
Response Range The degree of structural damage permitted for blast resistant
buildings.
Secondary Component A structural component that directly resists the blast load and
is supported by a primary component. Examples include
beams, purlins, roof deck supported by girders, and non-load
bearing walls under out-of-plane lateral load supported by
diaphragms. High damage or failure of secondary components
could create a localized hazard but would not result in partial
or total structural collapse.
Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF)
Representation of a structure or component as a spring-mass
system with one degree of freedom. Displacement of the
SDOF system corresponds to the displacement of a single
point in the real system, typically corresponding to the point of
maximum deflection.
Side-on Pressure The rise in pressure above ambient produced by a blast wave
sweeping unimpeded across any surface (walls or roof) not
facing the blast source.
Strength Increase Factor (SIF) A multiplier applied to the nominal strength properties of a
material to reflect its actual strength above minimum specified
values.
Support Rotation The angle formed between the axis of a member loaded
between its endpoints and a straight line between one endpoint
and the point of maximum deflection. This value is a key
measure of dynamic response.
4.0 General
Deviations from this specification shall be reviewed by Owner for compliance with the project
goals prior to beginning the design.
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4.1 Documentation Furnished by Owner

1. Data for each facility (building or project) shall be specified by Owner in CIV-DS-6024
and provided to the engineer-of-record as a part of the job or project specifications.
2. The following blast design requirements shall be included in CIV-DS-6024:
a. Building performance requirements and acceptable response range (low, medium, or
high) per ASCE 41088.
b. Performance categories (I–IV) for blast resistant doors (refer to Section 7.1).
c. Blast loads specified as peak side-on positive pressure with corresponding impulse or
duration at the building.
d. Site plan showing building orientation and location of potential blast sources.
4.2 Engineer-of-Record’s Responsibilities
Note: ASCE 41088, Section 1.4 and Figure 1.1, delineate information to be provided by
Owner and tasks to be performed by the engineer-of-record.
1. Engineer-of-record (or other responsible design professional) shall be responsible for the
following:
a. Producing a design using sound engineering principles that meet the requirements of
this specification.
b. Designing the building to meet the performance requirements specified in CIV-DS-
6024.
c. Bringing items requiring clarification to the attention of Owner.
d. Providing the final design that shall include the following documentation:
2. Engineer-of-record shall respond to and resolve plan check comments from the local
jurisdiction, and peer review comments from an independent reviewer, if provided.
3. Engineer-of-record, or a designated representative, shall observe the structural system
periodically during construction, looking for critical items. A report shall be provided to the
Owner indicating any conditions that differ from the accepted construction documents.
5.0 Design Parameters

5.1 Building Performance
The building response range shall be in accordance with CIV-DS-6024.
5.2 Building Configuration

1. Single-story construction shall be used if possible.
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2. If multi-story construction is required, the number of stories shall be minimal, and special
design considerations shall be given to the inter-story response to the blast loading.
3. Preferably, the floor plan and elevation shall have clean rectangular profiles without re-
entrant corners. Recessed areas shall be minimized.
5.3 Blast Loads
5.3.1 General
1. Each blast resistant building shall be designed for the dynamic blast loads in accordance
with CIV-DS-6024.
2. Blast loads on individual building surfaces shall be calculated from the specified side-on
pressure in accordance with ASCE 41088, Chapter 3.
3. Blast loads shall include consideration of blast sources and angle of incidence.
4. Blast pressure amplification, because of recessed areas or re-entrant corners, shall be
evaluated and considered during the design.
5.3.2 Component Loads

1. Structural components, doors, or appurtenances on an exterior surface of a blast resistant
building shall be designed for the blast loading applicable to that surface.
2. Components shall be designed for any one of the following:
a. Direct tributary blast load applicable to the surface of the building on which it is
located.
b. Dynamic reaction to the blast load on a supported component, as appropriate.
c. Ultimate load capacity of the supported component.
3. Although the blast effects on an appurtenance to the building are of little consequence, the
building component shall still be designed for the ultimate or failure load from the
appurtenance or the dynamic blast load ignoring the presence of the appurtenance.
5.3.3 Foundation Load

