The deformation of a beam is usually expressed in

terms of its deflection from its original unloaded

position.
The deflection is measured from the original neutral
surface of the deformed beam.
The configuration assumed by the deformed neutral
surface is known as the elastic curve of the beam.

deflection, ∆, 𝛿, y

deformed shape/ elastic curve

1. Double Integration Method
2. Area-Moment Method
3. Castigliano’s Theorem (Strain-Energy Method)
4. Three-Moment Equation
5. Conjugate Beam Method
6. Method of Superposition
7. Virtual Work Method
The simply supported beam shown carries a uniform load of
24 kN/m. Use 𝑬 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑮𝑷𝒂, 𝑰 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒.
Solve the following using (1) Double Integration Method
(2) Area-Moment Method
(3) Conjugate-Beam Method
(4) Virtual Work Method
a. Determine the slope at 4 m from the left support.
b. Determine the deflection at 4 m from the left support.
DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD

𝒅𝟐 𝒚
𝑬𝑰 𝟐 = 𝑴 MOMENT
𝒅𝒙 EQUATION

𝒂
𝒅𝒚
𝑬𝑰 = න 𝑴𝒅𝒙 + 𝑪𝟏 SLOPE
𝒅𝒙 𝟎 EQUATION

𝒂 𝒂
𝑬𝑰𝒚 = න න 𝑴𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝑪𝟏 𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐
𝟎 𝟎
DEFLECTION
EQUATION
When using DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD,

➢ Cut at the last segment

➢ Use pointed brackets

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
SIGN CONVENTION
(+)

DEFLECTION (-)

DOWNWARD UPWARD (+)

(-)

SLOPE

+ SLOPE - 0
SLOPE SLOPE
AREA-MOMENT METHOD
a useful and simple method of determining
slopes and deflections in beams which
involves the area of the moment diagram
and also the moment of that area.

BEST for:
CANTILEVER BEAMS
SYMMETRICALLY-LOADED BEAMS
Theorem 1 CHANGE IN SLOPE
The change in slope between any two points on the elastic
𝟏
curve equals the product of 𝑬𝑰 multiplied by the area of the
moment diagram between these two points.

A B

A B

𝜽𝑩/𝑨

tan B tan A
𝜽𝑩/𝑨 = angle of the tangent at B with respect to the tangent at A
𝟏
𝜽𝑩/𝑨 = 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎
𝑬𝑰
Theorem 1 CHANGE IN SLOPE
Rule of Sign

A B

𝜽𝑩/𝑨
POSITIVE CHANGE IN
tan B tan A SLOPE

𝜽𝑩/𝑨 is COUNTERCLOCKWISE from left tangent

tan B
tan A
𝜽𝑩/𝑨
NEGATIVE CHANGE
IN SLOPE
A B
𝜽𝑩/𝑨 is CLOCKWISE from left tangent
Theorem 2 VERTICAL DEVIATION
The vertical deviation of the tangent at point (A) on the
elastic curve with respect to the tangent extended from
𝟏
another point (B) equals the product of 𝑬𝑰 multiplied by the
moment of area about (A) of that part of the moment
diagram between points A and B.

A B

A B
𝒕𝑨/𝑩 𝒕𝑩/𝑨

tan B tan A
𝒕𝑩/𝑨 = vertical deviation of B with respect to the tangent at A
𝟏
𝒕𝑨/𝑩 = 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎 ∙ 𝒙𝑨
𝑬𝑰
𝟏
𝒕𝑩/𝑨 = 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎 ∙ 𝒙𝑩
𝑬𝑰
Theorem 2 VERTICAL DEVIATION
Rule of Sign

A B

𝒕𝑩/𝑨 POSITIVE DEVIATION

tan A
B is located above the reference tangent

𝒕𝑩/𝑨
tan A NEGATIVE DEVIATION
A B
B is located below the reference tangent
CONJUGATE-BEAM METHOD
CONJUGATE-BEAM METHOD
considers a beam having the same length
as the real beam, called “CONJUGATE
BEAM”.

determines the slope 𝜽 and the

deflection of the real beam by calculating
the shears and moments of a fictitious beam
𝑴
called the conjugate beam loaded with
𝑬𝑰
diagram.
THEOREM 1

The slope at a point in the real beam is

numerically equal to the shear at the
corresponding point in the conjugate
beam.

𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 (𝜽) = 𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 (𝑽)

Real Conjugate
THEOREM 2

The displacement of a point in the

REAL BEAM is numerically equal to the
moment at the corresponding point in
the CONJUGATE BEAM

𝑫𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 (∆) = 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 (𝑴)

Real Conjugate
RULES IN MAKING A CONJUGATE BEAM
1. The Length of the Conjugate Beam is
always equal to the length of the Real Beam
2. SIMPLE SUPPORT in the Real Beam is
still SIMPLE SUPPORT in the Conjugate
Beam.
Real Conjugate
3. A FIXED END (Cantilever) in the Real
Beam becomes FREE END in the Conjugate
Beam, and vice-versa.
Real Conjugate
4. An INTERIOR SUPPORT in the Real Beam
becomes INTERNAL HINGE in the Conjugate
Beam, and conversely.
Real Conjugate
Real Conjugate
The simply supported beam shown carries a uniform load of
24 kN/m. Use 𝑬 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑮𝑷𝒂, 𝑰 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒.
Solve the following using (1) Double Integration Method
(2) Area-Moment Method
(3) Conjugate-Beam Method
(4) Virtual Work Method
a. Determine the slope at 4 m from the left support.
b. Determine the deflection at 4 m from the left support.
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
(UNIT-LOAD METHOD)
was developed by John Bernoulli in 1717.

𝑾𝒆𝒙𝒕 = 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒕
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD on BEAMS
Example: Determine the deflection at D

REAL SYSTEM

VIRTUAL SYSTEM
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
(UNIT-LOAD METHOD)
it provides a general means of obtaining
the displacement and slope at a specific
point in a structure, be it a beam, a frame or
truss.

a virtual system is to be created, wherein

a unit load is placed at the point and in the
direction in the desired displacement.

If the slope is to be determined, place a

unit couple moment at the point.
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
SIGN CONVENTION ASSUMPTION:

1 kN
1 kN

DOWNWARD UPWARD
DISPLACEMENT DISPLACEMENT

1 kN.m 1 kN.m

NEGATIVE POSITIVE
SLOPE SLOPE
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD on BEAMS
Example: Determine the deflection at D

Separate x
coordinates will
REAL SYSTEM have to be
chosen within
the regions that
have no
discontinuity of
loading.

VIRTUAL SYSTEM
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD on BEAMS
DEFLECTION
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD on BEAMS
SLOPE
The simply supported beam shown carries a uniform load of
24 kN/m. Use 𝑬 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑮𝑷𝒂, 𝑰 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒.
Solve the following using (1) Double Integration Method
(2) Area-Moment Method
(3) Conjugate-Beam Method
(4) Virtual Work Method
a. Determine the slope at 4 m from the left support.
b. Determine the deflection at 4 m from the left support.
For the beam loaded as shown in the figure, 𝑹𝟏 and 𝑹𝟐 are
reactions from the supports. Assume EI is constant.
Solve the following using (1) Double Integration Method
(2) Area-Moment Method
(3) Conjugate-Beam Method
(4) Virtual Work Method
a. Determine the slope at the overhanging end of the beam.
b. Determine the deflection at the overhanging end of the
beam.

For HOMEWORK 1:
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