Professional Documents
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CIVIL LAW
GOLDEN NOTES 2011
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
FACULTY OF CIVIL LAW
MANILA
Academic Year 2011‐2012
CIVIL LAW STUDENT COUNCIL
Lester John A. Lomeda President
Wilfredo T. Bonilla, Jr. Vice‐President
Raissa S. Saipudin Secretary
Bernadette Faustine C. Balao Treasurer
Marc Mikhaele J. Santos Auditor
Victor Lorenzo L. Villanuea Public Relations Officer
TEAM: BAR‐OPS 2011
Diane Camilla R. Borja Chairperson
Carlo Artemus V. Diaz Vice‐Chairperson
Mary Grace L. Javier Secretary
Ronn Robby D. Rosales Logistics Committee Head
Mark Arthur M. Catabona Asst. Logistics Committee Head
Angeli P. Albaña Finance Committee Head
Vicente Jan O. Platon III Hotel Accommodations Head
Kimverly A. Ong Asst. Hotel Accommodations Head
ACADEMIC OFFICIALS
Atty. NILO T. DIVINA
Dean
Rev. Fr. ISIDRO C. ABAÑO, O.P.
Regent
Atty. ARTHUR B. CAPILI
Faculty Secretary
Atty. ELGIN MICHAEL C. PEREZ
Legal Counsel
UST Chief Justice Roberto Concepcion Legal Aid Clinic
Judge PHILIP A. AGUINALDO
SWDB Coordinator
LENY G. GADIANA, RGC
Guidance Counselor
Our deepest appreciation to our
Mentors & Inspiration
Justice Oswaldo D. Agcaoili
Judge Myra B. Quiambao
Atty. Augusto K. Aligada Jr.
Atty. Alden Francis C. Gonzales
Atty. Carla E. Santamaria – Seña
Atty. Rene B. Gorospe
Atty. Irvin Joseph M. Fabella
Atty. Teofilo R. Ragadio
Atty. Vincent Z. Bolivar
Atty. Alberto A. Palacios
Atty. Elmer T. Rabuya
For activating our magnets of curiosity, knowledge and wisdom
and helping us understand the intricate
sphere of Civil Law.
‐ Academics Committee 2011
DISCLAIMER
The risk of use, non‐use and misuse of
this material shall be borne solely
by the user.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Effect and Application of Laws – New Civil Code
A. When law takes effect………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 1
B. Ignorance of the Law…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2
C. Retroactivity of Laws………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
D. Mandatory or Prohibitory Laws………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
E. Waiver of Rights ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3
F. Repeal of Laws……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4
G. Judicial Decisions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
H. Duty to Render Judgment……………………………………………………………………………………………………………5
I. Presumption and Applicability of Custom…………………………………………………………………………………….. 5
J. Legal Periods………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
K. Applicability of Penal Laws ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6
L. Conflict of Laws………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
II. Human Relations – New Civil Code
A. NCC Art. 19‐22, relative to breach of promise to marry……………………………………………………………... 9
B. Independent Civil Actions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10
C. Prejudicial Questions………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10
PERSONS
I. Persons and Personality
A. Capacity to Act…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….11
B. Domicile and residence of person, NCC 50‐51…………………………………………………………………………… 14
II. Marriage
A. Requisites…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14
B. Effect of Marriage celebrated abroad and foreign divorce………………………………………………………….. 18
C. Void and Voidable marriages……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 20
III. Legal Separation
A. Grounds, Art. 55, Republic Act. 9262, Anti‐Violence Against Women and Children……………………. 31
B. Defenses……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..33
C. Cooling‐off Period……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….34
D. Reconciliation efforts………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….34
E. Confession of Judgment………………………………………………………………………………………………………………35
F. Effects of Filing Petition……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….35
G. Effects of pendency…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….35
H. Effects of legal separation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….36
I. Reconciliation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….37
IV. Rights and Obligations Between Husband and Wife
A. Essential Obligations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..39
B. Family domicile …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………39
C. Support……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….39
D. Management of household…………………………………………………………………………………………………………40
E. Effect of neglect of duty………………………………………………………………………………………………………………40
F. Exercise of profession………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….40
V. Property Relations of the Spouses
A. Marriage Settlements………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 40
TABLE OF CONTENTS
B. Donations by Reason of Marriage……………………………………………………………………………………………… 41
C. Void donations by the spouses………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 41
D. Absolute Community of property………………………………………………………………………………………………. 44
E. Conjugal Partnership of Gains……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 48
F. Separation of Property of the Spouses and Administration
of Common Property by One Spouse During the Marriage…………………………………………………………. 51
G. Regime of Separation of Property………………………………………………………………………………………………. 51
H. Property Regime of Unions Without Marriage …………………………………………………………………………. 52
VI. The Family
A. The Family as an Institution……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 55
B. The Family Home………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 56
VII. Paternity and Filiation
A. Legitimate Children…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 57
B. Proof of Filiation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 60
C. Illegitimate Children…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 62
D. Legitimated Children…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 62
VIII. Adoption
A. Domestic Adoption Law (RA 8552) ………………………………………………………………………………………… 64
