Civ Du 5009 J.1

Integrity Critical
CIV-DU-5009-J.1
Structural Design Criteria
Operating Environment: Onshore
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Rev. Date Description Author Technology Leader

— 07/97 Initial release. R. Mulia (Sponsor)
Complete revision history is not shown here given the age of this document.
F 6/02 General revision. R. Mulia R. Mulia
G 8/05 General revision. S. Song R. Mulia
H 11/09 Major revision. R. Mulia R. Mulia
I 4/14 Major revision. V. Borov R. Mulia
J 12/17 Minor revision. M. Prabhu R. Mulia
J.1 11/18 Technical modification: Replaced references to M. Chen n/a
CIV-DS-5237 with CIV-DU-5237 and replaced
CIV-DS-5238 with CIV-DU-5238.
December 2017 ©1997–2018 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All rights reserved. Confidential – Restricted Access 1 of 33
Integrity Critical
Structural Design Criteria CIV-DU-5009-J.1
Summary of Changes
Revised technical content may be marked with change bars in the right margin as directed by Author.
The Author denotes the following technical changes to this revision as detailed below:
Author notations regarding this revision
Added requirement for checking wind- and vortex-induced vibrations on susceptible structures.
Updated references.
Removed ASTM A325 and A490; replaced with ASTM F3125/F3125M.
Added reference to CIV-PU-6150.
Corrected load combination 3 in Table 8.
Streamlined text and made minor editorial changes.
Safety Critical Changes (if applicable) are noted below
n/a
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Contents
1.0 Scope............................................................................................................................................... 4
2.0 References ...................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Owner Documents .............................................................................................................. 4
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards ........................................................................................... 4
2.3 Conflict Resolution and Order of Precedence .................................................................... 7
3.0 Terminology .................................................................................................................................... 7
3.1 Acronyms ............................................................................................................................ 7
3.2 Definitions ........................................................................................................................... 8
4.0 Design Load Requirements ........................................................................................................ 10
4.1 General ............................................................................................................................. 10
4.2 Dead Loads (D) ................................................................................................................. 11
4.3 Live Loads (L) ................................................................................................................... 13
4.4 Wind Loads (W) ................................................................................................................ 14
4.5 Earthquake Loads (E) ....................................................................................................... 15
4.6 Impact, Crane, and Lifting Loads ...................................................................................... 16
4.7 Thermal Loads .................................................................................................................. 16
4.8 Bundle Pull Loads (Bp) ..................................................................................................... 17
4.9 Traffic Loads ..................................................................................................................... 18
4.10 Blast Loads ....................................................................................................................... 18
4.11 Snow Loads (S)................................................................................................................. 18
4.12 Occasional Loads.............................................................................................................. 18
5.0 Load Combinations...................................................................................................................... 18
5.1 General ............................................................................................................................. 18
5.2 Typical Load Combinations (for Structures and Foundations) ......................................... 19
5.3 Test Combinations ............................................................................................................ 25
6.0 Structural Design ......................................................................................................................... 26
6.1 Steel .................................................................................................................................. 26
6.2 Concrete ............................................................................................................................ 26
6.3 Masonry ............................................................................................................................ 27
6.4 Wood ................................................................................................................................. 27
6.5 Elevator Supports.............................................................................................................. 27
6.6 Crane Supports ................................................................................................................. 27
6.7 Allowable Drift Limits ......................................................................................................... 28
6.8 Foundations ...................................................................................................................... 29
6.9 Foundations for Vibrating Machinery ................................................................................ 30
6.10 Anchor Bolts ...................................................................................................................... 31
6.11 Design of Deep Foundations ............................................................................................ 31
6.12 Cantilever Retaining Wall .................................................................................................. 33
6.13 Vessel Load Cell Supports ................................................................................................ 33
7.0 Existing Structures ...................................................................................................................... 33
8.0 Blast Resistant Buildings ............................................................................................................ 33
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1.0 Scope
1. This specification defines the minimum requirements for structural engineering and design
of process and manufacturing facilities at U.S. onshore sites and other sites.
2. Some content is reproduced and used under PIP’s membership agreement.
3. More specific and comprehensive design requirements may need to be developed for
specific project needs.
2.0 References
1. The following documents are referenced herein and are considered an integral part of this
specification.
2. Unless otherwise specified in Section 2.1 or Section 2.2, use the latest edition of the
referenced documents in effect on the date of the publication of this specification.
2.1 Owner Documents

CIV-SU-398 Fabrication of Structural and Miscellaneous Steel
CIV-SU-850 Plain and Reinforced Concrete
CIV-PU-4841 Driven Pile Installation
CIV-DU-5237 Civil-Structural Project Design (per PIP CVC01018)
CIV-DU-5238 Civil-Structural Plant Site Facilities Design (per PIP CVC01018)
CIV-SU-5266 Precast Concrete Structures
CIV-DU-6024 Blast Resistant Building Design Criteria
CIV-DS-6024 Data Sheet for Blast Resistant Building Design Criteria
CIV-PU-6150 Dynamic Analysis of Support Structure and Foundation for Rotating
Equipment
[CIV] GD-Q68922 Standard Anchor Bolts
SID-SU-5106 Safety in Designs
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
HB-17 Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges
American Concrete Institute (ACI)

318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary
(2011)
350 Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering Concrete
Structures and Commentary (2006)
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American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)

341 Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings (2010)
360 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (2010)
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)

S100 North American Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members
(2012)
American Petroleum Institute (API)

Std 650 Welded Tanks for Oil Storage
RP 686 Recommended Practice for Machinery Installation and Installation
Design
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

7-10 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
37-14 Design Loads on Structures During Construction
Anchorage Design for Petrochemical Facilities
Design of Blast-Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities, 2nd Edition
Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation and Design of Petrochemical Facilities, 2nd Edition
Wind Loads for Petrochemical and Other Industrial Facilities
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

A17.1 Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators
American Welding Society (AWS)

D1.1/D1.1M Structural Welding Code – Steel (2010)
American Wood Council (AWC)

NDS National Design Specification for Wood Construction (2015)
SDPWS Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic (2015)
ASTM International (ASTM)
A36/A36M Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
A193/A193M Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting for
High Temperature or High Pressure Service and Other Special Purpose
Applications
A307 Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts, Studs, and Threaded
Rod 60 000 PSI Tensile Strength
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A354 Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts,
Studs, and Other Externally Threaded Fasteners
A615/A615M Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for
Concrete Reinforcement
A706/A706M Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Low-Alloy Steel Bars
for Concrete Reinforcement
A1064/A1064M Standard Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire and Welded Wire
Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for Concrete
F1554 Standard Specification for Anchor Bolts, Steel, 36, 55, and 105 ksi
Yield Strength
F3125/F3125M Standard Specification for High Strength Structural Bolts, Steel and
Alloy Steel, Heat Treated, 120 ksi (830 MPa) and 150 ksi (1040 MPa)
Minimum Tensile Strength, Inch and Metric Dimensions
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)
Title 29 Labor: Subtitle B - Regulations Relating to Labor; Chapter XVII -
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Department of Labor;
Part 1910 - Occupational Safety and Health Standards
Part 1926 - Safety and Health Regulations for Construction; Subpart R
– Steel Erection
Crane Manufacturers Association of America (CMAA)

70 Specifications for Top Running Bridge and Gantry Type Multiple
Girder Electric Overhead Traveling Cranes
74 Specifications for Top Running and Under Running Single Girder
Electric Traveling Cranes Utilizing Under Running Trolley Hoist
DNV GL Group (DNV GL)
DNVGL-RP-C203 Fatigue Design of Offshore Steel Structures
DNVGL-RP-C205 Environmental Conditions and Environmental Loads
International Code Council (ICC)
IBC-2015 International Building Code
IEBC-2015 International Existing Building Code
Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI)

MNL 120 PCI Design Handbook
Process Industry Practices (PIP)

PIP ARS13120 Pre-Engineered Metal Buildings
PIP PCCWE001 Weigh Systems Design Criteria
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PIP PCEWE001 Weigh Systems Guidelines

PIP STE05121 Application of ASCE Anchorage Design for Petrochemical Facilities
PIP STE03360 Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
Research Council on Structural Connections (RCSC)