The foundation for a blast resistant building shall be designed using any one of the following:
1. Peak dynamic reactions from the supported superstructure treated statically.
2. Ultimate static capacity of the supported superstructure.
3. Tributary area method. This method may be used in conjunction with the applied blast
loads to determine foundation response using a dynamic analysis method.
5.4 Construction and Materials
5.4.1 General
The structural system and materials shall be selected to provide a constructible design in
accordance with performance requirements or in accordance with Owner’s specifications or
architectural considerations.
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5.4.2 Brittle Construction

Brittle construction (e.g., unreinforced concrete, unreinforced masonry [block, brick, clay tile],
poured gypsum, and cement-asbestos panels) shall not be permitted for load-carrying
components of blast resistant buildings.
5.4.3 Prestressed Concrete

1. Prestressed concrete shall be used only with prior written acceptance from Owner.
2. If prestressed concrete is used, non-prestressed reinforcement shall be added to carry tensile
forces that may develop because of rebound.
3. Amount of rebound resistance shall be greater than one-half the resistance available to
resist the blast load.
Note: See UFC 3-340-02 for additional design requirements for prestressed concrete
elements and their connections.
5.4.4 Advanced Materials

1. Advanced materials, such as composites, may be used if adequate test data is available that
confirms satisfactory performance for the intended application and if Owner provides prior
written acceptance.
2. Test data shall include the ultimate capacity and behavior of the material under dynamic
conditions representative of blast loading.
3. Satisfactory performance of the material under seismic conditions shall not be sufficient to
indicate blast capacity.
5.4.5 Fragment Resistance

1. If fragment resistance is required in accordance with CIV-DS-6024, the exterior wall shall
be constructed of reinforced concrete or fully grouted reinforced masonry of appropriate
strength and a minimum thickness of 8 inches (20 cm).
2. The roof shall be constructed of reinforced concrete or concrete fill on a metal deck with a
total thickness of at least 4 inches (10 cm).
5.5 Material Properties
5.5.1 Dynamic Material Strength

1. Dynamic yield stress, Fdy, shall be calculated as follows:
𝐹𝐹𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 × 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 × 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
where:
Fy = specified minimum static yield stress
DIF = dynamic increase factor
SIF = strength increase factor
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2. Dynamic design stress, Fds, used to calculate the dynamic capacity of structural
components, shall be in accordance with ASCE 41088, Chapter 5.
3. Dynamic ultimate strength, Fdu, shall be calculated as follows:
𝐹𝐹𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢 × 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷

where:
Fu = specified ultimate strength
DIF = dynamic increase factor
5.5.2 Strength Increase Factor

1. A strength increase factor (SIF) shall be applied to the specified minimum yield strength of
structural materials to estimate the actual static value.
2. SIF shall be in accordance with ASCE 41088, Chapter 5. Any other materials not listed
shall use SIF = 1.0.
3. Design of connections shall not include the SIF, unless a ductile failure will occur.
5.5.3 Dynamic Increase Factor

1. To account for strain rate effects caused by rapidly applied blast loads, dynamic increase
factors (DIFs) shall be applied to the static material yield and ultimate strengths to
determine their dynamic values.
2. DIF shall be in accordance with ASCE 41088, Chapter 5. Structural steel of grades
ASTM A572/A572M and ASTM A992/A992M shall use the same DIF values as given for
ASTM A588/A588M.
3. The design of connections shall not include the DIF.
6.0 Structural Design

6.1 General
1. Blast resistant buildings and their structural components shall be designed in accordance
with the methods in ASCE 41088.
2. Alternate design methods may be used only with Owner’s prior written acceptance.
6.2 Load Combinations