B. The Law on Inter‐ Country Adoption (RA 8043) …………………………………………………………………………. 67
IX. Support
A. What it Comprises………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 68
B. Who are Obliged ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 69
C. Support during marriage litigation……………………………………………………………………………………………… 70
D. Amount……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 71
E. When Demandable…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 71
F. Options………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 71
G. Attachment………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 71
X. Parental Authority
A. General Provisions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 72
B. Substitute and Special Parental Authority…………………………………………………………………………………. 75
C. Effect of Parental Authority upon the Persons of the Children………………………………………………….. 75
D. Effects of Parental Authority upon the Property of the Children……………………………………………….. 76
E. Suspension or Termination of Parental Authority……………………………………………………………………… 77
XI. Emancipation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 77
XII. Summary Judicial Proceedings in the Family Law………………………………………………………………………………… 77
XIII. Final Provisions………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 78
XIV. Funeral………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 78
XV. Use of surnames ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 79
XVI. Absence…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 83
A. Provisional measures in Case of Absence……………………………………………………………………………………. 83
B. Declaration of Absence………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 83
C. Administration of the Property of the Absentee………………………………………………………………………… 83
D. Presumption of Death………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 84
XVII. Civil Registrar
A. Arts. 407‐413…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 87
B. RA 9048; Clerical errors……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 87
C. Rule 108, Rules of Court……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 88
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PROPERTY
I. Characteristics……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 89
II. Classification………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….89
A. Hidden Treasure ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 89
B. Right of Accession……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….90
C. By Object…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 101
D. By Owner…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 104
E. By Nature…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 105
III. Ownership
A. Right in general ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 106
B. Modes of acquiring ownership…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 110
C. Limitations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..110
IV. Accession
A. Right to hidden treasure…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 110
B. General Rules……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 110
V. Quieting of title to/interest in and removal/prevention of cloud over title to/interest in real property
A. Requirement……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 115
B. Distinction between quieting title and removing/preventing a cloud………………………………………… 115
C. Prescription/non‐prescription of action…………………………………………………………………………………….. 115
VI. Co‐ownership
A. Characteristics of co‐ownership…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 116
B. Source of co‐ownership………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 118
C. Rights of co‐owners…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 120
D. Termination/extinguishment……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 120
VII. Possession
A. Characteristics……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 126
B. Acquisition of Possession……………………………………………………………………………………………………….......127
C. Effects of Possession………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 128
D. Loss or Unlawful Deprivation of a Movable………………………………………………………………………………… 130
E. In concept of owner, holder, in one’s own name, in name of another……………………………………….. 132
F. Rights of the possessor……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 132
G. Loss/termination……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 134
VIII. Usufruct
A. Characteristics……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 134
B. Classification………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 135
C. Rights and obligations of Usufructuary………………………………………………………………………………………. 136
D. Rights of the owner……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 140
E. Extinction/termination………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 141
IX. Easements
A. Characteristics…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 141
B. Classification……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 143
C. Modes of Acquiring Easements………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 150
X. Nuisance……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 151
XI. Action to Quiet Title………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………153
XII. Modes of Acquiring Ownership
A. Occupation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 154
B. Donation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 155
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRESCRIPTION
I. Definition
A. Acquisitive ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 166
B. Extinctive…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 170
II. No Prescription Applicable
A. By Offender……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 171
B. Registered Lands………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 171
C. Art. 1143, NCC…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 171
D. Action to quiet title if plaintiff in possession……………………………………………………………………………….. 171
E. Void contracts ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 171
F. Action to demand partition …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 171
