Forms of Globalization
directly or indirectly affect many other
 Economic, relating to the process or system by which
goods and services are produced, sold, and brought.
 Economic globalization is responsible for
the emergence of multinational
corporations producing and exporting goods
as they obtain capital, technology, and
access to distribution networks. It has also
created global cities such as New York,
London, Tokyo, Shanghai, Hong Kong,
Milan, Sidney, Zurich, and Chicago.
 Financial, any process that relates to the use of
money. It is the high integration of global financial
markets. There are four basic developments that
drive financial globalization.
 Consolidation of financial institutions,
Local banks were, until about two
decades ago, largely locally owned and
operated. Today, the local bank is likely to
be owned by a much larger bank in a major
city. The number of independent financial
institutions is declining as mergers and
acquisitions result in larger financial
institutions.
 Globalization of operations
Banking conglomerates extend
their reach by forming strategic alliances
with similar institutions in different
countries. European, American, and Asian
financial institutions increasingly linked, and
major banks in the industrial world are
acquiring banks in developing countries.
 Emergence of new technologies
Money moves across national
boundaries at the touch of a button.
Internet banking and brokerage services
compete with more traditional financial
conglomerates. Many financial institutions
are using their online operation to expand
into foreign markets without having
branches there.
 Universalization of banking.
Growing competition in financial
markets, the increasing irrelevance of
national borders, and the increasingly
complex relationships among businesses
have contributed to a blurring of bank and
nonbank financial services.
 Political, activities that relate to influencing the
actions and policies of a government or getting and
keeping power in government.
 It is characterized by the acceptance of
states, the relative power of states, the
proliferation of international and regional
organizations composed of states, and the
spread of non-state political actors.
 Public and private sector employment,
wage employment, self-employment
 Political issues in one part of the world
areas. For example, conflicts in the Middle
East have important ramifications for
Europe, the US, and Japan. Another
example is how the entire world watch
closely every US elections.
 Military, activities relating to soldier or the armed
forces (such as army, navy, marines, and air force).
 It is characterized by extensive as well as
intensive networks of military force. The
most obvious example of military
globalization is the nuclear age and the
proliferation of weapons of mass
destruction.
 Cultural, relating to the particular group of people
and their habits, beliefs, and traditions, etc.
 It involves the exchange of food, people,
products, ideas, and technology across
national borders. It is naturally relative to
economic and military expansion of a
country. Fundamentally, it is beyond the
tangible. It affects the consciousness of
individuals and their attitudes towards
politics, religion, economics, and broader
cultural values.
 Environmental, the conditions and influences that
affect the growth, health, and progress, etc.
 It focuses on the interdependence among
countries in relation to such problems as
global warming, the spread of infectious
diseases, air and water pollution,
deforestation, the loss of biodiversity, and
threats to endangered species.
 Criminal, circumstances involving illegal activities
relating to crime.
 It poses severe challenges to national and
global security. Terrorists and criminals use
the instruments of globalization to achieve
their objectives. It includes transborder
crimes, such as drug trafficking, money
laundering, prostitution, alien smuggling,
arms trafficking, and counterfeiting.
Globalization and Human Security
Human Security, it is a concept of security that deals with the
everyday challenges humans face that don’t involve military
issues.
Seven Categories of Human Security
Economic Security
 Strategies to enhance protection and empowerment
 Assured access to basic income
 When necessary, government financed
social safety nets
  Diversity agriculture and economy  Capacities needed
 Capacities needed  Coping mechanisms
 Economic capital  Adaptive mechanism
 Human capital  Memory of past disasters
 Public finance
 Financial reserves Community Security
 Diversified agriculture and economy  Strategies to enhance protection and empowerment
 Explicit and enforced protection of ethnic
Food Security groups and community identity
 Strategies to enhance protection and empowerment  Protection from oppressive traditional
 Entitlement of food, by growing it practices, harsh treatment towards women,
themselves, having the ability to purchase it or discrimination against ethnic, indigenous,
or through a public food distribution system refugee groups
 Capacities needed  Capacities needed
 Diversified agriculture and economy  Social capital
 Local and national distribution systems  Coping mechanism
 Adaptive strategies
Health Security  Memory of past disasters
 Strategies to enhance protection and empowerment  Local non-governmental organizations or
 Access to basic health care and health traditional organisms
services
 Risk-sharing arrangements that pool Political Security
membership funds and promote  Strategies to enhance protection and empowerment
community-based insurance schemes  Protection of human rights
 Interconnected surveillance systems to  Protection from military dictatorships and
identify disease outbreak at all levels abuse
 Capacities needed
 Protection from political or state repression,
 Universal basic education and knowledge on torture, unlawful detention and
health-related matters imprisonment
 Indigenous/traditional health practices  Capacities needed
 Access to information and community-  Good governance
based knowledge creation  Ethical standards
 Local leadership
Environmental Security
 Accountability mechanisms
 Strategies to enhance protection and empowerment
 Sustainable practices that consider natural
resources and environmental degradation
(deforestation, desertification)
 Early warning and response mechanisms for
natural hazards and/or man-made disaster
at all levels
 Capacities needed
 Natural resource capital
 Natural barriers to storm action (e.g. coral
reefs)
 Natural environmental recovery processes
(e.g. forest recovering from fires)
 Biodiversity
 Indigenous/traditional practices that respect
the environment

Personal Security
 Strategies to enhance protection and empowerment
 Rule of law
 Explicit and enforced protection of human
rights and civil liberties