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1.

o Earthquakes can occur almost anyplace on earth.

There are two primary scales used to measure earthquakes: the Richter scale and
the Mercalli scale. The Richter scale is most common in the United States while
the Mercalli scale is used more globally. The moment magnitude scale is another
earthquake measurement scale that is used by some seismologists. All three scales
provide useful information in measuring and analyzing earthquakes across the
globe.

2. The Richter Scale

o The Richter scale was invented in the 1930s by Dr. Charles Richter, a
seismologist at the California Institute of Technology. A Richter magnitude is
calculated based on the amplitude of the largest seismic wave recorded for the
earthquake. The Richter scale is a base-10 logarithmic scale, meaning that there is
no limit to how small or large the earthquake must be to be measured by the scale.
The Richter scale runs from 1 to 10, with 1 being the smallest and 10 being the
largest. Since the Richter scale is logarithmic, a 5.0 earthquake measures 10 times
the shaking amplitude than one that measures 4.0, for example.

The Mercalli Scale

o The Mercalli scale measures the intensity of an earthquake by quantifying the
effects of an earthquake on the Earth's surface. Based on human reactions, natural
objects, and man-made structures, the Mercalli scale rates earthquakes on a scale
of 1 to 12, with1 denoting that nothing was felt and 12 denoting total destruction.

The Mercalli scale, invented in 1902 by Giuseppe Mercalli, isn't considered as

scientific as the Richter scale. This is because the Mercalli scale relies on
witnesses to report about the earthquake, and is not defined in rigorous and
objective standards like the Richter scale.

Moment Magnitude Scale

o The moment magnitude scale was introduced in 1979 as a successor to the Richter
scale. The moment magnitude scale compares energy released by earthquakes and
 is based on the moment of the earthquake, which is equal to the rigidity of the
earth multiplied by the average amount of slip on the fault and the size of the area
that slipped. The moment magnitude scale is more accurate in measuring large
earthquakes than the Richter scale and is used to estimate magnitudes for all
modern large earthquakes by the United States Geological Survey.

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