G. Property of public dominion……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 171
III. Prescription or Limitation of Actions
A. To recover movables………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 171
B. To recover immovables……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 171
C. Other actions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 171
IV. Interruption………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 172
V. Nuisance
A. Definition…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 172
B. Classification……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 172
C. Remedies…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 172
OBLIGATIONS
I. Definition………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 173
II. Elements of an Obligation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 173
III. Different Kinds of Prestations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 173
IV. Classification of Obligations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 174
V. Sources of Obligations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 175
VI. Nature and Effect of obligations
A. Obligation to give………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 178
B. Obligation to do or not to do……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 179
C. Breaches of obligations……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 180
D. Remedies available to creditor in cases of breach………………………………………………………………………. 186
VII. Kinds of civil obligations
A. Pure……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 188
B. Conditional…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 188
C. Obligation with a period or a term…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 192
D. Alternative or Facultative ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 193
VIII. Joint and Solidary obligation
A. Joint (divisible) obligation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 195
B. Joint Indivisible Obligation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 195
C. Solidary obligation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 195
D. Divisible and Indivisible……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 197
E. Obligations with a Penal Clause………………………………………………………………………………………………… 197
IX. Extinguishment of Obligations
A. Payment…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 198
B. Loss of Determinate Thing Due or Impossibility or difficulty of performance……………………………… 205
C. Condonation or Remission of Debt……………………………………………………………………………………………… 206
TABLE OF CONTENTS
D. Confusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 207
E. Compensation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 207
F. Novation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 210
CONTRACTS
I. Essential Requisites……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 212
II. Kinds of Contracts
A. Consensual…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 216
B. Real…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 216
C. Formal or Solemn………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 217
III. Formality ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 217
IV. Defective Contracts
A. Rescissible Contracts ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 218
B. Voidable Contracts……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 222
C. Unenforceable Contracts …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 225
D. Void Contracts……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 226
V. Effect of Contracts…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 227
SALES
I. Introduction
A. Definition of Sales……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 229
B. Essential Requisites of a Contract of Sale…………………………………………………………………………………… 230
C. Stages of Contract of Sale …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 231
D. Obligations Created …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 235
E. Characteristics of a Contract of Sale……………………………………………………………………………………………. 236
F. Sale Distinguished From Other Contracts……………………………………………………………………………………. 236
G. Contract of Sale/Contract to Sell…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 237
II. Parties to a Contract of Sale
A. Capacity of parties …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 238
B. Absolute incapacity……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..238
C. Relative incapacity: Married Persons ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 238
D. Special disqualifications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………240
III. Subject Matter
A. Requisites of a valid subject matter ………………………………………………………………………………………… 241
B. Particular kinds………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 241
IV. Obligations of the Seller to Transfer Ownership
A. Sale by a person not the owner at time of delivery ……………………………………………………………………. 242
B. Sale by a person having a voidable title……………………………………………………………………………………… 243
V. Price
A. Meaning of price ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 243
B. Requisites for a valid price ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 243
C. How price is determined……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 243
D. Inadequacy of price……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 244
E. When no price agreed…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 244
F. Manner of payment must be agreed upon………………………………………………………………………………….. 245
G. Earnest money vs. option money……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 245
VI. Formation of Contract of Sale……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 231
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. Preparatory ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 231
B. Perfection…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 234
C. Formalities of the Contract ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 230
VII. Transfer of Ownership
A. Manner of Transfer……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 247