Specification for Structural Joints Using High-Strength Bolts (2009)
Steel Joist Institute (SJI)

Standard Specifications, Load Tables and Weight Tables for Steel Joists and Joist Girders
The Masonry Society (TMS)

402/602-16 Building Code Requirements and Specification for Masonry Structures
2.3 Conflict Resolution and Order of Precedence

1. In the event of any inconsistency among the requirements stated in the various technical
and reference documents, the following order of precedence shall apply:
a. Local jurisdiction or country statutes, regulations, and directives.
b. Local jurisdiction or country codes and standards.
Note: If local jurisdiction or country building codes are nonexistent for a specific
site, the design should be compliant with the requirements of the International
Building Code (IBC).
c. Project requisition.
d. Data sheets.
e. This specification.
f. Purchaser-specific standards.
g. Other international codes and standards.
2. Any discrepancies among the requirements of the above documents shall be submitted in
writing to the Owner for resolution.
3.0 Terminology
3.1 Acronyms
ASD Allowable Stress Design
HES Health, Environment, and Safety
HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
I/O Input/Output
PSM Process Safety Management
VIV Vortex Induced Vibration
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3.2 Definitions
Blast Load The load on a structure caused by overpressure resulting from
the ignition and explosion of flammable material or by
overpressure resulting from a vessel burst.
Bundle Pull Load (Bp) The force required to pull the bundles out of the heat
exchanger.
Dead Load (D) The actual weight of materials forming the building, structure,
foundation, and all permanently attached appurtenances. For
this specification, dead loads are designated by the following
nomenclatures:
Ds = Structure dead. Weight of materials forming the structure
(not the empty weight of process equipment, vessels, tanks,
piping, and cable trays), foundation, soil above the foundation
resisting uplift, and all permanently attached appurtenances
(e.g., lighting, instrumentation, heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning [HVAC], sprinkler and deluge systems,
fireproofing, and insulation).
Df = Erection dead load. Fabricated weight of process
equipment or vessels generally taken from the certified
equipment or vessel drawing.
De = Empty dead load. Empty weight of process equipment,
vessels, tanks, piping, and cable trays.
Do = Operating dead load. Empty weight of process
equipment, vessels, tanks, piping, and cable trays plus the
maximum weight of contents (fluid load) during normal
operation.
Dt = Test dead load. Empty weight of process equipment,
vessels, tanks, and/or piping plus the weight of the test
medium contained in the system.
Earthquake Load (E) The effect of earthquake-induced forces on the structure,
equipment, or both, as determined in accordance with the
applicable design standard and code. For this specification,
earthquake loads are designated by the following
nomenclatures:
Eo = Earthquake load considering the unfactored operating
dead load and the applicable portion of the unfactored
structure dead load.
Ee = Earthquake load considering the unfactored empty dead
load and the applicable portion of the unfactored structure
dead load.
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Engineer of Record Purchaser’s authorized representative with overall authority

and responsibility for the engineering design, quality, and
performance of the civil works, structure, foundations,
materials, and appurtenances described in the contract
documents. The engineer of record is licensed as defined by
the laws of the locality in which the work is to be performed,
and is qualified to practice in the specialty discipline required
for the work described in the contract documents.
Impact Load Load produced as a result of unusual vibration and impact
forces, such as in machinery, elevators, moving loads, and
crane and vehicle loads. An impact load is computed by
multiplying the effective weight of the equipment and moving
loads by a percentage increased factor as defined in the
applicable design standard or by the instructions of the
equipment manufacturer.
Live Load (L) Load produced by the use and occupancy of the building or
structure. Live loads include the weight of all movable loads,
such as personnel, tools, miscellaneous equipment, movable
partitions, wheel loads, parts of dismantled equipment, and
stored material.
Pressure Load For this specification, pressure loads for ground-supported
tanks are designated by the following nomenclatures:
Pi = Design internal pressure.
Pe = External pressure.
Pt = Test internal pressure.
Snow Load (S) Load on buildings or structures as a result of the accumulation
of snow on their roofs as defined by the applicable design
standard.
Thermal Load (T) Load or effect produced by thermal expansion and contraction
of equipment and piping. For this specification, thermal loads
are designated by the following nomenclatures:
Tp = Forces on vertical vessels, horizontal vessels, or heat
exchangers caused by the thermal expansion of the pipe
attached to the vessel.
T = Self-straining thermal forces caused by the restrained
expansion of horizontal vessels, heat exchangers, and
structural members in pipe racks or in structures.
Af = Pipe anchor and guide forces.
Ff = Pipe rack friction forces caused by the sliding of pipes or
friction forces due to the sliding of horizontal vessels or heat
exchangers on their supports, in response to thermal
expansion.
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Traffic Load Design vehicle wheel loading as defined in the applicable

standard for design of highway bridges.
Wind Load (W) Load on a building or structure caused by the wind pressure as
defined in the applicable design standard.
4.0 Design Load Requirements
4.1 General
1. Federal standards and Title 29 of the CFR shall apply, including any additional
requirements by state or local agencies that have jurisdiction in the state where the project
is to be constructed.
2. Design, construction, and general project requirements shall comply with Purchaser and
project specifications, codes, standards, and regulations applicable in the country and
jurisdiction where the project is located.
3. New facilities, buildings, and other structures, including floor slabs and foundations, shall
be designed to resist the minimum loads defined in ASCE 7, the IBC, local building codes,
Section 4.0 of this document, the loads defined in the project, and in CIV-DU-5237 and
CIV-DU-5238.
4. In addition to the loads described in this specification, other loads shall be considered as
appropriate. These loads shall include, but not be limited to ice, rain, hydrostatic, dynamic,
upset conditions, crane, earth pressure, buoyancy, and erection.
5. Future loads shall be considered if specified by Purchaser.

6. For existing facilities, actual loads may be used in lieu of the minimum specified loads.
7. Eccentric loads (e.g., piping, platforms), particularly on horizontal and vertical vessels and
exchangers, shall be considered. For additional information regarding eccentric loads on
horizontal vessels and exchangers, see PIP STE03360.
8. Purchaser shall be consulted to determine the assignment of risk categories for buildings
and other structures for the purpose of applying wind, earthquake, snow, and ice load
provisions in accordance with the ASCE 7 section on classification of buildings and
other structures (Section 1.5) or the IBC section on general design requirements
(Section 1604.5), as applicable.
Note: For process industry facilities, Risk Category III is the most likely classification
because of the presence of toxic, highly toxic, or explosive substances. In some
cases, it may be appropriate to select Risk Category IV. Risk Category II may be
used if Purchaser can demonstrate that the release of the toxic, highly toxic, or
explosive substances is not sufficient to pose a threat to the public. See the section
on classification of buildings and other structures (Section 1.5) in ASCE 7, for
specific details.
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4.2 Dead Loads (D)

1. Weights of fixed process equipment and machinery, piping, valves, electrical cable trays,
and the contents of these items shall be considered as dead loads.
2. Dead loads shall be designated as Ds, Df, De, Do, and Dt, as defined in Section 3.2.
4.2.1 Process Equipment and Vessel Dead Loads

1. Erection dead load (Df) for process equipment and vessels shall be taken from the certified
equipment or vessel drawing.
2. Empty dead load (De) for process equipment and vessels shall include all attachments,
trays, internals, insulation, fireproofing, agitators, piping, ladders, platforms, etc. Empty
dead load shall also include the weight of machinery (e.g., pumps, compressors, turbines,
and packaged units).
3. Test dead load (Dt) for process equipment and vessels shall be determined using the test
medium as specified in the contract documents or as specified by Purchaser.
a. Unless otherwise specified, a minimum specific gravity of 1.0 shall be used for the test
medium.
b. Equipment and pipes that may be simultaneously tested shall be included.
c. Cleaning load shall be used for test dead load if the cleaning fluid is heavier than the
test medium.
4.2.2 Pipe Rack Piping Loads
1. Dead loads for piping on pipe racks shall be estimated as shown in Table 1, unless actual
load information is available and other requirements apply.
2. Pipe racks and their foundations shall be designed to support loads associated with full use
of the available rack space and any specified future expansion.
Table 1: Dead Loads for Piping on Pipe Racks
Load Type Description
Operating dead load (Do) Uniformly distributed load of 40 psf (1.9 kN/m2) for 12-inch (305-mm)
and smaller diameter pipes.
A concentrated load including the weight of piping, product, valves,
fittings, and insulation for larger than 12-inch (305-mm) nominal
diameter pipes.
Note: 40 psf (1.9 kN/m2) is equivalent to 8-inch (203-mm) diameter,
Schedule 40 pipes, full of water, at 15-inch (381-mm) center-to-center
spacing.
Empty dead load (De) 60% Do for checking uplift and components controlled by minimum
loading when combined with wind, unless actual conditions require a
different percentage.
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Test dead load (Dt) De plus the weight of test medium used.
Only a set of simultaneously tested piping systems shall be
considered.
Unless otherwise specified, a minimum specific gravity of 1.0
shall be used for the test medium.
4.2.3 Pipe Rack Cable Tray Loads
Dead loads for cable trays on pipe racks shall be estimated as described in Table 2, unless
actual load information is available and other requirements apply.
Table 2: Dead Loads for Cable Trays on Pipe Racks

