Course Title: Advance Engineering Math for CE

Course Description: A study of selected topics in mathematics

and their applications in advanced courses in engineering and
CE 328B– Advance other allied sciences. It covers the study of complex numbers,
Engineering Math for CE laplace and inverse Laplace Transform, Power series, Fourier
Series, Matrices and determinants, Vector Analysis and
Numerical Methods.
Requirements
. Equivalent Percentage
Today’s subject:

• Course policies & overview Grading System

Class Standing(LQ, A, SW/HW) 60%
• Trigonometric Form of Complex Numbers Major Exams 40%
Total 100%

PASSING : > 70

Course policies & overview

Remember a complex number has a real part and an

imaginary part. These are used to plot complex

Trigonometric
numbers on a complex plane.
z  a  bi
The absolute value or
z  a b 2 2

Form of
modulus of z denoted by z
Imaginary is the distance from the
Axis
z  a  bi origin to the point (a, b).

Complex z The angle formed from the

b real axis and a line from the
 Real origin to (a, b) is called the

Numbers
a Axis argument of z, with
requirement that 0   < 2.
modified for quadrant
b
  tan 1   and so that it is
 a  between 0 and 2

1
 Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number Plot the complex number and then convert to trigonometric

z  r  cos   i sin   z   3 i
form:

Imaginary
The modulus is r  a 2  b2 Axis
Find the modulus r

The argument  can be found

 3   1
r 2
1 r  4 2
2

b ́ Real
r b by using tan 1   adjusting for  3 Axis
 a Find the argument 
a
correct quadrant if necessary  1 
  tan 1   but in Quad II
 3
Note: You may use any other trig  5 5  5
functions and their relationships to the z  2 cos  i sin  
right triangle as well as tangent.  6 6  6

It is easy to convert from trigonometric to rectangular Let's try multiplying two complex numbers in trigonometric
form because you just work the trig functions and form together.
distribute the r through.
 5 5   3 1  z1  r1 cos1  i sin 1  z2  r2 cos 2  i sin  2 
z  2 cos  i sin   2   i   3  i
 6 6   2 2  z1 z2   r1  cos 1  i sin 1    r2  cos  2  i sin  2  
3 1

2 2 If asked to plot the point and it is
 r1r2 we
Look at where
see if you can
   i sin
cosstarted andwhere
make a1 statement 1 ascoswe
2  i sin up2 and
ended
to what happens to

in trigonometric form, you would the r 's and the  's when Must
youFOIL these two complex
multiply
plot the angle and radius. 
r1r2 cos 1 cos  2  i sin  2 cos 1  i sin 1 cos  2  i 2 sin 1 sin  2
 numbers. 
2 Replace i 2 with -1 and group real terms and then imaginary terms
5 Notice that is the same as
1 Multiply the Moduli and Add the Arguments
 3 6 plotting
 3 i  r1r2 cos1 cos 2  sin 1 sin  2   sin 1 cos 2  cos1 sin  2 i

 r r cos      i sin   
use sum formula for cos use sum formula for sin

1 2 1 2 1 2

Let z1  r1 cos 1  i sin 1  and z 2  r2 cos  2  i sin  2    

If z  4 cos 40  i sin 40 and w  6 cos 120  i sin 120 , 
be two complex numbers. Then find : (a) zw (b) z w
z1 z2  r1r2 cos1   2   i sin 1   2  zw   4  cos 40  i sin 40  6  cos120  i sin120 
(This says to multiply two complex numbers in polar
form, multiply the moduli and add the arguments)    
 4  6 cos 40 120  i sin 40 120  
If z2  0, then multiply the moduli add the arguments
(the i sine term will have same argument)
z1 r1
 cos1  2   i sin1  2   24  cos160  i sin160 
If you want the answer
z2 r2 in rectangular

(This says to divide two complex numbers in polar form,

 24 0.93969  0.34202i  coordinates simply
compute the trig
divide the moduli and subtract the arguments)  22.55  8.21i functions and multiply
the 24 through.