B. When delivery does not transfer title……………………………………………………………………………………….. 248
C. Kinds of delivery ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 249
D. Double Sales……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….251
E. Property Registration Decree……………………………………………………………………………………………………….251
VIII. Risk of Loss
A. General rule ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..252
B. When loss occurred before perfection…………………………………………………………………………………………252
C. When loss occurred at time of perfection ……………………………………………………………………………………252
D. When loss occurred after perfection but before delivery…………………………………………………………….252
E. When ownership is transferred ……………………………………………………………………………………………………247
IX. Documents of Title
A. Definition…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….253
B. Purpose of documents of title………………………………………………………………………………………………………253
C. Negotiable documents of title………………………………………………………………………………………………………253
D. Non‐negotiable documents of title………………………………………………………………………………………………253
E. Warranties of seller of documents of title…………………………………………………………………………………….253
F. Rules on levy/garnishment of goods…………………………………………………………………………………………….253
X. Remedies of an Unpaid Seller
A. Definition of unpaid seller……………………………………………………………………………………………………………254
B. Remedies of unpaid seller…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….254
XI. Performance of Contract
A. Delivery of thing sold……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………255
B. Payment of price………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…256,257
XII. Warranties
A. Express warranties……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….258
B. Implied warranties……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….258
C. Effects of warranties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….258
D. Effects of waivers…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………260
E. Buyer’s options in case of breach of warranty ……………………………………………………………………………..262
XIII. Breach of Contract
A. Remedies of the Seller ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..258
B. Recto Law: Sale of Movables on Installment………………………………………………………………………………..258
C. Remedies of the Buyer…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………263
XIV. Extinguishment of the Sale
A. Causes …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………264
B. Period of redemption ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….264
C. Exercise of the right to redeem ……………………………………………………………………………………………………265
D. Conventional redemption…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….265
E. Legal redemption…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………265
F. Equitable mortgage ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..266
G. Distinguished from option to buy…………………………………………………………………………………………………267
XV. The Law on Sale of Subdivision and Condominium (PD 957)…………………………………………………………………268
XVI. The Condominium Act (RA 4726)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………272
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUCCESSION
I. General Provisions
A. Definition/What is transmitted…………………………………………………………………………………………………….280
B. Succession occurs at the moment of death………………………………………………………………………………….280
C. Kinds of Successors ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..282
II. Testamentary Succession
A. Wills…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….284
B. Institution of Heirs ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………299
C. Substitution of Heirs ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………302
D. Conditional Testamentary Dispositions and Testamentary Dispositions with a Term ………………….305
E. Legitime ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………306
III. Legal or Intestate Succession
A. General Provisions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………321
B. Order of Intestate Succession ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..324
IV. Provisions Common to Testate and Intestate Succession
A. Right of Accretion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….324
B. Capacity to Succeed by Will or Intestacy ……………………………………………………………………………………..325
C. Acceptance and Repudiation of the Inheritance ………………………………………………………………………….328
D. Collation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..329
E. Partition and Distribution of Estate ……………………………………………………………………………………………..329
PARTNERSHIP
I. Contract of partnership
A. Definition…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….331
B. Elements………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………331
C. Rules to determine existence……………………………………………………………………………………………………….333
D. How partnership is formed………………………………………………………………………………………………………….334
E. Partnership term………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….335
F. Universal vs. Particular; General vs. Limited…………………………………………………………………………………338
G. Partnership by estoppels……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..340
H. Partnership v. Joint Venture………………………………………………………………………………………………………..340
I. Professional partnership……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….341
J. Management………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..341
II. Rights and obligations of partnership……………………………………………………………………………………………………..344
III. Rights and obligations of partners among themselves……………………………………………………………………………344
IV. Obligations of partnership/partners to third persons…………………………………………………………………………….347
V. Dissolution……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..348
VI. Limited partnership
A. Definition…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….353
B. How limited partnership is formed/amended………………………………………………………………………………353
C. Rights and obligations of a limited partner…………………………………………………………………………………..354
AGENCY
I. Definition of agency…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………358
II. Powers …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..360
A. To bind principal …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………360