Operating dead load (Do) A uniformly distributed dead load as follows:
• 20 psf (1.0 kN/m2) for a single level of cable trays.
• 40 psf (1.9 kN/m2 ) for a double level of cable trays.
Note: These values estimate the full (maximum) level of cables in the trays.
Empty dead load (De) A reduced level of cable tray load (i.e., the actual configuration) is
considered as the empty dead load for checking uplift and components
controlled by minimum loading.
Engineering judgment shall be exercised in defining the dead load for uplift
conditions.
4.2.4 Ground-Supported Storage Tank Loads

1. Dead loads for ground-supported storage tanks shall be as shown in Table 3.
Note: For consistency, the dead loads shown in Table 3 have the same nomenclature as
other dead loads in this specification.
2. The individual load components making up the dead loads may have to be separated for
actual use in design.
Table 3: Dead Loads for Ground-Supported Storage Tank Loads

Operating dead load (Do) Operating dead load for a ground-supported storage tank is made up
of the metal load from the tank shell and roof and the weight of the
insulation, vertically applied through the wall of the tank, in addition to
the fluid load from the stored product.
The fluid load acts through the bottom of the tank and does not act
vertically through the wall of the tank. Therefore, the metal dead load
and the fluid load shall be used separately in design.
Empty dead load (De) The corroded metal weight (if a corrosion allowance is specified) is
considered as the empty dead load for checking uplift and components
controlled by minimum loading.
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Test dead load (Dt) Test dead load for a ground-supported storage tank is the same as the
operating load (Do), except that the fluid load is calculated based on the
specific gravity of the test medium used.
The test medium is specified in the contract documents or by the
Purchaser. Unless otherwise specified, a minimum specific gravity of 1.0
shall be used for the test medium.
4.3 Live Loads (L)

1. Areas specified for maintenance (e.g., heat exchanger tube bundle servicing) shall be
designed to support the live loads.
2. Live loads used in the design of buildings and other structures shall be the maximum loads
expected by the intended use or occupancy, but shall in no case be less than the minimum
live loads required by the ASCE 7 chapter on live loads (Chapter 4); the IBC section on
live loads (Section 1607); SID-SU-5106; applicable codes and standards; and the loads
specified in Table 4.
3. Uniform and concentrated live loads listed in Table 4 shall not be applied simultaneously.
Table 4: Minimum Live Loads

Area Uniform b Concentrated b
Stairs and exit ways 100 psf (4.8 kN/m2) 1000 lb (4.5 kN)
Operating, access platforms, 75 psf (3.6 kN/m2)c 2000 lb (9.0 kN)
and walkways
Control, input/output (I/O), heating, 100 psf (4.8 kN/m2) 2000 lb (9.0 kN)
ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)
room floors
Manufacturing floors and storage areas:
Light 125 psf (6.0 kN/m2) 2000 lb (9.0 kN)
Heavy 250 psf (12.0 kN/m2)a 3000 lb (13.5 kN)
Ground-supported storage tank roof 25 psf (1.2 kN/m2) NA
Notes:
a. This 250 psf (12.0 kN/m2) live load includes small equipment.
b. The loads provided in this table shall be used unless noted otherwise on the Purchaser’s data
sheet.
c. For access platforms larger than 500 sf (45 m2), the live load used in combination with dead and
operating loads (Ds + Do + L) may be reduced to 25 psf (1.2 kN/m2).
4. Concentrated loads equal to or greater than 1000 lb (4.5 kN) may be assumed to be
uniformly distributed over an area of 2.5 feet × 2.5 feet (750 mm × 750 mm) and shall be
located to produce the maximum load effects in the structural members.
5. Stair treads shall be designed according to CFR regulations or building code as applicable.
6. Live load reductions shall be in accordance with ASCE 7 and the IBC.
7. The loadings on handrails and guardrails for process equipment structures shall be in
accordance with Title 29 CFR, Part 1910.
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8. The loadings on handrails and guardrails for buildings and structures under the jurisdiction
of a building code shall be in accordance with the building code.
4.4 Wind Loads (W)

1. Except for ground-supported storage tanks designed per API 650, wind loads shall be
computed and applied in accordance with ASCE 7 and the recommendations for open
frame structures, pressure vessels, and pipe racks in ASCE Wind Loads for Petrochemical
and Other Industrial Facilities, unless otherwise specified.
Note: The wind loads in ASCE 7 are limit state wind loads and these should be taken into
account if using allowable stress design (ASD) methods or applying load factors
from other codes. Wind loads for API 650 storage tanks are ASD loads.
2. Site-specific design parameters shall be in accordance with CIV-DU-5238.

3. Typically, non-building structures in a petrochemical facility designed for wind according
to ASCE 7 and the IBC are classified as Risk Category II. However, in some cases, Risk
Category III or IV may be selected instead.
a. The appropriate classification shall be determined based on the functionality
requirement and the probability and consequences of a release of regulated substances
during a major wind.
b. Purchaser’s process safety management (PSM) group has this data and shall be
consulted when making this determination.
4. ASD combinations, including wind load, shall be used when calculating wind drift (see
Section 6.7).
5. A solid width of 1.5 feet (450 mm) shall be assumed when calculating the wind load on
ladder cages.
6. Partial wind load (WP) shall be based on the requirements of ASCE 37 for the specified test
or erection duration. The design wind speed shall be taken as basic wind speed in ASCE 7
multiplied by 0.75 factor for test or erection periods of less than 6 weeks.
Note: For test or erection periods of 6 weeks or more, or if the test or erection is in a
hurricane-prone area and is planned during the peak hurricane season (July 1 to
October 31 in the U.S.), see ASCE 37, Section 6.2.1.
7. Unless otherwise specified, Exposure C shall be used to determine wind load for all
equipment and structures, except pipe racks inside process unit limits, which shall use
Exposure B.
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8. For flexible or dynamically sensitive open lattice type structures with extreme height, such
as derricks and towers having a natural frequency of less than 1 Hz, the gust-effect factor
shall be calculated in accordance with ASCE 7, except that the background component
shall be modified as follows:
1
𝑄𝑄 = �
0.56 𝑍𝑍ℎ
1 + 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
Equation 1
Where:
Zh = z̄ = 0.6h as defined in ASCE 7

Ls = 170 ft (52 m) for wind Exposure B
220 ft (67 m) for wind Exposure C
250 ft (76 m) for wind Exposure D
9. For flexible or dynamically sensitive open lattice type structures with extreme height, such
as derricks and towers having a natural frequency of less than 1 Hz, the minimum gust-
effect factor used in the wind load calculation shall be 1.0.
10. Derricks, lattice towers, and other similar structures shall be evaluated for their
susceptibility to wind induced vibration and vortex induced vibration (VIV), including the
global and local fatigue damage in accordance with DNVGL GL-RP-C205 and
DNV-RP-C203, respectively, or other accepted industrial standards.
4.5 Earthquake Loads (E)