2
 z


4 cos 40  i sin 40  Let z1  r1 cos 1  i sin 1  and z 2  r2 cos  2  i sin  2 

w 6 cos120  i sin 120  be two complex numbers. Then
z1 z2  r1r2 cos1   2   i sin 1   2 

4
6
  
cos 40  120  i sin 40  120   (This says to multiply two complex numbers in polar
divide the moduli subtract the arguments (trig) form, multiply the moduli (r’s) and add the
arguments (angles))
   i sin 80 
2 In polar form we
 cos  80 want an angle
If z2  0, then
3
z1 r1
 cos1  2   i sin1  2 
between 0 and

2
3
  
cos 280  i sin 280   360° so add
360° to the -80° z2 r2
In rectangular
coordinates:

2
0.1736  0.9848i   0.12  0.66i (This says to divide two complex numbers in polar (trig)
form, divide the moduli (r’s) and subtract the arguments
3
(angles))

  
If z  4 cos 40  i sin 40 and w  6 cos 120  i sin 120 ,  z 
4 cos 40  i sin 40 

find : (a) zw (b) z w 
w 6 cos120  i sin 120 
zw   4  cos 40  i sin 40  6  cos120  i sin120 

4
6
  
cos 40  120  i sin 40  120  
    

 4  6 cos 40 120  i sin 40 120   
 divide the moduli subtract the arguments
2
   i sin 80 
In polar form we
multiply the moduli add the arguments  cos  80 want an angle
(the i sine term will have same argument) 3
between 0 and
 24  cos160  i sin160 
If you want the answer
in rectangular

2
3
  
cos 280  i sin 280   360° so add
360° to the -80°
 24cos160  24i sin160
(standard) form simply
distribute the 24 and 2 2
In rectangular  cos 280  i sin 280  .116  .657i
 22.553  8.208i compute.
(standard): 3 3

You can repeat this process raising

This theorem is used to raise complex numbers
to powers. It would be a lot of work to find  3 i 
4

    
complex numbers to powers. Abraham
DeMoivre did this and proved the   3 i  3 i  3 i  3 i you would need to FOIL
and multiply all of these
following theorem: together and simplify
Instead let's convert to polar form powers of i --- UGH!
and use DeMoivre's Theorem.
Abraham de Moivre DeMoivre’s Theorem  1 
  tan 1   but in Quad II   5
(1667 - 1754) r  32  12  42  3 6
If z  rcos  i sin is a complex number,
 
4
  5 5  
z n  r n cos n  i sin n     2 4  cos  4  5   i sin  4  5 
4
then 3  i   2  cos  i sin 
where n  1 is a positive integer.   6 6    6   6 

   
  10    10     16   1    3  i 
This says to raise a complex number to a power, raise the  16  cos    i sin    2  2  
modulus (r) to that power and multiply the argument   3   3     
(angle) by that power.
  8  8 3i

3
 Solve the following over the set of complex numbers: Let's try this on our problem. We want the cube roots of 1.
We know that if we cube root both sides we
z3  1 could get 1 but from College Algebra we know
We want cube root so our n = 3. Can you convert 1 to
polar (trig) form? (hint: 1 = 1 + 0i)
that there are 3 roots. So we want the
0
complex cube roots of 1.
r  1  0  1   tan 1    0
2 2

1
Using DeMoivre's Theorem with the power being a
rational exponent (and therefore meaning a root), we can   0 2 k   0 2 k  
zk  3 1 cos     i sin    , for k  0, 1, 2
develop a method for finding complex roots. This leads
  3 3  3 3  
to the following formula:
Once we build the formula, we use it first We want cube
    2 k     2 k   with k = 0 and get one root, then with k = 1 root so use 3
zk  r cos 
n
  i sin   to get the second root and finally with k = 2 numbers here
  n   n  for last root.
   2 k    2 k 
where k  0, 1, 2,  , n  1 zk  n r cos     i sin   
 n n   n n 

  0 2k   0 2k  1 3 1 3
zk  3 1cos    i sin   , for k  0, 1, 2
We found the cube roots of 1 were: 1,   i,   i
 3 3  3 3  2 2 2 2
Let's plot these on the complex
  0 20   0 20 
 1cos0  i sin 0  1
plane
z0  1cos 
3
  i sin  about 0.9
  3 3  3 3  Here's the root we each line is 1/2 unit
already knew. Notice each of
  0 21   0 21  the complex
z1  1 cos 
3
  i sin   
3 
roots has the
 3 3  3
same magnitude
  2   2  1 3 If you cube any of
(1). Also the
 1cos   i sin      i these numbers
  3   3  2 2
you get 1.
three points are
  0 22    0 22   (Try it and see!)
evenly spaced
z 2  3 1 cos    i sin   
3 
on a circle. This
 3 3  3
will always be
  4   4  1 3 true of complex
 1cos   i sin      i
  3   3  2 2 roots.

Find the 4th root of z  81 cos80  i sin80

Find the three cube roots of z = -2+2i