1. Blast resistant structure shall be designed in accordance with the load combinations in
CIV-DU-5009 and for the following blast load condition:
𝑈𝑈(𝑡𝑡) = 𝐷𝐷 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝐵𝐵(𝑡𝑡)
where:
U(t) = total applied time-dependent load or its effect
D = static dead load; include 0.9 factor when dead load counteracts the blast load
B(t) = time-dependent blast load or its effect (horizontal and vertical)
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L = conventional static live load (roof live load may be taken as zero)
a = reduction factor applied to conventional live loads to reflect the portion of live
load expected to occur simultaneously with the blast load. Zero shall be used
for the reduction factor if doing so will result in a more severe condition.
2. Blast load combination shall consider either the direct loads or their effects.
3. In combining blast load effects with those from static dead and live loads, the time
dependence of the blast loading shall be considered.
4. Wind, seismic, rain, and snow loads shall not be combined with blast loading.
5. Rebound effects shall be calculated and combined with the effects of negative phase blast
loads, if any, based on time-dependent response. Rebound effect may be assumed
conservatively to be 100 percent of the inbound loading.
6. Ultimate strength design method shall be used with a load factor of 1.0 for dead, live, and
blast loads in the blast load combination. Phi factors (φ) used when designing for blast load
combinations may be taken equal to 1.0.
6.3 Analysis Methods
6.3.1 General
1. Analysis methods appropriate for the specific blast design shall be used.
2. Selected methods shall model the dynamic response of the structure to the applied blast
loads and the structural component interaction.
3. The analysis methods shall be in accordance with ASCE 41088, Chapter 6, unless
alternative methods are authorized by Owner.
4. Equivalent static load analysis shall not be used, unless the structure remains elastic and
dynamic response is properly accounted for.
6.3.2 Single Degree of Freedom

1. Required resistance for each structural component shall be based on the peak blast pressure
(or load) and duration, the natural period of the component, and the maximum allowable
response (deformation).
2. A single degree of freedom (SDOF) analysis shall be used on secondary or primary
components using the applied blast pressure and duration based on tributary area.
3. Alternatively, the dynamic reaction time history from the secondary components may be
used in the analysis of the supporting primary component.
4. The formulas and charts provided in Chapter 6 of ASCE 41088, UFC 3-340-02, or other
similar references for the approximate solution of the elastic-plastic SDOF system may be
used in determining the required resistance.
5. SDOF computer analysis programs such as single degree of freedom blast effects design
spreadsheet (SBEDS) may also be used.
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6.3.3 Multi-Degree of Freedom

1. Multi-degree of freedom (MDOF) analysis shall be used if the interaction between
structural components cannot be adequately modeled using the SDOF method.
2. The MDOF method shall involve finite element analysis (FEA) requiring a special or
general-purpose structural analysis computer program with non-linear transient dynamic
analysis capability.
6.4 Deformation Limits
6.4.1 Response Parameters

1. Structural members shall be designed for the maximum response (deformation) in
accordance with the performance requirements or permissible damage level specified in
CIV-DS-6024.
2. Deformation limits shall be expressed as ductility ratio (µ), support rotation (φ), or frame
sidesway, as appropriate.
6.4.2 Building Response Range

1. Design response range (low, medium, or high) shall be based on the building design
requirements provided in CIV-DS-6024.
2. Secondary structural components may be designed for a higher response level (more
damage) if the overall building meets the proper response level.
6.4.3 Response Limits

1. Maximum response shall not exceed the limits specified in ASCE 41088, Chapter 5, unless
additional test data is provided that justifies the use of higher limits.
2. Use of test data shall be authorized by Owner.
6.5 Component Design
6.5.1 General
1. Ultimate strength (limit state) methods shall be used for designing structural components
for blast resistance.
2. In-plane and secondary bending stresses shall be considered in the design.
3. Interaction of forces in two directions, including biaxial bending, or bending and axial load,
shall be considered in accordance with ASCE 41088, unless justified by analysis that the
combined forces do not occur simultaneously.
4. Dynamic strength properties shall be used to reflect increased material strength under
rapidly applied loads.
5. Composite sections may be used for design; however, adequate rebound resistance shall be
provided to ensure satisfactory response under rebound or negative phase loads.
6. Components shall be adequately laterally braced to prevent premature buckling failure
during the positive and rebound response.
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7. Connections shall be designed for 120 percent of the member’s controlling resistance
(flexure or shear, whichever is less).
8. Design for compression elements, such as load-bearing walls and columns, shall consider
bending effects including p-delta and slenderness.
6.5.2 Reinforced Concrete