B. Exception …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….362
III. Express vs. Implied Agency…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….363
TABLE OF CONTENTS
IV. Agency by Estoppel…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…363
V. General vs. Special Agency……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..365
VI. Agency couched in general terms…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..365
VII. Agency requiring special power of attorney………………………………………………………………………………………….365
VIII. Agency by operation of law…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………366
IX. Rights and Obligations of Principal………………………………………………………………………………………………………..366
X. Irrevocable agency …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………369
XI. Modes of extinguishment………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………369
COMPROMISE
I.Definition…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………373
II. Void Compromise …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..373
III. Effect …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….373
CREDIT TRANSACTIONS
I. Loan…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………376
A. Commodatum vs. Mutuum………………………………………………………………………………………………………….377
B. Obligations of Bailor and Bailee……………………………………………………………………………………………………380
C. Interest and the suspension of Usury Law……………………………………………………………………………………383
II. Deposit……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………386
A. Voluntary deposit…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………388
B. Necessary deposit………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..392
C. Judicial deposit…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….392
III. Guaranty and Suretyship
A. Nature and extent of guaranty…………………………………………………………………………………………………….392
B. Effects of guaranty
C. Extinguishment of guaranty…………………………………………………………………………………………………………399
D. Legal and judicial bonds……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….399
IV. Pledge
A. Definition…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….403
B. Kinds…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….403
C. Essential requirements…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………403
D. Obligation of pledgee…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..404
E. Rights of pledgor………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….407
F. Perfection ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………407
G. Foreclosure …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………408
H. Pledge by Operation of Law ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..408
I. Distinguished from Chattel Mortgage …………………………………………………………………………………………..409
V. Real Mortgage
A. Definition and characteristics………………………………………………………………………………………………………410
B. Essential requisites………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………410
C. Foreclosure………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….412
VI. Antichresis
A. Definition and characteristics………………………………………………………………………………………………………420
B. Obligations of antichretic creditor……………………………………………………………………………………………….422
VII. Chattel Mortgage
A. Definition and characteristics………………………………………………………………………………………………………418
B. Registration………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….419
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VIII. Quasi‐Contracts
A. Negotiorum Gestio………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………422
B. Solutio Indebiti…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….423
IX. Concurrence and Preference of Credits
A. Meaning of concurrence and preference……………………………………………………………………………………..424
B Classification of credits………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….424
C. Preferred Credits on Specific Movables
D. Preferred Credit on Specific Immovables……………………………………………………………………………………..424
E. Exempt Property………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….425
F. Order of preference of credits………………………………………………………………………………………………………427
X. Insolvency Law
A. Definition of insolvency……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….427
B. Suspension of payments………………………………………………………………………………………………………………427
C. Voluntary insolvency……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………430
D. Involuntary insolvency…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………431
LEASE
I. Lease of things…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………440
II. Lease of work or services………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..445
III. Lease of rural and urban lands……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….446
A. Qualified persons…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………447
B. Registration………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….447
C. Prohibitions………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….447
IV. Rights and obligations of lessor and lessee…………………………………………………………………………………………….448
V. Special rules for lease of rural/urban lands…………………………………………………………………………………………….449
VI. Household service………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...451
VII. Contract of labor…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..451
A. Obligation in case of death/injury of laborers………………………………………………………………………………452
VIII. Contract for piece of work……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………452
LAND TITLES AND DEEDS
I. Torrens System………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..454
A. Concept and background……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..454
B. Certificate of Title………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..454
II. Regalian Doctrine
A. Concept……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….460
B. Effects………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….460
C. Concept of native title, time immemorial possession…………………………………………………………………..461
III. Citizenship Requirement
A. Individuals and corporations………………………………………………………………………………………………………..461
IV. Original Registration
A. Who may apply……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………463
