DC-DC Converters For Switch-Mode DC Power Supplies and Dc-Motor Drives

Chapter 7
DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters
• dc-dc converters for switch-mode dc power

supplies and dc-motor drives
Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-1

Block Diagram of DC-DC Converters
• Functional block diagram

Stepping Down a DC Voltage
• A simple approach that shows the evolution

Pulse-Width Modulation in
DC-DC Converters
• Role of PWM

Duty cycle
• Switching frequency given by the sawtooth

• Control voltage ucontrol is the diffence
between reference and measured voltages
amplified by the controller
– ucontrol gives the on-time of the switch ton
• Relative on time, duty cycle
ton uohj
D 
Ts Uˆ st

Step-Down DC-DC
Converter
• Pulsating input to
the low-pass filter
7-6
Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters
Output voltage
• In continuous conduction mode (CCM)
Ts
Vo = 1 v o t dt =ton Vd = DVd
Ts Ts
0
• Output depends linearly from the

– Duty cycle
– And therefore also from control voltage ucontrol
• Discontinuous conduction mode (DCM)
– Will be discussed in next slides
– Also output current (power) has an effect on voltage
average
– Nonlinear dependence on the duty cycle
Step-Down DC-DC Converter: Waveforms
• Steady state; inductor current flows continuously

Continuous Conduction Mode, CCM
• Voltage integral over the inductor must be

zero at steady state
Vd – Vo ton = Vo Ts – ton
=> Vo = ton = D
Vd Ts
• If there are no losses in the converter
VdId = VoIo => Io = Vd = 1

Id Vo D

”Transformer”
• In CCM operates like transformer without

galvanic isolation
– Duty cycle D acts like a portabless turns ratio
in a transformer, changes from 0 to 1
• Input current id changes also as the switch
operates
– In many cases filtering needed in the input
side too, depends on the supplying voltage
source

FilteringYtytt
• Filter inductance ensures that

output is current source as
input normally is voltage
source
• Filter corner frequency ƒC
– Selected to be much smaller
than ƒs
– Attenuation of harmonics is high
– Output voltage can be assumed
to be constant in many cases

Step-Down DC-DC Converter: Waveforms at the
boundary of Cont./Discont. Conduction
• Critical current below which inductor current

becomes discontinuous I  iLpeak  U d  U o t  DTs
LB on U d  U o   IoB
2 2L 2L
7-12
Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-ModeConverters
Step-Down DC-DC Converter: Discontinuous
Conduction Mode
• Steady state; inductor current discontinuous

7-13
DCM with constant Ud
• Typical in motor drives

• Replacing Uo = DUd we
end up to ILB = IoB UdVisd = vakio
constant
DU d Ts
I LB  1  D   IoB
2L
ILB ,max = Ts Vd
• Highest output current 8L
for CCM needed at D =
0,5
D
0.5 1.0

7-14
Uo/Ud in DCM with constant Ud
• Voltage integral over the inductor

Uo D
U d  U o  DTs  U o 1Ts  0  
U d D  1
• Average of output current
D  1 U o D  1 U d Ts
I o  iLpeak  1Ts  D1
2 L 2 2L
1 Io
 1 =
4 I LB max D
• Replacing we obtain Uo D2

U d D2  1 Io
4 I LB max

7-15
Step-Down DC-DC Converter: Limits of
Cont./Discont. Conduction
• The duty-ratio of 0.5 has the highest value of the

critical current
DCM with constant Uo
• Typical in power supplies

• Replacing Ud = Uo /D
iLpeak Ud  Uo TsU o
I LB   ton  1  D 
2 2L 2L
• Maximum required current for CCM when

D=0 TsU o
I LB max 
2L

7-17
Duty cycle in DCM with constant Uo
• Using previous equations

Uo D D D U  2 Uo Io  2
    o  D  D
U d D  1 D  2 LI o U
D o
Io Ud  U d I LB max 
U d DTs U d D I LB max
• Duty cycle is D
Uo I o I LB max
Ud 1  Uo Ud
• Ratio of voltages is 2 2
U o  D  D D  4 I o I LB max

nonlinear Ud 2 I o I LB max

7-18
Step-Down DC-DC Converter: Limits of
• Output voltage is kept constant

Step-Down Conv.: Output Voltage Ripple
• ESR is assumed to be zero

Ripple (sykkeisyys in Finnish)
• Peak-to-peak
Q 1 I L Ts Uo Uo Uo
U o   I L  toff  Ts  ton   1  D  Ts
C 2C 2 2 L L L
2
U o 1 Ts2 π2  fc  1
 1  D   1  D    jossa fc 
Uo 8 LC 2  fs  2π LC
• Ripple reduces when ƒC « ƒs
– Compare to Fig 7-4
• In CCM doesn’t depend on output power
• Allowed ripple often < 1 %
– uo(t) = Uo can be assumed to be constant