1. Reinforced concrete components shall be designed in accordance with ACI 318
and ASCE 41088.
2. Strength reduction factor (φ) shall be 1.0 for load combinations that include blast loads.
3. Deformation limits for shear shall be used if the member’s shear capacity is less than
120 percent of the flexural capacity.
4. Unless otherwise specified, a minimum 28 MPa (4,000 psi) concrete compressive strength
shall be used for the design of the concrete structures.
5. Reinforcing steel shall be in accordance with ASTM A706/A706M, except that
ASTM A615/A615M Grade 60 (414 MPa) may be used if in accordance with the
requirements of ACI 318-05, Section 21.2.5.
6. Maximum reinforcing bar size shall be No. 10 (32 mm).
7. Wall and roof components shall be designed for in-plane and out-of-plane loads that act
simultaneously by using the following equation:
[∆𝑐𝑐⁄∆𝑎𝑎]𝑖𝑖2 + [∆𝑐𝑐⁄∆𝑎𝑎]𝑜𝑜2 < 1.0
Where:
∆c = calculated deformation (ductility ratio or support rotation)
∆a = allowable deformation (ductility ratio or support rotation)
i = in-plane
o = out-of-plane
8. Slenderness effects shall be included for load-bearing walls and for members with
significant axial loads.
9. Support shall be provided for roof slab to prevent failure during rebound.
a. Headed studs may be used for this purpose.
b. Unless composite action is required and included in the design, the studs shall be
located and spaced to minimize composite action.
6.5.3 Structural Steel

1. Structural steel components shall be designed in accordance with AISC 360. Additional
guidance on detailing and ductile design shall be found in AISC 341.
2. Resistance factor (φ) shall be 1.0 for load combinations that include blast loads.
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3. Materials with specified yield strength of 345 MPa (50 ksi) or less shall be used for flexural
design.
4. Materials with specified yield strength greater than 345 MPa (50 ksi) may be used if ductile
behavior is not required.
5. Oversize holes shall not be used in connections that are part of the lateral force-resisting
system unless slip-critical-type bolts are used.
6. Column base plates shall be designed to develop the peak member reactions applied as a
static load.
7. Dynamic material properties may be used for design of base plates, but not for the
anchorage connections.
8. Flexural members shall be laterally braced on both faces to provide necessary moment
capacity for both positive and rebound responses.
6.5.4 Cold-Formed Steel

1. Cold-formed steel components shall be designed in accordance with AISI S100,
supplemented by the following requirements.
2. Ultimate resistance shall be determined using a resistance factor (φ) of 0.9 applied to the
plastic moment capacity.
3. Tensile membrane capacity of wall or roof panels may be used if adequate anchorage of the
panel ends is provided, and if the supporting structure can resist the reaction forces without
excessive deformation.
4. Tensile membrane capacity of cold-formed girts and purlins may be used if adequate
anchorage of the member ends is provided, and if the supporting structure can resist the
reaction forces without excessive deformation.
5. Oversize washers shall be provided for wall panel anchorage screws to prevent failure
caused by rebound or negative phase loads.
6.5.5 Open Web Steel Joist

1. Published load tables for static, working loads shall be used for the design of open web
steel joists (OWSJs) for blast loads. Appropriate factors shall be applied to obtain the
ultimate capacities.
2. Unless special provisions are made to enhance ductility of the joist, a 10 percent reduction
in ultimate moment capacity shall be used.
3. Lateral bracing shall be provided for the top and bottom chords as required to provide the
necessary rebound resistance and positive moment capacity.
4. For OWSJ with combined flexural and axial compression loads, increased deflection due to
p-delta shall be considered in the analysis.
6.5.6 Reinforced Masonry

1. Design of reinforced masonry shall be in accordance with ACI 530/530.1 and the ICC
International Building Code (IBC).
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2. Hollow concrete masonry units (CMU) shall be in accordance with ASTM C90 with a
minimum compressive strength of 10.3 MPa (1,500 psi).
3. Cells of hollow CMU shall be fully grouted.
4. Joint reinforcing shall be in accordance with ASTM A1064/A1064M with a minimum yield
stress of 485 MPa (70 ksi) and a minimum ultimate strength of 550 MPa (80 ksi).
5. Primary reinforcing bars shall be in accordance with ASTM A706/A706M except that
ASTM A615/A615M Grade 60 (414 MPa) may be used if in accordance with the
requirements of ACI 318, Section 21.2.5.
6. Wall components subjected to in-plane and out-of-plane loads shall be designed using the
interaction equation in Section 6.5.2, item 7.
6.6 Structural-Framing Design