1. Except for ground-supported storage tanks designed per API 650, earthquake loads shall be
computed and applied in accordance with ASCE 7 and the IBC, unless otherwise specified.
Note: The earthquake loads in ASCE 7 are limit state earthquake loads and these should
be taken into account if using ASD methods or applying load factors from other
codes. Earthquake loads for API 650 storage tanks are ASD loads.
2. Site-specific design parameters shall conform to CIV-DU-5238.
3. Earthquake loading for non-building structures shall be determined using the chapter on
seismic design requirements for non-building structures in ASCE 7, (Chapter 15), and the
recommendations in the ASCE Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation and Design of
Petrochemical Facilities.
Note: Non-building structures include, but are not limited to, elevated tanks or vessels,
stacks, pipe racks, and cooling towers.
4. The importance factor ‘Ie’ for non-building structures shall be determined using the chapter
on seismic design requirements for non-building structures in ASCE 7 (Chapter 15), based
on the structure risk category.
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Note: Typically, for non-building structures in petrochemical process units, an

importance factor ‘Ie’ of 1.0 is used in conjunction with Risk Category II. However,
in some cases, it is necessary to use an importance factor ‘Ie’ of 1.25 or 1.5 in
conjunction with Risk Category III or IV, respectively. Purchaser’s PSM group
should be consulted when determining the structure risk category.
4.6 Impact, Crane, and Lifting Loads

1. Impact and crane loads shall be in accordance with ASCE 7.
2. Impact loads for davits shall be the same as those for monorail cranes (powered).
3. Lifting lugs or pad eyes and internal members (including both end connections) framed into
the joint where the lifting lug or pad eye is located shall be designed for 100 percent
impact.
4. All other structural members transmitting lifting forces shall be designed for 15 percent
impact.
5. Allowable stresses shall not be increased when combining impact with dead load.
4.7 Thermal Loads

1. All support structures and elements shall be designed to accommodate the loads or effects
produced by thermal expansion and contraction of equipment and piping.
2. Thermal loads shall be included with operating loads in the appropriate load combinations.
3. Thermal loads shall have the same load factor as dead loads.
4. Thermal loads and displacements shall be calculated on the basis of the difference between
ambient or equipment design temperature and installed temperature. To account for the
significant increase in temperatures of steel exposed to sunlight, 35ºF (20ºC) shall be added
to the maximum ambient temperature.
5. Friction loads caused by thermal expansion shall be determined using the appropriate static
coefficient of friction. Coefficients of friction shall be in accordance with Table 5.
Table 5: Coefficients of Friction

Material Conditions Static Coefficient
Steel to steel (normal condition) 0.3
Steel to steel (corroded) 0.4
Steel to concrete 0.6
Proprietary sliding surfaces or coatings (e.g., Teflon) Per manufacturer’s instructions
6. Friction loads shall be considered temporary and shall not be combined with wind or
earthquake loads. However, anchor and guide loads (excluding their friction component)
shall be combined with wind or earthquake loads.
Integrity Critical
7. For pipe racks supporting multiple pipes, the following requirements shall apply:
a. 10 percent of the total estimated operating weight (i.e., 4 psf [0.19 kNm2]) shall be used
as an estimated horizontal friction load applied only to local supporting beams.
b. For pipes larger than 12 inches (305 mm) nominal diameter, the actual friction and
anchor loads shall be used. For the remainder area not occupied by the larger pipes,
10 percent of the estimated operating weight (i.e., 4 psf [0.19 kNm2]) shall be used.
c. For three or fewer pipes (i.e., no future pipe addition), 30 percent of the total of the
actual operating weight of the pipes shall be used.
d. An estimated friction load equal to 5 percent of the total piping weight shall be
accumulated and carried into pipe rack struts, columns, braced anchor frames, and
foundations.
e. Under normal loading conditions with multiple pipes, torsional effects on the local
beam need not be considered because the pipes supported by the beam limit the
rotation of the beam to the extent that the torsional stresses are minimal. Under certain
circumstances, engineering judgment shall be applied to determine whether a higher
friction load and/or torsional effects should be used.
8. Pipe anchor and guide loads shall have the same load factor as dead loads.
9. Internal pressure and surge shall be considered for pipe anchor and guide loads.
10. Beams, struts, columns, braced anchor frames, and foundations shall be designed to resist
actual pipe anchor and guide loads.
11. For local beam design, only the top flange shall be considered effective for horizontal
bending unless the pipe anchor engages both flanges of the beam.
4.8 Bundle Pull Loads (Bp)

1. Structures and foundations supporting heat exchangers subject to bundle pulling shall be
designed for a horizontal load equal to 1.0 times the weight of the removable tube bundle
but not less than 2000 lb (9.0 kN).
Note: If the total weight of the exchanger is less than 2000 lb (9.0 kN), the bundle pull
design load need not exceed the total weight of the exchanger.
2. Bundle pull load shall be applied at the center of the bundle.
Note: If it is certain that the bundles will be removed only by the use of a bundle
extractor attached directly to the exchanger (so that the bundle pull force is not
transferred to the structure or foundation), then the structure or foundation need
not be designed for the bundle pull force. To ensure adherence to this process, a
sign should be posted on the exchanger to indicate bundle removal by an extractor
only.
3. The portion of the bundle pull load at the sliding end support shall equal the friction force
or half the total bundle pull load, whichever is less. The remainder of the bundle pull load
shall be resisted at the anchor end support.
Integrity Critical
4.9 Traffic Loads

1. Buildings, trenches, and underground installations accessible to truck loading shall be
designed to withstand HL93 load as defined by AASHTO HB-17.
2. Forklift, maintenance, or construction crane loads shall also be considered where
applicable.
3. Truck or mobile crane loads shall have the same load factor as live loads.
4.10 Blast Loads
Note: Control houses or other buildings housing personnel and control equipment near
processing plants may need to be designed for blast resistance.
1. Purchaser’s health, environment, and safety (HES) group and the PSM group shall be
consulted when determining if the building or equipment needs to be designed for blast
resistance and for requirements of minimum blast on-side pressure and duration.
2. Blast load shall be computed and applied in accordance with the following:
a. CIV-DS-6024.
b. CIV-DU-6024.
c. ASCE Design of Blast-Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities.
4.11 Snow Loads (S)

1. Unless otherwise specified, snow loads shall be computed and applied in accordance with
ASCE 7 and the IBC.
2. Site-specific design parameters shall be in accordance with CIV-DU-5238.
4.12 Occasional Loads

Occasional loads from sources such as system upset, equipment start up, regeneration, or water
hammer shall be considered and treated as live loads (L).
Note: Occasional loads need not be combined with seismic or wind loads.
5.0 Load Combinations

5.1 General
1. Buildings, structures, equipment, vessels, tanks, and foundations shall be designed in
accordance with the following:
a. Appropriate load combinations in accordance with ASCE 7 and the IBC.
b. Load combinations specified in Section 5.0 adapted from ASCE 7 and the IBC.
c. Local building codes.
d. Any other applicable design codes and standards.
e. Any other probable and realistic combination of loads.
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2. The non-comprehensive lists of typical load combinations for specific types of structures
provided in Section 5.2, in both strength design and ASD format, shall be considered and
used as applicable.
3. Engineering judgment shall be used to establish all appropriate load combinations.
4. The load combinations provided shall be appropriate for use with the strength design
provisions of either AISC 360 or ACI 318.
Note: The dead load factor used for the earthquake uplift ASD load combinations is
generally taken as 0.9. This factor is greater than the 0.6 dead load factor used in
the ASD load combinations of ASCE 7. See Section 5.2 because the dead loads of
non-building structures are known to a higher degree of accuracy than are the
corresponding dead loads of buildings. A dead load factor of 0.9 instead of 1.0 is
used to account for the effect of vertical seismic forces. The use of this reduction is
necessary because foundations sized using ASD loads, (except for foundations for
ground-supported storage tanks) are generally not required to consider the effect
of vertical seismic uplift forces if a dead load factor of 0.6 is used. A dead load
factor of 1.0 is used for the wind uplift ASD load combinations because of the
higher accuracy of dead loads of non-building structures.
5.2 Typical Load Combinations (for Structures and Foundations)
5.2.1 General Plant Structures

Load combinations for buildings and open frame structures shall be in accordance with the
ASCE 7 chapter on combinations of loads (Chapter 2).
5.2.2 Vertical Vessel Supports and Foundations