7-21
Step-Up DC-DC Converter (Boost)
• Output voltage must be greater than the input

Step-Up DC-DC Converter Waveforms
Uo T 1
U d ton  U d  U o  toff  0   s 
U d toff 1  D
Io U d
U d I d  Uo Io    1 D
Id Uo
• Continuous current conduction mode

Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Limits of
Cont./Discont. Conduction, constant Uo
TU
I oB  I LB 1  D   s o D 1  D 
2
iLpeak U TU
I LB   d ton  s o D 1  D  2L
2 2L 2L
2 TsU o
I oB max 
•Note IL ≠ Io 27 L
Step-Up DC-DC Converter: DCM, constant Uo
U o D  1 Io 1
U d DTs  U d  U o  1Ts  0   
Ud 1 I d D  1
U D  1 TU Uo 4 Uo  Uo  Io
I d  d DTs jolloin
and I o  s d D1 D 1  1    1
2L 1 2L Ud 27 U d  Ud  I oB max

• The output voltage is held constant

Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Effect of
Parasitics
• The duty-ratio is generally limited before the

parasitic effects become significant

Effect of Parasitics
• Especially nonidealities, i.e. resistive

losses in L and C
• At large D, peak value of current is large
when compared to the average value
– Major part of input voltage is needed to
overcome the voltage drop of parasitics
– Losses are increasing too
– Output voltage ripple and capacitor current
increase too
7-28
Effect of Parasitics, Uo/Ud
• Losses of inductor and capacitor, rL , rc

– Resistors are percentages of load resistor R
• It can be shown that
1 1  D  R R 2 1  D 
2 2
Uo RrC
 ´
jossa R  rL 
, where 1  D  
Ud 1 D R´ R  rC R  rC
• Analysis of transfer functions in Chapter

10 gives this

7-29
Uo/Ud when parasitics are 1 %
10
9 1
8
1 D
7
6
Uo 5
rL  rC  0
Ud 4
1 rL  rC  0,01R
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

7-30
Effect of Parasitics, Uo/Ud
• Up to D ≈ 0,6 ideal and practical curve match

well
– Maximum increase is about 4,7 with 1 % resistors
– In practice always less than 10, i.e. infinite gain
impossible
• E.g. operating at D ≈ 0,88
– Supply voltage reduces
– Feedback increases D in order to increas Uo Because
of parasitics Uo actually drops and finally D = 1 and
short circuit
– D needs to be limited to some practical value
7-31
Efficiency with parasitics
• For simplicity parasitics of L considered only

R´  rL  R 1  D 
2
Uo 1 D 1 D R
  , 
U d R r  1  D  2
  1  D 
2 rL
L
Uo
Ud
D
1  1

7-32
Efficiency with parasitics
• Only inductor
losses Po U o2 R 1 R
   , 
Po  PrL U o R  I L rL 1   1  D 
2 2 2 rL
• The higher D the


smaller efficiency is 1
1
7-33
Step-Up DC-DC Converter Output Ripple
• ESR is assumed
to be zero
•Inductance has no
effect as it is in the
input side
Q I o DTs U o DTs U o DTs DTs

U o      
C C R C Uo RC 

Step-Down/Up DC-DC Converter, Buck-Boost
• How to derive Buck-Boost

• Series connection of Buck and Boost
K1 I
D2
+
+ L
Vd D1 K2 Vo
C
– –
• Buck, K2 is always open

• Boost, K1 is always closed
7-35
Common current source
• Same current source, Boost turned around

• D1 needs to be removed, it only short-
circuits the current source
las keva katkoja ylös
Buck alais in käännetty
nos tavaturned
Boost katkoja around
K1 D2 K1 D2
+ – + –
D1 I I I Vo
Vd K2 Vo Vd K2
C C
– + – +

7-36
Buck-Boost
• K2 can be removed too, it is only short-

circuiting current source
K1 id
D2
+ iL –
+ – +
I Vd vL L C Vo R
Vo Vd K2 Vo
C - io +
+ – + –

7-37
Step-Down/Up DC-DC Converter, Buck-
Boost
• The output voltage can be higher or lower than

the input voltage

Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Waveforms
U d ton  U otoff  0
 U d DTs  U o 1  D  Ts  0
Uo D I 1 D
  ja o 
Ud 1 D Id D
• CCM, Continuous conduction mode

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-39
Converters
Cont./Discont. Conduction, Vo constant
iLpeak U TU
I LB   d DTs  s o 1  D 
2 2L 2L
TU
I o  I L  I d ja I oB  I LB  I dB  1  D  I LB  s o 1  D 
2
2L
TU
I oB max  s o
2L

Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Discontinuous
Conduction Mode, Vo constant
Uo D I 
U d DTs  U o 1Ts  0   ja o  1
U d 1 Id D
U D  1
I L  d DTs
2L 1
U T 2L U U Io
I d  I o  o 1Ts 1 s  1  I o eli D  o 1  o
2L Ts U oTs Ud Ud I oB max

• The output voltage is held constant

Buck-Boost: Effect of Parasitics
• The duty ratio is limited to avoid these parasitic

effects from becoming significant, same as boost

Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Output
Voltage Ripple
• ESR is assumed to be
zero
•Inductance not part of
ripple equation
•Note IL ≠ Io ≠ Io
Q I o DTs U o DTs U o DTs DTs

U o      
C C R C Uo RC 

Cuk DC-DC Converter
• Name is based on the family name of the invertor

•The output voltage can be higher or lower than the
input voltage, dualism with buck-boost
• Capacitor C1 acts as intermediate energy storage

Cuk DC-DC Converter: Waveforms
• The capacitor
voltage is assumed
constant
Ud
U d DTs  U d  UC1 1  D  Ts  0  U C1 
1 D
Uo
UC1  Uo  DTs   Uo 1  D  Ts  0  UC1 
D
Uo D Io U d 1  D
  
Ud 1 D Id Uo D

Sepic Converter
• Single-Ended Primary Inductance

Converter
– L1:n correspons to Boost
– L2:n correspons to Buck-Boost
L1 uC 1
iL1 + – D
+ + u L1 – i L2 +
C1 –
Ud L2 u L2 C R Uo
T
+
–
–

7-47
Sepic comparison
• Advantages
– Continuous input current as in boost
– Step up is possible
– L1 and L2 can be connected magnetically, possible to
compensate ripple in one of the inductors
– Reduces start and short-circuit currents
– Galvanic isolation by adding a second winding to L2
• Disadvantage
– Switch and diode current and voltage higher than in
Boost

7-48
Sepic, voltages
• Similar to Cúk
L1 U d D  1  D U o  U C1  U d 
1 D
L2 U C1D  1  D U o  0  U C1  Uo
D
 1 D  U D
U d D  1  D   U o  Uo  Ud   o 
 D  Ud 1 D

7-49
Sepic, currents
• In steady state average current of C1

needs to be zero
iC1  iL 2 kytkimen johtaessa
Switch conducts
iC1  iL1 kun
Switch is noteiconducting
kytkimen johda
1 D
 I L 2 D  1  D  I L1  1  D  I d  I L 2  I d  Io
D
• IL1 = Id and IL2 = Io

7-50
Full-bridge dc-dc converter
• Converter for UPS and DC-Motor Drives
• Either dc or ac output depending on modulation
• Four quadrant operation is possible

Bi-polar voltage
switching
• Switches
• TA+ and TB–
• TA– and TB+
•Are controlled simultaneously
•Output changes between
+Ud:n and –Ud:n

Control of output
t ucontrol Ts
• Triangle utri  Uˆ tri 0  t  Ts 4 t1 
Ts 4 Uˆ tri 4
• On time of TA+ and TB– T ton 1  ucontrol 

ton  2t1  s D1   1  
2 Ts 2  ˆ
U tri 
• On time of TA– and TB+
D2 =1  D1
U o  U AN  U BN   D1  D2 U d   2 D1  1U d
U
 d ucontrol  Const.
vakio  ucontrol
ˆ
U tri

7-53
Uni-polar voltage
switching
•Two control voltages with

opposite signs
ton 1  ucontrol 
D1   1  
Ts 2  Uˆ tri 
Ud
U o   2 D1  1U d  ucontrol  vakio  ucontrol
Uˆ tri

RMS of output voltage
1 Ts 2
• Bipolar U o, rms 
Ts 0
uo dt  U d
U r , rms  U o2, rms  U o2  U d 1   2D1  1  2U d D1  D12

2
• Unipolar
1 Ts 2 4t1 2 ucontrol
U o, rms 
Ts 0
uo dt 
Ts
U d  U d ˆ
U tri
 U d 2D1  1
U r , rms  U o2, rms  U o2  U d  2D1  1   2D1  12  U d 6D1  4D12  2

7-55
Output Ripple in Converters for DC-
Motor Drives
• bi-polar and uni-polar voltage switching

Switch Utilization in DC-DC Converters
• Ratio
• UT = maximum
voltage over switch
• IT = maximum current
Po U o I o