1. Design of the overall structural-framing system shall include analysis of global response
including sidesway, overturning, and sliding.
2. Sidesway analysis may be performed with or without leeward side (rear wall) blast loads,
but shall account for time lag if used.
3. Individual frame members shall also meet their response limits of ductility and rotation.
6.7 Foundation Design
6.7.1 General
1. Foundation design shall be based on a geotechnical report in accordance with
CIV-PU-5101 and the geotechnical data summarized in CIV-DS-6024.
2. Foundation components shall be designed in accordance with ASCE 41088 to resist the
peak reactions produced by supported components resulting from the dead, live, and blast
loads, treated either statically or dynamically.
6.7.2 Static Analysis

1. Static application of the peak dynamic reactions from the wall and roof components may be
used to design supporting members and to calculate overturning and sliding effects.
2. For blast load combinations, the factor of safety for overturning shall be 1.2, and for sliding
shall be 1.0.
3. For checking adequacy of supporting soil, it shall be permitted to use the peak blast
pressure applied as a static load, with a ductility factor of 3.0, and the static capacity from
Section 6.7.3.
6.7.3 Static Capacity

1. Foundations shall be designed using vertical and lateral soil capacities.
2. For shallow foundations, including footings and mats, vertical soil capacity shall be
90 percent of the ultimate net soil-bearing capacity.
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3. One hundred percent of the ultimate net soil bearing capacity may be used if the ultimate
value was determined based on the settlement limit due to long-term consolidation.
4. For piles and other deep foundations, vertical soil capacity shall be 90 percent of the
ultimate static capacities in compression and tension.
5. Passive resistance of grade beams may be used to resist lateral loads if compacted fill is
placed around the building perimeter.
6. Frictional resistance of spread footings and floor grade slabs shall be based on the
coefficient of friction determined by the geotechnical study.
7. Normal force shall be the sum of the dead loads and the applicable vertical load.
8. Frictional resistance of floating slabs shall not be used.
9. Design capacity for passive resistance, frictional resistance, vertical piles, or battered piles
used to support the lateral blast loading shall be 90 percent of the ultimate strength value.
10. When a larger lateral displacement can be tolerated by the structure and the equipment in
the building, 100 percent of the ultimate lateral strength value may be used.
11. Foundation sliding may be permitted if demonstrated that all underground and above
ground utility, electrical, and instrumentation lines entering and exiting the building have
adequate flexibility to accommodate the slide. The overall building response shall satisfy
the requirements of Section 6.4.2.
6.7.4 Dynamic Analysis

1. To optimize the design, the foundation components shall be analyzed dynamically for the
calculated reaction-time history of the supported components.
2. Required dynamic material properties of the foundation soils, including resistance and
stiffness, shall be determined based on an appropriate geotechnical investigation.
3. Deformation limits shall not be used for dynamic response of foundations.
4. Based on the results of dynamic analysis, it shall be determined if the predicted maximum
response is acceptable for the permissible damage level of the building.
5. Reduction of loads on the superstructure based on yielding at the soil structure interface
shall not be permitted.
7.0 Ancillary Items

7.1 Blast Doors
1. The performance category for the blast resistant doors shall be in accordance with
CIV-DS-6024.
2. Response limits and other requirements shall be as given in Table 1.
Integrity Critical
Table 1: Blast Door Performance Requirements

Edge
Door Condition Ductility
Category Panels Rotation Door Function
after Blast Limit
(deg)
I Operable Elastic 1.0 1.2 Primary exit or repeated