Load combinations for vertical vessel supports and foundations shall be as shown in Table 6
and Table 7.
Note: Refer to Section 3.0 for definitions of load abbreviations.
Table 6: Vertical Vessel Supports and Foundations Loading Combinations—ASD (Service Loads)
Load Comb. Allowable Stress Description
Load Combination
No. Multiplier
1 Ds + Do + L 1.00 Operating weight c + live load
2 Ds + Do + 1.00 Operating weight c + wind

(0.6 W or 0.7 Eoa) or earthquake
3 Ds + De + 0.6 W 1.00 Empty weight + wind

(wind uplift case)
4a 0.9 (Ds + Do) + 0.7 Eoa 1.00 Operating weight c + earthquake

(earthquake uplift case)
4b 0.9 (Ds + De) + 0.7 Eea 1.00 Empty weight + earthquake

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Load Comb. Allowable Stress Description

Load Combination
No. Multiplier
5 Ds + Df + 0.6 W p 1.00 Erection weight + partial wind b

(wind uplift case)
6 Ds + Dt + 0.6 W p 1.20 Test weight + partial wind

Notes:
a. For skirt-supported vertical vessels and skirt-supported elevated tanks classified as Risk Category IV
in accordance with ASCE 7, the critical earthquake provisions and implied load combination of
ASCE 7 shall be followed. (See the ASCE 7 section on evaluation of structures sensitive to buckling
failure [Section 15.7.10.5]).
b. Erection weight + partial wind shall be required only if the erection weight of the vessel is significantly
less than the empty weight of the vessel.
c. If deemed advisable, thrust forces caused by thermal expansion of piping shall be included in the
calculations for operating load combinations. A pipe stress engineer shall be consulted for any
thermal loads that are to be considered.
Table 7: Vertical Vessel Supports and Foundations Loading Combinations and Load Factors—
Strength Design
Load Comb. Description
Load Combination
No.
1 1.4 (Ds + Do) Operating weight c
2 1.2 (Ds + Do) + 1.6 L Operating weight c + live load
3 1.2 (Ds + Do) + Operating weight c + wind or earthquake

(1.0 W or 1.0 Eoa)
4 0.9 (Ds + De) + 1.0 W Empty weight + wind

(wind uplift case)
5a 0.9 (Ds + Do) + 1.0 Eoa Operating weight c + earthquake

5b 0.9 (Ds + De) + 1.0 Eea Empty weight + earthquake

6 0.9 (Ds + Df) + 1.0 W p Erection weight + partial wind b

(wind uplift case)
7 1.4 (Ds + Dt) Test weight
8 1.2 (Ds + Dt) + 1.0 W p Test weight + partial wind

Notes:
a. For skirt-supported vertical vessels and skirt-supported elevated tanks classified as Risk Category IV
in accordance with ASCE 7, the critical earthquake provisions and implied load combination of
ASCE 7 shall be followed. (See the ASCE 7 section on evaluation of structures sensitive to buckling
failure [Section 15.7.10.5].)
b. Erection weight + partial wind shall be required only if the erection weight of the vessel is significantly
less than the empty weight of the vessel. (See load combination number 6).
c. If deemed advisable, thrust forces caused by thermal expansion of piping shall be included in the
thermal loads that are to be considered. The same load factor as used for dead load shall be used.
Integrity Critical
5.2.3 Horizontal Vessel and Heat Exchanger Supports and Foundations

Load combinations for horizontal vessel and heat exchanger supports and foundations shall be
as shown in Table 8 and Table 9.
Table 8: Horizontal Vessel and Heat Exchanger Supports and Foundations Loading
Combinations—ASD (Service Loads)
Load Load Combination Allowable Stress Description
Comb. No. Multiplier
1 Ds + Do + 1.00 Operating weight +

(T or Ff) b,e,f thermal expansion or friction force
2 Ds + Do + L + 1.00 Operating weight + live load + thermal

(T or Ff) b,e,f expansion or friction force
3 Ds + Do + 1.00 Operating weight + wind

(0.6 W or 0.7 Eo) or earthquake a
4 Ds + De + 0.6 W 1.00 Empty weight + wind a

(wind uplift case)
5a 0.9 (Ds + Do) + 0.7 Eo 1.00 Operating weight f + earthquake a

5b 0.9 (Ds + De) + 0.7 Ee 1.00 Empty weight + earthquake a

6 Ds + Df + 0.6 W p 1.00 Erection weight + partial wind a,c

(wind uplift case)
7 Ds + Dt + 0.6 W p 1.20 Test weight + partial wind a

(for horizontal vessels only)
8 Ds + Ded + Bp 1.00 Empty weight + bundle pull

(for heat exchangers only)
Notes:
a. Wind and earthquake forces shall be applied in both transverse and longitudinal directions, but shall
not necessarily be applied simultaneously.
b. The design thermal force for horizontal vessels and heat exchangers shall be the lesser of T or Ff.
c. Erection weight + partial wind shall be required only if the erection weight of the vessel or exchanger
is significantly less than the empty weight of the vessel or exchanger.
d. Heat exchanger empty dead load will be reduced during bundle pull because of the removal of the
exchanger head.
e. Sustained thermal loads not relieved by sliding caused by vessel or exchanger expansion shall be
considered in operating load combinations with wind or earthquake.
f. If deemed advisable, thrust forces caused by thermal expansion of piping shall be included in the
thermal loads that are to be considered.
Integrity Critical
Table 9: Horizontal Vessel and Heat Exchanger Supports and Foundations Loading Combinations
and Load Factors—Strength Design
Load Comb. Load Combination Description
No.
1 1.4 (Ds + Do) + 1.4 Operating weight +

(T or Ff)b,e,f thermal expansion or friction force
2 1.2 (Ds + Do) + 1.6 L + Operating weight + live load +

1.2 (T or Ff) b,e,f thermal expansion or friction force
3 1.2 (Ds + Do) + Operating weight +

(1.0 W or 1.0 Eo) wind or earthquake a
4 0.9 (Ds + De) + 1.0 W Empty weight + wind a

(wind uplift case)
5a 0.9 (Ds + Do) + 1.0 Eo Operating weight + earthquake a

5b 0.9 (Ds + De) + 1.0 Ee Empty weight + earthquake a

6 0.9 (Ds + Df) + 1.0 W p Erection weight + partial wind a,c

(wind uplift case)

8 1.2 (Ds + Dt) + 1.0 W p Test weight + partial wind a

9 1.2 (Ds + Ded) + 1.6 Bp Empty weight + bundle pull

(for heat exchangers only)
10 0.9 (Ds + Ded) + 1.6 Bp Empty weight + bundle pull

(for heat exchangers only; bundle pull uplift case)
Notes:
a. Wind and earthquake forces shall be applied in both transverse and longitudinal directions, but shall
not necessarily be applied simultaneously.
b. The design thermal force for horizontal vessels and heat exchangers shall be the lesser of T or Ff.
c. Erection weight + partial wind shall be required only if the erection weight of the vessel or exchanger
is significantly less than the empty weight of the vessel or exchanger.
d. Heat exchanger empty dead load will be reduced during bundle pull because of the removal of the
exchanger head.
e. Sustained thermal loads not relieved by sliding from vessel or exchanger expansion shall be
considered in operating load combinations with wind or earthquake.
f. If deemed advisable, thrust forces caused by thermal expansion of piping shall be included in the
thermal loads that are to be considered. The same load factor as used for dead load shall be used.
Integrity Critical
5.2.4 Pipe Rack and Pipe Bridge Design

Load combinations for pipe rack and pipe bridge design shall be as shown in Table 10 and
Table 11.
Table 10: Pipe Rack and Pipe Bridge Loading Combinations—ASD (Service Loads)
Load Load Combination Allowable Description

Comb. No. Stress Multiplier
1 Ds + Do + Ff + T + Af 1.00 Operating weight + friction force +

thermal expansion + anchor force e
2 Ds + Do + Af + 1.00 Operating weight + anchor force e +

(0.6 W or 0.7 Eo) wind a or earthquake b
3 Ds + Dec + 0.6 W 1.00 Empty weight + wind

(wind uplift case)
4a 0.9 (Ds+Do) + Af + 0.7 Eo 1.00 Operating weight + earthquake b