B. Registration process and requirements..………………………………………………………………………………………466
C. Remedies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..479
D. Cadastral registration…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..487
TABLE OF CONTENTS
V. Subsequent Registration
A. Voluntary dealings……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….489
B. Involuntary dealings…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….489
VI. Non‐Registrable Properties……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………492
VII. Dealings with Unregistered Lands…………………………………………………………………………………………………………493
TORTS AND DAMAGES
I. Principles
A. Abuse of Right; Elements…………………………………………………………………………………………………………....500
B. Unjust Enrichment……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….500
C. Liability without Fault…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..500
D. Acts Contrary to Law……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………501
E. Acts Contrary to Morals……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….501
II. Classification of Torts
A. According to manner of commission: intentional, negligent and strict liability…………………………….502
B. According to scope: general or specific………………………………………………………………………………………..502
III. The Tortfeasor
A. The Direct Tortfeasor…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..502
B. Persons Made Responsible for Others………………………………………………………………………………………….503
C. Joint Tortfeasors (Art. 2194, Civil Code)……………………………………………………………………………………….511
IV. Act of Omission and Its Modalities
A. Concept of Act………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....511
V. Proximate Cause
A. Concept……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….511
B. Cause in Fact………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..512
C. Legal Cause………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….512
D. Efficient Intervening Cause………………………………………………………………………………………………………….512
E. Cause vs. Condition………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………513
F. Last Clear Chance…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………513
VI. Legal Injury
A. Concept……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….524
B. Elements of Right…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………524
C. Violation of Right or Legal Injury………………………………………………………………………………………………….514
D. Classes of Injury…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..514
VII. Intentional Torts
A. General………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..515
B. Interference with rights to persons and property…………………………………………………………………………515
C. Interference with relations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..515
VIII. Negligence
A. Concept……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….529
B. Good Father of a Family or Reasonably Prudent Man…………………………………………………………………..530
C. Standard of Care………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….531
D. Unreasonable risk of Harm…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..532
E. Evidence……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….532
F. Presumption of Negligence…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..532
G. Defenses………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………533
IX. Special Liability in Particular Activities
A. General………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..535
TABLE OF CONTENTS
B. Products Liability………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….535
C. Nuisance – NCC Arts. 694‐707………………………………………………………………………………………………………536
D. Violation of Constitutional Rights…………………………………………………………………………………………………537
E. Violation of Rights Committed by Public Officers………………………………………………………………………….537
F. Provinces, Cities and Municipalities……………………………………………………………………………………………..538
G. Owner of Motor Vehicle………………………………………………………………………………………………………………538
H. Proprietor of Building or Structure or Thing…………………………………………………………………………………538
X. Strict Liability
A. Animals………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..538
B. Nuisance
C. Products Liability
BOOK II – DAMAGES
I. General Considerations
A. Classification………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..539
II. Actual and Compensatory Damages
A. Concept……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....541
B. Requisites…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….541
C. Component Elements…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..542
D. Extent or scope of actual damages………………………………………………………………………………………………543
III. Moral Damages
A. Concept ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………544
B. When recoverable …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......544
IV. Nominal Damages
A. Concept……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….546
B. When awarded…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….546
V. Temperate or Moderate Damages
A. Concept……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….546
VI. Liquidated Damages
A. Concept……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….546
B. Rules governing in case of breach of contract………………………………………………………………………………546
VII. Exemplary or Corrective Damages
A. Concept……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….546
B. When recovered…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..547
C. Requisites…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….547
VIII. Damages in Case of Death
A. In crimes and quasi‐delicts causing death…………………………………………………………………………………….547
IX. Graduation of Damages
A. Duty of Injured Party……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………548
B. Rules…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….548
X. Miscellaneous Rules
A. Damages that cannot co‐exists…………………………………………………………………………………………………….549
B. Damages that must co‐exist…………………………………………………………………………………………………………549
C. Damages that must stand alone…………………………………………………………………………………………………..549
INDEX…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………550
BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...553