blasts
II Operable Significant 3 2 Prevent entrapment
damage
III Inoperable Substantial 10 8 Prevent blast from
damage entering building
IV Inoperable Failure in 20 12 Prevent door from
rebound becoming debris hazard
3. In buildings large enough to require more than one egress door in accordance with local
building codes, at least two doors shall be designated as egress doors for the purpose of
limiting the damage to these doors if subjected to blast loads.
4. Designated egress doors shall not be located on the same side of the building.
5. Doors, door-frames, and door hardware shall be designed for the performance criteria and
applied blast loads in accordance with CIV-DS-6024.
6. Doors shall be outward opening and shall seat against the frame in response to the positive
phase blast wave.
7. Blast door manufacturer’s calculations or test data shall be provided to verify adequate
blast resistance and door performance for the design load conditions.
8. Manually operated exit doors shall meet the requirements of local building codes for the
maximum opening force.
9. Power-operated doors shall be used for exit doors that exceed the maximum opening force.
10. Reinforced conventional fire-rated metal doors may be used if substantiated with a design
calculation or with test data to verify adequate blast resistance and door performance for
the design load condition.
11. Anchorage of the door frame to the structure shall be designed to remain elastic based on
twice the applied pressure as a static load.
a. Frame may also be designed so that the door yields prior to failure of the frame.
b. Connection may be designed to develop the capacity of the door frame.
c. Supporting structural elements may be designed by dynamic analysis methods.
7.2 Windows
1. It is preferred that windows shall not be used in blast resistant buildings.
2. If windows are required, they shall be designed to provide protection in response to the
applied blast load consistent with the overall building performance requirements specified
by Owner, as follows:
a. Low response – Windows may not suffer any visible damage.
Integrity Critical
b. Medium/high response – Windows may break but fragments cannot project into
building more than 3.3 feet (1 m).
3. Design shall include the window frames and anchorage.
4. Properly designed laminated glass, tempered glass, and polycarbonates shall be permitted
for the windows.
5. Performance of window products shall be substantiated by test data or analytical
procedures.
6. Anchorage of the window frame to the structure shall be designed to remain elastic based
on twice the applied pressure as a static load.
7. Connection may be designed to develop the capacity of the window frame.
8. Frame may also be designed so that the window glazing will break prior to failure of the
frame.
9. Supporting structural elements may be designed by dynamic analysis methods.
7.3 Openings
1. Large openings in the building envelope, such as intake ducts, shall be designed to prevent
entry of excessive blast pressures. If blast pressure is able to enter building, internal blast
pressure shall be considered in design and determined with a method accepted by Owner.
2. Blast valves, blast attenuators, or other devices shall be used to limit excessive blast
pressure entry into the structure.
3. Performance of the blast valve or attenuator shall be substantiated by test data and/or
calculations.
4. Blast valves shall be provided for openings greater than 150 inches2 (1000 cm2) in any
surface in which the peak applied pressure is greater than 10 psi (0.07 MPa).
5. Blast attenuators may be used for openings greater than 150 inches2 (1000 cm2) in any
surface if the peak applied pressure is greater than 5 psi (0.035 MPa).
6. Anchorage of blast valves and attenuators shall be designed to prevent failure into the
building.
7.4 Penetrations
1. Wall and roof penetrations in reinforced concrete and masonry shall be sleeved.
2. Sleeves shall be anchored with a minimum of two each 1/2-inch diameter × 4-inch long
(12-mm diameter × 100-mm long) headed studs.
3. Penetrations in metal-clad structures shall be anchored with substantial framing attached to
structural steel members.
Integrity Critical
7.5 Suspended Items

1. Equipment and furnishings such as ceilings, HVAC ductwork, utilities, and light fixtures
suspended from the roof or walls or mounted on the floor inside the building that would
pose a life safety falling hazard to occupants shall be secured to structural framing
members.
2. Bracing to bare metal deck shall not be permitted.
3. Anchorage shall be designed to resist a statically applied force equal to the mass of the item
times the maximum acceleration of the roof or six times the weight of the item, whichever
is less.
7.6 Externally Mounted Items

1. To avoid the potential for hazardous debris, large non-structural features such as canopies
and signs on the building exterior shall not be permitted.
2. Small items, such as instruments, fire alarms, lights, strobes, and beacons, may be mounted
on the exterior walls.
3. Roof- and wall-mounted equipment (e.g., HVAC equipment) shall be avoided.
4. If accepted by Owner, roof- and wall-mounted equipment shall be securely anchored.
5. Supporting structural components shall be specifically designed for actual equipment
dynamic loads if subjected to the blast.
6. Equipment and other items mounted on the exterior walls or roof shall be designed
similarly to the structural components if they are to withstand the applied blast loads.
7. Reactions from externally mounted items shall be considered in the design of the
supporting structural components.
8. If externally mounted items (e.g., canopies) are not designed to be blast resistant, their
failure shall not prevent egress of the building following a blast.
7.7 Equipment and Internally Mounted Items