4b 0.9 (Ds + Dec) + 0.7 Ee 1.00 Empty weight + earthquake b

5 Ds + Dt + 0.6 W p 1.20 Test weight + partial wind d
Notes:
a. Considerations of wind forces are normally not necessary in the longitudinal direction because
friction and anchor loads normally govern.
b. Earthquake forces shall be applied in both transverse and longitudinal directions, but shall not
necessarily be applied simultaneously.
c. 0.6Do may be used as a close approximation of the empty pipe condition De.
d. Test weight + partial wind combination shall be required only for local member design because
testing is not typically performed on all pipes simultaneously.
e. A pipe stress engineer shall be consulted for the nature of the anchor loads (static or dynamic)
that are to be considered in structural analysis of pipe racks and bridges.
Integrity Critical
Table 11: Pipe Rack and Pipe Bridge Loading Combinations and Load Factors—Strength Design
Load Load Combination Description

Comb. No.
1 1.4 (Ds + Do + Ff + T + Af) Operating weight + friction force + thermal

expansion + anchor force e
2 1.2 (Ds + Do + Af) + (1.0 W or 1.0 Eo) Operating weight + anchor force + wind a or
earthquake
3 0.9 (Ds + Dec) + 1.0 W Empty weight + wind

(wind uplift case)
4a 0.9 (Ds + Do) + 1.2 (Af) + 1.0 Eo Operating weight + earthquake b

4b 0.9 (Ds + Dec) + 1.0 Ee Empty weight + earthquake b

6 1.2 (Ds + Dt) + 1.0 W p Test weight + partial wind d
Notes:
a. Considerations of wind forces are normally not necessary in the longitudinal direction because
friction and anchor loads normally govern.
b. Earthquake forces shall be applied in both transverse and longitudinal directions, but shall not
necessarily be applied simultaneously.
c. 0.6Do may be used as a close approximation of the empty pipe condition De.
d. Test weight + partial wind normally shall be required only for local member design because test is
not typically performed on all pipes simultaneously.
e. A pipe stress engineer shall be consulted for the nature of the anchor loads (static or dynamic) that
are to be considered in structural analysis of pipe racks and bridges.
5.2.5 Ground-Supported Storage Tank Load Combinations

1. Load combinations for ground-supported storage tanks shall be taken from API 650.
2. Load combinations from API 650 modified for use with ASCE 7 loads and this
specification shall be as shown in Table 12.
Integrity Critical
Table 12: Ground-Supported Storage Tank Loading Combinations—ASD (Service Loads)

Load Load Combination Description
Comb. No.
1 Ds + Do + Pi Operating weight + internal pressure a
2 Ds + Dt + Pt Test weight + test pressure
3 Ds + (De or Do) + 0.6 W + 0.4 Pib Empty or operating weight + wind + internal
pressure a
4 Ds + (De or Do) + 0.6 W + 0.4 Peb Empty or operating weight + wind + external
pressure
5 Ds + Do + (L or S) + 0.4 Peb Operating weight + live or snow + external pressure
6 Ds + (De or Do) + 0.4 (L or S) + Pe Empty or operating weight +
live or snow + external pressure
7 Ds + Do + 0.1 S + Eoc + 0.4 Pib Operating weight + snow + earthquake + internal
pressure a (earthquake uplift case)
8 Ds + Do + 0.1 S + Eoc Operating weight + snow + earthquake
Notes:
a. For internal pressures sufficient to lift the tank shell, the tank, anchor bolts, and foundation shall be
designed to the requirements of API 650.
b. If the ratio of operating pressure to design pressure exceeds 0.4, Purchaser shall consider
specifying a higher factor on design pressure in load combinations 3, 4, 5, and 7 of Table 10.
c. Earthquake loads for API 650 tanks taken from ASCE 7 ‘bridging equations’ or from API 650 already
include the 0.7 ASD seismic load factor.
5.2.6 Load Combinations for Static Machinery, Skid and Modular Equipment, Filters,
and Other Equipment
Load combinations for static machinery, skid and modular equipment, filters, etc., shall be
similar to the load combinations for vertical vessel supports and foundations (see
Section 5.2.2).
5.3 Test Combinations

1. Engineering judgment shall be used to establish the appropriate application of test load
combinations to adequately address actual test conditions in accordance with project and
code requirements, while avoiding overly conservative designs.
2. Consideration shall be given to the sequence and combination of testing for various
equipment, vessels, tanks, and/or piping systems supported on common structures, pipe
racks, or foundations.
Note: Full wind and earthquake loads are typically not combined with test loads unless
unusually long test duration is planned (i.e., if a significant probability exists that
the ‘partial wind velocity’ will be exceeded or an earthquake event may occur).
3. Additional loading shall be included with test if specified in the contract documents.
4. For ASD, a 20 percent allowable stress increase shall be permitted for any test load
combination.
5. For ultimate strength/limit states design, no load factor reduction shall be permitted for any
test load combination.
Integrity Critical
6.0 Structural Design

6.1 Steel
1. Structural steel shall be designed in accordance with AISC 360, CIV-SU-398, and where
required, AISC 341.
2. Structural steel shall be fabricated in accordance with CIV-SU-398 unless otherwise
specified.
3. For cold-formed shapes, design shall be in accordance with AISI S100.

4. Steel joists shall be designed in accordance with SJI Standard Specifications, Load Tables
and Weight Tables for Steel Joists and Joist Girders.
5. Steel design, including steel joists and metal decking, shall be in accordance with Title 29
CFR, Part 1926, Subpart R, to provide structural stability during erection and to protect
employees from the hazards associated with steel erection activities.
6. Unless otherwise specified, structural steel shapes shall be in accordance with the table on
high-strength bolt assemblies (Table 1) in CIV-SU-398.
7. All welded structural connections shall use weld filler material conforming to the
requirements of AWS D1.1/D1.1M and have an electrode strength of 58 ksi (400 MPa)
minimum yield strength and 70 ksi (480 MPa) tensile strength, unless otherwise required.
8. Preference in design shall be given to shop-welded, field-bolted connections.
9. Compression flanges of floor beams not supporting equipment may be considered braced
by decking (concrete or floor plate).
10. Grating shall not be considered as lateral bracing for support beams.
11. Except as specified in Section 6.1, item 12 or if slip-critical connections are required by
RCSC Specification for Structural Joints Using High Strength Bolts, all bolts 3/4 inch
(19 mm) and larger (except anchor bolts) shall be type N (bearing type with threads
included in the shear plane) high-strength ASTM F3125/F3125M, Grade A325, type 1
bolts.
12. Minimum bolt size shall be as follows:
a. Structural members: 3/4 inch (20 mm).
b. Railings, ladders, purlins, and girts: 5/8 inch (16 mm), ASTM A307.
13. Minimum thickness of bracing gusset plates shall be 3/8 inch (10 mm).
14. Design of pre-engineered metal buildings shall be in compliance with PIP ARS13120.
6.2 Concrete
1. Concrete design shall be in accordance with ACI 318 and CIV-SU-850.
2. Concrete design for liquid-containing structures shall also be designed in accordance with
ACI 350.
Integrity Critical
3. Unless otherwise specified, all reinforcing steel shall be in accordance with the
requirements of ASTM A615/A615M, Grade 60 deformed.
4. ASTM A615/A615M Grade 60 plain wire conforming to ASTM A1064/A1064M may be
used for spiral reinforcement.
5. Welded wire fabric shall conform to ASTM A1064/A1064M.
6. Reinforcement designed to resist earthquake-induced flexural and axial forces in frame
members and in wall boundary elements shall be in accordance with ASTM A706/A706M.
ASTM A615/A615M, Grade 60 reinforcement shall be acceptable under the following
conditions:
a. The actual yield strength based on mill tests does not exceed the specified yield
strength by more than 18,000 psi (124 MPa). Retests shall not exceed this value by
more than an additional 3000 psi (20.7 MPa).
b. The ratio of the actual ultimate tensile strength to the actual tensile yield strength is not
less than 1.25.
7. Precast and prestressed concrete shall be in accordance with PCI MNL 120 and
CIV-SU-5266.
6.3 Masonry
Masonry design shall be in accordance with TMS 402/602.
6.4 Wood
Wood design shall be in accordance with the AWC National Design Specification for Wood
Construction (NDS) and AWC Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic (SDPWS).
6.5 Elevator Supports

