STATISTICS

Lesson 8
t- test
Testing the Significance of Difference Between Means
“n is small or when n < 30 &  is unknown.”

t-test
 is unknown
n < 30
• Hypothesized/population mean VS Sample mean
and population standard deviation is unknown.

t
x   n
df = n - 1 Given one sample mean
s & one std. dev.

“One-Sample Tests; t-Test for the Mean:Sigma Unknown”

Testing the Significance of Difference Between Means
“n is small or when n < 30 &  is unknown.”
t-test
 is unknown
n < 30
• Two Independent Sample Means and Two
Sample Standard Deviation are known.
x1  x 2
t df  n1  n2  2
n1  1s1  n2  1s 2
2 2
1 1

n1  n2  2 n1 n2
Using Microsoft Excel: Go to…
“t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances”
Testing the Significance of Difference Between Means
“n is small or when n < 30 &  is unknown.”

t-test
 is unknown
n < 30

• Dependent or Correlated Sample Means

d n
t  df = n - 1
sd

Using Microsoft Excel: Go to…

“t-Test: Paired Two-Sample Means”
How do we Are the two means from the same
determine which subject or related subjects?
t-test to use…
No
Yes Are there the same
t-Test: Paired Two number of sample in
Sample Means the two groups?
(Dependent Samples)
No

Yes
t-Test: Two-Sample Are the variances of
Assuming Equal the two groups
Variances different?
(Independent Samples)
Yes

t-Test: Two-Sample No t-test: Two Sample

Assuming Equal Assuming Unequal
Variances Variances
(Independent Samples)
Sample Microsoft EXCEL (PHSTAT)Printout
Oil

Null Hypothesis = 22.5

Level of Significance 0.01
Sample Size 10
Sample Mean 21
Sample Standard Deviation 1.56
Standard Error of the Mean 0.493315315
Degrees of Freedom 9
t Test Statistic -3.040651596

Two-Tailed Test
Lower Critical Value -3.249842848
Upper Critical Value 3.249842848
p -Value 0.01400313
Do not reject the null hypothesis
 Sample Microsoft EXCEL Printout
TBI IGI
30 25 t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances
28 27
29 20 TBI IGI
20 30 Mean 24.26667 21.07143
18 16 Variance 24.78095 27.14835
19 21 Observations 15 14
16 15 Hypothesized Mean Difference
0
27 25 df 27
22 28 t Stat 1.686093
24 21 P(T<=t) one-tail 0.051651
26 19 t Critical one-tail
1.703288
28 17 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.103302
30 18 t Critical two-tail2.051829
29 13
18
 Sample Microsoft EXCEL Printout
Before After t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means
243 231
179 173 Wt. Bef. Wt. Aft.
201 199 Mean 182.4 178
165 162 Variance 664.4 545.1428571
183 179 Observations 15 15
153 152 Pearson Correlation 0.991271169
170 164 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
180 177 df 14
212 207 t Stat 4.208006306
169 170 P(T<=t) one-tail 0.000438396
178 171 t Critical one-tail 1.76130925
209 196 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.000876791
158 159 t Critical two-tail 2.144788596
192 190
144 140
 Sample Microsoft EXCEL Printout
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal
ABC XYZ Variances
170 150
240 200 ABC XYZ
290 300 Mean 236.5 207.5
250 280 Variance 6100.277778 4362.5
250 240 Observations 10 10
300 180 Pooled Variance 5231.388889
330 220 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
300 180 df 18
150 250 t Stat 0.896549964
85 75 P(T<=t) one-tail 0.190896764
t Critical one-tail 1.734063062
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.381793527
t Critical two-tail 2.100923666