1. Instrumentation or electrical equipment shall not be mounted on the interior face of walls
subjected to blast loads without Owner’s prior written acceptance.
2. Fixed floor-supported items (e.g., lockers, electrical cabinets, racks) shall have a minimum
clearance from exterior walls equal to the maximum calculated lateral blast load deflection.
3. Maximum deflection shall be the sum of both the overall building sidesway and the
deflection of any wall component(s), and shall be calculated based on the maximum blast
loads in accordance with CIV-DS-6024.
4. Supports and anchorage for floor mounted equipment shall be designed to resist a lateral
force equal to 20 percent of the equipment weight.
Integrity Critical
Appendix A Additional References

This specification is based primarily on the design methods and procedures provided in ASCE 41088. It is
a “how to” document that covers all aspects of blast design for buildings at petrochemical plants. Other
similar references and guidelines may also be used.
There are several other applicable references for design of blast resistant structures, including
those developed for the U.S. Department of Defense. One of the most widely used of these references,
UFC 3-340-02, is also applicable to petrochemical facilities.
Following is a list of references relevant to blast resistant design that are not cited in the body of this
specification, nor included in Section 2.0:
A.1 Owner Documents

Owner’s Risk Management Standard on Process Safety Assessment for Occupied Buildings
A.2 Industry Codes and Standards

American Petroleum Institute (API)
RP 753 Management of Hazards Associated with Location of Process Plant
Portable Buildings
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

E-74 Reducing the Risks of Nonstructural Earthquake Damage
Steel Joist Institute

Technical Digest 12 Evaluation and Modification of Open-Web Steel Joists and Joist
Girders
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

PDC TR-06-01 Methodology Manual for the Single-Degree-of-Freedom Blast Effects
Design Spreadsheets (SBEDS)

CIV-DU-6024-B.1 Blast Resistant Building Design Criteria: Operating Environment: Onshore

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Integrity Critical

Operating Environment: Onshore

Rev. Date Description Author Technology Leader

Author notations regarding this revision

Minor clarifications primarily in commentary. No change in technical content.

Safety Critical Changes (if applicable) are noted below

2.1 Owner Documents

2.2 Industry Codes and Standards

American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)

American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

ASTM International (ASTM)

International Code Council (ICC)

U.S. Department of Defense

2.3 Conflict Resolution

Primary Component A structural component that supports a secondary support,

4.1 Documentation Furnished by Owner

4.2 Engineer-of-Record’s Responsibilities

5.0 Design Parameters

5.2 Building Configuration

5.3 Blast Loads

5.3.2 Component Loads

5.3.3 Foundation Load

5.4 Construction and Materials

5.4.2 Brittle Construction

5.4.3 Prestressed Concrete

5.4.4 Advanced Materials

5.4.5 Fragment Resistance

5.5 Material Properties

5.5.1 Dynamic Material Strength

𝐹𝐹𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 × 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 × 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷

𝐹𝐹𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢 × 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷

5.5.2 Strength Increase Factor

5.5.3 Dynamic Increase Factor

6.0 Structural Design

6.2 Load Combinations

𝑈𝑈(𝑡𝑡) = 𝐷𝐷 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝐵𝐵(𝑡𝑡)

6.3 Analysis Methods

6.3.2 Single Degree of Freedom

6.3.3 Multi-Degree of Freedom

6.4 Deformation Limits

6.4.1 Response Parameters

6.4.2 Building Response Range

6.4.3 Response Limits

6.5 Component Design

6.5.2 Reinforced Concrete

[∆𝑐𝑐⁄∆𝑎𝑎]𝑖𝑖2 + [∆𝑐𝑐⁄∆𝑎𝑎]𝑜𝑜2 < 1.0

6.5.3 Structural Steel

6.5.4 Cold-Formed Steel

6.5.5 Open Web Steel Joist

6.5.6 Reinforced Masonry

6.6 Structural-Framing Design

6.7 Foundation Design

6.7.2 Static Analysis

6.7.3 Static Capacity

6.7.4 Dynamic Analysis

7.0 Ancillary Items

Table 1: Blast Door Performance Requirements

I Operable Elastic 1.0 1.2 Primary exit or repeated

7.5 Suspended Items

7.6 Externally Mounted Items

7.7 Equipment and Internally Mounted Items

Appendix A Additional References