PT UT IT
•It varies significantly in
various converters

Equivalent Circuits in DC-DC Converters
• replacing inductors
and capacitors by
current and voltage
sources, respectively

Reversing the Power Flow in DC-DC
Conv.
• For power flow from right to left, the input

current direction should also reverse

Efficiency and losses of power
semiconductor devices
• Losses of power semiconductor devices
– Conduction losses
– Switching losses, turn-on and turn-off
• For simplicity following investigation is on
Buck converter
– Can be generalized to other converters

7-60
Conduction losses
• On-state voltage drop

– Assumed to be the same in the switch and diode
• Losses
ton toff
PDC  PQ  PD  U on I o  U on I o  U on I o , ton  toff  Ts
Ts Ts
• Efficiency
Po Uo Io Uo
  
Po  PDC U o I o  U on I o U o  U on
• Example
– Uo = 3 V, Uon = 0,5 V =>  = 85,7%

7-61
Switching losses
• Infinite rise and fall time when switches

are turning on and off
• An ideal switch would
– Conduct full load current immeadiately without
voltage drop
• Current and voltage are assumed to
changing linearly during turn-on and -off

7-62
Switching inductive current

7-63
Turning off and on
• T- conducts Io and it is turned off

– Voltage over it increases and when it is Ud diode D+
starts to conduct
– Because of parasitic inductances voltage exceeds Ud
• D+ conducts Io and T- is turned on
– Current inceares and exceeds Io because of diode
reverse recovery current
– After recovery of the diode voltage over T- drops to
nearly zero

7-64
Switching losses, best case
• It is assumed that voltage and current are changing

simultaneously
ton ton ton U d I o
Ts 0
Pon  uidt 
Ts 6
toff toff toff U d I o
Ts 0
Poff  uidt 
Ts 6
Vd
Switch voltage
Io Turning off
Turning on
Switch current
ton Ts toff

7-65
Conduction and switching losses, best case
ton U d I o
• It is assumed that ton = toff PAC  Pon  Poff 
Ts 3
• Efficiency including conduction and switching

losses
Po U o Io Uo
  
Po  PDC  PAC U o I o  U on I o  U d I oton 3Ts U o  U on  U d ton 3Ts
• Example (cont.)
– Lets assume Ud = 48 V, Uo = 3 V, Uon = 0,5 V, fs = 50 kHz and ton
= toff = 0,3 µs and Ts = 20 µs
3
– With these numbers   100%  80, 2%
3  0,5  48  0,3 3  20

7-66
Conduction and switching losses, worst case
• Current reaches final value before voltage drops

t Ri U d I o t FU U d I o
Pon  
Ts 2 Ts 2
t U I t U I
Poff  RU d o  Fi d o
Ts 2 Ts 2
Vd
Switch voltage Turning off
Turning on
Switch current
Ts
tRi tFu tRu

7-67
Conduction and switching losses, worst case
t Ri
• tRi = tFU = tRU = tFi PAC  Pon  Poff  2U I
d o
Ts
Po Uo
 
Po  PDC  PAC U o  U on  2U d t Ri Ts
• Other values same as before, additionally, tRi =

0,3 µs   3
100%  60, 7%
3  0,5  2  48  0,3 20
• Corresponding linear power supply

Uo 3
 100%  100%  6, 25%
Ud 48
7-68

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Chapter 7

DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters

• dc-dc converters for switch-mode dc power

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-1

• Functional block diagram

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-2

• A simple approach that shows the evolution

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-3

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-4

• Switching frequency given by the sawtooth

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-5

• Output depends linearly from the

• Steady state; inductor current flows continuously

• Voltage integral over the inductor must be

• If there are no losses in the converter

VdId = VoIo => Io = Vd = 1

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-9

• In CCM operates like transformer without

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-10

• Filter inductance ensures that

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-11

• Critical current below which inductor current

• Steady state; inductor current discontinuous

• Typical in motor drives

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters

• Voltage integral over the inductor

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters

• The duty-ratio of 0.5 has the highest value of the

• Typical in power supplies

• Maximum required current for CCM when

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters

• Using previous equations

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters

• Output voltage is kept constant

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-19

• ESR is assumed to be zero

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-20

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters

• Output voltage must be greater than the input

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-22

• Continuous current conduction mode

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-23

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-25

• The output voltage is held constant

• The duty-ratio is generally limited before the

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-27

• Especially nonidealities, i.e. resistive

• Losses of inductor and capacitor, rL , rc

• Analysis of transfer functions in Chapter

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters

• Up to D ≈ 0,6 ideal and practical curve match

• For simplicity parasitics of L considered only

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters

• The higher D the

Q I o DTs U o DTs U o DTs DTs

Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-34

• How to derive Buck-Boost