Elevator support design shall be in accordance with ASME A17.1.
6.6 Crane Supports

1. Crane supports shall be designed in compliance with CMAA 70 and CMAA 74.
2. Vertical deflection of support runway girders shall not exceed the limits given in Table 13,
if loaded with the maximum wheel load(s) without impact (where L is the span length).
Table 13: Allowable Girder Deflections

Crane Type Maximum Allowable Girder Deflections
Top-Running CMAA Class A, B, and C Cranes L/600
Top-Running CMAA Class D Cranes L/800
Top-Running CMAA Class E and F Cranes L/1000
Under-Running CMAA Class A, B, and C Cranes L/450
Monorails L/450
Integrity Critical
3. Vertical deflection of jib crane support beams shall not exceed L/225 (where L is the
maximum distance from the support column to load location along the length of the jib
beam) if loaded with the maximum lifted plus hoist load(s) without impact.
4. Lateral deflection of support runway girders for cranes with lateral moving trolleys shall
not exceed L/400 (where L is the span length) if loaded with a total crane lateral force not
less than 20 percent of the sum of the weights of the lifted load (without impact) and the
crane trolley. The lateral force shall be distributed to each runway girder with consideration
for the lateral stiffness of the runway girders and the structure supporting the runway
girders.
5. Crane stops shall be designed in accordance with the crane manufacturer’s requirements or,
if not specified, for the following load:
𝐹𝐹 = 𝑊𝑊𝑉𝑉 2 /(2𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔)
Equation 2
Where:
F = Design force on crane stop, kips (kN)
W = 50 percent of bridge weight + 90 percent of trolley weight, excluding the lifted
load, kips (kN)
V = Rated crane speed, ft/sec (m/sec)
g = Acceleration of gravity, 32.2 ft/sec2 (9.8 m/sec2)
T = Length of travel ft (m) of spring or plunger required to stop crane, from crane
manufacturer, typically 0.15 ft (0.05 m)
n = Bumper efficiency factor (0.5 for helical springs; consult crane manufacturer
for hydraulic plunger.)
6.7 Allowable Drift Limits

In addition to the allowable drift limits specified in this section, the deflection limit in pipe
racks and structures supporting process equipment shall not exceed the allowable deflection of
the supported pipes and/or equipment as set by the responsible piping engineer.
1. Allowable seismic drift limits shall be in accordance with ASCE 7.
2. Allowable wind drift limits shall be as indicated in Table 14.

3. Pipe racks and structure supporting process equipment that are subjected to vibration shall
be evaluated by means of detail dynamic analysis to show the following:
a. Pipe, equipment, and supporting structure are not vibrating at their resonance
frequency.
b. Pipe deflection due to the vibration is within the acceptable limit as set by the
responsible piping engineer.
Integrity Critical
Table 14: Allowable Wind Drift Limits

Structure Maximum Allowable Wind Drift Limits
Pipe racks H/100 (where H = pipe rack height)
Occupied buildings H/200 (where H = story height)
Pre-engineered metal buildings H/80 (where H = building height)
Buildings with bridge cranes that are H/400 or 2 inches (50 mm), whichever is less
required to be in service even during (where H = the height from the base of the crane support
hurricanes structure to the top of the runway girder)
Buildings with bridge cranes that will H/140 or 2 inches (50 mm), whichever is less
not be in service during hurricanes (where H = the height from the base of the crane support
structure to the top of the runway girder)
Process structures and personnel H/200
access platforms (where H = structure height at elevation of drift
consideration)
6.8 Foundations
1. Foundation design shall be based on the results of a geotechnical engineering investigation.
2. The minimum overturning ‘stability ratio’ and the minimum factor of safety against sliding
for wind, earthquake, and other service loads shall be as shown in Table 15.
Table 15: Factor of Safety for Overturning and Sliding

Loading Condition Overturning Sliding
Normal operating 2.0 2.0
Temporary and construction 1.5 1.5
Wind 1.5 1.5
Seismic 1.0 1.0
3. The minimum overturning stability ratio and factor of safety against sliding shall be 1.0 if
the dead load factor of 0.6 in accordance with ASCE 7 is used in the load combination
involving wind.
Note: This requirement is consistent with ASCE 7 provisions in which the factor of safety
is built into the 0.6 dead load factor in the load combinations.
4. For earthquake loads calculated by the ‘equivalent lateral force procedure’ in ASCE 7
(Section 17.4.1), additional stability checks shall be performed in accordance with
the ASCE 7 chapter on seismic design requirements for building structures (Chapter 12),
specifically the sub-section regarding overturning (Section 12.8.5).
5. For foundations designed using seismic load combinations from Table 6, Table 8, and
Table 10, the reduction in overturning effects at the soil-foundation interface permitted in
the ASCE 7 chapter on seismic design requirements for building structures, specifically the
sub-section on reduction of foundation overturning (Section 12.13.4) shall not be used.
6. The minimum factor of safety against buoyancy shall be 1.2 if using actual unfactored
service loads.
Integrity Critical
7. Long-term and differential settlement shall be considered when designing foundations

supporting interconnected, settlement-sensitive equipment or piping systems.
8. Unless otherwise specified, maximum absolute (long term) total and differential settlement
for shallow foundations shall be 1 inch (25 mm) and 1/2 inch (13 mm), respectively, for
structures, equipment, or piping systems that are sensitive to settlement.
9. Because Title 29 of the CFR requires shoring or the equivalent for excavations 5 feet
(1.53 m) or more below grade and because it is costly to shore excavations, minimizing the
depth of spread footings shall be considered in the design.
10. Unless otherwise specified, the top of grout (bottom of base plate) of pedestals and
ringwalls shall be 1 foot (0.3 m) above the high point of finished grade.
11. Except for foundations supporting ground-supported storage tanks, uplift load
combinations containing earthquake loads shall not need to include the vertical components
of the seismic load effect, E, if used to size foundations.
12. Foundations for ground-supported storage tanks that have sufficient internal pressure to lift
the shell shall be designed to the requirements of API 650.
13. For high-temperature equipment supported by concrete foundations, the foundations /
structures shall be isolated from hot equipment with spacers, lugs, or rings, so that the
temperature of concrete does not exceed 400ºF (240ºC).
a. Alternatively, heat resistant concrete may be used.
b. When heat resistant concrete is used, it shall have compressive strength equal to that of
structural concrete it protects.
6.9 Foundations for Vibrating Machinery

1. Machinery foundations shall be designed in accordance with API 686, the equipment
manufacturer’s recommendations, and published design procedures and criteria for
dynamic analysis.
2. If equipment manufacturer’s vibration criteria are not available, the maximum velocity of
movement during steady-state normal operation shall be limited to 0.12 inch (3.0 mm) per
second for centrifugal machines and to 0.15 inch (3.8 mm) per second for reciprocating
machines.
3. Support structures or foundations for centrifugal machinery greater than 500 horsepower or
10,000 lb (4545 kg) shall be designed for the expected dynamic forces using dynamic
analysis procedures in compliance with CIV-PU-6150.
4. For centrifugal machinery less than 500 horsepower, in the absence of a detailed dynamic
analysis, the foundation weight shall be designed to be at least three times the total
machinery weight, unless specified otherwise by the equipment manufacturer.
5. For reciprocating machinery less than 200 horsepower or 10,000 lb (4545 kg), in the
absence of a detailed dynamic analysis, the foundation weight shall be designed to be at
least five times the total machinery weight, unless specified otherwise by the manufacturer.
Integrity Critical
6. The allowable soil-bearing capacity for foundations for equipment designed for dynamic
loads shall be a maximum of half the normal allowable for static loads. No reduction in
allowable load shall be required for deep foundations such as pile foundation.
7. The maximum eccentricity between the center of gravity of the combined weight of the
foundation and machinery and the bearing surface shall be 5 percent in each direction.
8. Structures and foundations that support vibrating equipment shall have a natural frequency
that is outside the range of 0.80 to 1.20 times the exciting frequency.
9. Foundations for vibrating machinery shall be independent from the foundations of adjacent
equipment or buildings.
6.10 Anchor Bolts

1. Anchor bolts shall be headed type or threaded rods with compatible nuts using the
following materials as applicable:
a. ASTM A36/A36M.
b. ASTM A307.
c. ASTM F1554, Grade 36, 55, or 105.
d. ASTM A193/A193M, Grade B7.
e. ASTM A354, Grade BC, BD.
2. All ASTM A36/A36M, ASTM A307, and ASTM F1554, Grade 36 anchor bolts and
hardware shall be hot-dip galvanized.
3. Standard cast-in-place anchor bolt shall be in accordance with [CIV] GD-Q68922 unless
otherwise specified in the contract documents.
a. When the minimum anchor bolt spacing and edge distance requirements specified in
[CIV] GD-Q68922 cannot be met, special reinforcing bars to transfer tensile and shear
forces shall be required to achieve ductile design.
b. Design of the special reinforcement for anchors shall be in accordance with ASCE
Anchorage Design for Petrochemical Facilities and PIP STE05121.
4. Post-installed anchors in concrete shall be designed in compliance with ACI 318.
6.11 Design of Deep Foundations
6.11.1 General
1. The settlement of deep foundation elements shall be estimated. The predicted settlement
shall not cause excessive distortion, instability, or excessive loading in the structure.
2. Moments, shears, and lateral deflections shall be established considering the nonlinear
interaction of the foundation element and the soil. Fixed-head moments shall be
appropriately incorporated into the structural model.
3. The soil immediately below the pile cap shall not be considered as carrying vertical load.
4. The tops of vertical deep foundation elements shall be embedded at least 3 inches (75 mm)
into pile caps.
a. The caps shall extend at least 4 inches (100 mm) beyond the edges of the elements.
Integrity Critical
b. The tops of elements shall be cut or chipped back to sound material before capping.
6.11.2 Design of Drilled Shaft

1. Minimum vertical reinforcement shall be 0.50 percent of the pier gross area or as required
to resist axial loads and bending moments.
2. The minimum clear spacing of vertical bars shall not be less than three times the maximum
coarse aggregate size nor less than three times the bar diameter.
3. Reinforcing steel shall allow a minimum of 3 inches (75 mm) of concrete cover on piers
without casing and 4 inches (100 mm) of concrete cover on piers in which the casing will
be withdrawn.
6.11.3 Design of Driven Piles

1. Unless otherwise specified or authorized, the pile types specified in CIV-PU-4841 shall be
used.
2. In addition to in-place conditions, piles shall be designed to resist handling, transportation,
and installation stresses.
3. Unless otherwise specified, the exposure condition shall be evaluated to establish the
corrosion allowances for steel piles.
4. The top of piles shall penetrate 2 inches (50 mm) into the bottom of large slab
foundations—such as those for cooling towers, cooling boxes, and oil-water separators—or
4 inches (100 mm) into bottom of foundations for all other major equipment.
5. Piles shall be designed to develop the soil friction or end-bearing capacity and the lateral
passive earth pressure capacity.
a. Factors of safety to be used for pile design are typically given in the geotechnical
report.
b. In the absence of such recommendations, the factor of safety against ultimate pile
capacity for different loading conditions shall be as follows:
1) Axial compression: 2.0 (for dead plus operating load).
2) Axial tension (uplift): 3.0 (for static load); 1.5 (for short duration load).
3) Temporary, wind, or seismic loading: 1.5.
6. Pile capacity may be increased 33 1/3 percent for load combinations that include wind or
seismic load and 20 percent for load combinations that include hydrotest load.
7. Reinforcing bars in bottom of footings and slabs shall be 3 inches (75 mm) above pile
cutoff.
8. Timber piles shall not be used for temperatures above 150ºF (65ºC) without authorization
from Purchaser.
Integrity Critical
6.12 Cantilever Retaining Wall

1. The retaining wall shall be checked for stability about the toe to guard against overturning.
2. The following factors of safety shall be the minimum to guard against overturning:
a. 1.5 for cohesionless soils.
b. 2.0 for cohesive soils, unless otherwise specified in the geotechnical report.
3. Sliding resistance of the retaining wall shall be checked.
4. The factor of safety to guard against sliding and the coefficient friction between the base
and the soil shall comply with the geotechnical report. In the absence of such
recommendation, the minimum factors of safety for sliding shall be as follows:
a. 1.5 for cohesionless soils.
b. 2.0 for cohesive soils.
5. Coefficient of friction between the base and cohesionless soil may be assumed as follows:
a. 0.55 for sands and gravels.
b. 0.45 for silty sands and gravels.
c. 0.35 for silt.
6.13 Vessel Load Cell Supports

Supports for vessel load cells shall be designed in accordance with PIP PCCWE001 and
PIP PCEWE001.
7.0 Existing Structures

If the Purchaser and the engineer of record agree that the integrity of the existing structure is
100 percent of the original capacity (based on the design code in effect at the time of original
design), performing structural designs shall be permitted in accordance with the following:
1. If additions or alterations to an existing structure do not increase the force in any structural
element or connection by more than 5 percent, no further analysis shall be required.
2. If the increased forces on the element or connection are greater than 5 percent, the element
or connection shall be analyzed to show that it is in compliance with the applicable design
code for new construction.
3. The strength of any structural element or connection shall not be decreased to less than that
required by the applicable design code or standard for new construction for the structure in
question.
4. Alternatively, the structural design shall be in accordance with the requirements of the
ICC IEBC.
8.0 Blast Resistant Buildings

Blast resistant buildings shall be designed in compliance with CIV-DU-6024.

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Integrity Critical

Operating Environment: Onshore

Rev. Date Description Author Technology Leader

Author notations regarding this revision

Safety Critical Changes (if applicable) are noted below

2.1 Owner Documents

2.2 Industry Codes and Standards

American Concrete Institute (ACI)

American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)

American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)

American Petroleum Institute (API)

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

American Welding Society (AWS)

American Wood Council (AWC)

Crane Manufacturers Association of America (CMAA)

Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI)

Process Industry Practices (PIP)

PIP PCEWE001 Weigh Systems Guidelines

Research Council on Structural Connections (RCSC)

Steel Joist Institute (SJI)

The Masonry Society (TMS)

2.3 Conflict Resolution and Order of Precedence

Engineer of Record Purchaser’s authorized representative with overall authority

Traffic Load Design vehicle wheel loading as defined in the applicable

4.0 Design Load Requirements

5. Future loads shall be considered if specified by Purchaser.

4.2 Dead Loads (D)

4.2.1 Process Equipment and Vessel Dead Loads

4.2.2 Pipe Rack Piping Loads

Table 1: Dead Loads for Piping on Pipe Racks

Load Type Description

Load Type Description

4.2.3 Pipe Rack Cable Tray Loads

Table 2: Dead Loads for Cable Trays on Pipe Racks

4.2.4 Ground-Supported Storage Tank Loads

Table 3: Dead Loads for Ground-Supported Storage Tank Loads

4.3 Live Loads (L)

Table 4: Minimum Live Loads

4.4 Wind Loads (W)

2. Site-specific design parameters shall be in accordance with CIV-DU-5238.

Zh = z̄ = 0.6h as defined in ASCE 7

4.5 Earthquake Loads (E)

Note: Typically, for non-building structures in petrochemical process units, an

4.6 Impact, Crane, and Lifting Loads

4.7 Thermal Loads

Table 5: Coefficients of Friction

4.8 Bundle Pull Loads (Bp)

4.9 Traffic Loads

4.10 Blast Loads

4.11 Snow Loads (S)

4.12 Occasional Loads

5.0 Load Combinations

5.2 Typical Load Combinations (for Structures and Foundations)

5.2.1 General Plant Structures

5.2.2 Vertical Vessel Supports and Foundations

Note: Refer to Section 3.0 for definitions of load abbreviations.

1 Ds + Do + L 1.00 Operating weight c + live load

2 Ds + Do + 1.00 Operating weight c + wind

3 Ds + De + 0.6 W 1.00 Empty weight + wind

4a 0.9 (Ds + Do) + 0.7 Eoa 1.00 Operating weight c + earthquake

4b 0.9 (Ds + De) + 0.7 Eea 1.00 Empty weight + earthquake

Load Comb. Allowable Stress Description